Construction

and Building

Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 894901

MATERIALS
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Cement paste characteristics and porous concrete properties

a,*
P. Chindaprasirt , S. Hatanaka b, T. Chareerat a, N. Mishima b, Y. Yuasa c

a
Department of Civil Engineering, Khon Kaen University, 123 Friendship Hwy., Muang District, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
b
Department of Architecture, Faculty of Engineering, Mie University, Japan
c
Industrial Research Division, Mie Prefecture Science and Technology Promotion Center, Japan

Received 18 November 2006; received in revised form 6 December 2006; accepted 19 December 2006
Available online 5 February 2007

Abstract

In this paper, cement paste characteristics and porous concrete properties are studied. The results indicate that cement paste character-
istics are dependent on the water to cement ratio (W/C), admixture and mixing time. Cement paste with high viscosity and high ow suitable
for making porous concrete is obtained with the use of low W/C of 0.200.25, an incorporation of 1% superplasticizer, and sucient mixing.
Porous concretes having suitable void ratios are produced with appropriate paste content and ow, and sucient compaction. Good
porous concretes with void ratio of 1525% and strength of 2239 MPa are produced using paste with ow of 150230 mm and top sur-
face vibration of 10 s with vibrating energy of 90 kN m/m2. For low void ratio, high strength porous concrete of 39 MPa is obtained
using paste with low ow. For high void ratio, porous concrete of 22 MPa is obtained using paste with high ow. Furthermore, the
results indicate that the strength of porous concrete could be estimated from strength equation of porous brittle material.
 2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

Keywords: Cement paste; Porous concrete; Compressive strength; Void ratio; Compaction

1. Introduction characteristic, volume ratio of coarse aggregate, size of

Porous or pervious concrete is concrete with continuous
voids which are intentionally incorporated into concrete. It
belongs to a completely dierent category from conven-
tional concrete and hence its physical characteristics dier
greatly from those of normal concrete. Porous concrete
can be used in numerous applications such as permeable
concrete for pavement, base course, concrete bed for vege-
tation or living organism, noise absorbing concrete, ther-
mal insulated concrete and other civil engineering and
architectural applications.
Porous concrete pavement has been used for over 30
years in England and the US [1]. The interest and research
in porous concrete has been generated worldwide especially
in the US and Japan [2]. Although fundamental information
including the inuence of the void ratio, W/C, cement paste
*
Corresponding author. Tel.: +66 4320 2355; fax: +66 4320 2355x12.
E-mail address: prinya@kku.ac.th (P. Chindaprasirt).
coarse aggregate and strength of porous concrete have been
studied [17], the optimum condition to produce good por-
ous concrete has not been established. The mix design,
method of mixing and compaction to produce porous con-
crete with potentially highest strength and durability at
designed void ratio are still needed. This is mainly due to
the fact that porous concrete is a special concrete with dier-
ent mix design and compaction allowing continuous voids
to be formed with relatively good compressive strength.
In order to obtain the required continuous void and suf-
cient strength, the most important condition is to keep the
continuity of cement paste with coarse aggregate embedded
such that continuous void is maintained [8]. This is achiev-
able with the use of cement paste with relatively low W/C
and suciently high workability. At low W/C, an improve-
ment in the texture and property of paste is obtained with
sucient mixing time and proper mixing.
The knowledge on rheology of cement paste is, there-
fore, a basic requirement for preparing good cement paste

0950-0618/$ - see front matter  2007 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2006.12.007
 P. Chindaprasirt et al. / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 894901
for making porous concrete [810]. Various researchers in
this eld often fail to give attention to this. Many sort to
the simple relationship between strength and ow obtained
from ow table test. Various optimum ow values between
180 and 280 mm have thus been reported based on dierent
conditions of mixing, compaction and incorporation of
admixtures [1116]. Systematic study on the property of
fresh paste suitable for making porous concrete is, there-
fore, necessary. This can be achieved by examining the
change of rheology due to the inuence of method and
sequence of mixing and compaction.
The purpose of this study is, therefore, to study the best
conditions to produce porous concrete. The rst part deals
with the properties of the fresh paste and the second part
deals with the compaction and vibration of concrete.
2. Materials
Normal Portland cement Type 1 with specic gravity of
3.17 and Blaine neness of 3150 cm2/g, and 5.013.0 mm
diameter crushed limestone (No. 6 according to JIS A
5001 [17]) with specic gravity of 2.70 and void content
of 42.6% were used in this experiment. Water reducing
agent (WR) at a dosage of 0.25% by weight of cement,
and type F superplasticizer (SP) with no air entraining
agent at the dosages of 0.5% and 1.0% by weight of cement
were the admixtures used. The type and the amount of
admixtures including the W/C used in this investigation
were selected based on previous work [12].
3. Experimental procedures
3.1. Cement paste
3.1.1. Mixing of cement paste
Water to cement ratio of 0.200.36, and ow value of
150230 mm were selected for cement paste. To establish
a relationship between ow value and W/C, a minimum
of 4 W/C was used to determine the ow for each series
(series N, R, S and P: dosages of admixture were 0,
0.25%WR, 0.5%SP and 1.0%SP, respectively). A 30 l dual
action (tilting and rotating) concrete mixer was used, as
it was quite ecient in mixing cement and caused mini-
mum damage to the aggregate. For the study of paste,
the mixing method was set at 50 rpm for the rst 30 s
after the addition of cement, water and admixture fol-
lowed by the mixing speed of 200 rpm for 60, 150, 240,
330 and 420 s (total mixing time of 90, 180, 270, 360
and 450 s).
3.1.2. Testing of cement paste
1. Flow value. Right after the mixing of cement paste, ow
value was determined using ow table with a ow cone
of 70 mm top diameter, 100 mm bottom diameter,
60 mm height with 15 impacts in 15 s in accordance with
JIS R 5201 [18].
895
2. Yield stress and plastic viscosity. Rotating viscosity
measuring equipment was used to measure yield stress
and plastic viscosity of fresh paste. The test was per-
formed right after the ow test.
3. Strength and void. Series P paste was tested for com-
pressive strength in accordance with ASTM C39 [19]
using cylindrical specimens of 50 mm diameter and
100 mm height. The void of the paste was also calcu-
lated using the gravimetric method as specied in ASTM
C 138 [20]. These values were used for the determination
of the relationship between compressive strength and
void ratio of porous concrete.
3.2. Concrete
3.2.1. Mixing of concrete
Flow values of 150, 190 and 230 mm were selected for
cement paste for various W/C ratios to produce porous
concrete. From the test on cement paste, a suitable mixing
time of cement paste was determined and used for the prep-
aration of porous concrete. The designed void ratio of 15%,
20% and 25% with paste to aggregate ratio by volume of
0.466, 0.382 and 0.297 were used. The mix proportions of
porous concrete are given in Table 1. After the mixing of
cement paste for 30 s at 50 rpm and 240 s at 200 rpm (see
Section 3.1), coarse aggregate was added to the mixture
and mixed at 200 rpm for another 90 s. The mixture was
then placed into 100 200 mm cylindrical mould in one lift.
Surface vibrator was then applied for 10 s to top surface of
the cylinder as shown in Fig. 1. Top surface compaction was
selected as it was simple and could be applied directly to
eld construction. One lift casting was used since this simu-
lates actual placing condition in the eld. The specimens
were demoulded at 1 day and kept in water until testing age.
3.2.2. Method of test
1. Void determination. Void of hardened concrete was
measured using test method for porous concrete as sug-
gested by the Committee for Eco-concrete Research
[21,22]. The reported result is an average of two tests.
2. Compressive strength. Compressive strength of concrete
was determined in accordance with ASTM C39. The
reported result is an average of three tests.
3.2.3. Testing of concrete
1. Study of compaction and strength
For this study, concrete with designed void ratio of 25%
and four levels of compaction with applied energy of 0,
6, 36 and 90 kN m/m2 were used. Void and strength of
hardened concrete were measured.
2. Study of void distribution with height
To study the distribution of void with height of concrete
cylinder, the cylindrical specimen was cut into three
equal portions viz., top, middle and bottom portions
and void of each portion was determined. This series
896 P. Chindaprasirt et al. / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 894901

Table 1
Mix proportion of porous concrete
Series Mixes Void ratio (%) Paste/aggregate volume ratio W/C (%) Water (kg/m3) Cement (kg/m3) Paste ow (3 mm)
Series N (0% admixture) N15F1 15 0.466 28.1 126 449 150
N15F2 31.1 133 427 190
N15F3 34.1 139 400 230
N20F1 20 0.382 28.1 103 368 150
N20F2 31.1 109 350 190
N20F3 34.1 114 334 230
N25F1 25 0.297 28.1 80 286 150
N25F2 31.1 85 273 190
N25F3 34.1 89 260 230
Series R (0.25% WR) R15F1 15 0.466 26.3 122 463 150
R15F2 31.0 133 428 190
R15F3 35.7 142 398 230
R20F1 20 0.382 26.3 100 379 150
R20F2 31.0 109 350 190
R20F3 35.7 116 326 230
R25F1 25 0.297 26.3 78 295 150
R25F2 31.0 85 273 190
R25F3 35.7 91 254 230
Series S (0.5% SP) S15F1 15 0.466 23.6 115 485 150
S15F2 25.3 119 471 190
S15F3 26.9 123 458 230
S20F1 20 0.382 23.6 94 398 150
S20F2 25.3 98 386 190
S20F3 26.9 101 375 230
S25F1 25 0.297 23.6 73 310 150
S25F2 25.3 76 300 190
S25F3 26.9 79 292 230
Series P (1.0% SP) P15F1 15 0.466 21.1 107 509 150
P15F2 22.0 110 500 190
P15F3 23.9 115 483 230
P20F1 20 0.382 21.1 88 416 150
P20F2 22.0 90 409 190
P20F3 23.9 94 395 230
P25F1 25 0.297 21.1 68 324 150
P25F2 22.0 70 319 190
P25F3 23.9 74 308 230
Note: Aggregate content = 1550 kg/m3.

used concrete with designed void ratio of 15%, 20% and
25%; 1.0% SP; ow values of 150, 190 and 230 mm; and
four levels of compaction with applied energy of 0, 6, 36
and 90 kN m/m2.
3. State of bottom surface and strength
Void at the bottom surface of concrete cylinder indicates
the condition of porous concrete. The bottom surface of
concrete cylinder was dyed with color stamp pad. The
dyed bottom surface was then dried, photographed and
compared. The strength of concrete was also determined.
This series used concretes with designed void ratios of
15%, 20% and 25%, ow values of 150, 190 and
230 mm; 1.0% SP; and vibrating energy of 90 kN m/m2.

4. Experimental results

4.1. Cement paste characteristics

4.1.1. Flow value

Fig. 2 shows ow value of cement paste with dierent
admixtures, dosages and mixing time. For all series, there
exists a linear relationship between ow value of paste
Fig. 1. Compaction process of porous concrete. and W/C. The ow increases with an increase in W/C ratio.
 P. Chindaprasirt et al. / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 894901 897

260
450sec versus W/C shifts to the left with the use of SP and also
with increase in the amount. The use of SP eectively
360sec
220 reduced W/C and thus improves the strength of paste,
270sec
which is highly desirable.
180 180sec
90sec 4.1.2. Viscosity
140
Total mixing time Except for time dependence, rheology of cement paste is
(a)mix N
100
normally described with Bingham model involving yield
260 stress and viscosity. The result of the yield stress and vis-
cosity against ow value of cement paste is shown in
220 Fig. 3. As expected, yield stress and plastic viscosity
increase with a reduction in the ow of paste. An incorpo-
180 ration of 0.25% WR only slightly increases these values.
Incorporation of SP signicantly increases both yield stress
Flow value (mm)

140
and plastic viscosity. The increase is more with an increase
(b) mix R in SP dosage. The SP dosage of 1.0% by weight of cement
100
260
gives the best result with paste of highest yield stress and
plastic viscosity.
220
4.2. Porous concrete properties
180
4.2.1. Compaction and strength
140 The relationship between total void and vibrating
(c)mix S energy is given in Fig. 4. The void ratio of the concrete is
100 initially around 50% for all mixes. With vibration, the void
260
ratio reduces and the reduction is more with an increase in
vibration energy. The void ratios reduce to approximately
220

180
300 Series P
140 Series S
250
(d) mix P Series R
100
Yield stress (Pa)

16 20 24 28 32 36 40 200 Series N
W/C (%)
150
Fig. 2. Relationship between ow value and W/C of paste.
100

50
An increase in the mixing time also increases the ow value
of paste. The improvement in ow through mixing is the 0
desired property of paste for porous concrete. This makes 6.0
paste more homogenous and improves the strength. How-
ever, mixing time should not be too long as this would 5.0
increase manufacturing time and cost. For this test set
Plastic viscosity (Pa.S)

up, the total mixing time of 90 s is too short as the ow 4.0

value is low in all cases. A total mixing time of 180 s shows
drastic improvement in ow but could still be improved. A 3.0
total mixing time of 270 s shows relatively good ow for all
mixes and is therefore recommended as minimum mixing 2.0
time for paste.
Incorporation of water reducer (Fig. 2b) slightly aects 1.0
ow pattern in comparison to that of normal paste as
can be seen from a small dierence in the range of W/C. 0.0
100 150 200 250 300
On the other hand, the use of SP signicantly aects the
characteristics of ow of paste as W/C is greatly reduced Flow value (mm)
as shown in Fig. 2c and d. The reduction is increased with Fig. 3. Relationship between yield stress, plastic viscosity and ow value
an increase in the amount of SP used. The graph of ow of paste.
898 P. Chindaprasirt et al. / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 894901

60 30
Series P Series P
Series S Series S
40 Series R 20 Series R
Series N Series N

20 10

flow value=150 mm flow value=150 mm

0 0
60 30

Compressive strength (MPa)

Void ratio (vol%)

40 20

20 10

flow value=190 mm
flow value=190 mm
0 0
60
30

40
20

20
10
flow value=230 mm
0 flow value=230 mm
0 20 40 60 80 100 0
0 20 40 60 80 100
Vibrating energy (kN.m/m2)
Vibrating energy (kN.m/m2)
Fig. 4. Relationship between total void ratio and vibrating energy.
Fig. 5. Relationship between compressive strength and vibrating energy.

slightly lower than 35% and 30% for vibrating energy of 6

and 36 kN m/m2, respectively. The designed void of 0.25 is
obtained with the use of SP. Slightly higher void ratio is
obtained for concrete with no admixture and with WR with
the vibrating energy of 90 kN m/m2. The result conrms
that for a wide range of designed mix proportions, the
vibrating energy of 90 kN m/m2 is suitable as far as total
void is concerned.
The relationship between vibrating energy and compres-
sive strength is given in Fig. 5. Compressive strength
increases with an increase in vibrating energy as a result
of a reduction in void. The obtained strength is also depen-
dent on the ow value of paste and type and amount of
admixture used. The strength is slightly higher with the
use of paste of higher ow. The strengths of 1317, 1518
and 1522 MPa are obtained with paste of ow values of
150, 190 and 230 mm, respectively. For each ow value,
higher strength concrete is obtained with the use of admix-
tures. The use of WR slightly increases the strength,
whereas the use of SP signicantly increases the strength
and the increase is more with an increase in dosage. The
result again suggests that the designed mix proportions,
vibrating energy of 90 kN m/m2 and 1.0% SP are suitable
as far as strength is concerned.
4.2.2. State of void distribution with height
As surface vibration is used, variation in void along the
height of concrete cylinder is expected. The results of void
of top, middle and bottom portions of porous concrete
with 1.0% SP are presented in Fig. 6. Without vibration,
voids of top, middle and bottom portion are not very dif-
ferent as they depend solely on the placing of concrete
into cylindrical mould. With vibrating energy, void of
top portion is smallest, followed in turn by the middle
and bottom portions, respectively. This indicates that sur-
face vibration results in a large compaction of top portion
which directly receives vibrating energy. Vibrating energy
is then transferred to middle and bottom portions of con-
crete but with less intensity. On the average, the results of
the voids show a dierence in the void ratio slightly less
than 10% between top and bottom portions with vibra-
tion energy of 90 kN m/m2. At the end of vibrating com-
paction, average voids of concrete are very close to the
designed void.
At void ratio of 25%, the designed mixtures for all three
ow values of 150, 190 and 230 mm contain sucient
amount of paste to cover aggregate particles and to con-
nect aggregate and voids forming a continuous mass. For
 P. Chindaprasirt et al. / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 894901 899

Vibrating Energy 90 kN.m/m2, 36 kN.m/m2, 6 kN.m/m2, 0 kN.m/m2

B
P25F1 P25F2 P25F3

B
P20F1 P20F2 P20F3

B
P15F1 P15F2 P15F3

0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50 0 10 20 30 40 50
Void ratio (%)
T = Top portion, M = Middle portion, B = Bottom portion

indicates paste dripped at the bottom of cylinder

Fig. 6. Void ratio at dierent part of porous concrete with 1.0% SP.

void ratios of 20% and 15%, dripping of paste at the bot- pressive strengths of concrete decrease as void ratios
tom surface was observed as shown in the circles in increase. The strengths of porous concretes with designed
Fig. 6. In these cases, voids at bottom portion are much less void ratios of 15%, 20% and 25% are between 3844, 29
than the other two portions as a result of high content and 35 and 1522 MPa, respectively. At full compaction, void
high ow of paste. This is not desirable and need to be pre- patterns at the bottom surface of concrete cylinders are dif-
vented as porous nature of concrete at bottom part is ferent depending on the designed void ratios and ow val-
destroyed. ues of paste. For the designed low void ratio of 15%, the
P15F3 mix with paste of high ow value of 230 mm shows
4.2.3. Void at bottom surface low void at the bottom surface of concrete cylinder. Exam-
The results of compressive strengths and state of the ination of the surface reveals that concrete is lled with
voids at the bottom surface are shown in Fig. 7. The com- paste and little void is left. Mix P15F2 with paste of mod-
erate ow value of 190 mm also contains relatively low
voids at the bottom surface. The low voids are caused by
Flow value
State at bottom portion
Compressive strength relatively high ow of paste and high paste content. Under
(mm) (N/mm2)
full vibration, paste with tendency to ow downward starts
F3 (230) 38 31 22* to drip and lls the voids resulting in non-porous concrete
at the bottom part of concrete. Although the strengths of
mixes P15F3 and P15F2 are high at 38 and 44 MPa, they
F2 (190) 44 35* 18
are not good porous concretes as the porous characteristics
are not maintained at the bottom of concretes. Mix P15F1
F1 (150) 39* 29 15 with paste of low ow value of 150 mm, however, shows
appropriate void distributed across the bottom surface. It
Designed void is a good porous concrete with relatively high strength of
15 20 25 15 20 25
ratio (vol.%)
39 MPa.
* desirable area For the designed moderate void ratio of 20%, the P20F3
Fig. 7. State at the bottom of porous concrete and compressive strength mix with paste of high ow value shows low void at the
(1.0% SP, 90 kN m/m2 vibrating energy). bottom surface. The strength of this mix is high at
900 P. Chindaprasirt et al. / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 894901
31 MPa, but it is not a good porous concrete mix as the
porous characteristics at the bottom part is not obtained.
Mix P20F2 with paste of moderate ow value shows
appropriate void distributed across the bottom surface.
Similarly, mix P20F1 shows satisfactory void distribution
across the bottom surface. However, its strength is
29 MPa which is signicantly lower than that of P20F2
concrete. Therefore, the best mix for the designed moderate
void ratio is P20F2 with strength of 35 MPa.
For the designed high void ratio of 25%, the voids at the
bottom parts of cylinders of mixes P25F1 and P25F2 are
excessive. This results in low strengths of these mixes at
15 and 18 MPa which are undesirable. Mix P25F3 with
paste of high ow shows appropriate void distributed
across the bottom surface. In addition, the strength of this
mix is highest at 22 MPa in this group. Therefore, the best
mix for the designed high void ratio is P25F3. Good por-
ous concretes with desirable strength and appropriate voids
are obtained from mixes P15F1, P20F2 and P25F3 as
shown in Fig. 7.
4.2.4. Compaction pattern of porous concrete
From the result of this experiment, the following com-
paction pattern of porous concrete can be deduced. Paste
with sucient uidity and adherence properties is thor-
oughly mixed with single size aggregate. After casting, a
suciently thick layer of paste still covers aggregate surface
forming a continuous mass of porous concrete. Stage 1:
before vibration and compaction, paste covering coarse
aggregate touches each other very lightly and the contact
area is small as shown in Fig. 8. Stage 2: with progress of
vibration, fresh porous concrete is compacted gradually
starting from top to bottom. Concrete at the top undergoes
compaction more than the other parts and the contact area
of paste covering aggregate increases. Stage 3: with su-
cient vibration, a large number of adjacent aggregate at
the top starts to get closer to each other. A large number
of aggregates touch each other and the excess paste lls
Fig. 8. Compaction process by top surface vibrating compaction.
the voids and also moves downwards. At this point, com-
paction is completed. For concrete with appropriate
designed void ratio and paste ow, good porous concrete
is formed with slightly less void at the top portion followed
by the middle and the bottom portions, respectively. For
concrete with unmatched void ratio and paste ow, the
obtained porous concrete either contains too much voids
as a result of too little paste as well as not sucient ow,
or too little voids as a result of excess paste and dripping
during vibration.
4.2.5. Relationship between void ratio and compressive
strength
It is generally accepted that compressive strength of con-
crete is related to strength of paste and aggregate, and void
ratio. For porous concrete with good aggregate, strength of
paste is an important factor as strength of aggregate is gen-
erally higher than that of paste. After mixing, paste covers
aggregate and acts as one unit with air voids formed within
the paste matrix. Under the load, the presence of void acts
as weaknesses in cement matrix and produces concentra-
tion of stress and crack formation [23,24]. Examination
of fracture pattern of concrete sample failed under com-
pressive strength test reveals that the fracture surfaces are
almost entirely in cement paste. As paste behaves like a
brittle material, the relationship between compressive
strength and void ratio of a porous brittle material sug-
gested by Ryshkewitch [25] and Duckworth [26] can there-
fore be used for porous concrete.
r r0 expbV 2
where r is compressive strength (MPa), r0 is compressive
strength at zero void (MPa), V is void (%) and b is exper-
imental constant.
The strength and the air void of series P pastes were
found to be 135 MPa and 1.0%. The tting of the curve
as shown in Fig. 9 results in the values of r0 = 152 MPa,
b = 0.084 with the goodness of t of R2 = 0.96. Therefore,
if the quality of coarse aggregate and paste can be con-
trolled, the strength characteristic of porous concrete can
be estimated. It should be noted here that, concrete with
160
: Cement past
: Data of porous concrete
Compressive strength (N/mm2)
: Data of porous concrete
neglected in curve fitting
120 due to excessive dripping
-0.084x
y = 152e
80 2
R = 0.96
40
0
0 20 40 60
Total void ratio (%)
Fig. 9. Relationship between total void ratio (%) and compressive
strength.
 P. Chindaprasirt et al. / Construction and Building Materials 22 (2008) 894901
dripping of paste gives slightly lower strength than that
obtained from the equation.
5. Conclusions
For cement paste, ow of paste is stabilized after mixing
at 50 rpm for 30 s and at 200 rpm for another 240 s with or
without the use of admixture. WR marginally reduces W/C
while SP signicantly reduces W/C. The reduction is more
with an increase in dosage. The viscosity and yield stress of
paste is signicantly aected by admixtures. SP is very
eective in increasing viscosity and yield stress of paste.
Cement paste with high viscosity and ow of 150
230 mm suitable for making porous concrete is obtained
with W/C of 0.200.25, 1% SP and sucient mixing.
In making porous concrete, top surface vibration of 10 s
with vibrating energy of 90 kN m/m2 is eective in com-
pacting porous concrete. This produces variation in void
ratio slightly less than 10% between top and bottom por-
tions of cylinder. Within the range of cement ow of
150230 mm and void ratios of 1525%, good porous con-
cretes with relatively high strength are obtained using high
ow cement paste with low void ratio or low ow cement
paste with high void ratio. The use of high void ratio with
low ow paste produces porous concrete with relatively
low strength. At the other end, the use of the low void ratio
with high ow paste produces relatively high strength por-
ous concrete. However, dripping of paste and very low void
at bottom surface may result.
The characteristics of compressive strength of porous
concrete can be expressed by the equation of strength
and void ratio of porous brittle material. This relation is
useful for estimating strength of porous concrete.
Acknowledgements
The authors wish to acknowledge Mr. Akihiro Maeg-
awa, senior researcher of Mie Prefecture Science and Tech-
nology Promotion Center and Mr.Takahide Miyamoto,
Alumni of Mie University, for their help.
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