SPLUS/R.

R

- . -

R

SPLUS/R
-
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R/SPLUS .
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Word
.

, 2007
-

2007

1
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1 1
1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.2 SPLUS/R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2
1.3 SPLUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5
1.5 SPLUS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 6
1.6 R . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7
1.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
1.8 SPLUS R; . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10

2 13
2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 16
2.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19

3 21
3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 21
3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 24
3.3.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3.1.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . 25
3.3.1.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 26
3.3.2 . . . . . . 27
3.3.2.1 . . . . . . . . . . . 27
3.3.2.2 rep. 29
3.3.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30
3.3.4 . . . 33
3.3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . 34
3.3.6 . . . . . . . . . . 35
3.3.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 36
3.3.8 rank . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
3.3.9 order . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38
3.3.10 any all . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39

3
4 5

3.3.11 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 6 109
3.3.11.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 39 6.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 109
3.3.11.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 6.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 110
3.3.11.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6.3 / . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
3.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42 6.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 113
6.5 Default . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 116
3.4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 42
6.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
3.4.1.1 ( paste). . . . . . . . . . . . 43
6.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 120
3.4.1.2 ( strsplit). . . . . . . . . 46 6.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
3.4.1.3 -
( substr substring). . . . . . . . . . . 49 7 125
3.4.1.4 7.1 - . . . . . . . . . . . 125
. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51 7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 127
3.4.1.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 7.3 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
3.4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 57 7.3.1 Poisson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
7.3.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
3.4.3 (factors) . . . . . . . . . . 59
7.3.3 Newton-Raphson . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 135
3.4.4 (Ordered Factors) . . . . . . . . . . . . . 64
7.4 E . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139
3.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 66 7.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
3.5.1 is.matrix . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 7.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
3.5.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 75 7.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
3.6 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 76 7.7.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147
3.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 77 7.7.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
3.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 78
3.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.9.1 scan . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.9.2 read.table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 82

4 85
4.1 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.2 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 85
4.3 Boxplot . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
4.4 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 89
4.5 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 93
4.6 (Pie chart) . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 94
4.7 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 95
4.8 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.9 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
4.10 . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 99

5 e if, while, for 101

5.1 if . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 101
5.2 for . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
5.3 while . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 106
5.4 apply . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 107
0

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12

2.1
SPLUS/R
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> 5+5 #this is my very first command
[1] 10
>, [1]

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2 . #
SPLUS/R. .
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> 3+sqrt(45)*exp(0.4)+8*cos(0.5)
[1] 20.02812

(sqrt) , e (exp) (cos).

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> x <- 3+sqrt(45)*exp(0.4)+8*cos(0.5)
> x
[1] 20.02812
<- -

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() .
x <- x + 3 x+3

13
14 15

x > x%%y
x . [1] 4
, > x%/%y
x [1] 0
. > x 2+8
, [1] 24
SPLUS/R. SPLUS/R
(number) ,

(vector), +
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(matrix) , *
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(list). %/% ,

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[1] 16
2.2 > (3+5)* (8 %/% 3 )
x y [1] 16
. , > ((3+5)* 8) %/% 3
SPLUS/R [1] 21
. > 5/0
> x<-4 [1] Inf
> y<-5 0 -
> x+y . SPLUS/R Inf
[1] 9 . exp(-Inf)
> x/y 0 NaN
[1] 0.8 limx ex .
> x==y ,
[1] F .
16 17

, print - > (3<5) > (4>3)

, [1] F
>print(x) > 3 + 4 > 5
[1] 4 [1] T
> (3 + 4) > 5
2.3 [1] T
> 3 + (4 > 5)
. [1] 3
== , > (4 > 5) + 3
T (true) [1] 3
F (false) . > (4 < 5) + 3
[1] 4
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> (x < -5) | (x >5)
> [1] T
< > 16.00000000000000001 == 16
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> (3<5) > (4 < 3) !(&) = (!) | (!)
[1] T
18 19

& | !(A&B) ! !B !A &!B !(|) (!) | (!)

F F F F T T T T T T T T T
F T F T T T F F F T T T F F
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B: (x%%100==0)
Boolean
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(x%%4==0) & ((x%%400==0) | ! (x%%100==0))
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2.3.1
100 10 -50
10. R R
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xnew <- (x>10) * 100 + (x<=10)* -50 . 2.5

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10 1 10 + 0 (50) = 10 0 10 + 1 (50) = R.
50. 2 ,
0 1 2 .
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2.1 4. ,
100 400 ( 2000 .
, 1900).
x . choose(2500,1500)
[1] Inf
3 lchoose(2500,1500)
: 4 [1] 1678.412
: 100
: 400
factorial
200 30
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3
: (x%%4==0)
20

log
exp
log2 2
log10 10
abs
sqrt
cos


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sin
tan
atan
gamma

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0
beta
lgamma
factorial
choose 3.1
lchoose

2.5:
.
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(data objects).
choose(200,30) (
[1] 4.096817e+35 ).
factorial(200)/(factorial(170)*factorial(30))
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SPLUS/R.

21
22 23

3.2 x3<- x1<4

x3

[1] TRU
.
(()) (mode)
. (character) .
mode. .
test ( -
Ioannis "Ioannis").
mode(test)
x1<-Ioannis
x1
( ) [1] "Ioannis"

(numeric), mode(x1)
[1] "character"
(logical),
(complex) a + b i i = 1
(character), a, b (numeric mode). a b
(real) (imaginary)
(complex).
, complex(real = a, imaginary = b).
3, 3.004 1.9 105 Splus 4 + 3 i x1

x1<-complex(real=4, imaginary=3)
x1<-3
x1
mode(x1)
[1] 4+3i
[1] "numeric"
mode(x1)
x2<-3.004
[1] "complex"
x3<-1.9e-5
:
(logical) TRUE FALSE
-Inf, Inf:
( ). +. Splus R
x2  x1 4; ( )
x3  x1 (
4; ).
e700
x1<-3
x2<- x1>4 exp(700)
[1] 1.014232e+304
x2
[1] FALSE ( 1.014232 10304 )
e1700
mode(x2)
[1] "logical" exp(1700)
[1] Inf
24 25

NA: vec1 4, -5.2,

(non available) 13, 9.6 --0.17. vec2
(missing values). . SPLUS/R
.
is.na(x).
TRUE 3.3.1
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NULL:   Splus/R. SPLUS/R
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TRUE x . : Splus/R
names(x). ,
3.3 ,
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SPLUS/R length(x)
, , length(x)<-10.
. c( ), :
combine . mode(x) "numeric", "logical", "charac-
c() . ter" "complex" .
:
> vec1<-c(4,-5.2,13,9.6,-0.17)
> vec1
[1] 4.00 -5.20 13.00 9.60 -0.17
> vec2<-c(5,6,7,8,9,10,11) ( / )
> vec2
Mode ( ; , , .)
[1] 5 6 7 8 9 10 11
> vec2<-c(1,3,0)
( )
> vec2
[1] 1 3 0
c() 3.3.1.1
.
> vec3<-c(4,5,vec1) .
> vec3 names( ).
[1] 4.00 5.00 4.00 -5.20 13.00 9.60 -0.17
> vec4<-c(vec1,5,5) (NULL) (
> vec4 ).
[1] 4.00 -5.20 13.00 9.60 -0.17 5.00 5.00 > height<-c(1.75,1.84,1.81,1.63)
> vec5<-c(vec1,vec2) > names(height)
> vec5 NULL
[1] 4.00 -5.20 13.00 9.60 -0.17 1.00 3.00 0.00
26 27

> names(height)<-c("Jim","George","John","Mary") 3.3.2

> names(height) ,
[1] "Jim" "George" "John" "Mary"
> height .
Jim George John Mary rep seq.
1.75 1.84 1.81 1.63
3.3.2.1
, height
. NULL a b
names(height) . - a:b.
, height. :
names(height) string ( > x<-1:10
character SPLUS). SPLUS/R > x
. [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
( 1 10 ).
.
> x<--5:5
. > x
: [1] -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 1 2 3 4 5
. height ( -5 5 ).
,
names(height). > x<-1.3:5.3
> x
3.3.1.2 [1] 1.3 2.3 3.3 4.3 5.3
( 1.3 5.3
length() 2 ).
. ( SPLUS/R
NA) . is.na()

( TRUE R)
, b:a b > a
.

: > x<-10:1
> length(height) > x
[1] 4 [1] 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
> x ( 1 10 )
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 - (:)
> x[3]<-NA : :,
> x 1.
[1] 1 2 NA 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 .
c().
> is.na(x)
, SPLUS/R
[1] F F T F F F F F F F
1,
> x<-0:2 .
> x/0 > x<-1.3:5.5
[1] NA Inf Inf > x
> is.na(x/0) [1] 1.3 2.3 3.3 4.3 5.3
[1] T F F > x<-2.7:-1.7
28 29

> x > y<-1:20

[1] 2.7 1.7 0.7 -0.3 -1.3 > seq(from=10,by=10,along=y)
[1] 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 110 120 130 140
. [15] 150 160 170 180 190 200
seq ( se- > seq(along=y)
quence , ) [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
- . [20]20
5 . > seq(y)
(default) . - [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19
from, to by default 1. [20] 20
seq :
3.3.2.2 rep.
seq(from= , to= , by= , length= , along= ) rep .
from x (1,4,10)
to x <- c(1,4,10)
by rep(x,3)
length [1] 1 3 10 1 3 10 1 3 10.
along . SPLUS/R rep()
SPLUS/R
. .

rep(vector, times= ,each= )
> seq(from=1,to=10,by=1)
vector .
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
times .
( 1:10).
each -
> seq(from=10,to=1,by=-1)
.
[1] 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 ( 10:1).
> seq(to=10,by=1) 3.1: rep SPLUS/R
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
> seq(from=10,by=-1)
[1] 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 times , vector times
> seq(from=1,by=1) . times vector,
[1] 1 vector times,
default . , vector
by, 1 1 (default times, ...
by). : > rep(10,5)
> seq(from=1,by=1,length=20) [1] 10 10 10 10 10
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 > vec2
[20] 20 [1] 1 3 0
> seq(from=10,by=2,length=12) > rep(vec2,2)
[1] 10 12 14 16 18 20 22 24 26 28 30 32 [1] 1 3 0 1 3 0
> seq(10) > rep(vec2,each=2)
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 [1] 1 1 3 3 0 0
> seq(to=15,length=5) > rep(1:3,4)
[1] 11 12 13 14 15 [1] 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
along : > rep(c(1,-2,0),each=2)
30 31

[1] 1 1 -2 -2 0 0 x-1 0 0.
> rep(c(1,-2,0),times=2,each=2) 0/0 .
[1] 1 1 -2 -2 0 0 1 1 -2 -2 0 0
> rep(c(1,2,3),c(5,4,3)) :
[1] 1 1 1 1 1 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 > sqrt(x)
times each. [1] 1.000000 1.414214 1.732051 2.000000 2.236068
[6] 2.449490 2.645751 2.828427 3.000000 3.162278
each times. > log(x)
seq rep . [1] 0.0000000 0.6931472 1.0986123 1.3862944
> rep(1:4,3) [5] 1.6094379 1.7917595 1.9459101 2.0794415
[1] 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 1 2 3 4 [9] 2.1972246 2.3025851
3 1 2 3 4. > log10(x)
[1] 0.0000000 0.3010300 0.4771213 0.6020600 0.6989700
3.3.3 [6] 0.7781513 0.8450980 0.9030900 0.9542425 1.0000000
> exp(x)
SPLUS/R .
[1] 2.718282 7.389056 20.085537 54.598150 148.413159

[6] 403.428793 1096.633158 2980.957987 8103.083928
.
[10] 22026.465795
> x<-1:10
> (2 x+exp(x)-5*x)/log10(x)
> x+2
[1] -Inf 4.614344 27.426020 84.041708 222.345964
[1] 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
[6] 562.138522 1407.686567 3540.021518 8981.033482
> x-2
[10] 23000.465795
[1] -1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 log .
> x*2 ,
[1] 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 . -
> 2*x .
[1] 2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20 > x<-1:10
> x/2 > y<-rep(c(2,3),each=5)
[1] 0.5 1.0 1.5 2.0 2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 > x
> x 2 [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
[1] 1 4 9 16 25 36 49 64 81 100 > y
> 2 x [1] 2 2 2 2 2 3 3 3 3 3
[1] 2 4 8 16 32 64 128 256 512 1024 > x+y
SPLUS/R Inf ( ), -Inf ( [1] 3 4 5 6 7 9 10 11 12 13
-) NaN ( not a number, > x-y
). [1] -1 0 1 2 3 3 4 5 6 7
NA, . NaN > x y
[1] 1 4 9 16 25 216 343 512 729 1000
. > x*y
> x/0 [1] 2 4 6 8 10 18 21 24 27 30
[1] Inf Inf Inf Inf Inf Inf Inf Inf Inf Inf > x/y
> -1*x/0 [1] 0.500000 1.000000 1.500000 2.000000 2.500000
[1] -Inf -Inf -Inf -Inf -Inf -Inf -Inf -Inf -Inf [6] 2.000000 2.333333 2.666667 3.000000 3.333333
[10] -Inf > (x 2)/(y-5)
> (x-1)/0 [1] -0.3333333 -1.3333333 -3.0000000 -5.3333333
[1] NA Inf Inf Inf Inf Inf Inf Inf Inf Inf [5] -8.3333333 -18.0000000 -24.5000000 -32.0000000
32 33

[9] -40.5000000 -50.0000000 vector

> x*y-2 . :
[1] 0 2 4 6 8 16 19 22 25 28
> x*(y-2) ,
[1] 0 0 0 0 0 6 7 8 9 10 (
> exp(x-y) ),
[1] 0.3678794 1.0000000 2.7182818 7.3890561
[5] 20.0855369 20.0855369 54.5981500 148.4131591
[9] 403.4287935 1096.6331584 .
> x>y
> height
[1] F F T T T T T T T T Jim George John Mary
> x<y 1.75 1.84 1.81 1.63
[1] T F F F F F F F F F > height[3]
> x>y & x<8 John
[1] F F T T T T T F F F 1.81
. > height[c(1,3)]
Jim John
. , 1.75 1.81
. > height[1:2]
> x<-1:10 Jim George
> y<-rep(1:2,3) 1.75 1.84
> x > height[c(4,1)]
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 Mary Jim
> y 1.63 1.75
[1] 1 2 1 2 1 2 > height[c(4,1,4)]
> x+y Mary Jim Mary
[1] 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 1.63 1.75 1.63
Warning messages:
Length of longer object is not a multiple of the 3.3.4
length of the shorter object in: x + y .
y 6, x 10, .
y 4 (
10) . (T F, true false).
y . > height
y . Jim George John Mary
y, SPLUS/R . 1.75 1.84 1.81 1.63
> y<-1:2 > height>1.8
> x+y Jim George John Mary
[1] 2 4 4 6 6 8 8 10 10 12 F T T F
, y > height==1.75
, SPLUS/R . Jim George John Mary
. T F F F
> height!=1.75
. SPLUS/R Jim George John Mary
. : vector[ ], F T T T
34 35

> height>1.8 & height<1.83 > z<-height<=1.8

Jim George John Mary > z
F F T F Jim George John Mary
> height<1.70 | height>1.82 TRUE FALSE FALSE TRUE
Jim George John Mary > height[z]
F T F T Jim Mary
1.75 1.63
3.3.5
- 1.80
. 1.82 :
. , > height[height<=1.8 | height>=1.82]
pos x[pos]. : Jim George Mary
1.75 1.84 1.63
> x<-c( 11,22,34,55 ) -
> x[3] . ,
[1] 34 . -
height,
3 x. sex.
pos .
. > sex<-c("Male","Male","Male","Female")
> height["Mary"] > height[sex=="Male"]
Mary Jim George John
1.63 1.75 1.84 1.81
. > height[height>1.8 & sex=="Male"]
pos George John
. 1.84 1.81

> x[c(1,3)] .
[1] 11 34
  .
1 3 x. height 2
. 4o
> height[-c(2,4)]
> height[c("Mary","Jim")] Jim John
1.75 1.81
Mary Jim
1.63 1.75 3.3.6
SPLUS/R
. , - (min max )
, 1.80 (sum prod ).
> min(height)
> height[height<=1.8] [1] 1.63
Jim Mary > max(height)
1.75 1.63 [1] 1.84
> sum(height)
36 37

sort
mean sort(x,decreasing=T)
var () , decreasing
median . rev
quantile .
cor
cov 3.3.8 rank
rank
3.2: . rank

ranks.
[1] 7.03
> prod(height) x
[1] 9.499966
x<-c(32,43,65,19,90)
-
rank(x)
,
[1] 2 3 4 1 5
.
32 2 ,
. 90 rank 5 .
rank
. .
ranks
.
m<-mean(x)
m3<- sum ((x - m)^3)/length(x) x<-c(23,65,29,23,50)
m3/var(x)^1.5 rank(x)
[1] 1.5 5.0 3.0 1.5 4.0
.
x 2 23.
3.3.7 1 2 23
. rank (1+2)/2
, sort - 1.5.
. Spearman
rev -
. Pearson .
. Spearman
> height ( ) .
[1] 1.75 1.84 1.81 1.63 Spearman
> rev(sort(height)) Pearson
[1] 1.84 1.81 1.75 1.63 rank . R
> sort(height) cor(x,y) x,y
[1] 1.63 1.75 1.81 1.84 .
, sort rev Pearson Spearman cor(x,y,
method=spearman).
. Spearman Pearson
. ranks.
38 39

math<-c(30,56,78,54,90) 4 (
phys<-c(65,98,45,67,87) 19 ,
cor(math,phys) #Pearson coefficient 1 ). order rank
cor(math,phys,method="spearman") #Spearman coefficient
cor(rank(math),rank(phys)) #Pearson based on ranks .
order
R rank 5 . 2
(ties) SPLUS . math phys
R .
;
Average: sort
.
math
First: Rank phys
.
Random: ranks (: order.
2 ranks!)
math<-c(30,56,78,54,90)
Min: average
phys<-c(65,98,45,67,87)
rank (
t<-order(math)
...)
math<-sort(math)
Max: phys<-phys[t]
math
[1] 30 54 56 78 90
. phys
[1] 65 67 98 45 87
> x<- c(10,14,13,15,10,20,18,10,23,21,18)
> rank(x, ties.method = "average") : order
[1] 2.0 5.0 4.0 6.0 2.0 9.0 7.5 2.0 11.0 10.0 7.5 .
> rank(x, ties.method = "first")
[1] 1 5 4 6 2 9 7 3 11 10 8
3.3.10 any all
> rank(x, ties.method = "random") any all
[1] 1 5 4 6 2 9 8 3 11 10 7 Boolean (TRUE FALSE) any
> rank(x, ties.method = "max") any .
[1] 3 5 4 6 3 9 8 3 11 10 8 any(x>0)
> rank(x, ties.method = "min") x .
[1] 1 5 4 6 1 9 7 1 11 10 7 TRUE FALSE . all(x>0)
TRUE x .
3.3.9 order

order ,
. 3.3.11
x<-c(32,43,65,19,90) 3.3.11.1
order(x) a b
[1] 4 1 2 3 5 .
40 41

3.
( ).
1
x, 20
.
5% ,
1
. x<-c(51, 46, 58, 30, 49, 49, 34, 49, 62, 53, 45, 50,
46, 42, 46, 51, 48, 48, 45, 45)
a<-10 R
b<-12 y<-sort(x)
c<-max(a,b) n<-length(x)
test<- 1:c n1<- trunc(n*0.05)
y1<- a%% test==0 mean(y[(n1+1): (n-n1)])
y2<- b%% test ==0
y3<- y1&y2 trunc
max( test[y3]) trunk(5.4) 5,
.
c 2 , test n1
1 c y1 y2 n1+1
. y3 n-n1 n1
. .
.
1 (n1+1): (n-n1)
2. .
.
a
b a . n1+1:n-n1
, [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13
14 15 16 17 18 19 20
! 1 20
.
3.3.11.2
Rank
(trimmed mean) .
. rank
.
outliers
. y<-rank(x)
a% n<-length(x)
. R n1<- trunc(n*0.05)
5% x. t<- (y>n1)&(y<=n-n1)
, mean(x[t])
2 .
rank 5
95.
1.
R mean(x,trim=0.05)
2. s o trim
.
42 43

3.3.11.3 noquote nchar.

( ) .
. :
if x
> xsurnames<-c(Papadopoulos,Kitsos,Ioannou,
+ Tsapara,Grigoriadou)
y<-sort(x)
> xsurnames
n<-length(x)
[1] "Papadopoulos" "Kitsos" "Ioannou" "Tsapara"
artios<- (n%%2 = =0)
[5] "Grigoriadou"
diamesos<-( artios * (y[ n/2] + y[n/2 +1])/2
> nchar(xsurnames)
+ !artios * y[(n+1)/2] )
[1] 12 6 7 7 11
: -
3.4.1.1 ( paste).
2 .
y[k/2] y[(k+1)/2] . paste
R .
y[1.3] y[1]. . :

paste( vector1, ..., vectorn, sep = " ", collapse = NULL)

3.4
sep
, paste. H paste
(factors)
. ( ).

3.4.1 .
NULL ( )
( ). .

> x<-c( Yiannis, Yiorgos, Grigoris )
> x ( ):
[1] "Yiannis" "Yiorgos" "Grigoris"
> x[2] > x1<-Yiannis
[1] "Yiorgos" > x2<-Nicolaou
> > paste(x1,x2)
[1] "Yiannis Nicolaou"


character(length = 0) : -
length. > paste(Yiannis,Nicolaou)
[1] "Yiannis Nicolaou"
as.character(x, ...) : x
.
-
is.character(x) : x - sep.
.
44 45

> x1<-5 -
> x2<-13 :
> paste(x1,x2, x1+x2, sep= + )
[1] "5 + 13 + 18" collapse
.

paste. > paste(1:10, collapse= )
:

> paste(paste(x1,x2, sep= + ), x1+x2, sep= = )
[1] "5 + 13 = 18" [1] "1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10"

( ) :
(xnames)
(xsurnames) > paste(1:10, collapse=)
. [1] "12345678910"
> paste(1:10, collapse=+)
[1] "1+2+3+4+5+6+7+8+9+10"
> xnames<-c(Yiannis,Yiorgos,Barbara,Aleka, > paste(xnames, collapse=, )
+ Eugenia) [1] "Yiannis, Yiorgos, Barbara, Aleka, Eugenia"
> xsurnames<-c(Papadopoulos,Kitsos,Ioannou,
+ Tsapara,Grigoriadou) ( )
> paste(xnames,xsurnames) :
[1] "Yiannis Papadopoulos" "Yiorgos Kitsos"
[3] "Barbara Ioannou" "Aleka Tsapara" paste
[5] "Eugenia Grigoriadou" .

> paste(xnames, xsurnames, collapse=,)

> paste(xsurnames,xnames, sep=, )
[1] "Papadopoulos, Yiannis" "Kitsos, Yiorgos" [1] "Yiannis Papadopoulos,Yiorgos Kitsos,Barbara
[3] "Ioannou, Barbara" "Tsapara, Aleka" Ioannou,Aleka Tsapara,Eugenia Grigoriadou"
[5] "Grigoriadou, Eugenia"


. > x<-paste(xnames, xsurnames)
3 > paste(x,collapse=,)
4 5 [1] "Yiannis Papadopoulos,Yiorgos Kitsos,Barbara
.. Ioannou,Aleka Tsapara,Eugenia Grigoriadou"

> paste(xsurnames[1:3],xnames, sep=, )

[1] "Papadopoulos, Yiannis" "Kitsos, Yiorgos" c
[3] "Ioannou, Barbara" "Papadopoulos, Aleka" paste. -
[5] "Kitsos, Eugenia"
46 47

> paste( c(xnames, xsurnames), collapse=,) .

[1] "Yiannis,Yiorgos,Barbara,Aleka,Eugenia, ( ) ,
Papadopoulos,Kitsos,Ioannou,Tsapara,Grigoriadou" ..

paste > strsplit(Yiannis,i)

.
as.character.
: [[1]]
[1] "Y" "ann" "s"
> paste(1:12)
[1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" "7" "8" "9" "10"
[11] "11" "12" ( split=NULL)
> as.character(1:12) ..
[1] "1" "2" "3" "4" "5" "6" "7" "8" "9" "10"
[11] "11" "12" > strsplit(Yiannis,NULL)
paste ..

.
[[1]]
> paste("A", 1:6, sep = "") [1] "Y" "i" "a" "n" "n" "i" "s"
[1] "A1" "A2" "A3" "A4" "A5" "A6"
> paste("Individual", 1:6, sep = " ")
[1] "Individual 1" "Individual 2" "Individual 3"
[4] "Individual 4" "Individual 5" "Individual 6"
> date() > strsplit(Yiannis,split=)
[1] "Wed Jun 14 16:40:01 2006"
> paste("Today is", date())
[1] "Today is Wed Jun 14 16:40:03 2006"

3.4.1.2 ( strsplit). > x<-paste( xnames, xsurnames, sep=, )

> x

[1] "Yiannis, Papadopoulos" "Yiorgos, Kitsos"
.
[3] "Barbara, Ioannou" "Aleka, Tsapara"
paste .
[5] "Eugenia, Grigoriadou"

> strsplit(x,split=,)
strsplit(x, split, extended = TRUE, fixed = FALSE, perl = FALSE) [[1]]
[1] "Yiannis" " Papadopoulos"
:
x : . [[2]]
[1] "Yiorgos" " Kitsos"
split :
. [[3]]
x split. - [1] "Barbara" " Ioannou"
x
split. - [[4]]
split x split [1] "Aleka" " Tsapara"
48 49

3.4.1.3 (
[[5]] substr substring).
[1] "Eugenia" " Grigoriadou"
strsplit
. substr
substring.
unlist substr

> unlist(strsplit(x,split=,)) substr(x, start, stop)

[1] "Yiannis" " Papadopoulos" :
[3] "Yiorgos" " Kitsos"
[5] "Barbara" " Ioannou" x : .
[7] "Aleka" " Tsapara"
[9] "Eugenia" " Grigoriadou" start : ( )
.

noquote strplit( ..., stp : ( )
split=NULL). .

> noquote(strsplit("A text I want to display with substr(Yiannis, 2, 4) -

+ spaces", NULL)[[1]]) 2
4 Yiannis
"ian".
[1] A t e x t I w a n t t o d i s p l a y ..
[26] w i t h s p a c e s > xnames<-c(Yiannis,Yiorgos,Barbara,Aleka,
"a.b.c". + Eugenia)
, , > substr(xnames,3,7)
[1] "annis" "orgos" "rbara" "eka" "genia"
> strsplit("a.b.c", ".")
substring

substring(text, first, last = 1000000)
[[1]]
[1] "" "" "" "" "" text, first last x,
start stop substr.
substring .
split .
regular expressions ( help(regexp) ). - .

> strsplit("a.b.c", "\\.") > substring(Yiannis,2,4)
[[1]] [1] "ian"
[1] "a" "b" "c" > substring(Yiannis,2)
fixed: [1] "iannis"
> substring(xnames,3,5)
> strsplit("a.b.c", ".", fixed=TRUE) [1] "ann" "org" "rba" "eka" "gen"
[[1]] > substring(xnames,3)
[1] "a" "b" "c" [1] "annis" "orgos" "rbara" "eka" "genia"
50 51

first, last, start stop substr substring

. -
. x
.

substr(x, start, stop) <- value > substr("abcdef",1:6,1:6)

substring(text, first, last = 1000000) <- value [1] "a"
> substring("abcdef",1:6,1:6)
Yiannis - [1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f"
2 4 (.. test)
3.4.1.4
-
> x<-Yiannis .
> substr(x,2,4)<-test fnames
> x
[1] "Ytesnis"  
.
ian
grep regexpr .
3 test ( tes)
sub gsub
.
.
Yiannis Yianna
grep regexpr.

> x<-Yiannis -
> substr(x,6,7)<-a . O
> x
[1] "Yianna "
grep(pattern, x, ignore.case = FALSE, extended = TRUE,
perl = FALSE, value = FALSE, fixed = FALSE)
substr regexpr(pattern, text, extended = TRUE, perl = FALSE,
fixed = FALSE)
> x<-substr(x,1,6)
> x
[1] "Yianna"
pattern : ( ?)

..
x, text : -
> test<-xnames pattern.
> substr(test,1,1)<-as.character(1:5) ignore.case : (FALSE).
> test (FALSE)
[1] "1iannis" "2iorgos" "3arbara" "4leka" "5ugenia"
> (TRUE) ( a
> test<-xnames ).
> substring(test,1:5)<-as.character(1:5)
> test extended : (TRUE).
[1] "1iannis" "Y2orgos" "Ba3bara" "Ale4a" "Euge5ia" (TRUE)
52 53

(extended regular expression matching) (FALSE

(basic regular expressions) -
.
> grep(I,fnames,value=TRUE)
perl : (FALSE). - [1] "Barbara Ioannou"
perl.
ignore.case=TRUE
extended.

value : (FALSE).
> grep(I,fnames,value=TRUE, ignore.case=TRUE)
(FALSE)
[1] "Yiannis Papadopoulos" "Yiorgos Kitsos"
pattern (..
[3] "Barbara Ioannou" "Eugenia Grigoriadou"
1 , 3 .).
x. regexpr,
text
fixed : (FALSE).
pattern.
(RUE) pattern
pattern .
.
pattern
extended perl.
-1.
replacement : > regexpr(Y,fnames)
pattern. [1] 1 1 -1 -1 -1
grep attr(,"match.length")
. [1] 1 1 -1 -1 -1
1 2 fnames
> xnames Y 1 .
[1] "Yiannis" "Yiorgos" "Barbara" "Aleka" "Eugenia" a
> xsurnames > regexpr(a,fnames)
[1] "Papadopoulos" "Kitsos" "Ioannou" [1] 3 -1 2 5 7
[4] "Tsapara" "Grigoriadou" attr(,"match.length")
> fnames<-paste(xnames,xsurnames) [1] 1 -1 1 1 1
> grep(Y,fnames)
[1] 1 2 2.
a 3, 2, 5 7
1 2 - 1, 3, 4 5 fnames.
fnames Y. match.length
.

> grep(Y,fnames,value=TRUE)
[1] "Yiannis Papadopoulos" "Yiorgos Kitsos" > attributes(regexpr(a,fnames))
$match.length
grep
[1] 1 -1 1 1 1
.
i
> grep(i,fnames,value=TRUE) > attributes(regexpr(Yian,fnames))
[1] "Yiannis Papadopoulos" "Yiorgos Kitsos" $match.length
[3] "Eugenia Grigoriadou" [1] 4 -1 -1 -1 -1
54 55

> attributes(regexpr(nn,fnames)) > fnames

$match.length [1] "Yiannis Papadopoulos" "Yiorgos Kitsos"
[1] 2 -1 2 -1 -1 [3] "Barbara Ioannou" "Aleka Tsapara"
[5] "Eugenia Grigoriadou"
> sub(Y,G,fnames)
[1] "Giannis Papadopoulos" "Giorgos Kitsos"
> letters [3] "Barbara Ioannou" "Aleka Tsapara"
[1] "a" "b" "c" "d" "e" "f" "g" "h" "i" "j" "k" [5] "Eugenia Grigoriadou"
[12] "l" "m" "n" "o" "p" "q" "r" "s" "t" "u" "v" > sub(Yiannis,Ioannis,fnames)
[23] "w" "x" "y" "z" [1] "Ioannis Papadopoulos" "Yiorgos Kitsos"
> grep("[a-z]", letters) [3] "Barbara Ioannou" "Aleka Tsapara"
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 [5] "Eugenia Grigoriadou"
[16] 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26
sub gsub
a
z letters.
> sub(a,++,fnames)
> grep("[a-c]", letters) [1] "Yi++nnis Papadopoulos" "Yiorgos Kitsos"
[1] 1 2 3 [3] "B++rbara Ioannou" "Alek++ Tsapara"
[5] "Eugeni++ Grigoriadou"
3 letters. >
> gsub(a,++,fnames)
a b [1] "Yi++nnis P++p++dopoulos"
[2] "Yiorgos Kitsos"
> grep("[a-b]", fnames) [3] "B++rb++r++ Io++nnou"
[1] 1 3 4 5 [4] "Alek++ Ts++p++r++"
[5] "Eugeni++ Grigori++dou"
grep agrep
. match %in%.
match
sub gsub. .
grep regexpr
sub gsub:
match(x, table, nomatch = NA, incomparables = FALSE)
sub(pattern, replacement, x, ignore.case = FALSE,
extended = TRUE, perl = FALSE)
gsub(pattern, replacement, x, ignore.case = FALSE,
> match( d, letters )
extended = TRUE, perl = FALSE)
[1] 4
grep d
regexpr. replacement 4 letters.
match .
pattern. (
):
pattern
. > match( Y, fnames )
sub
56 57

match - > charmatch(Yiorg, fnames)

x table [1] 2
.. > charmatch(barb, fnames)
[1] NA
> match( c(z,d), letters ) > charmatch(c(Y,Barb, arba), fnames)
[1] 26 4 [1] 0 3 NA
> match( c(d,z, a), letters )
[1] 4 26 1

, .
> match( c(3,4,7), rep(1:10,3) ) 3.4.1.5
[1] 3 4 7
tolower toupper
.

x %in% table > tolower(fnames)

[1] "yiannis papadopoulos" "yiorgos kitsos"
[3] "barbara ioannou" "aleka tsapara"
[5] "eugenia grigoriadou"
> c(3,4,7) %in% rep(1:10,3)
> toupper(fnames)
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE
[1] "YIANNIS PAPADOPOULOS" "YIORGOS KITSOS"
[3] "BARBARA IOANNOU" "ALEKA TSAPARA"
x table. [5] "EUGENIA GRIGORIADOU"
casefold(x, upper = FALSE)
match : - . R
Splus.
table :
match. 3.4.2

nomatch : match
. -
table.
( Splus, TRUE R) (F
charmatch. Splus, FALSE R) .
match charmatch .
. mode logical
match
> mode(c(TRUE,FALSE))
match. -
[1] "logical"
table match.
(0) :
NA.
: 1. logical: .
logical(n) n
> charmatch(Y, fnames) .
[1] 0
> charmatch(Yiannis, fnames) > n<-5
[1] 1 > logical(n)
> help(charmatch) [1] F F F F F
58 59

o Splus
.
> logical(n) 10 30 (
[1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE x<-10:30) 20

R.
> z<- x>20
2. as.logical: > z
TRUE/FALSE . FALSE [1] FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE FALSE
TRUE. (factor, . [9] FALSE FALSE FALSE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
) . [17] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE
> x[z]
[1] 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
> as.logical(c(-1,2,3,4,0,0))

> x[x>20]
R
[1] 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30
[1] TRUE TRUE TRUE TRUE FALSE FALSE 3.4.3 (factors)
-
3. is.logical:
. - -
( ). -
> is.logical(c(-1,2,3,4,0,0)) : , , .
[1] FALSE (categories) (levels)
> is.logical(c(TRUE,FALSE)) . ,
[1] TRUE
> is.logical(c(T,F)) (labels) .
[1] TRUE
. Splus R
factor
.
factor(x, levels = sort(unique.default(x),
( na.last = TRUE), labels = levels,
) IF/ELSE exclude = NA, ordered = is.ordered(x))

.

. x -
. levels: .
vector[logical.vector]. x x .
5 (.. 1 5) 1, 3
4 z<-c(T,F,T,T,F) labels: .
x[z]
[1] 1 3 4 exclude:
60 61

ordered: ( TRUE)  (ordinal) ( ).

( FALSE)  (nominal). mode
is.ordered(x). attributes
(class) factor. Splus/R
is.ordered(x) FALSE.
> mode(z)
factor(1:5) [1] "numeric"
5 1-5 . - > z
[1] one two three four five one two three
[9] four five
> factor(1:5) Levels: one two three four five
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 > attributes(z)
Levels: 1 2 3 4 5 $levels
Levels [1] "one" "two" "three" "four" "five"
.
$class
> x<-rep(1:5,2) [1] "factor"
> x
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 factor .
> factor(x)
< >.

> classroom<-factor( c(A12, A13, A15, A17,
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5 + A12, A12) )
Levels: 1 2 3 4 5 > 4+classroom
Error in Ops.factor(4, classroom): "+" not
levels . meaningful for factors
> as.numeric(classroom)
> z<-factor(x) [1] 1 2 3 4 1 1
> levels(z)<-c(one,two,three,four,five) > 3+as.numeric(classroom)
> z [1] 4 5 6 7 4 4
[1] one two three four five one two three > x<-c(1,1,2,3,1,2,1,2,1,2,2)
[9] four five > as.factor(x)
Levels: one two three four five [1] 1 1 2 3 1 2 1 2 1 2 2
> 3+as.factor(x)
5 . Error in Ops.factor(3, as.factor(x)): "+" not
- meaningful for factors
> classroom[1]<classroom[2]
> as.numeric(z)
Error in Ops.factor(classroom[1], classroom[2]..:
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 1 2 3 4 5
"<" not meaningful for factors
R codes > classroom[1]==classroom[2]
as.numeric. [1] F
nlevels .
nlevels(z) .
5. gl
is.factor as.factor.
gl(n, k, length = n*k, labels = 1:n, ordered = FALSE)
62 63

Splus/R [8] male male male female female female female

mode numeric [15] female female female female female female
attributes class factor. Levels: male female
factor
as.factor contrasts -
is.factor . z
levels 5 contrasts(z) -
nlevels 5 ( ) 4 (
contrasts - ).
.
gl
as.numeric > contrasts(z)
two three four five
one 0 0 0 0
3.3: two 1 0 0 0
three 0 1 0 0
four 0 0 1 0
five 0 0 0 1


n: . ( )
k: . (1,0,0,0), (0,1,0,0), (0,0,1,0),
(0,0,0,1).
length: ( ) (corner constraints) Splus/R
. contr.treatment 2, 3, 4 5
n k.

labels: ( ) . > contr.treatment(2)

. 2
1 0
ordered: ( ) 2 1
. FALSE > contr.treatment(3)
. 2 3
1 0 0

2 1 0
> w<-gl(5,3) 3 0 1
> contr.treatment(4)
2 3 4
1 0 0 0
> w 2 1 0 0
[1] 1 1 1 2 2 2 3 3 3 4 4 4 5 5 5 3 0 1 0
Levels: 1 2 3 4 5 4 0 0 1
> contr.treatment(5)
2 3 4 5
> gender<-gl(2,10, labels=c(male,female)) 1 0 0 0 0
> gender 2 1 0 0 0
[1] male male male male male male male 3 0 1 0 0
64 65

4 0 0 1 0 [22] Low Medium High Low Medium High Low

5 0 0 0 1 [29] Medium High
Levels: Low < Medium < High


-.
> contrasts(z)<-contr.treatment(nlevels(z))
> attributes(opinion)
. $levels
. [1] "Low" "Medium" "High"
(sum-
to-zero) Splus/R contr.sum $class
[1] "ordered" "factor"
> contrasts(z)<-contr.sum(nlevels(z))

.
> contrasts(z) cut
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] () .
one 1 0 0 0 cut(x, breaks)
two 0 1 0 0
three 0 0 1 0
four 0 0 0 1 x: ()
five -1 -1 -1 -1
breaks: .
1,2,3,4 (1,0,0,0), (0,1,0,0),
(0,0,1,0), (0,0,0,1) - cut(x,c(-Inf,3,5, Inf))
-1. 4 1, 1 3,
  . 3 5, 7.
contr.helmert contr.poly.
> x
3.4.4 (Ordered Factors) [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
> cut(x,c(-Inf,3,5, Inf))
[1] (-Inf,3] (-Inf,3] (-Inf,3] (3,5] (3,5]
[6] (5,Inf] (5,Inf] (5,Inf] (5,Inf] (5,Inf]
. Levels: (-Inf,3] (3,5] (5,Inf]
factor
ordered ordered x
factor. breaks NA. -

> opinion <- ordered( rep(1:3,10), levels=1:3,
labels = c("Low", "Medium", "High") ) > cut(x,c(3,5, 7))
[1] <NA> <NA> <NA> (3,5] (3,5] (5,7] (5,7] <NA>
[9] <NA> <NA>
Levels: (3,5] (5,7]
> opinion
[1] Low Medium High Low Medium High Low
[8] Medium High Low Medium High Low Medium > < .
[15] High Low Medium High Low Medium High
66 67

> classroom2<-ordered(c("1","2","2","3", "1","2")) ,

> classroom2 , -.
[1] 1 2 2 3 1 2 - matrix() byrow=T.
1 < 2 < 3 > y<-matrix(x,ncol=3,byrow=T)
> classroom2[1]>classroom2[2] > y
[1] F [,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 2 3
[2,] 11 12 13
[3,] 21 22 23
[4,] 31 32 33
y.

scan scan () # ASCII
:
scan() #
c c(1,5,3)
rep rep(1,5), rep(x,k)
. - -
: 1:10 1 ,
seq seq (1,10,2) [seq(a1,a2,step)]
vector / vector(numeric, 5)
1 . 2,
vector(character, 3) 1 .
logical / logical(10)
numeric
,
complex .
character
.
.
3.5
( -- matrix) dimnames(). :
. .
(, character). > k<-matrix(c(2.3,1.4,0,-12,5.27,6),ncol=3)
matrix() > k
. [,1] [,2] [,3]
> x<-c(1:3,11:13,21:23,31:33) [1,] 2.3 0 5.27
> x [2,] 1.4 -12 6.00
[1] 1 2 3 11 12 13 21 22 23 31 32 33 > dimnames(k)<-list(c("Row 1","Row 2"),c("Col 1",
> y<-matrix(x,ncol=3) "Col 2","Col 3"))
> y > k
[,1] [,2] [,3] Col 1 Col 2 Col 3
[1,] 1 12 23 Row 1 2.3 0 5.27
[2,] 2 13 31 Row 2 1.4 -12 6.00
[3,] 3 21 32 > dimnames(k)<-list(NULL,c("Col 1","Col 2","Col 3"))
[4,] 11 22 33 > k
> y<-matrix(x,nrow=4) Col 1 Col 2 Col 3
> y [1,] 2.3 0 5.27
[,1] [,2] [,3] [2,] 1.4 -12 6.00
[1,] 1 12 23 NULL
[2,] 2 13 31
[3,] 3 21 32 . dimnames
[4,] 11 22 33 matrix() matrix(. . . ,dimnames=list. . . ).
ncol nrow dim().
. . SPLUS. .
68 69

> dim(k) diag().

[1] 2 3 .
> x<-1:6
> dim(x)<-c(3,2) 1 .
> x > x
[,1] [,2] [1] 5 3 4 7
[1,] 1 4 > diag(x)
[2,] 2 5 [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[3,] 3 6 [1,] 5 0 0 0
[2,] 0 3 0 0
, SPLUS/R [3,] 0 0 4 0
. [4,] 0 0 0 7
> matrix(c(12,-3,4,5,7,-1,0,4),ncol=3) > diag(4)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 12 5 0 [1,] 1 0 0 0
[2,] -3 7 4 [2,] 0 1 0 0
[3,] 4 -1 12 [3,] 0 0 1 0
Warning messages: [4,] 0 0 0 1
,
Replacement length not a multiple of number of

elements to replace in: data[1:ll] <- old
.
.
> x<-matrix(1:9,ncol=3)

> x
cbind()
[,1] [,2] [,3]
rbind(). ,
[1,] 1 4 7
. , SPLUS/R
[2,] 2 5 8
.
[3,] 3 6 9
> x<-c(5,3,4,7)
> x 2
> y<-c(-2,-1,0,4)
[,1] [,2] [,3]
> cbind(x,y)
[1,] 1 16 49
x y [2,] 4 25 64
[1,] 5 -2 [3,] 9 36 81
[2,] 3 -1 > sqrt(x)
[3,] 4 0 [,1] [,2] [,3]
[4,] 7 4 [1,] 1.000000 2.000000 2.645751
> cbind(y,x) [2,] 1.414214 2.236068 2.828427
y x [3,] 1.732051 2.449490 3.000000
[1,] -2 5 > x/0
[2,] -1 3 [,1] [,2] [,3]
[3,] 0 4 [1,] Inf Inf Inf
[4,] 4 7 [2,] Inf Inf Inf
> rbind(x,y,x) [3,] Inf Inf Inf
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] > x==4
x 5 3 4 7 [,1] [,2] [,3]
y -2 -1 0 4 [1,] F T F
x 5 3 4 7 [2,] F F F
70 71

[3,] F F F [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]

> x>3 & x<6 [1,] -5 -2 1 4
[,1] [,2] [,3] [2,] -4 -1 2 5
[1,] F T F [3,] -3 0 3 6
[2,] F T F
[3,] F F F .
> y<-matrix(-3:5,ncol=3) .
> y [1,3] ( , ) [2,4]
[,1] [,2] [,3] ( , ) x.
[1,] -3 0 3 > z<-matrix(c(1,3,2,4),ncol=2,byrow=T)
[2,] -2 1 4 > z
[3,] -1 2 5 [,1] [,2]
> x>2 & y>0 [1,] 1 3
[,1] [,2] [,3] [2,] 2 4
[1,] F F T > x[z]
[2,] F T T [1] 1 5
[3,] F T T
, () .
,
. ( ) R
> x (
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] ).
[1,] -5 -2 1 4
[2,] -4 -1 2 5 > x<-matrix(1:12,3,4)
[3,] -3 0 3 6 > x
> x[1,1] [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1] -5 [1,] 1 4 7 10 [2,] 2 5 8 11 [3,] 3 6
> x[1:2,c(4,2)] 9 12
[,1] [,2] > x[,4]
[1,] 4 -2 [1] 10 11 12
[2,] 5 -1 > x[2,]
> x[x<=0] [1] 2 5 8 11
[1] -5 -4 -3 -2 -1 0 > x[6]
> x[-2,-1] [1] 6
[,1] [,2] [,3] >
[1,] -2 1 4
[2,] 0 3 6 x[6] x
- ,
. c(x[,1],x[,2],x[,3],x[,4])
. , diag()
. . -
> x[2,] .
[1] -4 -1 2 5 > x
> x[,3] [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1] 1 2 3 [1,] -5 -2 1 4
> x[,] [2,] -4 -1 2 5
72 73

[3,] -3 0 3 6
> diag(x) t(Q) Q
[1] -5 -1 3 solve(Q) Q (
> y<-matrix(1:9,ncol=3) )
> y %*% (
[,1] [,2] [,3] , )
[1,] 1 4 7
[2,] 2 5 8 3.4:
[3,] 3 6 9
> diag(y)
[1] 1 5 9 > y
. , [,1] [,2]
, .
[1,] 1 1
.
[2,] 3 2
> x<-matrix(1:9,ncol=3)
> x%*%y
> y<-matrix(9:1,ncol=3)
[,1] [,2]
> x+y
[1,] 19 13
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[2,] 23 16
[1,] 10 10 10
[3,] 27 19
[2,] 10 10 10
[4,] 31 22
[3,] 10 10 10
[5,] 35 25
> x y
[,1] [,2] [,3] > y%*%x
[1,] 1 4096 343 Error in "%*%.default"(y, x): Number of columns of
[2,] 256 3125 64 x should be the same as number of rows of y
[3,] 2187 1296 9 Dumped
> x>y > x<-matrix(c(4,0,0,4),ncol=2)
[,1] [,2] [,3] > x
[1,] F F T [,1] [,2]
[2,] F F T [1,] 4 0
[3,] F T T [2,] 0 4
> x>y & x<8 > solve(x)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,1] [,2]
[1,] F F T [1,] 0.25 0.00
[2,] F F F [2,] 0.00 0.25
[3,] F T F > x<-matrix(-5:6,ncol=4)
SPLUS: > x
> x<-matrix(1:10,ncol=2) [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
> y<-matrix(c(1,3,1,2),nrow=2) [1,] -5 -2 1 4
> x [2,] -4 -1 2 5
[,1] [,2] [3,] -3 0 3 6
[1,] 1 6 > t(x)
[2,] 2 7 [,1] [,2] [,3]
[3,] 3 8 [1,] -5 -4 -3
[4,] 4 9 [2,] -2 -1 0
[5,] 5 10 [3,] 1 2 3
74 75

[4,] 4 5 6 > x<-c(4,6,7,12,4,3,2,4,1,8)

-, - > y<-c(8.5,11,12,20,9,5.5,11,5,2.3,12)
. SPLUS/R . > n<-length(x)
> Y<-matrix(y,n,1) {\#}capital Y
> z<-1:3 > X<-cbind(1,x) {\#}capital X
> z%*%x > betahat<-solve(t(X)%*%X)%*%t(X)%*%Y
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] > betahat
[1,] -22 -4 14 32 [,1]
> y<-matrix(1:12,nrow=4) 2.876396
> y x 1.324236
[,1] [,2] [,3]
[1,] 1 5 9 : length,
[2,] 2 6 10 ,
[3,] 3 7 11 .
[4,] 4 8 12 . cbind
> y%*%z SPLUS/R
[,1] .
[1,] 38
[2,] 44 3.5.1 is.matrix
[3,] 50 is.matrix matrix
[4,] 56 TRUE FALSE . is.vector
vector.
, x, z -
, y -. .
3.1 [ ] > x<-c(1,4,7,10,12)
> y<-matrix(1:12,3,4)
, > is.matrix(x)
[1] FALSE
> is.matrix(y)
Y = a + X [1] TRUE
10 : > is.vector(x)
[1] TRUE
> is.vector(y)
X 4 6 7 12 4 3 2 4 1 8 [1] FALSE
Y 8.5 11 12 20 9 5.5 11 5 2.3 12
3.5.2
3.5: 3.1 x.


SPLUS:
.
SPLUS/R


.

,
= (X  X)1 X  Y
, 1.
3
76 77

[2,] 2 5 8 11
[3,] 3 6 9 12
a b c 1 a+b+c
d e , , 2
f 1 = d+e+f

[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
g h i 1 g+h+i
[1,] 13 16 19 22
x [2,] 14 17 20 23
[3,] 15 18 21 24
> x<-matrix(-4:5,5,2) SPLUS/R array matrix.
> columns<- dim(x)[2] #number of columns , -
> x \%*\% matrix(rep(1,columns),columns,1) ,
[,1] , .
[1,] -3 [2,] -1 [3,] 1 [4,] 3 [5,] 5
> [5,] 0.2936203 2.5083557 3.7
(data frame)
3.6 .
(array) . data frame
. .
. SPLUS/R
8 . array() .
dim(). dim() .
H array() dim= ( ). data.frame().
. > sex
> a1<- array(1:24,dim=c(3,4,2)) [1] "Male" "Male" "Male" "Female"
> a1 > income<-c(1500,900,1250,2300)
, , 1 > sample1<-data.frame(height,income,sex)
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] > sample1
[1,] 1 4 7 10 height income sex
[2,] 2 5 8 11 Jim 1.75 1500 Male
[3,] 3 6 9 12 George 1.84 900 Male
, , 2 John 1.81 1250 Male
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] Mary 1.63 2300 Female
[1,] 13 16 19 22
[2,] 14 17 20 23 height
[3,] 15 18 21 24 . SPLUS/R
. data.frame()
, . . ,
[,,1], data.frame().
, , ... > names(height)<-NULL
dim() : >sample1<-data.frame(height,income,sex,
> a1<-1:24 row.names=c("Jim","George","John","Mary"))
> dim(a1)<-c(3,4,2) > sample1
> a1 height income sex
, , 1 Jim 1.75 1500 Male
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4] George 1.84 900 Male
[1,] 1 4 7 10 John 1.81 1250 Male
78 79

Mary 1.63 2300 Female $deigma:

data frame ipsos isodima filo
Jim 1.75 1500 Male
> sample1<-data.frame(ipsos=height,isodima=income, George 1.84 900 Male
filo=sex,row.names=c("Jim","George","John","Mary")) John 1.81 1250 Male
> sample1 Mary 1.63 2300 Female
ipsos isodima filo $x:
Jim 1.75 1500 Male
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
George 1.84 900 Male
$vec2:
John 1.81 1250 Male
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Mary 1.63 2300 Female
character factor
data frame. .
I(). , data frames,
sex character .
data frame .
sample1<-data.frame(ipsos=height,isodima=income, > list1$deigma
filo=(sex),row.names=c("Jim","George","John", ipsos isodima filo
"Mary")) Jim 1.75 1500 Male
data frame , George 1.84 900 Male
> sample1[2,1] John 1.81 1250 Male
[1] 1.84 Mary 1.63 2300 Female
. > list1$x
> sample1["John",2:3] [1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
isodima filo > list1$deigma[,2]
John 1250 Male [1] 1500 900 1250 2300

> sample1[,2]
[1] 1500 900 1250 2300
> list1[[2]]
> sample1$isodima
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12
[1] 1500 900 1250 2300
> list1[[1]]
ipsos isodima filo
3.8 Jim 1.75 1500 Male
(list) George 1.84 900 Male
SPLUS. , John 1.81 1250 Male
data frame, , . Mary 1.63 2300 Female
list(). > list1[[1]][,2]
data.frame(). - [1] 1500 900 1250 2300
.
, .
1 . .
SPLUS. -
> list1<-list(deigma=sample1,x=x,vec2=1:10)

> list1

1 data.frame. .
80 81

3.9 scan() ,
( )
3.9.1 scan . , exam-
. ple1.txt 4 ,
, byrow=T
, ASCII ( .
2 ). >mat1<-matrix(scan("c:\\photis\\courses\\
SPLUS/R . example1.txt"), ncol=4,byrow=T)
. > mat1
scan(). [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
.
[1,] 17 4 3 12
SPLUS/R
[2,] 15 1 1 103
(path) .
. [3,] 1042 15 8 13
C:\photis\courses example1.txt [4,] 10 10 0 17
3.1:
.
. scan
.
scan() -
character,
, .
.

,
.
tt x scan.

3.1: (1) 2 ENTER.

> x<-scan()
1: 4
scan(). 2: 3
> scan("c:\\photis\\courses\\example1.txt") 3: 4
[1] 17 4 3 12 15 1 1 103 1042 15 8 13 10 10 0 17 4: 3
> vec1<-scan("c:\\photis\\courses\\example1.txt") 5: 4
> vec1 6:
[1] 17 4 3 12 15 1 1 103 1042 15 8 13 10 10 0 17 Read 5 items
\ \\. - > x
/. c:\\photis\\courses\\example1.txt [1] 4 3 4 3 4
. >
,
return.
:
2 Notepad Windows.
.doc Microsoft Word . copy-paste
82 83

3.9.2 read.table example2.txt

read.table(). example1.txt 3.2
( scan())
data frames .

data frame.
.

header . T

.
sep
.
.
col.names data 3.2: (2)
frame.
row.names data
> read.table("c:\\photis\\courses\\example2.txt")
frame.
height income sex
3.6: read.table() SPLUS Jim 1.75 1500 Male
George 1.84 900 Male
John 1.81 1250 Male
data frame Mary 1.63 2300 Female
,
. .
. .
SPLUS/R
. read.table() -
, .
SPLUS/R : SPLUS/R -
( , .. Excel, SPSS, .
). , SPLUS , .
character source()
. row.names=NULL SPLUS/R
data frame . .
, SPLUS/R
V1,V2, . . . .
> read.table("c:\\photis\\courses\\example1.txt") example3.txt 3.3.
V1 V2 V3 V4 > x2
1 17 4 3 12 Error in .C("S api get message",: Object "x2" not
2 15 1 1 103 found
3 1042 15 8 13 Dumped
4 10 10 0 17 > x3
, , Error in .C("S api get message",: Object "x3" not
found
character. . Dumped
84

3.3: (3)

> source("c:\\photis\\courses\\example3.txt")
> x2 4.1
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 SPLUS/R
> x3 .
[1] 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 .
height x2
example3.txt x2 x3 .
.
, boxplots -
.

4.2
hist(),
.
n
n 1.
> x<-sample(0:100,size=200,replace=T)
> hist(x)
sample() 1:100, -
200 (size=200) (replace=T).

hist() nclass= .
SPLUS/R .
hist(x,nclass=20)
20 .
breaks,
. ,
x , , [0,20],(21,50],(51,100], -
hist(x,breaks=c(0,20,50,100)). :

85
86 87

4.1: (1) 4.3: (3)

[1] 19 16 17 21 19 23 24 14 24 23

col=. col=1, col=0.
.

4.3 Boxplot
boxplot boxplot(),
boxplot.
x 180
boxplot(x).
4.2: (2)

.
probability=T
( = -
) ,
1.

. hist(x,probability=T)
plot=F
. 4.4: Boxplot (1)
.
> hist(x,plot=F)
$breaks:
[1] 0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100 .
$counts:
88 89

1.5 .


. ,
.

outline=F outchar=T. -
.
outpch=. out-
pch=1 ( ) outpch=16
. boxcol=1 boxplot
, boxcol=0 .
col 4.6: Boxplot (3)
hist(). boxplot .
medcol=1.
medlwd=2. H SPLUS
boxplot ,
medlwd=5. boxplot(x,outchar=T,
.. , names=c(X,Y).
outline=F,boxcol=0, medcol=1,medlwd=2)

4.4
(scatter plot) plot(), -

.
.
y 2 x
0
10. x y.
> e<-rnorm(200,0,10)
> y<-2*x+e
> plot(x,y)
4.5: Boxplot (2)

range=0

.
boxplot .
boxplot()
boxplot - . ,
, , boxplot . -

> y<-sample(50:200,size=200,replace=T)
> boxplot(x,y,outchar=T,outline=F,boxcol=0,medcol=1, 4.7: (1)
medlwd=2)
90 91

SPLUS/R . , plot() type=l

, lines() .
. (
pch=16. )

.
abline(). - . -
. , (0,0.25),
(0,1), (0,2) (0,3). lty
. . . lty=1.
> x1<-seq(from=-4,to=4,length=1000)
> plot(x1,dnorm(x1,0,0.5),type="l",lty=1)
> abline(v=100)
> lines(x1,dnorm(x1,0,1),lty=2)
> lines(x1,dnorm(x1,0,2),lty=3)
> abline(h=150) > lines(x1,dnorm(x1,0,3),lty=4)

> abline(0,2)

: x=100,
y=150
y=0+2*x.

4.9:
, (0,0.25), (0,1), (0,2) (0,3)

:
x
. x
y .
type=l
.
lines() points()
. -
4.8: (2)
200 100
100 . (
type=n )
(
) ( -- pch=1)
( -- pch=3). points().
92 93

> weight<-c(rnorm(100,mean=70,12),rnorm(100,

mean=55,7))

> height<-c(rnorm(100,mean=175,14),rnorm(100,

mean=158,10))

> sex<-rep(c("M","F"),each=100)

> plot(height,weight,type="n")

> points(height[sex=="M"],weight[sex=="M"],pch=1) 4.11: (4)

> points(height[sex=="F"],weight[sex=="F"],pch=3)

4.5
, ,
pairs()
.
> e<-rnorm(200,0,15)
> z<-30-3*x+e
> matrix1<-cbind(x,y,z)
> dimnames(matrix1)<-list(NULL,c("X","Y","Z"))
> pairs(matrix1)

4.10: (3)

, text()
.
labels. ,

4.12:
> plot(height,weight,type="n")

> text(height,weight,labels=sex)
( ) ( -
).
sex. .
94 95

4.6 (Pie chart)

piechart .
B

.

C A
.

piechart
-
. d

.
piechart
,
4.13: Piechart (1)
.

4.7

.
. , main=
. x 4 . , sub= (-
), xlab=
. ylab=
100 . .
>hist(x,main="Histogram of X",sub="17/05/2004",
x<-c(100,200,300,400) xlab="X",ylab="Frequency")
names(x)<-c("A","B","C","d")
pie(x)

-
.

.

x<-c(1,1,1,2,1,2,1,1,1,2,2,2,3,3,3,3,1,1,2,3,3,3)
pie(table(x))

R. col
.
pie(table(x),col=c(3,5,6))
3 . 4.14: (4)

.
. title()
96 97

.
.
plot() xlim
ylim
.
plot(x,y,xlim=c(-50,300),ylim=c(-50,500)).

4.16: (6)

.
ESC.
> plot(height,weight)
4.15: (5) > identify(height,weight,labels=sex)
, labels=weight.
. labels
legend() . .
(..
) . 4.8
-
.
legend(locator(1),marks=c(1,3),legend=c(Males, ,
Females))
par(new=T).
points() . SPLUS/R
.
. 2 (.. , , ).
pch 1 3 xlim, ylim, xlab, ylab,
legend. locator(1) . :
. > plot(height[sex=="M"],weight[sex=="M"],pch=1,
+ xlab="Height",ylab="Weight",xlim=c(120,230),
+ ylim=c(20,130))
legend(locator(1),lty=1:4,legend=c(N(0,0.5 2), > par(new=T)
N(0,1),N(0,4),N(0,9))) > plot(height[sex=="F"],weight[sex=="F"],pch=3,
. + xlab="",ylab="",xlim=c(120,230),ylim=c(20,130))
identify() (
labels)
.
4.9
.
identify() .
98 99

4.17: (7) 4.18: (1)

par(mfrow=c(1,1))
.
split.screen(a,b) a
b .
: 1,
par(mfrow=c(a,b)), a b 2, ...
, a b screen( ).
(a*b ) . -
, , ... , .
. - . :
. > split.screen(c(2,3))
[1] 1 2 3 4 5 6
> screen(1)
. > plot(x)
. : > screen(5)
> plot(y)
1 5
> par(mfrow=c(2,2)) .
close.screen(all=T)
.
> hist(x) par(
new=T).
.
> hist(y)
4.10
, ,
> boxplot(x) .
.
,
> boxplot(y) 2.
100

e if, while, for

4.19: (2)

SPLUS/R -
graphsheet(). .
.
, . for, if while.

dev.list(). . 5.1 if
dev.cur().
, .. 4, - if -
dev.set(4). .
dev.off( ).
, If
. , graphics.off()
. (true) .
.
par(mfrow=. . . ) split.screen()
. > x<-5
> y<-4
> if (x>=5) y<-0
[1] 0
> print(c(x,y))
[1] 5 0
> if (x<5) y<-10
NULL
> print(c(x,y))
[1] 5 0
if SPLUS/R
. NULL
(false) .
if
> x<-5
> y<-4

101
102 103

> if (x<=5) {y<-10 x<-rnorm(100)

+ x<-x 2 y<-sort(x)
+ } n<-length(x)
[1] 25 if (n%%2 ==0) M<-(y[n/2] + y [n/2 +1] )/2
> print(c(x,y)) if (n%%2 !=0) M<- y[(n+1)/2]
[1] 25 10 if
> . if else
.
y<-sort(x)
n<-length(x)
If () 1 else 2
if (n%%2 ==0) { M<-(y[n/2] + y [n/2 +1] )/2}
. else { M<- y[(n+1)/2] }
1 2
1 2 if . -
. else , SPLUS/R
if, . .
1 SPLUS/R , .
if . Boolean .
if. (0,1)
--1 1
if else . 0.5
: > u
> x<-4 [1] 0.1148585 0.7938276 0.5504808 0.8947566 0.566213
> y<-5 [6] 0.5470632 0.9398213 0.2855965 0.7676873 0.730085
> if (x<5) { y<-0 > t<- (u<0.5)*(-1) + (u>=0.5)
+ x<-x 2 > t
+ } else { [1] -1 1 1 1 1 1 1 -1 1 1
+ x<-0
+ y<-10
+ } .
[1] 16 if
> print(c(x,y)) if
[1] 16 0 .
,
. (x 2+5 + 5.2 for
sqrt(x+4)<0) x -
. for while
. .
for
, while

. .
. for
.
2 0 . for (name in values)
104 105

name for.
values. for .
1:100 . > x<-matrix(1:16,4,4)
> for (i in 1:4) {
> t<-c(1,2,4,5) + for (j in 1:4) { x[i,j]<--x[i,j]
> x<-c(10,15,25,34,55) + }
> for (i in t) x[i]<- - x[i] + }
> x > x
[1] -10 -15 25 -34 -55 [,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
> y<-rep(2,5) [1,] -1 -5 -9 -13
> z<-1:5*0 [2,] -2 -6 -10 -14
> z [3,] -3 -7 -11 -15
[1] 0 0 0 0 0 [4,] -4 -8 -12 -16
> for (i in 1:5) { 5.1
+ x[i]<-x[i] 2
+ y[i]<-y[i]+z[i]+i
+ } 
n 
n
2
(Xi Xj )
> print(c(x,y,z)) i=1 j=1
[1] 100 225 625 1156 3025 3 4 5 6 7 0 0 2n2
[13] 0 0 0

t for .
i . 3
. - > x<-c(18,9,15,15,19,14,6,5,20,19,20,15,18,15,9,9,
. - 12,19,14,17)
z . for > sum1<-0
. > n<-length(x)
. > for (i in 1:n) {
x + for (j in 1:n) {
x 32. + sum1<-sum1+ (x[i]-x[j]) 2
> x<-c(10,15,25,34,55) + }
> for (i in 1:5) x<-x 2 + }
> x > sum1<-sum1/(2*n 2)
[1] 1.000000e+032 4.314399e+037 5.421011e+044 > print(c(sum1,(n-1)/n*var(x)))
[4]1.017010e+049 4.915934e+055 [1] 20.64 20.64
for -
. .

SPLUS/R .
. for
. :
, .
for. SPLUS
> x<-rnorm(10000,0,1) .
> x<-x+1 10
> for (i in 1:10000) x[i]<-x[i]+1 i for.
106 107

for (i in 1:10) {
i<-i+10
print(i) > t <- -5
} > while(pnorm(t, 0, 1) <= 0.70) {
! + t <- t + 0.001
+ }
5.3 while > t
while [1] 0.525
for while
. while. while
for
while () . while
for .
: while
FALSE
. (infinite loop). SPLUS/R
.

. t<-0
i<-1
70% -
while (t==0) {
. ,
SPLUS/R i<-i+1
while . }
--5 0.001
5.4 apply
0.70. .
. -
SPLUS.
0.001. E , apply.
,

apply(X, MARGIN, FUN )
> t <- -5
> testvar <- 0
> while(testvar != 10) { array,
+ t <- t + 0.001 MARGIN -
+ if(pnorm(t, 0, 1) >= 0.70) . (matrix) 1
+ testvar <- 10 2 . MARGIN
+ } 1 SPLUS/R
> t , .
[1] 0.525 FUN
> qnorm(0.7,0,1) SPLUS/R ( mean, max )
[1] 0.5244005 .

for .
108

testmatrix<-matrix(1:12,3,4)
> apply(testmatrix,1,mean)
[1] 5.5 6.5 7.5
> testmatrix
[,1] [,2] [,3] [,4]
[1,] 1 4 7 10
[2,] 2 5 8 11
[3,] 3 6 9 12
6
> apply(testmatrix,2,mean)
[1] 2 5 8 11

( margin 1)

( margin 1) .

5.5, 6.5 .
6.1
. apply
SPLUS/R
for . ( , )
( , )
( ). -
SPLUS/R

.

.
-
.

( ) .
-- -
-
.
. -


.
-
.

.

.
. -

109
110 111

. <- function.



.
,
. .
,
, .
.
, x .
. y.
.
SPLUS
SPLUS . x
.
. SPLUS .
var( ) .


> stdev<-function(x) { . -
+ sqrt(var(x)) ,
+ } (
> y<-rnorm(100,0,1) ) ,
> stdev(y)
[1] 1.012112 .

6.2 list

,
.
stdev , . ,
standdev standard.deviation. , , .
( )
.

.
-
. - function
SPLUS/R .
(
). testfunc<-funtion(x,n) {
, SPLUS/R ...
. ...
. }
112 113

x n.
testfunc(y,nnew) .
y nnew .
testfunc(nnew,y) testfunc(y) SPLUS/R
. SPLUS/R ( -
. ).

. ,
1, . , -
nnew 1. -
y ,
( - .
). .
. .


SPLUS
6.4
(copy-paste). , SPLUS,
Script. File > New .
> Script. , -
. . -
F10. .
. .

6.3 / 2 ,
.
- trimmedmean<-function(x) {
:
mesitimi<-mean(x)
(local variables) - n<-length(x)
( - std<-stdev(x) #or std<-sqrt(var(x))
) sum1<-0
metr<-0
for (i in 1:n) {
(global variables) if (abs((x[i]-mesitimi)/std) <=2) {
sum1<-sum1+x[i]
. metr<-metr+1
- }
. } # end of for
sum1/metr
}
stdev
. .
. . -
if, for.
. -
114 115

trimmedmean<-function(x) {
mesitimi<-mean(x)
> x<-rnorm(1000,0,1) n<-length(x)
> trimmedmean(x) std<-stdev(x) #or std<-sqrt(var(x))
[1] 0.001803929 sum1<-0
> y<-rgamma(150,1,1) metr<-0
> trimmedmean(y) for (i in 1:n) {
if (abs((x[i]-mesitimi)/std) <=2) {
[1] 0.9367568
sum1<-sum1+x[i]

metr<-metr+1
SPLUS. -
}

} # end of for
-
list(result=sum1/metr,numberofdata=metr)
:
}
> data<-rnorm(1000)
> test<-5*trimmedmean(data) - trimmedmean(data[12: :
+ 100]) + mean(data) > trimmedmean(x)
> test $result:
[1] 0.02073193 [1] 0.001803929
> if (abs(trimmedmean(data) - mean(data))<0.01) { $numberofdata:
+ test<-mean(data) [1] 948
+ } else { > trimmedmean(y)
+ test<-trimmedmean(data) $result:
+ } [1] 0.9367568
$numberofdata:
[1] 0.01512846
[1] 143
> test
SPLUS/R
[1] 0.01512846 list.
> trimmedmean(c(rnorm(100),3,3,2,seq(-1,1,length= -
+ 20))) .
[1] -0.03218479 -
$
, (abs) .
if. > xres<-trimmedmean(x)
> xres$numberofdata
. [1] 948
. > xres$result-mean(x)
. [1] 0.01405705
> mean(x)
. [1] -0.01225312
- >
. xres$result
. , .
metr , :
. .
list
116 117

c(sum1/metr,metr) [1] 86
2 . > trimmedmean(data,2.5)
. $result:
[1] -0.1151564
2 . $numberofdata:
. [1] 99
> trimmedmean(2.5,data)
. Error in var(x): Have less than 2 cases
. Dumped
data
6.5 Default 1.5 2.5 .
.
, 1 2.5
2 . -
( data.
) . : . SPLUS ;
trimmedmean<-function(x,nst) { SPLUS/R
mesitimi<-mean(x) . 1
n<-length(x)
std<-stdev(x) #or std<-sqrt(var(x)) .
1 0
sum1<-0
0. !
metr<-0
for (i in 1:n) { SPLUS/R -
if (abs((x[i]-mesitimi)/std) <=nst){
sum1<-sum1+x[i] > trimmedmean(data, c(1.4,2))
metr<-metr+1 $result:
} [1] -0.02966852
} # end of for $numberofdata:
list(result=sum1/metr,numberofdata=metr) [1] 83
} There were 100 warnings (use warnings() to see them)
, > warnings()
Warning messages --
> trimmedmean(x,1.5) 1: Condition has 2 elements: only the first used
$result: in: trimmedmean(data, c(1.4, 2))
[1] 0.002804024 ............
$numberofdata:
[1] 861 , c(1.4,2).
; , ,
. ; (warnings).
warnings().
> data<-rnorm(100) 1.4.
> trimmedmean(data,1.5)
$result: -
[1] -0.04734301 , -
$numberofdata: .
118 119

Prokathor(a=5,b)
,

> trimmedmean(data, ) 6.6
Error in trimmedmean: Argument "nst" is missing,
with no default: trimmedmean(data, )
Dumped .
> trimmedmean(data,1.2,3 )
Error in call to trimmedmean(): Argument number 3 ,
in call not matched n 
 
Dumped  
Xi X
i=1
. SPLUS/R M AD =
n

.
(default). data <- rnorm(1000)
m<- 74
m
trimmedmean<-function(x,nst=2) { madstat<-function(x) {
. nst=2 n<-length(x)
. SPLUS/R - m<-m+1
2 mad<-sum(abs(x-mean(x)))/n
. list(MAD= mad, valueofm = m)
}
> trimmedmean(data,2) madstat(data)
$result: m
[1] -0.0907916 / m
$numberofdata: .
[1] 94 . -
> trimmedmean(data) .
$result:
[1] -0.0907916
$numberofdata: . m<-m+1 m
[1] 94 . -
> SPLUS/R
.
- m
. - , .
> madstat(data)
. $MAD:
Prokathor<-function (a=2,b=1,c=12) { [1] 0.7805844
...... $valueofm:
[1] 75
Prokathor(a, ,) > m
Prokathor(a,b) [1] 74
Prokathor(,,c) ,
Prokathor()
120 121

(:
). , .
. -
.
SPLUS/R
.
. - . ,
. mestim . SPLUS/R

SPLUS/R . data<-rnorm(1000)
100. madstat3 . > madstat4(data)
n<-100 [1] 0.8134687
madstat2<-function(x) { > mestim(data)
sum(abs(x-mean(x)))/n Error in .C("S api get message",: couldnt
} find function "mestim"
madstat3<-function(x) { Dumped
n<-length(x)
sum(abs(x-mean(x)))/n .
} mestim5<-function(x) {
> madstat2(x) sum(x)/length(x)
[1] 8.015438 }
> madstat3(x) madstat5<-function(x) {
[1] 0.8015438 n<-length(x)
> sum(abs(x-mestim5(x)))/n
}
mestim5
. -

( SPLUS/R
) .
-
.
6.7 madstat6
.
SPLUS/R - > madstat6<-function(x) {
. + n<-length(x)
+ sum(abs(x-mestim6(x)))/n
madstat4<-function(x) { + }
n<-length(x) >
mestim<-function(x) { > mestim6<-function(x) {
sum(x)/length(x) + sum(x)/length(x)
} + }
sum(abs(x-mestim(x)))/n >
} >
> data<-rnorm(1200)
. > madstat6(data)
122 123

[1] 0.8150375

6.8
.
-
.
:
, - 6.1:


plotnormal<-function(m=0,s=1) {
xkato<-qnorm(0.001,m,s)
xano<-qnorm(0.999,m,s)
x<-seq(xkato,xano,length=1000) .
plot(x,dnorm(x,m,s),ylab="density",type="l")
} .
-
m s. .
0 1 . SPLUS. mean
, .
. . plotnormal2

SPLUS/R qnorm(0.001,m,s)
0.1% 99.9% , 1000 > plotnormal2
function(m = 0, s = 1)
. {
, xkato <- qnorm(0.001, m, s)
. - xano <- qnorm(0.999, m, s)
x <- seq(xkato, xano, length = 1000)
plot(x, dnorm(x, m, s), ylab = "density",
plotnormal2<-function(m=0,s=1) { type= "l")
xkato<-qnorm(0.001,m,s) qnorm(0.75, m, s) - qnorm(0.25, m, s)
xano<-qnorm(0.999,m,s) }
x<-seq(xkato,xano,length=1000)
plot(x,dnorm(x,m,s),ylab="density",type="l")
qnorm(0.75,m,s) - qnorm(0.25,m,s)
}

6.1 .
> plotnormal2()
[1] 1.34898

, .
, trimmedmean
.
124

7.1 -
SPLUS/R
.
-
. 7.1
x .
(robust)
. mad

.
.
50 -
7.1.
> x<-rnorm(50,0,6)
> x
[1] -3.3267189 1.8359230 -1.1627039 5.4216069
[5] -0.2871693 0.3528886 -1.7378720 -8.4178982
[9] -3.0525221 12.7821437 -3.9634893 5.0347906
[13] -8.8701135 -14.7486214 0.9405058 -2.6600471
[17] 3.5546596 -2.4331771 0.8426011 -6.4201653
[21] 1.9523743 -0.8416211 -3.1623396 -11.5195203
[25] -8.5288222 -15.1250168 2.0733868 -3.0151415
[29] 0.8657613 -4.2482231 8.6608785 6.5613640
[33] -0.3781327 0.4584471 8.6047514 11.9839754
[37] 9.4570442 -9.4057535 -0.9003815 -7.4305056
[41] -10.5069626 3.1257078 4.1811622 1.5929841
[45] -0.8656132 6.5510278 5.1448081 5.6336657
[49] 5.1820800 4.3111721
> mean(x)
[1] -0.3180564

125
126 127

mean(x) [1] 40.62062

mean(x, p) , > range(x)
p 0 0.5 [1] -15.12502 12.78214
> sum(x)
. [1] -15.90282
p p=0, > prod(x)
[1] -5.866899e+025
min(x) > summary(x)
max(x) Min. 1st Qu. Median Mean 3rd Qu. Max.
median(x) -15.13 -3.286 0.03286 -0.3181 4.279 12.78
var(x) . > quantile(x)
x , 0% 25% 50% 75% 100%
-15.12502 -3.285624 0.03285962 4.27867 12.78214
x > quantile(x,0.975)
var(x, unbiased=F) ( 97.5%
), n 11.41542
range(x) . > x1<-rnorm(100)
sum(x) > x2<-5*x1+rnorm(100)
prod(x) ( > cor(x1,x2)
) [1] 0.985402
summary(x) , > x<-cbind(x1,x2,rnorm(100))
> cor(x)
x1 x2
quantile(x) x1 1.0000000 0.9854020 0.1044595
x2 0.9854020 1.0000000 0.1042959
quantile(x,p) p . p 0.1044595 0.1042959 1.0000000
0 1 SPLUS/R -
cor(x1,x2) cor(x) SPLUS,
x1 x2, .
x
7.2
7.1:
SPLUS/R
( )
.
> mean(x, 0.05)
[1] -0.2346805 (),
> min(x) ,
[1] -15.12502
> max(x)
[1] 12.78214

> median(x)
[1] 0.03285962
> var(x) .
[1] 41.44961 7.2
> var(x, unbiased=F) (norm).
128 129

:

SPLUS R
r rnorm(n,0,1) manual
d dnorm(x,0,1)
P pnorm(x,0,1)
.
q qnorm(p,0,1)

7.2:
stable -
, SPLUS/R

d

x.
help.
,

,
.
. .
n , x
, (
), , Poisson, , Student-t, , p
, , 2 , F .
. 7.3. > rnorm(10,0,5)
[1] -3.27466840 7.81655283 -1.48391403 4.21643432
dbeta [5] -4.11916606 -0.54038458 -3.42151314
dnorm [8] 1.32666642 -1.27998524 0.01179473
dpois Poisson > rpois(10,1)
dnbinom [1] 0 1 0 2 0 0 1 0 0 1 4
dgamma > dpois(0:10,5)
dt t-Student [1] 0.006737947 0.033689735 0.084224337 0.140373896
dbinom [5] 0.175467370 0.175467370 0.146222808 0.104444863
dhyper [9] 0.065278039 0.036265577 0.018132789
dunif > qnorm(c(0.025,0.05,0.50,0.90,0.95,0.975),0,1)
dcauchy Cauchy [1] -1.959964 -1.644854 0.000000 1.281552 1.644854
dweibull Weibull [6] 1.959964
dchisq X2 > pnorm(c(1.645,1.96),0,1)
dexp [1] 0.9500151 0.9750021
rstab Stable 10
dgeom 0 5. 10
dlogis Poisson, 1. -
dmvnorm P (X = k) k=0,1, ..., 10
dlnorm Poisson 5.
c ( ) 2.5%, 5%,
7.3: SPLUS 50%, 90%, 95% 97.5%.
( 0
1) 1.645 1.96.
130 131

web.
 1
.

n
e xi

L() = xi ! = en xi xi !
i=1 i=1
.
 
. 
n

n
() = n + xi log log xi !
i=1 i=1
7.3

.
.
poisson.loglikelihood<-function(data,theta) {

temp<-log(dpois(data,theta))
X1 , X2 , ..., Xn
sum(temp)
() f (x; )
}
. - SPLUS/R
= (, ). Poisson.

n
(
 ) .
L() = f (xi ; )
i=1
:
plotloglik<-function(data) {
k<-1000
. theta<-seq(0.01,5,length=k)

results<-rep(NA,k)
.
for (i in 1:k) {

results[i]<-poisson.loglikelihood(data,
,
theta[i])
n
}
() = log L() = log f (xi ; )
plot(theta,results,xlab="theta",
i=1
ylab="loglikelihood", type="l")
list(theta=theta,loglik=results,
maxim=theta[order(results)[k]])
, }
seq
. . 1000
, 0.01 5.
. SPLUS
.
plot.
7.3.1 Poisson
; ,
Poisson. 1000
theta .
. Poisson order.
e x
P (X = x) = , x = 0, 1, ..., > 0 i
x!
132 133

> test<-c(10,12,4,23,18)
> order(test)
[1] 3 1 2 5 4
>
order 3,
test 3 -
test. 4 7.1:
. 2 order 1
2 test 1
.

order(results)[k]

, .
theta[order(results)[k]]
.

. 7.2:

7.1
20 .
1, 1, 0, 3, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 7, 2, 3, 2, 0, 1 , .
.
Poisson.
() = 7.3.2
= 1.75.
x
(0,) .
>x<-c(1, 1, 0, 3, 1, 1, 3, 2, 1, 1, 1, 1, 1, 3, 7,
2, 3, 2, 0, 1)
1
>solution<-plotloglik(x) f (x) = , x (0, ), > 0
> solution$maxim
[1] 1.748258 X1 , X2 , ..., Xn
>plot(solution$theta[100:500],
solution$loglik[100:500],xlab="theta",
ylab="loglikelihood", type="l")

n
1
1 n
7.1 . L() = =
i=1
1.748, , () = n log
.

. . 7.2 .

. . -

. dunif
134 135

, -
1/. . ...
f (x) = 0, x > -
.

. -
.
uniform.loglikelihood<-function(data,theta) {
temp<-log(1/theta) 7.3:
sum(temp)
}
uniform.loglikelihood2<-function(data,theta) { 7.3.3 Newton-Raphson
temp<-log(dunif(data,0,theta)) f (x) = 0 .
sum(temp)
} ,
plotloglikunif<-function(data) {
x + exp(x + log x)x 5 = 0
k<-1000
theta<-seq(0.01,2,length=k) .
results<-rep(NA,k) .
.
for (i in 1:k) {
Newton-Raphson
results[i]<-uniform.loglikelihood2(data,
.
theta[i]) Newton-Raphson
} .
plot(theta,results,xlab="theta", . r xr
ylab="loglikelihood", type="l")
list(theta=theta,loglik=results) f (xr )
} xr+1 = xr
f  (xr )
uniform.loglikelihood2
inf f (x) = 0
. > Xi f(x) .
i.
7.2 . x3 + 8x2 = 6.
10 .
f (x) = x3 + 8x2 6 = 0 (
0.54394762, 0.97010427, 0.75747115, 0.72676165, 0.37344721, ). f  (x) = 3x2 +16x
0.99134905, 0.87447262, 0.06558424, 0.67115599, 0.17419927
- x3r + 8x2r 6
7.3. . xr+1 = xr
3x2r + 16xr
.
> Xi i. = Xmax , x0 = 1. -
.
-
. x1 = 0.8421053
136 137

xnew
.
x2 = 0.8247795
while for.

x3 = 0.8245724
-
.
x4 = 0.8245724
. Newton-Raphson .
.
0.8245724 .
. - e x
P (X = x) = , x = 1, 2, ..., > 0.
x0 = 1 -0.9206146 (1 e )x!
x0 = 10 -7.903958.


 n  1

n
e xi e

n
. 7.4 L() = (1e )xi !
= 1e
xi xi !
0 . i=1 i=1  

n

n
() = n n log(1 e ) + xi log log xi !
i=1 i=1


n
xi
d() ne i=1
= n + =0
d 1 e

7.4: f (x) = x3 + 8x2 6 (1 e ) = 0

x

: Newton-Raphson.
> x<-1
> crit<-10
> while (crit>10 (-6)) { f () = x(1 e ) = 0
xnew<-x - (x 3 + 8*x 2 -6)/(3*x 2 + 16*x) f  () = 1 x
e
crit<-abs(xnew-x)

x<-xnew
print(c(crit,x)) (1 er )
r x
} r+1 = r
1x er
[1] 0.1578947 0.8421053
[1] 0.01732581 0.82477946 0
[1] 0.0002070338 0.8245724220
 n
 (
[1] 2.947253e-008 8.245724e-001

log xi ! )
crit i=1
.
106 . likelihood<-function(y, theta){
138 139

# the constant has been removed!! 

 -
n <- length(y)

n
log xi ! .
- n *theta + sum(y) * log(theta) - i=1
n * log(1-exp( - theta)) .
}
solveequation<-function(y,theta=mean(y)) { overflow ,
thetaold<-mean(y) .
.
vrethike<-10
SPLUS/R factorial
while (vrethike==10) {
.
thetanew<-thetaold - (thetaold -
mean(y)*(1-exp(-thetaold)))/(1- mean(y)*
exp(-thetaold))
if (abs(thetanew-thetaold)<10 -6) {
vrethike<-20
} .
thetaold<-thetanew
-
}
.
thetaold
.
}
.
7.3

. . 7.5.

12112262112112112221

e x
P (X = x) = , x = 1, 2, ..., > 0
(1 e )x!

= 1.17.

> x<-c(1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 2, 6, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 1, 2, 1, 7.5:
1, 2, 2, 2, 1)
> solveequation(x)
[1] 1.175016
> solveequation(x,5) 7.4 E
[1] 1.175016
> solveequation(x,0.1) (...).
[1] 1.175016 ,
> solveequation(x,2)
[1] 1.175016 .
: , .
140 141

..

n
I(Xi x)
i=1
S(x) = ,
n
... x
.
.
#function for calculating the
#empirical distribution function
cumul<-function(x) {
7.6: ...,
fx<-rep(NA,100)
.
ll<-0.95*min(x)
ul<-1.05*max(x)
n<-length(x)
y<-seq(ll,ul,length=100) par(mfrow=c(2,2))
for (i in 1:100) { plot(cumuldata$points,cumuldata$empir,xlab="x",
temp<-0 ylab="ecdf",type="l",main="Empirical")
for (j in 1:n) { plot(cumuldata$points,pnorm(cumuldata$points),
if (y[i]>=x[j]) temp<-temp+1/n xlab="x",ylab="cdf",type="l",main="Theoretical")
} plot(cumuldata$points,cumuldata$empir,xlab="x",
fx[i]<-temp ylab="ecdf", type="l",main="Both")
} lines(cumuldata$points,pnorm(cumuldata$points))
list(points=y,empir=fx) hist(data,xlab="x")
}
: for
... 0.95 .
1.05 ,
.
, 7.5
. ()
.
... .
. X1 , X2 , ..., Xn ,
10009 E(Xi ) = i V ar(Xi ) = i2 .


7.6 
n n
. Xi i
i=1 i=1
. Sn = 
. n
i2
. i=1
.
data<-rnorm(1000) ( n)
cumuldata<-cumul(data)
142 143

- . 1000
. for. ,
. 1000
.

. n 0.5 0.5 .
(0,1) . U 0 1.
1000
n . U
7.7 1000

. 4
n, 1,2,5, 10. .
n=2
n=10
.

7.8:

-
.
. 0
0.9 20 0.1.
7.7: 2 36.
,
0.9 0
SPLUS/R 20. .
( ) 10, 50, 200
n<-1 500 . n=10
x<-rep(NA,1000) 50 n=500
for (i in 1:1000) { ,
x[i]<-(sum(rbeta(n,0.5,0.5)) - n*0.5) /sqrt(n/12)
} .
cumuldata<-cumul(x) n<-500
plot(cumuldata$points,cumuldata$empir,xlab="x", x<-rep(NA,1000)
ylab="ecdf",type="l",main="n=1") for (i in 1:1000) {
lines(cumuldata$points,pnorm(cumuldata$points)) u<-runif(n)
n test<-(u>0.9)*20
. (0, 1) 0.5 - x[i]<-(sum(test) - n*2) /sqrt(n*36)
1/12 n , }
144 145

data: 120 out of 350

number of successes = 120, n = 350, p-value =
0.8227
alternative hypothesis: true p is not equal to 0.3

t.test(x, y=NULL, alternative="two.sided", mu=0,

paired=F, var.equal=T, conf.level=.95)

,
, .
7.9: :

- x y .
y .
cumuldata<-cumul(x)
- alternative
plot(cumuldata$points,cumuldata$empir,xlab="x",
("two.sided" , "less"
ylab="ecdf",type="l",main="n=500",ylim=c(0,1))
< "greater" >).
lines(cumuldata$points,pnorm(cumuldata$points))
- mu ,
. (u>0.9) - paired
0 FALSE 1 TRUE ,
0 (u < 0.9) 1 (u>0.9). -
- var.equal
,
0.9 0.9, 0.9 - conf.level
0 0.1 20, . 1-.

. > x<-c(12,10,6,7,5,13,14,11,18)
> y<-c(9,8,5,4,3,6,7,12,14,15,17,7,8)
7.6 > t.test(x,alternative="two.sided", mu=0)
SPLUS/R . - One-sample t-Test
. ,
data: x
"=" default ,
. t = 7.6495, df = 8, p-value = 0.0001
. alternative hypothesis: true mean is not equal to
0
.
95 percent confidence interval:
binom.test(x, n, p=0.5, alternative="two.sided") 7.451098 13.882236
. x n . sample estimates:
p .
mean of x
alternative 3 : : "two.sided" (
), "less" ( p) or "greater" ( p) 10.66667
> binom.test(120,350,p=0.35) > t.test(x,y,alternative="less",var.equal=F,
Exact binomial test conf.level=0.93)
146 147

Welch Modified Two-Sample t-Test 7.7

data: x and y
7.7.1
t = 0.9849, df = 17.871, p-value = 0.8311
/
alternative hypothesis: true difference in means
is less than 0
93 percent confidence interval: Overflow () .
NA 4.675398
.
sample estimates:
200!
199! .
mean of x mean of y 200.
10.66667 8.846154
( )
> factorial(200)/factorial(199)
[1] NaN Warning messages: 1: value out of range in gammafn 2:
var.test(x, y, alternative="two.sided", value out of range in gammafn
conf.level=.95)
200!

.
chisq.test(x, y=NULL, correct=T ) -
2 - .
Pearson n!/(n 1)! n > 170 .

cor.test(x, y, alternative="two.sided", .
method="pearson")
. -
.
n
fisher.test(x, y=NULL, node.stack.dim=1001, . .
value.stack.dim=10000, hybrid=F)
.
Fisher .
101 102 103 . . . 200
200.
1 2 3 . . . 100
friedman.test(y, groups, blocks)

Friedman
kruskal.test(y, groups) prod(101:200)/prod(1:100)
[1] 9.054851e+58
Kruskal-Wallis
mcnemar.test(x, y=NULL, correct=T)
.
Mcnemar
.
wilcox.test(x, y, alternative="two.sided", mu=0,
paired=F, exact=T, correct=T)
101 102 103 200
Wilcoxon ...
1 2 3 100
148 149

n<-length(x)
G<-exp( mean(log(x))
.

.
> x<-1:100 . Pois-
> y<-101:200 son.
> z<-y/x H Poisson
> prod(z)
[1] 9.054851e+58 exp()x
P (X = x) = , x = 0, 1, . . . , > 0
x!

o
. . x x!. exp() < 200
Poisson .
Poisson
 
200! . x x!
log = log(200!) 2 log(100!)
100!100! x

x ...
= = ...
n  x! 1 2 3...x 1 2 x
 n

log(n!) = log i = log(i)
i=1 i=1
x

i
. i=1

exp(sum(log(1:200)) - 2*sum(log(1:100)))
.
.
 n 1/n > lambda<-150

G = Xi . > x<-200
i=1 > exp(-lambda)*lambda^x/factorial(x)

[1] NaN Warning message: value out of range in gammafn

>
,
> x1<-rep(lambda,x)
> x2<-1:x
 n
1/n > exp(-lambda)*prod(x1/x2)

G = Xi = [1] 1.503803e-05
i=1 > dpois(x,lambda)
n [1] 1.503803e-05
1
log G = log Xi =
n i=1
  7.7.2
n
1 R
G = exp log Xi
n i=1 .
,
,
150

.
.

Poisson
1 70.

( 691
y) , .
-
, .
Poisson
.
. - - (eclass.aueb.gr)
. . .
y<-seq(1,70,by=0.1) .
for (i in 1:length(y) ) {
lambda<-y[i]
plot(c(0,100),c(0,0.3),type="n",xlab="x",ylab="prob")
for ( j in 0:100) {
1.
segments(j,0,j,dpois(j,lambda))
} x<-c(4,-2,6,8) y<-c(1,1,3,-1)
text(90,0.3,lambda) :
}
) x/2 ) x*y
7.10 6 691 ) 2*x+y ) 3*y+x/2
.
.
(, , , data frame, )
:
0.30

0.30

0.30

1.5 6 11

) z<-c(y,x,y) ) k<-cbind(x,y)
0.20

0.20

0.20
prob

prob

prob

2.
0.10

0.10

0.10
0.00

0.00

0.00

0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100 0 20 40 60 80 100

x<-c(-4,1,0,0,5,-3,2) y<-c(1,1,-5,4,3,-2,0)
x x x

:
0.30

0.30

0.30

26 31 51
0.20

0.20

0.20
prob

prob

prob

i) x[c(1, 2, 6)] ii) y[1 : 4]

0.10

0.10

0.10

iii) x[x < 0] iv) x[3]

0.00

0.00

0.00

0 20 40

x
60 80 100 0 20 40

x
60 80 100 0 20 40

x
60 80 100
v) x[x < 0&y! = 1] vi) y[y < 0|x <= 0]
vii) y[rep(1 : 2, 2)]
7.10: Poisson
. 3. x<-10:-4 y<-rep(c(12,3,-2,4,0),3)
:

: SPLUS - 1) x + y 2) x y/2 3) sum(y[y < x])

. 4) sum(y < x) 5) 1 + y x

151
152 153

(.. () 4 .
x y).
7. x .
x<-10:1. y :
4. x . 
12 x > 0
Splus/R (a) y =
6 x0
:
3 x=5
- (b) y = 4 x>5
.
6 x<5

5 0<x<1
. (c) y =
12 x 0, x 1
i
x) i. 8. x y
x2 .
x
2 x[i] x[i+1].
x<-c(1,2,-3,-4,2,3,-5,1,-1) (a) 0.5 + 0.5
x2<-c(2,2,2,1,1). (b) 7

5. 8,
: 4 7 .
1/
(a) et (c)
(b) (1 + t)1/

(c) 1 (1 et )1/ (d)

log(1(1e )et ) 5,
(d) ,

+y )1/ 5 .
(e) e(x
(f) (x + y 1)1/
9. R :
(g) 1 (x + y x y )1/
  1 2
x y (a) x
(h) 1 log 1 + (e 1)(e
e 1
1) 2(3+x)2 1
1+ 4x 5
2(x+1)

+y )1/ (b) log(x + 5 ) + 18x exp(x)
(i) xye(x  
  1
(c) cos x + 4x x+7 + 32
(j) cos(x)+1 sin ( + 1)(y + 2 )
 
x
6. : (d) log 1x
exp(x)xx
(a) (50). (e) x!
(b)
60. 10. 7.4 .
:
(c) 40
70. (a) .
154 155

11. vector x y
93 42 98 34 1 Missing values (). vectors
71 67 68 33 1 ; (:
77 59 36 24 1 NA NA
78 70 92 24 1 TRUE FALSE. H identical
77 59 44 31 1 ).
81 50 45 22 2
12. x
88 50 58 23 2
y .
74 51 31 32 2
i i
67 45 70 31 2 .
78 64 46 26 2 .
77 49 41 75 1
67 49 46 81 1 (a)
63 48 65 87 1 x y.
83 51 62 100 1 (b) .
73 56 20 81 1 n p, n p
70 47 22 100 2 vw
78 53 92 77 2 .
95 56 56 89 2
88 49 28 100 2
13.
75 71 94 77 2
x<- c(3,2,8,6,-1,-2,-5) y<- c(-4,3,5,3,2,7,6)
7.4: ;

1. x[y>0]
2. rbind(x,y)
(b) .
3. x[ -(y>0) ]
(c) .
4. x 2 + y[1]/10 -- 2
(d) 5. matrix(c(x,y),2,8,byrow=T)

. 6. dim(cbind(x))[1]*length(y)
7. sum(x<y)
(e) ;
8. for (i in 1 :2) {
. x <- x 2 }
print(x)
(f) ;
9. for (i in 1 :4) {
(g) i<-x[i] + i}
;
print(i)
(h) . 10. t<-(x>0)*(y<0)
x[-t]
;
(i) (: ,
. ; / -
)
156 157

14. ( ) > t.test(ex4.ita91{\$}g1, ex4.ita91{\$}g2, mu = 0,

paired = TRUE, conf.level = 0.95)

(a) 1 1000. Paired t-test

1 2 6
(b) A = 5 2 5 data: ex4.ita91{\$}g1 and ex4.ita91{\$}g2 t = 4.7374, df = 305,
6 1 3 p-value = 3.323e-06 alternative hypothesis: true difference in
means
(c) data.frame
is not equal to 0
95 percent confidence interval: 0.2388191 0.5781743 sample
aa age Weight
estimates: mean of the differences
1 21 70
0.4084967
2 23 65
3 27 66 .
4 20 78

15. 17.
( 322)
1 1 1 10 0 -
B[, , 1] = 1 2 B[, , 2] = 1 20 . 2 = 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2.
1 3 1 30 ; 1
= 0.5, 1, 0.5, 1.
16. dataframe football
. dataframe .
.
goals1: 18. boxplot
goals2: ( boxplot. SPLUS/R
).
team1: boxplot boxplot.

team2: ( ) 19.
team1 team2 18 (), (x x0 )2 (y y0 )
. + =1

.
goals1 goals2 . input
, , x0 , y0 .
(a)
. .
(b) 20. K Andrews: Andrews (Andrews curves)
Andrews .
. n
. k , X1 , X2 , . . . , Xk .
.
(c) X1
. fX (t) = + X2 sin t + X3 cos t + X4 sin(2t) + X5 cos(2t) + . . .
2
158 159

t (, ).

.
X1 , X2
.
. 6 .

(a) Splus/R input

20 () 6 ()
Andrews 20
. ,
.
(b)

21.
f (x) = x3 + 4x2 + 200x + 3 g(x) = 10x2 10x 1000.
f (x) = 0, g(x) = 0,
g(x) = f (x) .

f (x) = |sin(x)| 2 < x < 2 g(x) = cos(x) 0 < x <
2 < x < 0 .
f (x, y) =
2x2 2y 2 + 3x + y + 4
24.
,
Poisson(1.5) Poisson(2.0).

k
yi
n = 10, p = 0.5 n = 10, i=1
ytr = ,
p = 0.7. k
yi yi
N (0, 2 = 1) N (0.5, 2 = 5% 5%
0.25). k yi .

22. :
.
y = cos(x) + sin(x)

y = 0.1 cos(x/2) + sin(x) 100q% (50q% ).
25.
. Windsorized ,
23. 
n
Poisson 10 yi
i=1
. : yw = ,
n
160 161

x
.
-
. ; ;

28. Input

n

d= ci X(i) ,
i=1
1/2 ni+1 1/2 1
ci = ni n n n , n
X(i) i , X(1)
X(n) .
:
,
29. Pearson

n
i Y )
(Xi X)(Y
i=1
r=

n 
n
(Yi Y )2 2
(Xi X)
i=1 i=1

 
yi if  yisy  2
( )
yi = y 2s if yi < y 2s
Pearson,
y + 2s if yi > y + 2s
.
Windsorized
( mean, var, cov, cor)

26. Gini

n 
n
|xi xj | 30. .
i=1 j=1
G=
2n2 x
,
x + 1
Gini. .
: 2, 5, 3, 4, 2, 7, 7, 1, 9. 3
Windsorized 5, 2 4, 1 7
Gini 3.
27. 31. table, -


n 
n
2
(xi xj ) 0,1,2,...,9 .
i=1 j=1 . 3
T =
2n2 .
162 163

32. : x,
( x), ( n) (
col), T F. .
col T, n-
. n- . 36. dbinom pbinom .

33. Fibonacci  
n
. P (X = x) = px (1 p)nx , x = 0, 1, ..., n p > 0.
, x

Fn = Fn2 + Fn1 ,
. -
.
F0 = 0, F1 = 1, F2 = 1. , , x
: F3 = F1 + F2 = 1 + 1 = 2. Fibonacci (
0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13,.... ).
2 .
37. :
input n ( )
Fn . (a) x
fib, fib(4) 0,1,1,2,3 .
fib(9) 0, 1, 1, 2, 3, 5, 8, 13, 21, 34.
(b) x y .
34. input x,y (c) .
100 1 ( 3,5,7,11
( x y ) ).
( ) 1/x 1/y.
.

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10
n=50 n=500.
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166 167

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61. Newton-Raphson 63. .

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(1) Density (2) Sex of (3) Sex of (4) Response

subject Intruder Yes No
Low Male Male 18 1
Female 15 8
Female Male 17 5
Female 12 7
High Male Male 13 6
Female 16 4
Female Male 10 9
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66. 4 02 exer2.zip
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