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III VI
Interferences cause misinterpretation of
symbols. This generates BER and slows the 3
system down.
P f1 f2
IM2
P f1 f2
IM3 IM3
IM2
P f1 f2
IM3 IM3
IM5 IM5
IM7 IM7
IM9 IM9
IM2 IM11
IM4 IM13
IM6
IM8
IM3 IM3
IM5 IM5
IM7 IM7
IM9 IM9
IM2 IM11
IM4 IM13
IM6
IM8
fIM3
fIM5
fIM7
IM3= 2x F1 F2
IM3= 2x F2 F1
Intermodulation Order is determined by
the sum of the frequency factors:
IM5= 3x F1 2x F2
IM5= 3x F2 2x F1
IM 3 = 2 x F1 1 x F2
IM7= 4x F1 3x F2
3 = 2 + 1
IM7= 4x F2 3x F1
and so on
F1 F2
IM3- IM3+
IM5+
IM5-
IM7- IM7+
20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90
20 W Carrier
20 W Carrier
-163 dBc
-120 dBm
Whether expressed in dBc
or dBm, carrier power c
must always be provided
with the value.
PIM
PIM
-174 dBm / Hz (-187 dBc / 1 kHz)
(-144 dBm / 1 kHz) @ 43dBm
Excerpt Page 7
Excerpt Page 10
Volts
provide only 10 Volts, just one third.
20 W
measurements. Only continous CW
measurement signals of 2x 20W offer
suficient power.
2W
Purpose of IEC62037 is to standardize
measurements, and them repeatable.
This independently of the technology used
in the network. Power
Static
What: Components, cables
How: Apply 2 x 20W power, measure 30 seconds to fully energize the DUT. The PIM reading should be
at least 3-4 dB better than the required limit.
Result: The test finds bad material, scratched & dirty component surfaces.
Dynamic 2 Tapping
What: Cables, connectors
How: Apply 2 x 20W power, use rigid device but not metal (e.g. skrew driver handle), tap connectors
10 times lighty. PIM vs Time display should not show spikes when tapping.
Results: Finds contaminations, dust, chips and other alien bodies in the connectors.
Frequency Rx Tx Frequency
Connectors
Cables
Splitters
Hybrids
Filters
Antennas
Attenuators
DC blocks
Lightning Arrestors
Dissimilar metals
Ferromagnetic metals (nickel, steel, iron)
Corrosion of components in the RF path
Irregular contact areas
Mechanical damage
Resistive Components
Poorly designed components
Remedies:
Remove the corroded object.
If the rust is superficial clean object.
Place an insulator between the two metal
objects which cause the problem.
Use antenna with more directional
characteristics.