Wireless Communication: Unit7_Wirelss Digital Modulation Technigues &Hardhare UNIT-7 ‘Wireless Digital Modulation Techniques & Hardware Learning Objectives: Upon completion ofthis unit, the student should be able to + This unt dealsmore deeply into the air interface of wireless mobile systems + Discuss the general characteristic of wire line and fiber-optic transmission lines + By comparison of wire line wrensmission and wireless transmission it is felt that ‘complex coding schemes require for wireless systenrs to combat transmission errors. + Modern digital encading techniques with their inherent spectrum efficiencies and their ability to mitigate radio channel impairments. + Also presents system enhancement techniques such as antenna diversity and rake receivers will be used to improve wireless system quality and transmission rates. + Explain the basic fundamental concepts of digital modulation technique and their advantages + Discuss the basic principles behind the operation of ultra-wideband radio technology. + Discuss the typical GSM BSC and RBS hardware found at a modern cll site. 7. 1 Transmission characteristics of wire line + Two commonly used wire line transmission are 4. Conductor ~based transmissiom lines 2. Fiber optics transmission lines 41. Conductor based transmission lines(TL) characteristics: # Techaract tics t8 consider are bandwidth, susceptibility to noise and frequency response. + These channels are more reliable channel than the typical wireless radio channel + These lines are frequency dependent, i.e © Atlow frequencies current lows within the conductors with noradiation. © Higher frequencies, the current flow takes place near the conductor surface © At radio frequencies and higher, the transmission line acts asthe structure ‘thot guides electromagnetic waves, + Itacts like low pas filters, there signal attenuations increases with frequency. + Itprovides differing levels of hancwidth maximum transmission rate and reliability + Common types of wire line are unshielded and shielded twisted pair (UTP and STP). + Some applications are used in local-loop connecticn to the telephone central office, LAN connectivity, and broad band cable TV service, ec. Prof SureshaV, Dept OF FRC E KVGCE,Sullia D574 327 Page 1Wireless Communication: Unit7_Wirelss Digital Modulation Technigues &Hardhare 2. Fiber optics transmission lines characteristics: is highly used dielectric wire line transmission media, It earries the signal in the form of light Basic principle of transmission is based on total intemal reflection. It consists of three layers (core, cladding and outer jacket) and made of glass or plastics materials, ‘Advantages are offers very high B.W, Low noise, Safe and secure, Support for High ‘Gata tates (Gbps) BER Is extremely low, Low east easy tolnstall and maintain, Etc. 7.2 Characteristics of the Air interface Less reliable channel than the typical wire line channel Wireless signal means EM signal called Radio wave signals Radio wave signals propagation are frequency depended, ‘Wave propagation below 2 MHz called grnund waves tend to travel on curvature of the earth surface and lose strength fairly rapidly as the distance it travels. ‘Wave propagation between 2 and 30 MHz propagate as sky waves. Bouncing back from the ionosphere layers. Above 30 MHz tend to travel in straighe-lifie or rays therefore limited in their propagation by the curvature ofthe earth, EM propagation depends on anteniia size and penetration ofthe structures, ‘Wave propagation effects at UNFand above are Reflection, Scattering, Diffraction and Other factors Wave propagation fakes Multipath propagation daring non- line off sight(NLOS) between the transmitter and receiver For Indoor and outdcor propagation examples shown in Figure 7-1 and Figare 7-2 Fig 7.1: Typical outdoor propagation case Profs reshaV, Dept OF ERC E KV GCE, Sulla DKS74 327 Page?Wireless Communication: Unit7 -Wireless Digital Modulation Techniques & Hardware eS JL Fig 7.2: Typical indoor propagation case Note: Multipath propagation and mulipath fading is common in wireless communication 1 Path loss models or various coverage areas*** (luly-2014-5M, july-2013-10M, July-2011-8M) ‘+ Path-lossmodels are used to predict the average received signal strength at receiver for aiven transmitted power ata distanced # Typesof Path loss model 1. Freespace model 2. Two-ray model 3. Okumura mecdel 4. Okumura Hata model. Bee 1. Free space propagation model*** ‘+ Thismodel is used to predict received signal strength when the transmitter and receiver path between them, Examples © Satellite communication havea clear line-of: © Microwave line-of sight radio ink ‘+ The revelved signal power at distanced (Fils fee space equation) POG Where Pt: transmitted power, d: 7-R separation distance (m) Pr :Recelved power, Gt: transmitter antenna gain, A: =«/f Gr: receiver antenna gain + Limitation: Itdoos natgive accurate resultwhen applied to mobile radio environments Prof SureshaV, Dept OF FRC E KVGCE,Sullia D574 327 PaesWireless Communication: Unit7_Wirelss Digital Modulation Technigues &Hardhare 1D Example 1 :**(Dee-210-10M) What is the received power in dBim for a signal in free space with a transmitting power of IW, frequency of 1900 MHz, and distance from the receiver of 1000 meters if the transmitting antenna and receiving antenna both use dipole antennas with gains of ‘approximately 1.6? What isthe path loss in 4B? Solutions: © Given Pt=1W, F=1900Mllz, d= 1000 mts,Gt =Gr = 1.6,Path LossPLin db=? Pr in dam © Use Fri’s equation Pr =PexGtxGrx2 /(4ny xd =c/f=3x 10" / 1900 10 0.15789 mes 1 x1.6x1.6 x (0.15789)"/ (4m)? x( 1000)? =4.042 x 10° W or 4042nW © Pr in dBW = {010g (0. 4042 x 10-9 = - 93.934 dB © Prin dBm =10log(0. 4042x 109 x 10° © Path Loss PL inwatt=Pt-Pr = 1-0. 4042x108 = 1W © Path Loss PL indB = 101og(1) =0 db (© Path Loss PL in dBm = 10 log(1 x 10%) = + 30am © Example 2°*{ July-2011-8M) Find the received power at distance of Iki for a transmitting 900MHz.Assume transmitting where © Pr in wat = 63.934 dBm, ‘and receiving antenna galnsas zero dB, Solutions: © Given Pt is notgiven, assume = 1W, f= 900MHz, d=‘lem,Gt Find Pr =? & Path Loss PLind and dBm ir =0dRor1W © Use Fri’s equation Pr = Pex Gtx Grx 22 /(4m)2x d2 Where = ¢/f= 3x 10° /900x 10° 1/3 mts 4 xtci x(1/3)?/ (4x) x( 1000)? =7.036x 10-10 W oF 0.7036 5W © Pr in dBW = 101og (0.7036 x 1D-) = - 918248 Pr in dBm = 1010g(0.7036 x 10° x 103 )= - 61.526 dBm. Path Loss PL inwatt = Pt—Pr = 1- 0.7036x 109= 1W Path Loss PL ind = 10 log(1)=0 db Path Loss PL indm = 10 log(t x 10°) =+ 304m © Pr in watts Prof SureshaV, Dept OF FRC E KVGCE,Sullia D574 327 PaesWireless Communication: Unit7_Wirelss Digital Modulation Technigues &Hardhare 2. TWo-Ray model**¥:(Jan-2015.704) 4 Iti alo called Ground Reflection Model «tthe simple approsimation model fra land mabileautdoor environment + tis rensonaby accurate model for predicting large ale signal strength over distance of several llemeters + In this Novel that considers both the direct (LOS) path and a ground reflected path between transmit and therecever. The equation that approximates 2- ray model o P, = PGS Where hiand hi are the height of the transmitting and receiving antennas, Analysis: Ford ss he br + Low angle of incidence allows the earth to act as.a reflector .The reflected signal ir 180° ‘out of phase. Prac 1/d «EM wave undergoes an attenuation of-6 db every time the distance ittravels daubles, * The approximation equation for path loss using two ray model can be written as Path Lass = 40 log d ~ [10 logG, + 10 logG, +20 log het 20103 hy) 2.0kumura Model: + Thismodelisone of the most widely used models for signal prediction in urban areas + Wholly basedon measured data “ne analytical explanation + It is the simplest & bést Yor in terms of path loss accuracy in cluttered mobile environment # Common standard deviations between predicted & measured path loss = 10dB to 14d8 # Useful for © Frequencies ranging from 150 MHz-1920 MHz © Frequencies can be extrapolated to 3GHtz © Discances from tkm to t00km © Base station antenna heights from 30-1000: + Olumurs developed aset of curves in urban areas with quasi-smaoth terrain, * Thicmodel fairly good in urban and suburban areas, but notas good in rural areas, + Disadvantage with this model is ite slow response to rapid changes in terrain. Prof SureshaV, Dept OF FRC E KVGCE,Sullia D574 327 PaesWireless Communication: Unit7_Wirelss Digital Modulation Technigues &Hardhare 2. Hata Model: [tis an empirical formulation of the graphical path loss data provided by Okumura and is valid from 150 MHz to 1500 MHz, © Thismodel has been proven to be accurate and isused by computer simulation tools. © Hata presented the urban area propagation loss as standard formula and supplied correction equations for application to cther situations. © The predictions of the Hata model compare very closely with the original Okumura siodel,as long as d exaseds 1 ka, ‘+ Hota model is well asited for large cell mobile systems, but nct PCS which have cell size onthe order of t kmradius. 4, Multipath and Doppler Effects Multipath: Itis the propagation phenomenon that results in radio signals reaching the receivingantenna by two or more paths. It is due to atmospheric ducting Ionosphere reflection and refraction, Reflection from water bodies and terrestrial cijects suck as mountai and buiklings. The effects of mullipath include constructive and destructive interference, and phase shifting of the signal, Destructive interference causes fading, Path loss models do not address the real time fluctuation in RSS ot the Receiver. Where the magnitudes of the signals artiving by the various paths have a distribution knownas the Rayleigh distribution, this is known as Rayleigh fading. Shown in fig 7.3 Figure: 7.3 Typical Rayleigh fading for mobile radio in the UHF range © Doppler Effect: There is a change in the frequency due to move in transmitter or receiver called Doppler Effect It is due to The Doppler effect and raplily changing multipath propagation due to the motion of the mabile tse. Multipath delay spread leads to both time dispersion and frequency selective fading in the received signal Doppler Effect leads to frequency dispersion and time selective facing. Typically both fadingetiectsmodeled as Rayleigh fading, which is shown in figure 73Wireless Communication: Unit7_Wirelss Digital Modulation Technigues &Hardhare 1. Block codes: # tis used to determine whether an error has occurred during data transmission # Block codes used to correct errors that might have occurred during transmission are known as Forward Error Correction (FEC) codes. # Inblods coding, divide message into blocks, each of k bits, called datawords and add‘? redundant bits to each block to make the length are called codeword (See fgure below). k +r The resulting n-bit blocks F Datawonks exholiban Ce) Cate] at) 7 coseworh each is on Pot hm eva + Additional bits +' may be generated through » matrix or Polynomial generator (eg.CRC code) and added to the original block of bits to form a codeword that will be eventually transmitted by a system. + Depending upon the type of coding level employed these schemes can both detect and correct limited numbers of errors, © Totransmit voice over aGSM traffic chafela limited number of party bits are added to 4 block of S0bits + To transmit 2 message over the control channel, GSM takes a black of LO4bits and adds ‘AO parity check bits to generate 224bit code word, 2. Convolutional codes:**(July-2013-6M) + Convolutional endes are applied in applications that require good performance with law implementation complexity. They operate on code streams (not in blacks) It map information to code bits sequentially by convolving a sequence of information bits with “generator” sequences & bits are input, n bits are output k & n are very small -3,0=2-6) (usually & Input depends not only on current set ofk input bits, but also on past input + The number of bits which input depends on is called the conotraint length K. + The ratio of input bits to output bits from the encoder is known as the cade rate Rof the encoder, + InceimaZ000 system a convolutional encod er with R=1/3 and K=9 is used # In practice the use of convolitional encoders provides better FEC capabilities than available from block codes. Prof SureshaV, Dept OF FRC E KVGCE,Sullia D574 327 PretWireless Communication: Unit7 -Wireless Digital Modulation Techniques & Hardware + Figure below shows in block diagram form an implementation of a convolutional ‘enced er (with K=9 and R=1/2) specified for use in eelma2000 # Block v/s Convelutional Codes © Blockcodes takek input bits and produce n output bits, where k and n are large © ‘There isno data dependency between blocks. Useful for data communications © Convolutional codes takea small number of input bits and produce a small number of output bits each time period © Data passes through convolutional cedes ifa”eontinuous stream Useful for low- latency communications 3. Turbo codes: (july 2013-6M) + Turbo encoders are a modified form of combined convelutional encoders that can be lusad to create a new dass of enhanced erFor correction codes. + [eis constructed from two systematic, recursive, convolutional encoders connected in parallel an interleaver préveding the input to the second convelutional encoder. + The output bit steams of the two convolutional encoders are multiplexed together and repeated to form the final onde symbols. * For cdma2000, Rate 1/2, 1/3, 1/4 and 1/5 turbo encoders are employed instead of convolutional encoders for various higher-bit transfer rates and radio configurations. 4. Speech code The speech coders used! or both GSM and CDMA wireless system, + Speech coder take 20-msec segments and process it into lower-bit-rate digitally encoded psech in preparaticn for its transmission over the air interface + Two broad classifications of speech coders: |. Waveform coders: Example PCM at the 6 4khps data rate, 2. Vocoders: QCELP encoder used in IS-95 CDMA or the RPE-LTP encoder used in GSM In GSM systems, speech may be transmitted at Fullrate, Half rate, Enhanced full rate + InCDMA systems, the speech coders may operateat either 9.6 or 14.4 kbps. Prof SureshaV, Dept OF FRC E KVGCE,Sullia D574 327 PaesWireless Communication: Unit7_Wirelss Digital Modulation Technigues &Hardhare 1B Block interleaving***(Jan-2015-6M, July-2014-5M, Dec-2012-8M, , uly-2011-5M) @ [tis technique used by mobile wireless systems to combat the effects of bit errors introduced during transmission of frames, # The basic idea here is that the error control code used by the system may be able to correct one bit error out ofa biock of 8 bits, However, itis not able to correcta burst of say sixemrorswithin the 8 bitblock. # Ifthe bits of the block can be interfeaved with the bits from other blocks, then the burst of six errors can be spread out over six other blocks and the BCC can corredt each ofthe single bit errors in each ofthe sx blocks ‘+ Figure 7.5 depicts this process for several noise bursts. coe cere i nine 7 Ca Figure 7.5 “Typical blockinterleaving scheme 1D Examples of coding and interteaving © Ablock diagram of the GSM channel encoding system is shown by figure below sol Get HLS Hci! moms be © The coding process consists ofthe following steps as incicated by figure 75. © The Coding process consists of following steps: © The 260 bits delivered by the full-rate coder are divided into + 102 bits of clase I (protected bits) and + This ofelase 2 (unprotected bits) © The S0 most important bits of cass 1(class 1a bits) are protected by 3 patity bits as shownin the second row of figure 7.6 Prof SureshaV, Dept OF FRC E KVGCE,Sullia D574 327 Page 10Wireless Communication: Unit7 -Wireless Digital Modulation Techniques & Hardware Figure 7.6; Detallsteps of GSM channel encding for voice traffic © The 78 class 2 bits are separated from the class 1a, 1b and CRC bits. © These Class 1 bits are now partitioned and reordered asshiown in row three of the figure and applied to an R = 1/2 convolutional encoder: © The outputs ofthe bits from the encoder are combined iwith the 76 Class 2 bits to yield a AS6-bit packet 1+ The interleaving process consists of following steps: (© The 456 coded bits are now interleaved over eight half subframes of 57 bits as shown by Figure7-7. (© Each group of 57 bits goes into a half subframe of a normal trafic burst. (© Another level of interleaving occur’ as the user data is prepared to be transmitted over the sirinterface, amen Figure 7.7: GSM interleaving of encoded voice data Prof SureshaV, Dept OF FRC E KVGCE,Sullia D574 327 PagetWireless Communication: Unit7_Wirelss Digital Modulation Technigues &Hardhare © The user's 456-bit, 20-msec frame consisting of sight subftames is interleaved with other user's data aver a sequence of normal trafic bursts igure below depicts this process. If a severe fade occurs, its effect will be spread out over the trafic of several users. © At the receiver, a deinterleaving process must be performed to reorder the incoming bursss fuser trafic bad slop aoy ale Ss pase pee] 7.4 Digital Modulation Techniques: * Suitable modulation Techniques are used’ for wireless communication, since wireless channelsare more randcm, noisy and lot of B.W scarcity. © Spectral efficient modulation schemes are required tomeet the required data rates. Basic modulation schemes like ASK, FSK, PSK MSK are not sufficient to meet the required design goal, Hence modern modulation scheme Like 1-PSK, o-QAM, OFDM ete are consider. 4. Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK):**(July-2014-10M) * Quadrature Phase Shift Keying (QPSK) is aform of Phase Shift Keyingin which two bits (Called dibits) are modulated at once; selecting ane of four possible carrier phase shifts [n/4, 30/4,5.0/4,7 1/4). © QPSK perform by changing the phase of the In-phase (I) carvier from 0° to 180° and the Quadrature-phase (Q) carrier between 90° and 270°. * Thisis used to indicate the four states of a 2-bie binary code. Each state oF these carriers is refetred to a8 a Symbol. + Figure 8.12 shows the Truth table and constellation diagram for 4-PSK (QPSK). Typical generic QPSK transmitter shown in figure 7.8 Advantages of QPSK: Spectra efficient modalation techniques. Increased data rate wit same Band Width, since symbol time remains constant and only the number of encoded bits per symbol increases. Prof SureshaV, Dept OF FRC E KVGCE,Sullia D574 327 Page 12Wireless Communication: Unit7 Wireless Digtl Modulation Technigues Wardhvare 2. Digital Frequency Modulation |Gcellular system use FM to provide voice service over 30 KHzchannel. ‘The 26 digital GSM standard use Gaussian minimum shift keying (GMSK) (a form of FSK), GMSK mitigate adjacent channel interference by reducing the side lobe power of the tansmltied RF signals. Barly GSM is a FDMA-based wireless system with 200-khz wide channel Depending upon the type of digital trafic sent over the radio link, Gaussian filters with different bandwidth characteristics perform better than others. GMSK is a popular air interface modulation scheme for 2Gwireless radio systems. 4. Digital Phase Modulation Here signal isencodedin the phase ofthe transmitted RF signal. Quadrature PSK or QPSK (n=4) encodes 2 bits per transmitted symbol Further enhancements to basic QPSK modulation are possible yielding several QPSK variants. They are © Offset QPSK or OQPSK: It reduce fluctuations in the modulated signal amplitude and the amount of possible phase shift between different symbols. QPSK is used by 18-95 CDMA for the modulation of the forwant channels and OQPSK is used for the ‘modulation of the CDMA reverse channels. CDMA2000 also uses these same basic ‘modulation schemes but adds 8-PSK and 16-QAM, ‘T/4-QPSK: This form of QPSK restricts the phase shift hetween different symbols to either 41/4 or #3n/4, Figire 8-14 shows the constellation diagram of the pessible symbols of 1/4-QPSK: © The above diagram consists of two QPSK constellations overlaid on one another with, ‘a phae shift. It can be 2oen from the diagram, the transition From one symbol to “another (incicated by the dotted lines) never goes through zero amplitude. © Therefore, 1/4-QPSK, like OQPSK. also reduces signal amplitude fluctuations _sgnificanily and thus reduces the mognitude of possible side lobe regencration. © 1/4-QUSK performs better than OQPSKin the presence of multipath spreading and. fading Prof SarechaV, Dept OF FRCE KVGCE, Sulla DKST@ 327 Page taWireless Communication: Unit? Wireless Digital Modulation Techniques & Hardware urs pat at Gee | ‘OPK Pe Fee t12 4K sn + Figure 7.3 is the Typical generic QPSK Transmitter ow ane a wr nr apa saino] MPL foe Nesenan —e} [deme ands ar} be Gina 2. Quadrature Amplitude modulation (0-QAM ‘© Itencodes information in both the phase and amplitude ofthe transmitted signal © 64-QAMis capable of encoding 6 bits per transmitted symbol or therefore achieving a bandwidth efficiency af six times, © For pass band modulation schemes, as the value of level of modulation ‘n’ increases land the C/I ratio for the channel remains constant, bit error rate will predictably + G1-QAMLs not yet used for any commercial wireless cystem: dus to its unacceptable Dit error rate. © Itis however specified for use in 5-ghz band for wireless LANs (IEEE 802.11a) and also for wireless MANs (IEEE £02.16) Prof. Suresha V, Dept. Of F&C E KVGCE,Sulia DKS74 327 Page 13Wireless Communication: Unit7_Wirelss Digital Modulation Technigues &Hardhare 5. Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing (OFDM)** © OFDM ic a formof malti-carrier, multi-symbel, multirate FDM in which the user gets to use all the FDM channels [tis a specialized FDM: in which all the carrier signalsare orthogonal toeach other. ‘Thistechnique gaining in popularity was chosen for the IEEE 802.11a WLAN. © OFDM Implementation: © Here instead of attempting N symbols per second over a single forward carrier link, M carriers (Uie mulicarriers) are used to transmit N/M symbols per second, ‘which ends up yielding the seme data transfer rate, N. © The frequency spacing hetween each carrier is chosen ta satisfy the orthogonality eniteria, For each carrier, a multisymbol digital modulation scheme is used to transmit ‘more than 1 bit per symbol time. Typically, some form of n-PSK or M-QAM would. be used for this purpose. + Another feature of an OFDM system provides rate adaptation based on C/l ratio + OFDM advanteges > Can easily adapt to severe channel conditions without complex time-domain equalization, > Robust against narrow-band co-chanriel interference. > Robust against intersymbdl interference (ISI) and fading caused by multipath propagation, © Highspeciral effidency as Compared to conventional modulation schemes, spread spectrum, ete. © Efficient implementation using Fast Fourier Transform (FFT). 5 Lowsensitivity to time synchronization errors, > Tuned sub-channel receiver filtersare not required (unlike conventional FDND. * Disadvantages of OFDM © Sensitive to Doppler shift © Sensitive to frequency synchrontation problems © High pealcto-average-power ratio (PAPR), requiring linear transmitter circuitry, ‘which suffers from poor power efficiency. © Loss of efficiency caused by cyclic prefix/ guard interval Prof SureshaV, Dept OF FRC E KVGCE,Sullia D574 327 Page 15Wireless Communication: Unit7_Wirelss Digital Modulation Technigues &Hardhare 1D SPREAD SPECTRUM MODULATION TECHNIQUES: (Dec-2012-@M,Dec-210-10M) © ‘This modulation technique widely used for wireless systems. Itis implemented as, some variation of CDMA & 3G GSM/NA-TDMA wireless and WLAN system © Main advantages of spread spectrum are the ability to overlay with already eployed radio services. © Other advantages are extremely good anti-nterference characteristics, high ‘wireless mobile system capacity, and robust and reliable transmission over radio links in urban and indoor environments that are susceptible to intense selective multipath conditions. © There aretwo basic ways of implementing spread spectrum transmission: 1. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS) 2. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS) 1. Frequency Hopping Spread Spectrum (FHSS): It consists ofa system that changes the center frequency of transmission on a periodic basis in \pseudorandom sequence. Here data are transmitted through number of different carrier frequencies hops. All the carrier frequencyhops independent from one another, Forthesystemn to work bath the transmitter and receiver must have prior knowledge of the hopping sequence. Figure 8-15 shows an example of a FHSS system t F } AAs the transmitter implements the hopping sequence the effective signal bandwidth increases to include all ofthe utilized carrier frequencies The use of FHSS dees not provide any improvement in a noise-free environment 2. Direct Sequence Spread Spectrum (DSSS): Here a spreailing code Is applled to the baseband dats stream at the transmitter and the same spreading code is applied to the received signal to perform demodulation. The aumber of chips per second now determines the basic bandwidth of the transmitted signal, DSSS systems improved provided by the increased signal bandwidth. Special orthogonal Walsh codes are used as part of the spreading process. Walsh code property is increase the system capacity in a limited amount of frequency spectrum. Prof SareshaV, Dept OF FRC E KVGCE,Sullia D574 327 Page 16Wireless Communication: Unit7_Wirelss Digital Modulation Technigues &Hardhare 1D Ultra-Wide Band (UWB) Radio Technology:*** UWE radios are extremely wideband radios with very high potential data rates. # Thistechnology is extremely suited for the short range applicatiens, typically 1-10mts © These systems are able to provide high data rates of 100-500Mbps, # Itusesextremely narrow pulses with a fraction of nanoseconds. © These systems can operate either at baseband or ata carrier frequency in the 3.6 to 10.1 GHz range, © Modulation used is PPM. + Application of UWB cadio technology are © Imaging systems © Vehicular radar (©. Measurement and positioning systems High data rates wireless PAN © Future advanced intelligent wireless area networks and wireless sensor networks (© DIVERSITY TECHNIQUES™"(july-2011-7M)—ssSs—S—S © Basic principle: Diversity is achieved by creating several independent paths between the transmitter and receiver + Each path fades independently, hence, there i alow chance they fade together + Receiver combines the received signal for the several paths using some method + Diversity ic ured in ll wireless mobile communication systems + Major obstacles to be solved by diversity techniques are: > Multipath fading: signal is scattered among several paths, each path has a different time delay. © Interference: ISI incase ofchannels with memory + multi-user interference © Types of Diversity techniques: 1. Frequency diversity 2. Time diversity 2. Space diversity 4. Polarization diversity 5. Multipath diversity, ete 1 Space diversity: (Jan-2015-7M) [tis used to improve the mobile wireless system performance. © [eis achleved by using multiple transmit and multiple receive antennas with a minimum separation of 2/2 between neighboring antennas. + Multiple Toe Split power over several Tianteanas, More antenna: ore power split Prof SureshaV, Dept OF FRC E KVGCE,Sullia D574 327 Page 17Wireless Communication: Unit7_Wirelss Digital Modulation Technigues &Hardhare ‘+ Multiple Rx: Collect signal by several Rx antennas. More antennas = more collected power «fuse directional antennas (typically) larger separation is required. Differently polarized antennas can also be used. Figure 7.8 shows several practical implementation _— 2s « [js ee 2s het 3s a) "S38 = es | | = es = ord Figure 7.8: Space and Polarization diversity antenna scheme © From the above figure, both space and polarization diversity can be used by the appropriate position of the antenna units, The antenna feed multiple receivers with strongest received signal being used by the system. + Polarization diversity is used to counter the change in EM signal polarization that can be induced by the environment during reflection, scattering and 0 on, 1 Smart Antennas: [tis one of the 3G specifications. This technique to improve system performance makes use of phased array or "beam steering’ antenna system, © Beam steering antenni can use narrow pencil beam patterns to communicate with a subset ofthe users within the cel. ‘© Figure7.9 deplassofasmart antenna system. depiction of a3G smart antenna system + The narrow beam shown in figure 7.9 may be pointed the users always their moving direction thraugh the use of sophisticated antenna technology. It will increase the ystem performance Prof SareshaV, Dept OF FRC E KVGCE,Sullia D574 327 Page 18Wireless Communication: Unit7_Wirelss Digital Modulation Technigues &Hardhare RAKE Receiver:*** +4(uly:2013-4M, Dee-2012-4M,Dec-210.6M) 1+ Itisaradia receiver designed tocounter the effects of multipath fading. + It recognizing that multiple signals will arrive at a receiver over the mobile radio channel + These receivers isolating the signal pathsat the receiver + using several “subreceivers" called fingers, that is, several correlators cach assigned toa different multipath component. ‘+ Each finger independently decodes a single multipath component; at a later stage the ‘contribution of all fingers are combined in order to make the most use of the ifferent transmission characteristics of each tranemiseion path. ‘+ This could very well result in higher S/I ratio ina multipath environment. ‘+The rake receiver is so named because it reminds the function of a garden rake, each Anger collecting symbol energy similarly to how tines on a rake collect leaves: + Figure 7.10 for a block diagram of the structure of a typical RAKE receiver used for coMA a.* ee irae ae =e! - co, Dae Figure 7.10: RAKE receiver block diagram Few RAKE taps pessess the ability to dynamically adjust the taps (move the rake fingers) in response to asearch algorithm used to locate multipath components © These smart recelvers standard diversity combining techniques 0 provide a more reliable recetver output and therefore improve system performance. There are potential problems with this type of receiver that are tied to the multipath Alay and spread introduced to the radio link. © The mukipath components that can be resolved have a ume dependence that is proportional to the inverse of the system chip rate and the system-tolerated multipath spread is proportinrallto the inverse of the symbol time. + For the 15-95 CDMA system, using a chip rate of 1.2288 Mops allows the resolution of ‘multipath components of the order of approximately 1/1.2288 Mcps or 800 ns by the RAKE receiver. © Typical multipath spreads for outdoor istens of microseconds and for indoor is few ns. + Inan indoor environment the CDMA RAKE receivers would not able to resolve multipath components. Prof SureshaV, Dept OF FRC E KVGCE,Sullia D574 327 Page 19Wireless Communication: Unit7_Wirelss Digital Modulation Technigues &Hardhare 7.8 Typical GSM System Hardware: + This section minly deals withactual hardware implementation of Base Station ‘System (BSS) of GSM system, which includes 1. Race Station Contraller(BSC ) 2. Radio Base Station (RBS), 1, Base Station Controller(BSC ) of GSM system: It includes © Typical GSM BSC block diagram © Specifie BSC parts © BSCRadio Network Operations “+The typical block diagram of BSC with major subsystems asshown in figure 7.11 xchange Units Hl == aoa 1 ' [aoep mea] _[ te t ToMSC tefMunlee! (Cree eet leeluuxle be tots Sete me i WIN ' | ToOperation and Le Mirena 1 rem OMT) ‘Tower Supply/Control and 1 imumimcanicenaeg | | Figure 7.11: Typical GSM BSC black diagram + Specific BSC parts which perform the function of interfacing the RBS to the MSC and PDN, They are 1. MUX And Group Switch Unit: It can provide interconnections to the MSC, PDN, o RBSs. A leased T1 carrier circuits connects the MSC to the BSC and from the BSC to the RBS with rate of 64 kbps PCM voice signals and call control (LAPD) information messages. The TL signal carrying twenty-four DSO, 64 kbps voice signals must be demultiplexed at the BSC to provide to the group switch Once the volee signals from the PSTN have been transcoded, they are multiplexed together and forwarded to the proper RBS over TL ata much lower bit rate. reshaV, Dept OF FRC E KV GCE, Sulla DKS74 327 Page 20 eal ProfsWireless Communication: Unit7_Wirelss Digital Modulation Technigues &Hardhare 2. Group Switch: Itis used to cross-connect 64-khps timeslots, placing a call onto the correct timeslot on the correct communications link to the correct RBS. The ‘subrate switch is able to switch at submultiples of 64 kbps (ie.,n x8 kbps). 3. Transcoder Rate édaptation Unit: it performs the translation of 64 kbps PCM into dighally encoded (vocoded) speech at of 13 Kops (full rate) toward the RES and reverses the process toward the MSC +) Fullrate speech: 64 kbps PCM signal is converted to 13 kbps to which 3 Kops of averheadis added tobring the ttal to 16 Enhanced fllrste speech, + Half-rate transenders decode and encode between 64 and 65 kbps, with 15 bps added toyield a rate of 8 kbps. + Fullrate and half-rate data calls are rate adapted so that 14.4 kbps becomes 16 kbps and 48 kbps becomes 8 kbps. + The new GSM Adaptive Mult-Rate (AMR) codec defines multiple voice encoding rates (from 4,75 to 122 kbps). depending upon the channel conditions 4. Pocket contral Unit(PDU)- It resides in the BSC and provides the interface between ‘the serving support node (SGSN) of the GPRS PLM network and the RBSs for the transmission of data rate of Lokbps over the air interface. & System Control Power Supply: system control provides control signals for diferent events, Power supply unit energizing the functional blocks. + BSC radtonetwork operations: Itperform felowing functions © Itprovides optimal radio resource, onnecion and mobility managements. © Itconstantly measuring RSS ofthe serving cell for hand over operation and power level contro © Supervise the operation ofa number of radio hase stations that provide coverage fora contiguous area © It provides the communication inks to the fixed part of the wireless network (PSTN) and the public data newwork (PDN) © Tels used to snilally setup the radio base stauon parameters (channels of operation, logical cell ames handoff threshold values etc.) or change them as needed © Itc ako used to supervise alarms issued by the radio base station ta inckide faults or the abnormal condition in system operation. For some faults BSC can bring the reporting subsystem back into operation automatically, whereas other faults require operation intervention service technician, Prof SureshaV, Dept OF FRC E KVGCE,Sullia D574 327 Page21Wireless Communication: Unit7_Wirelss Digital Modulation Technigues &Hardhare 2. Radio Base Station (RES) 4+ Ie is typically is a self-contained unit that contain several subunits perform the necessary operation to provide a radio link forthe mobile subscriber. + Low power RBSs are use in micro or Pico cell where they are mounted to interior ‘wallsof malls on poles or on the sides of buildings. + Typically block diagram of GSM RES shown below. oor mages ‘* RBS consists of folowing subsystems a. Distribution Switch Unie Redio Transcetver Unite > © RFGombining and Distribution Units 4d Power Supply Units € Transmitter/Receiver Units f Timing and Controt G Cooling and Environmental Control Units: 4), Distribution Switch Unit (DNU): © tis amaster control unitof RBS 5 It provides timing and to cross connected user data being carried on a T1/J1/E1 ‘earvier data link from BSC with the correct RBS transreceiverand timeslot It consists of timing interface and CPU units. CPU ca resource management function within RBS by using OMTsoftware © Communication link between RBS and BSC by Abis interface. Itis aT cartier faclity Which carries 24 signals at the data rates of 64Kbps. Prof SureshaV, Dept OF FRC E KVGCE,Sullia D574 327 Page 22Wireless Communication: Unit7 -Wireless Digital Modulation Techniques & Hardware (2)-RBS Transceiver Unit: © These units are used to broadeast and receive radio signal over radio link herween RBS and MS, ©. Iteonssts of three major sections: Transmiter and Receiver uit. Signal processing, obra pats (ae pur’ 7:12), Sa Pcs Gan] [tat Se TT arm ]§ Figure: 7.12 Typical RBS Transceiver Urit © Transreceiver: It can handle eight air timesiotS and has one transmit output and two recelver Inputs for antenna diversity, © The processing subvection; I acts af the tansceiver controller. It interfaces with the ther components of the RES system over through different signal buses It performs uplink and down link signal processing finction sich as channel coding interleaving, cencryptions, burstformatting. > The transmitter sectien: It periorms the digital modulation, power amplification and power control function with typical maximum outputs in the 2Owatt range. ¢). RF combining and Distribution units (CDUS) © Its used to connect several transceivers to the same antenna > The two most popular methods either use a device knownas ahybrid to constructa hybrid combiner, > Hybrid combiner isa broadband device that allows two incoming transmitter signals to beappled to & without or © CDU Is a complex unit uses several BPFs or hybrid combiner and add other I scurces interacting with one another. functionality like signal divider, amplifier and isolators to protect the Transrecelver from reflected RF wave, © Measurement coupler that can provide accurate information about forward and reverse power for hath power control and VSWR measurements Prof SureshaV, Dept OF FRC E KVGCE,Sullia D574 327 Page 23Wireless Communication: Unit7 - Wireless Digital Modulation Techniques & Hardware D).Duplex filters: |t will use when same antenna performs both transmission and reception. A typical duplex filter block diagram as shown in figure below 5 It consists of two BPFs that only allow the desired signal to pass. These are also used with tower mounted, low noise amplifier that are used to improve the receiver sensitivity at the cell site. Typical RBS/antenna configuration will be illustrated (see igure below) x X7 Seuser ] cov spies | Trance © In above fig 2 cell site houses a single RBS with two transceiver and only two antennas are to be Used. tis large, high power omnicell. Here tower mounted, low. noise amplifiers are used. Each transceiver unit receives signals off of both antennas hence providing diversity and It has set to sultable gain to increase the effective radiated power (ERP) of the system, Software Handling/Maintenance: RBSs are highly sophisticated, computer controlled, complex transceivers, MT software tool is used during the RBS testing, troubleshooting, and instalation process OMT software also used for updating and maintaining the RES internal data base, for defining RBS external alarms and during the performance of both preventive and corrective maintenance functions on the RBS, Prof.Surasha V. EEC Dept. KVGCE, Suilia Enail:guresha.veeGgnail.com Cell No: 491 94425 24309 Date: 10-04-2015,