Harmonics

HARMONIC TREATMENT IN INDUSTRIAL POWER
SYSTEM
By
ABUBAKER ABD ALRAHMAN BASHEER ELMLEEH
INDEX NO. 084006
Supervisor
Dr. Kamal Ramadan
A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of
B.Sc. (HON)
To the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering
(POWER ENGINEERING)
Faculty of Engineering
University of Khartoum
July 2013
I
DICLARATION OF ORIGINALITY:
Ideclare thatt his report entitled HARMONIC

TRETMENT IN INDUSTRIAL POWER SYSTEM is my
own work except as cited in the references. The report has
not been accepted for any degree and is not being submitted
concurrently in candidature for any degree or other award.
Signature : _________________________
Name : _________________________
Date : _________________________
II
ABSTRACT
Power system networks that have a distorted voltage and current
waveforms are said contain harmonics. This distortion may cause a
failure in customer equipments. In the modern era, the distortion can no
longer be ignored due to increase in the equipment that sensitive to wave
variation and devices that produced harmonics.
In this project the sources of harmonics and their effects in power system
equipments are illustrated with the methods that are used to analyze and
mitigate it. The Sudanese- Malaysian steel factory network was
investigated using ETAP simulation program as a case study. And the
results of harmonic analysis were compared with IEEE limits. It was
found that the total harmonic distortion limit for current in the
simulated case study network exceeded the limits. The harmonic
mitigation solution chosen was the passive filter and the method of the
design is included in the project.
The process of mitigation is successfully completed and the distortion

become within IEEE limit for the Sudanese Malaysian factory network.
III

. .

.

.
. ETAP
.IEEE .
.
.IEEE
IV
Acknowledgement
Thanks to:
My family who supported me throughout the project
My supervisor Dr. Kamal Ramadan who offered valuable comment and

advices throughout the conduction of the project.
Sudanese Malaysian steel factory administration who gives us the single

line diagram of the factory.
Thanks are extended to my colleague Mazin Mahjoub, who participate in

the accomplishment of this thesis from the very beginning up to end.
To my friends.
V
DICLARATION OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................................................. ii
ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... iii

.............................................................................................................................. VI
Acknowledgement... VI
Table of contents.................................................................................................................... VI
List of Figures ........................................................................................................................... x
List of Table......xii
List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. xiii
Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................1

1.1 Overview:......................................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Problem Statement: .......................................................................................................... 1
1.3 Motivations: ..................................................................................................................... 2
1.4 Objectives: ....................................................................................................................... 2
1.5 Thesis Layout:.................................................................................................................. 2
Chapter 2: Literature Review ...................................................4

2.1 Introduction ...................................................................................................................... 4
2.2 General Definitions: ......................................................................................................... 5
2.2.1 Waveform Distortion: ............................................................................................... 5
2.2.2 Harmonics: ................................................................................................................ 5
2.2.3 Triplen Harmonics: ................................................................................................... 5
2.2.4 Subharmonics:........................................................................................................... 5
2.2.5 Interharmonics .......................................................................................................... 5
2.2.8 Flicker: ...................................................................................................................... 5
2.2.9 Characteristic and Uncharacteristic Harmonics: ....................................................... 5
2.3 Positive-, Negative-, and Zero-Sequence Harmonics ...................................................... 5
2.4 Measurement of Harmonic Distortion: ............................................................................ 7
2.4.1 Harmonic Factor (Distortion Factor) (DF): .............................................................. 7
2.4.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD): ........................................................................... 7
2.4.3 Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD): .................................................................... 7
2.4.4 Total Demand Distortion (TDD): ............................................................................. 7
2.4.5 Arithmetic Summation (ASUM):.............................................................................. 8
2.5 Harmonic Sources and Effects: ........................................................................................ 8
VI
2.5.1 Sources of Harmonics: .............................................................................................. 8
2.5.1.1 Linear Loads: ..................................................................................................... 8
2.5.1.2 Nonlinear Loads: ................................................................................................ 9
2.5.2 Harmonic Effects: ................................................................................................... 10
2.5.2.1 Effect on Transformers: ................................................................................... 11
2.5.2.2 Effect on Rotating Machine: ............................................................................ 11
2.5.2.3 Effect on Cables: .............................................................................................. 11
2.5.2.4 Effect on Capacitor Bank: ................................................................................ 11
2.5.2.5 Effect on Electronic Equipments: .................................................................... 12
2.5.2.6 Effect on Metering and Relaying: .................................................................... 12
Chapter 3: Harmonic Analysis and Modeling ......................13

3.1 Introduction:................................................................................................................... 13
3.2 Fourier Series Analysis: ................................................................................................. 13
3.3 Analysis Methods: ......................................................................................................... 15
3.3.1 Harmonic Sources Calculations: ............................................................................. 15
3.3.2 System Frequency Response Calculations:............................................................. 16
3.3.2.1 Simplified Calculation: .................................................................................... 16
3.3.2.2 Computer Simulation: ...................................................................................... 18
3.4 Modeling of Industrial System Equipments: ................................................................. 18
3.4.1 Rotating Machine Modeling: .................................................................................. 19
3.4.2 Transformer Modeling: ........................................................................................... 21
3.4.3 Line and Cable Modeling:....................................................................................... 22
3.4.4 Load Modeling: ....................................................................................................... 22
3.4.5 Arc Furnace Modeling: ........................................................................................... 23
3.5 Harmonic Standards: ...................................................................................................... 24
3.6 IEEE Standards: ............................................................................................................. 25
3.6.1 Voltage Distortion Limits: ...................................................................................... 25
3.6.2 Current Distortion Limits: ....................................................................................... 26
Chapter 4: Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System

....................................................................................................28
4.1 Introduction:................................................................................................................... 28
4.2 Harmonic Resonances:................................................................................................... 29
VII
4.2.1 Parallel Resonance: ................................................................................................. 29
4.2.2 series Resonance: ..30
4.3 Passive Filters: ............................................................................................................... 30
4.3.1 Single Tuned Filter: ................................................................................................ 31
4.3.2 Band Pass Filter: ..................................................................................................... 33
4.4 Methodology for Design of Tuned Harmonic Filter: ..................................................... 34
4.4.1 Select the Capacitor Bank needed to improve the Power Factor from the Present
Level typically to around 0.9 to 0.95: .............................................................................. 34
4.4.2 Choose Reactor that in Series with Capacitor Tunes Filter to Desired Harmonic
Frequency:........................................................................................................................ 35
4.4.3 Determine whether Capacitor Operation Parameters Fall within IEEE Maximum
Recommended Limit:....................................................................................................... 35
4.4.4 Current through the Capacitor Bank: ...................................................................... 36
4.5 Limitation of Passive Filters: ......................................................................................... 36
4.6 Active Filters: ................................................................................................................ 36
4.7 Line Reactors: ................................................................................................................ 38
. ............................................................................................................................................ 39
Chapter 5: Harmonic Simulation ...........................................40

5.1 Introduction:................................................................................................................... 40
5.1.1 The Main Features of the ETAP Harmonic Load Flow Study are summarized
below:............................................................................................................................... 40
5.1.2 The Main Features of the ETAP Harmonic Frequency Scan Study are summarized
below:............................................................................................................................... 41
5.1.3 Study Toolbar: ........................................................................................................ 41
5.2 Example for Harmonic Analysis and Treatment by ETAP:........................................... 41
5.2.1 Harmonic Simulation Scenarios: ............................................................................ 42
5.2.2 Harmonic Treatment Steps: .................................................................................... 44
Chapter 6: Case Study Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory .47

6.1 Information about the Factory: ...................................................................................... 47
6.2 Problem History: ............................................................................................................ 48
6.3 Case Study Part 1(System Analysis):............................................................................. 48
6.3.1 Load Flow Analysis by ETAP: ............................................................................... 48
6.3.2 Harmonic Analysis by ETAP:................................................................................. 49
6.3.3 Discussion of System Analysis Results: ................................................................. 50
VIII
6.3.4 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................. 50
6.4 Case Study Part 2 (Problem Solution): .......................................................................... 51
6.4.1 Scenario 1: Harmonic Analysis after Injecting the First 5th Order Filter: ............... 51
6.4.2 Discussion of Scenario 1 Results: ........................................................................... 51
6.4.3 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................. 52
6.4.4 Scenario 2: Harmonic Analyses after Injecting the Second 5th Order Filter: ......... 52
6.4.6 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................. 53
6.4.7 Scenario 3: Harmonic Analysis after Injecting the 11th Order Filter: ..................... 53
6.4.9 Conclusion: ............................................................................................................. 54
Chapter 7: Conclusion and Recommendation ......................55

7.1 Conclusion: .................................................................................................................... 55
7.2 recommendations: .......................................................................................................... 55
Reference...57
Appendix A..A-1
Appendix B..B-1
IX
List of Figure
Figure 2-1: Transformer magnetizing current curve ...................................................... 9

Figure 2-2: non sinusoidal field distribution of rotating machines. ............................... 9
Figure 2-3: Voltage and current waveforms of an arc furnace. ................................... 10
Figure 3-1: The current waveform distortions caused by odd harmonic component in
three phases three wires power distribution system. .................................................... 15
Figure 3-2: modeling non linear loads by current sources. .......................................... 16
Figure 3-3: simplified calculations circuit ................................................................... 17
Figure 3-4: induction motor model .............................................................................. 20
Figure 3-5: Transformer model for harmonic analysis. ............................................... 22
Figure 3-6: a- short line model b- cable model. ......................................................... 22
Figure 3-7: Structure of typical arc furnace. ................................................................ 23
Figure 3-8: circuit representation of arc furnace.......................................................... 24
Figure 3-9: IEEE std 519-1992 Harmonic Voltage Limits. ......................................... 26
Figure 3-10: IEEE std 519-1992 Harmonic Voltage Limits. ....................................... 27
Figure 4-1: (a) parallel resonant condition (b) resonant points4.2.2 Series Resonance:
...................................................................................................................................... 30
Figure 4-2: series resonant condition. .......................................................................... 30
Figure 4-3: Electric diagrams of passive filters. .......................................................... 31
Figure 4-4: high band pass filter response. .................................................................. 33
Figure 4-5: simplified explanation of an active filter operation. ................................. 37
Figure 4-6: (a) Shunt connection of an active filter, (b) series connection of an active
filter.. ............................................................................................................................ 38
Figure 4-7: (a), (b), and (c): Hybrid connections of active and passive filters. ........... 38
Figure 4-8: Typical connection of line reactors. .......................................................... 39
Figure 4-9: Current without and with reactor. ............................................................. 39
Figure 4-10: Phase-shift transformer connections for 12- and 24-pulse converters. ... 39
Figure 5-1: harmonic study toolbar in ETAP. ............................................................ 41
Figure 5-2: single-line diagram of the example. .......................................................... 42
Figure 5-3: The DC system. ......................................................................................... 42
Figure 5-4: determining harmonic sources characteristics. ......................................... 43
Figure 5-5: harmonic load flow analysis. .................................................................... 43
Figure 5-6: load flow analysis...................................................................................... 44
X
Figure 5-7: filter sizing operation. ............................................................................... 45
Figure 5-8: harmonic load flow after filtering.. ........................................................... 45
Figure 6-1: Single line diagram of Sudanese malysian factory .Single line
diagram of Sudanese malysian factory ..................................................................... 47
Figure 6-2: a- utility bus harmonic order plots b- factory main bus harmonic order
plots. ............................................................................................................................. 50
Figure 6-3: Distorted wave form.................................................................................. 50
Figure 6-4: distorted waveform after injecting first 5th order filter. ........................... 51
Figure 6-5: distorted waveform after injecting second 5th order filter. ....................... 52
Figure 6-6: distorted waveform after injecting second 11th order filter. ..................... 53
XI
List of table:
Table 3.1: IEEE std 519-1992HarmonicVoltageLimits25
Table 3.2: IEEE Std 519-1992 Harmonic current Limits for General Distribution
systems (120 V through 69 KV)..26
Table 3.3: IEEE Std 519-1992 Harmonic current Limits for general transmission
systems (>161KV)...27.
Table (4.1): The r.m.s and peak voltage of the capacitor..35.
Table (5.1): Harmonic orders at sub3 and their associated current and distortion
level..44
Table (5.2): Harmonic orders at sub3 and their associated current and distortion level
after filtering.46
Table (6.1): load flow results...48
Table (6.2): specific IEEE limits 49
Table (6.3): Harmonic analysis results49.
Table (6.4):scenario1 results51
Table (6.5): scenario2 results...52
Table (6.6): scenario3 results...53
XII
List of abbreviations:
IEEE Institute of Electrical and electronic engineering
DF Distortion factor
THD Total Harmonic Distortion
IHD Individual Harmonic Distortion
TDD Total Demand Distortion
ASUM Arithmetic Summation
D Distortion Power
VFD Variable frequency drives
Q quality factor
AF Active filter
XIII
Chapter 1 Introduction
Chapter 1
Introduction
1.1 Overview:
Power system networks that have a distorted voltage and current waveforms are said
contain harmonics. A harmonic component in an AC power system is defined as a
sinusoidal component of a periodic waveform that has a frequency equal to an integer
multiple of the fundamental frequency of the system. Harmonic distortion is not new
and it constitutes at present one of the main concerns for engineers in the several
stages of energy utilization within the power industry. In the first electric power
systems, harmonic distortion was mainly caused by saturation of transformers,
industrial arc furnaces, and other arc devices like large electric welders.[5] but today,
the harmonic distortion caused by power electronic equipments which are commonly
used in power system. The major concern was the effect that harmonic distortion
could have on electric machines, transformer, electronic equipment and metering and
relaying devices. A further concern is that power networks contain capacitor banks
and have the potential to cause harmonic resonance.
To understand the harmonics phenomena it is necessary to analyze the distorted

waveforms. This analysis is then applied to study the resonant conditions and
harmonic filter design to ensure that, the harmonic distortion within specific limits,
e.g. IEEE limits.
1.2 Problem Statement:

Nonlinear loads such as fluorescent lighting, inverters, three phase power converter,
arc furnaces and saturated reactorsetc. will produce current harmonics in the
power system leading to current and voltage waveform distortion. This current
harmonics are injected back into the supply system through the point of common
coupling (PCC) and affect on the performance of different power system equipment
such as capacitors, transformers, motors, and metering equipment causing additional
losses, overheating and overloading and interference with telecommunication lines. In
1
order to protect the power system equipment, techniques are required to ensure that
current and voltage waveform distortion remain at acceptable levels.
1.3 Motivations:
Harmonics and distortion in power system current and voltage waveforms have
been present for decades. However, today the number of harmonic producing
devices is increasing rapidly. These loads use diodes, silicon controlled rectifiers
(SCR), power transistors, etc. Due to their tremendous advantages in efficiency
and controllability, power electronic loads are expected to become significant in
the future, and can be found at all power levels, from low-voltage appliances to
high voltage converters. One result of this is a significant increase in the level
of harmonics and distortion in power system networks.
1.4 Objectives:
The objectives of this project can be summarized as follow:
To present general characteristics of the harmonics, harmonic indices and

measure of the distortion of the wave.
To present the harmonics sources and explain the harmonics effects in the
different components of an industrial system.
To study the methods those are used in harmonic analysis and scenarios of
harmonic mitigation.
Take a case study for harmonic analysis using simulation program. If the
distortion exceeds the acceptable limit mitigation must be done.
1.5 Thesis Layout:

Chapter 2 (literature review): Represents an overview of harmonic sources, effects
and present the most commonly used and related theory of harmonics.
Chapter 3 (harmonic analysis and modeling): Explains the different methods used
in harmonic analysis. Also explain the modeling of the most important power system
equipments which are used in industries.
Chapter 4 (Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System): Shows the several
techniques that are used in harmonic treatment and the factors that are affected in the
treatment process.
2
Chapter 5 (Harmonic simulation): Explains the scenario of harmonic analysis and

treatment by using ETAP.
Chapter 6 (Case Study Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory): Shows the results of

harmonic analysis and treatment of the case study.
Chapter 7 (conclusions): Conclusions and recommended future work are presented

in this chapter.
Appendix A: contain the attachment of the case study input data.
Appendix B: contain the load flow and harmonic analysis ETAP report.
3
Chapter 2 Literature Review
Chapter 2
Literature Review
2.1 Introduction:
Ideally, an electricity supply should invariably show a perfectly sinusoidal voltage

signal at every customer location. However, for a number of reasons, utilities often
find it hard to preserve such desirable conditions. The deviation of the voltage and
Current waveforms from sinusoidal is described in terms of the waveform distortion,
often expressed as harmonic distortion. [5]
Harmonics of the 50 Hertz power frequency have been around for a long time. They
wereobservedontransmissionsystemsintheearly1890sandwereassociatedwith
voltage and current waveforms .As equipment became more sophisticated and with
the proliferation of non-linear loads, harmonics have become a pronounced problem
on many power systems. It has been stated that in many areas non-linear loads are
approaching 75% to 90% of the loading on most utility distribution systems.
Harmonics can be produced in a plant and/or may enter a plant from the utility power
system because of other offending sources on the line feeding the plant. IEEE
Standard 519 has tried to address this by defining responsibility for both the utility
and the user. The major concern for the utility is the quality of the voltage while the
industrial user is responsible for the distortion of the current.
With more utilities imposing higher penalties for poor power factor, industrials are
applying more capacitors to their systems to correct this situation. Since this increased
use of capacitors can magnify the harmonic currents on the system, the utilities can
strengthen their position by applying restriction to the harmonic currents being
injected into the system by the industrial customer. The purpose of this chapter is to
discuss the important terms of harmonic, the measurement factors of harmonic
distortion, the sources and effects of harmonics. [13]
4
2.2 General Definitions:
2.2.1 Waveform Distortion:

A steady-state deviation from a sine wave of power frequency is called waveform
distortion and there are five primary types of waveform distortions: DC offset,
harmonics, inter harmonics, notching, and electric noise. [3]
2.2.2 Harmonics:
Harmonics are sinusoidal voltages or currents with frequencies that are integer
multiples of the power system (fundamental) frequency (gives non sinusoidal current
and voltage waveforms). [3]
2.2.3 Triplen Harmonics:

Triplen Harmonics are the odd multiples of the third harmonic (h=3, 9, 15, 21...).[3]
Where h: harmonic order
2.2.4 Subharmonics:
Subharmonics have frequencies below the fundamental frequency. [3]
2.2.5 Interharmonics:
The frequency of Interharmonics are not integer multiples of the fundamental

frequency. Interharmonics appear as discrete frequencies or as a band spectrum. [3]
2.2.8 Flicker:
Flicker described as "continuous and rapid variations in the load current magnitude
which causes voltage variations." it is derived from the impact of the voltage
fluctuation on lamps such that they are perceived to flicker by the human eye. [3]
2.2.9 Characteristic and Uncharacteristic Harmonics:

The harmonics of orders 12h + 1 (positive sequence) and 12h- 1 (negative sequence)
are called characteristic and uncharacteristic harmonics, respectively. The amplitudes
of these harmonics are inversely proportional to the harmonic order. [1, 3]
2.3 Positive-, Negative-, and Zero-Sequence Harmonics: -

Assuming a positive-phase (abc) sequence balanced three-phase power system, the
expressions for the fundamental currents are: [3]
5
The negative displacement angles indicate that the fundamental phasors rotate
clockwise in the space- time plane.
- For the third harmonic (zero-sequence) currents:
These equations show that the third harmonic phasors are in phase and have zero
displacement angles between them. The third harmonic currents are known as zero-
sequence harmonics.
- The expressions for the fifth harmonic currents are
2.3
Here displacement angles are positive; therefore, the phase sequence of this harmonic
is counter- clockwise and opposite to that of the fundamental. The fifth harmonic
currents are known as negative- sequence harmonics. Similar relationships exist for
other harmonic orders. [3]
6
2.4 Measurement of Harmonic Distortion:
2.4.1 Harmonic Factor (Distortion Factor) (DF):

The ratio of the root-mean square of the harmonic content to the root-mean-square
value of the fundamental quantity, expressed as a percent of the fundamental. [1]
2.4.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD):

A measure of the effective value of the harmonic components of a distorted
waveform, which is defined as the rms of the harmonics expressed in percentage of
the fundamental (e.g., current) component:[1]
2.4.3 Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD):

Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD) simply calculates the ratio of a given harmonic
component to the fundamental component. This value is sometimes used to track the
effect of each individual harmonic and examine its magnitude. IHD is determined by:
2.6
Where Fi is the amplitude of the ith harmonic, and F1 is that for the fundamental
component. [4]
2.4.4 Total Demand Distortion (TDD):

This term is similar to THD except that the distortion is expressed as a percentage of
some rated or maximum value (e.g., load current magnitude), rather than as a
percentage of the fundamental current: [3]
Irated: rated load current
7
2.4.5 Arithmetic Summation (ASUM):

This is the arithmetic summation of the magnitudes of the fundamental and all
harmonics. It adds the magnitudes of all components directly to have a conservative
estimation of the crest value of voltage and current, and is useful for the evaluation of
the maximum withstanding ratings of a device. ASUM is determined by: [4]
2.5 Harmonic Sources and Effects:
2.5.1 Sources of Harmonics:

The generation of harmonics in power system occurs from two distinct types of loads:
2.5.1.1 Linear Loads:

These loads display constant steadystate impedance during the applied sinusoidal
voltage. As an example transformers and rotating machines, under normal loading
conditions. [2]
a - Transformer:
Harmonics in transformers originate as a result of saturation, switching, high-flux
densities, and winding connections where: [2, 9]
i- Triple Harmonics generated on the neutral conductor in the Star-
Connected Transformers.
ii- Triple harmonics occur in magnetization currents but they cannot get
out of the delta connected coils. Other harmonic components pass to the
network side in the Delta-Connected Transformers.
Because of an economic reasons the transformer are operated in the knee point of
saturation but when the amplitude of the voltage is large enough to enter the
nonlinear region of the B-H curve, the magnetizing current needed will greatly
distorted from sinusoidal current and contain harmonics as shown in figure (2.1)
8
Figure 2-1: Transformer magnetizing current curve
b- Rotating machines:
Produce harmonics due to the field distribution of salient poles figure (2.2), slots and
the saturation of the main circuit. [2, 9]
Figure 2-2: non sinusoidal field distribution of rotating machines.
2.5.1.2 Nonlinear Loads:

These loads do not exhibit constant impedance during the entire cycle of applied
sinusoidal voltage. Some examples of nonlinear loads are:
- Arc furnaces.
- Variable frequency drives.
- Computers, copy machines, and television sets.
- Fluorescent lighting and electronic ballasts. [1, 3]
9
a- Arc furnaces:
The harmonics produced by electric arc furnaces are not definitely predicted due to
variation of the arc feed material. The arc current is highly nonlinear, and reveals a
continuous spectrum of harmonic frequencies of both integer and non-integer order
(sub & inter harmonics). The arc furnace load gives the worst distortion and due to the
physical phenomenon of the melting with a moving electrode and molten material; the
arc current wave may not be same from cycle to cycle. There is a vast difference in
the harmonics produced between the melting and refining stages. Figure (2.3) show
the waves produced from an arc furnace. [2, 5]
Figure 2-3: Voltage and current waveforms of an arc furnace.
b- Variable frequency drives (VSD):
VFDs constitute a broad area of applications used in diverse and multiple industrial
processes, its rectify AC power and convert it back into AC power at variable
frequency. It produces harmonic currents at the output of the inverter which are seen
by the motor. Most of its harmonics are integer multiples, and some of it are
Interharmonics. [2]
2.5.2 Harmonic Effects:

Harmonics have a number of undesirable effects on power system components and
loads and these effects depend on the type of the load (or power source). The least
susceptible type of equipment is that in which the main function is in heating, as in an
oven or furnace. In this case the harmonic energy is utilized. The most susceptible
type of equipment is that whose design assumes a perfect sinusoidal Fundamental
input (e.g. Data processing equipments). Motors susceptibility fall between these two
types. The effects can be classified into two basic categories: short-term and long-
10
term. Short-term effects are usually the most noticeable and are related to excessive
voltage distortion. On the other hand, long-term effects often go undetected and are
usually related to increased resistive losses or voltage stresses. [1, 2]
2.5.2.1 Effect on Transformers:

With the exception that harmonics applied to transformers may result in increased
audible noise, the effects on these components are usually are those arising from
parasitic heating. The effect of harmonics on transformer is twofold: current
harmonics cause an increase in copper losses and stray flux losses, heating of the
conductorsetc, thus reducing the efficiency of the transformer & accelerating the
loss of life of the insulation due to the additional heating of the windings. The
principal effect of non-sinusoidal voltages on the transformers performance is the
generation of extra losses in the core. [1, 2, 5]
2.5.2.2 Effect on Rotating Machine:

The major effect of harmonic in rotating machines is increased heating due to losses.
The effect of harmonics on motor losses should consider the subdivision of losses into
stator copper loss, core loss, rotor copper loss, and stray loss in the core; the major
loss components influenced by harmonics are stator and rotor copper loss. Some time
the harmonic current gives arise to a higher audible noise if it compared with
sinusoidal excitation. Also the harmonic current produced a resultant flux distribution
in the air gap which can cause two phenomena called cogging (refusal to start
smoothly) & crawling (very high slip) in induction motor and produces a mechanical
oscillation or (pulsating torque) this oscillation can accelerate aging of the shaft and
this effect depend on the type of rotor (wound more affected than squirrel cage). [1, 2]
2.5.2.3 Effect on Cables:

Harmonic currents in a conductor cause additional losses. The ac conductor
resistance is changed due to skin and proximity effects. Both these effects are
dependent on frequency, conductor size, cable construction and spacing. Cables
subjected to low levels of harmonic currents are prone to heating. The voltage stress
and corona can lead to dielectric (insulation) failure. [1, 2]
2.5.2.4 Effect on Capacitor Bank:

Many industrial power systems have capacitors installed to offset the effect of low
power factor, improve voltage profile and in harmonic filter. The major concern from
11
using capacitor is the possibility of system resonance and because the capacitive
reactance is inversely proportional to frequency, harmonic currents find their way into
capacitor banks and these banks act like a sink, attracting harmonic currents there by
becoming overloaded. This effect increases the heating and dielectric stresses and
these shortened capacitor life. [1, 2, 3]
2.5.2.5 Effect on Electronic Equipments:

This equipments is often dependent upon accurate determination of voltage zero
crossing and very sensitive to wave shape. The harmonic distortion sometimes cause a
shift in the voltage zero crossing or causing multiple zero crossing in the current wave
and this result in malfunction of the equipment. [1, 2]
2.5.2.6 Effect on Metering and Relaying:

The effects of harmonics distortion in metering and relaying devices depend on the
type of the device under consideration. If the distortion factor is greater than 20%, this
caused erroneous in measuring. [1].
12
Chapter 3 Harmonic Analysis and Modeling
Chapter 3
Harmonic Analysis and Modeling
3.1 Introduction:
Harmonics are created by non-linear loads that generate non-sinusoidal waveforms on
power system. However, because of the increased popularity of arcing devices and
other non-linear loads, the waveform quite often became distorted. To understand the
distortion phenomena, it is necessary to analyze the distorted waveform by a process
called harmonic analysis. This analysis is then applied to the study of resonant
conditions and harmonic filter design and also to study other effects of harmonics on
the power system. In this analysis the distorted waveform can be expressed as a sum
of dc component, fundamental sine wave of the distorted waveform and a series of
pure sine waves. These sine waves have different magnitudes and their frequencies
are integer multiple of the fundamental distorted waveform. The purpose of this
chapter is to determine the mathematical model of the real world distorted sinusoidal
waveforms (harmonics) using Fourier series analysis, Analysis methods, harmonics
modeling of power system components and the harmonic standards. [1, 5]
3.2 Fourier Series Analysis:

The theory of the Fourier series was first introduced by the French physicist and
mathematician, Joseph Fourier, in his article Analytic Theory of Heat which was
published in 1882. It proves that any non-sinusoidal periodic function f (t) in an
interval of time T could be represented by the sum of a fundamental and a series of
higher orders of harmonic components at frequencies which are integral multiples of
the fundamental component. The series establishes a relationship between the
function in time and frequency domains. This expression is called Fourier series
representation.
A distorted waveform can be analyzed using Fourier series representation given as the
following equation:
3.1
13
Where:
f (t) is called non sinusoidal periodic of the function
is average value of the function f(t)
3.2
Where and T is periodic of the function f (t) and
f : frequency
ah and bh is series coefficient that can be determined as follow:
3.3
Therefore, the Fourier series in Equation 3.1 can be expressed as:
3.5
Where:
F0 is the dc component
Fm1 is the maximum value of the fundamental component
Fmi is the maximum value of the ith harmonic order
Fmh is the h harmonic order component
g g
t is time
1 is the phase shift of fundamental component
i is the phase shift of ith harmonic order component
14
The ability to express a non sinusoidal waveform as a sum of sinusoidal waves can
use the more common mathematical expressions and formulas to solve power
distribution system problems. Figure 3.1 illustrates how individual harmonics that
are sinusoidal can be added to form a non sinusoidal waveform. The current distorted
waveform in Figure 3.1 is the summation of fundamental frequency and 5th, 7th, 11th,
13th, 17th, 19th harmonics. [5, 7, 12]
Figure 3-1: The current waveform distortions caused by odd harmonic component in
three phases three wires power distribution system.
3.3 Analysis Methods:
3.3.1 Harmonic Sources Calculations:

Nonlinear loads which generate harmonics can be represented as a current or voltage
sources. In the case of a harmonic current source, the corresponding harmonic voltage
is equal to the current multiplied by the network impedance at each harmonic
frequency. The impedance seen by the source (non-linear load) includes the supply
circuit in parallel with all other loads and capacitors connected to the same supply. In
the case where a given consumer does not generate harmonic currents he is effectively
asinkratherthanasourceofharmonics.Inthiscasetheharmoniccurrentflowing
into the consumer network is given by the supply harmonic voltage divided by the
consumer impedance (as seen from the supply) at each harmonic frequency. Figure
(3.2) show how to replace nonlinear device with an ideal current source for analysis
purposes at each harmonic frequency. Where the assumption that permits this
15
representation is that the system voltage is not distorted or the harmonic distortion
level is less than 10%.
Figure 3-2: modeling non linear loads by current sources.
Nonlinear devices basically fall into three categories:
1- Powerelectronictypedevices(converters,etc)
2- Arcing type devices (arc furnaces, fluorescent lights)
3- Ferromagnetic devices (transformers)
For power electronic type devices, the harmonic generating characteristics can often
be determined analytically. For arcing devices and transformers, it is usually
necessary to use typical characteristics, unless better information is available. [1, 8]
3.3.2 System Frequency Response Calculations:

Once the harmonic source characteristics are determined, the response of the system
to these sources should be calculated. Important elements of the model used to
perform these calculations include the following:
(1) System short-circuit equivalent impedance

(2) Capacitor banks
(3) Characteristics of lines and cables on system
(4) Load Characteristics
The system analysis can be performed using relatively simple hand calculation for
some industrial circuits. However, most system requires using computer simulation
(e.g. ETAP). [1]
3.3.2.1 Simplified Calculation:

An oversimplified manual calculation may be used in cases when the system can be
represented by the circuit shown Figure (3.3).
16
Figure 3-3: simplified calculations circuit
Among the most important calculations for this circuit, we have the system resonant
frequency (resonant conditions will be discussed in chapter 4), which is obtained with
the following expression:
Where:
hr is the resonant frequency as a multiple of the fundamental frequency
Xc is the capacitive reactance of the capacitor bank at fundamental frequency
Xsc is the short-circuit reactance at the substation
The system impedance expressed in the frequency domain can be approximated by:
Where:
Z( ) is the system impedance as a function of frequency ( )
R+j L is the source impedance as a function of frequency
1/(j C) is the capacitive reactance as a function of frequency
The harmonic voltage at every individual harmonic frequency can then be obtained
using:
17
Where:
Ih is the current source at the characteristic harmonic h.
Then more rigorous calculations can be carried out using individual harmonic
voltages and currents. [1]
3.3.2.2 Computer Simulation:

When circuits become more complex, it is necessary to conduct computer
simulations, using software capable of carrying out the following calculations:
1- Harmonic power flow:

Used to determine:
a- Individual and total harmonic distortion levels produced by non-linear
loads at the location of harmonic sources and at the distribution substation.
b- Harmonic resonant frequencies at capacitor bank locations.
2- Frequency Scan:
A frequency scan is merely a repeated application in certain incremental steps
of some initial value of frequency to the final value, these two values spanning
the range of harmonics to be considered. The procedure is equally valid
whether there are single or multiple harmonic sources in the system, so long as
the principal of super-imposition is held valid. [1, 5, 8]
3.4 Modeling of Industrial System Equipments:

Accurate harmonic modeling of any systems requires a detailed knowledge of the
system parameters and the associated loads connected to the system. Often such
details are unavailable or impractical to obtain. However it is worth-while to identify
the most important system characteristics that affect the frequency response. For
industrial system it sufficient to model the system in detail only on the low side of the
step-down transformer from the transmission line and it is important to include buses
at all capacitor location and large load. But the existence of capacitor bank near the
primary of step-down transformer must be modeled because the combination of the
reactance of the step-down transformer in series with capacitor bank is a filter when
viewed from harmonic source in secondary side.
18
Usually the single phase model is sufficient in most harmonic studies but it is not
adequate when:
(1) Telephone interference is of concern. The influence of zero sequence

harmonics is important, which gives rise to most of the interference with the
communication circuits.
(2) There are single phase capacitor banks in the system.
(3) There are single phases or unbalanced harmonic sources.
(4) Triple harmonics are to be considered, ground currents are important, and
significant unbalanced loading is present.
In these cases the three phase model is needed. [1, 8]
3.4.1 Rotating Machine Modeling:

a- Induction motor:
Generally the motors are represented by their sub-transient reactance. Figure (3.4)
shows the equivalent circuits of an induction motor. The shunt elements gc and bm are
relatively large compared to R1, r2, X1, and X2. At fundamental frequency, neglecting
magnetizing and loss components, the motor reactance is:
Where:
X1: stator reactance.
X2: rotor reactance.
And the resistance is:
R1: stator resistance.
r2: rotor resistance.
S: the slip
19
Figure 3-4: induction motor model
This resistance is not the same as used in short circuit calculations. At harmonic
frequencies, the reactance can be directly related to the frequency:
This relation is approximately correct because the reactance at higher frequencies is

reduced due to saturation. The stator resistance can be assumed to vary as the square
root of the frequency: [2, 5]
The harmonic slip is given by:
The rotor resistance at harmonic frequencies is:
b- Generators:
The generators are represented by their sub- transient reactance. Normally the
average inductance experienced by harmonic currents, which involve both the
direct axis and quadrature axis reactances, and it is approximated by:
20
Where:
Ld: direct axis inductance
Lq: quadrature axis inductance
At harmonic frequencies the fundamental frequency reactance can be directly

proportioned. The resistance at harmonic frequencies is given by:
Where:
Rdc is the D.C resistance [1, 5]
3.4.2 Transformer Modeling:

Transformers have two components that are have most of the interest:
Leakage impedance.
Magnetizing impedance.
For harmonic analysis, a representation of the transformer (if it considered a

significant source of harmonics) should include a current source and a resistance (Rm)
to account the core losses, and two impedances to account the primary and secondary
copper loss as depicted in Figure (3.5). For low-order harmonics, a lumped impedance
representation for the leakage impedance can be used (magnetizing impedance
ignored). Also if the transformer is not a significant source of harmonics, the
magnetizing impedance can be ignored. And because the resistive component of
leakage impedance is not constant with frequency the assumption is made that X/R
ratio is constant with frequency, typically in the range of 10 to 30 according to the
system where the transformer is used.
For three phase transformer the winding connection are important in determining the
effect of transformer on zero sequence harmonic components for e.g. delta connection
isolate these currents. [1, 5, 7]
21
Figure 3-5: Transformer model for harmonic analysis.
3.4.3 Line and Cable Modeling:

For short lines and/or low-frequency applications, series impedance may provide a
reasonably good representation of the line as shown in figure (3.6-a). However, for
underground cables or lines with significant portions of insulated cables or in studies
that involve higher order harmonics, it will be important to include the shunt
capacitance in their representation, as depicted in Figure (3.6-b). For transmission
lines, the representation of long lines must consider transpositions and distributed
capacitances for a more adequate modeling. [1, 5, 8]
Figure 3-6: a- short line model b- cable model.
3.4.4 Load Modeling:

Usually the system loads have only minimal effect on overall system response
characteristic unless the system is near a resonant frequency. When close to
resonance, the effect of the load is to reduce the peak resonant impedance if it is
resistive or to shift resonant frequency if it is inductive. [1, 5, 8]
22
3.4.5 Arc Furnace Modeling:

Electric arc furnace operation may be classified into several stages depending on the
melting status and the time lapse from the initial energyization of the unit. During the
melting period, sets of steel nearly create a short circuit on the secondary side of the
furnace transformer, and it creates large fluctuations of current at low power factors.
These current fluctuations cause variations in reactive power, which cause a
momentary voltage drop or flicker, both at the supply bus and at nearby buses in the
interconnected system. The arc currents are more uniform during the refining period,
and result in less impact on the power quality of the system.
A typical and detailed arc furnace structure is shown in Figure (3.7)
Figure 3-7: Structure of typical arc furnace.
Where:
S: system equivalent at the substation bus.
Ts: substation transformer.
D1: Cable run to furnace.
C: power factor correction equipment.
Ta: arc furnace transformer.
D2: flexible cables.
B: bus conductors.
G: graphite electrodes.
M: the melting vessel.
23
In order to analyze the arc process and the interaction between the arc furnace and
power system, a mathematical simplification of the given system is performed. The
simplification in Figure (3.8) is reasonable because the mechanical process is much
slower than the electrical dynamics.
Figure 3-8: circuit representation of arc furnace.
In figure (3.8), R1 and L1 represent the resistance and the reactance of power system
at substation level, the substation transformer winding and the cable run to the
furnace transformer, C the reactance of power factor capacitor bank, R2 and L2
represent the resistance and the reactance of the flexible cables, the bus
conductors and the graphite electrodes, Rf represent the resistance of the
electric arc and its varying with the different melting stages and Lf represents
the reactance due to current passing through the melting. [5, 8]
3.5 Harmonic Standards:

Harmonic standards are available to limit harmonic distortion level at the point of
common coupling (PCC) or consumer-utility interface. The existing standards differ
from country to country with respect to the individual and total harmonic current and
voltage distortion levels. In some of them, limits have been assigned only to the
harmonic voltage and in others both voltage and current limit have been specified.
The most recognized standards are:
IEEE standard
IEC standard
Standards Australia (IEAust)
Here the IEEE standards only will be discussed. [5, 7]
24
3.6 IEEE Standards:

It would be an ideal if it were possible to control harmonics to such an extent that
harmonic effects caused by connection of harmonic-producing loads were nil at every
point in the entire system encompassing the consumers own circuit, the utility circuit,
and other consumers circuits. In reality, however, economic factors and the
effectiveness of the harmonic control must be balanced; and some harmonic effects
are unavoidable at some points in the system. The recommendation described by the
IEEE attempts to reduce the harmonic effects at any point in the entire system by
establishing limits on certain harmonic indices (currents and voltages) at the point of
common coupling. Within an industrial plant, the PCC is the point between the
nonlinear load and other loads. Strict adherence to the recommended harmonic limits
will not always prevent problems from arising, particularly when the limits are
approached. Harmonic measurements should be performed from time to time to
determine system behavior and equipment performance. The consumer should
confirm:
(1) The power factor correction capacitor or harmonic filters are not being
overstressed by excessive harmonics
(2) That the harmful series or parallel resonance is not occurring
(3) That the level of harmonics at PCC and utilization points is not excessive. [1,
10]
3.6.1 Voltage Distortion Limits:

The total harmonic distortion factor (THD) and the individual harmonic distortion of
the line-to-line voltage at PCC should be limited as shown in table 3.1. [1, 5, 11].
Table 3.1: IEEE std 519-1992 Harmonic Voltage Limits
Bus voltage at PCC Individual voltage distortion (%) Total voltage distortion THD
Below 69 kV 3.0 5.0
69 kV to 161 kV 1.5 2.5
161 kV and above 1.0 1.5
25
Or this can be represented as in figure (3.9).
Figure 3-9: IEEE std 519-1992 Harmonic Voltage Limits.
3.6.2 Current Distortion Limits:

The recommended current distortion limits are concern with the following indices:
Total demand distortion (TDD), harmonic current distortion in % of maximum
demand load current (15or 30 min demand).table 3.2 and 3.3 shows current limits for
general transmission and distribution systems respectively.
Table 3.2: IEEE Std 519-1992 Harmonic current Limits for General Distribution
systems (120 V through 69KV)
Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion in Percent of IL
Individual Harmonic Order (Odd Harmonics)
ISC/ IL <1111h<1717h<2323h<3535hTDD
20* 4.0 2.0 1. 5 0.6 0.3 5.0
20< 50 7.0 3.5 2. 5 1.0 0.5 8.0
50< 100 10.0 4.5 4. 0 1.5 0.7 12.0
100<1000 12.0 5.5 5. 0 2.0 1.0 15.0
> 1000 15.0 7.0 6. 0 2.5 1.4 20.0
26
Table 3.3: IEEE Std 519-1992 Harmonic current Limits for general transmission
systems (>161KV)
Maximum Harmonic Current Distortion in Percent of IL

Individual Harmonic Order (Odd Harmonics)
ISC/ IL <1111h<1717h<2323h<3535hTHD
<50 2.0 1.0 0.75 0.3 0.15 2.5
>=50 3.0 1.5 1. 15 0.45 0.22 3.75
Even harmonics are limited to25%of the odd harmonic limits above.
Current distortions that result in a dc offset, e.g. half-wave converters, are not
allowed.
* All power generation equipment is limited to these values of current distortion,

regardless of actual Isc/IL
Where:
ISC= maximum short-circuit current at PCC.
IL= maximum demand load current (fundamental frequency component) at PCC.
Or this can be represented as in figure (3.10)
Figure 3-10: IEEE std 519-1992 Harmonic Voltage Limit
27
Chapter 4 Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System
Chapter 4
Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System
4.1 Introduction:
With the increase in consumer nonlinear loads, the harmonics injected into the power
Supply system and their consequent effects are becoming of greater concern.
Harmonic currents seeking a low impedance path or a resonant condition can travel
through the power system and create problems for the consumers who do not have
their own source of harmonic generation. Effort is done to reduce these problems by
suggest many solutions such as:
1- The equipment can be designed to withstand the effect of harmonics, e.g.

transformers, cables, and motors can be de-rated.
2- Passive filters at suitable locations preferably close to the source of harmonic
generation can be provided so that the harmonic currents are trapped at the
source and the currents propagated in the system are reduced.
3- Active filtering techniques, generally, incorporated with the harmonic
producing equipment itself can reduce the harmonic generation at source.
Hybrid combinations of active and passive filters are also a possibility.
4- Alternative technologies can be adopted to limit the harmonics at source, e.g.
phasemultiplicationoperationwithhigherpulsenumbers,linereactorsetc.
And one of the most common methods for control of harmonic distortion in industry
is the use of passive filtering techniques that make use of single-tuned or band-pass
filters. Passive harmonic filters can be designed as single-tuned elements that provide
a low impedance path to harmonic currents at a punctual frequency or as band-pass
devices that can filter harmonics over a certain frequency bandwidth. Extreme care
and caution must be exercised in the application of such filters to avoid possible
resonant conditions resulting from unexpected harmonics that might appear at some
future time in the utility system, thereby causing catastrophic damage. The purpose of
this chapter is to discuss all the methods of harmonic mitigation in industrial power
systems. [1, 2, 5]
28
4.2 Harmonic Resonances:

Improper placement and sizing of capacitors could cause parallel and/or series
resonances and tune the system to a frequency that is excited by a harmonic
source. In industrial power systems, capacitor banks are normally specified for
PFC, or reactive-power compensation without regard to resonances and other
harmonic concerns. High over-voltages could result if the system is tuned to one
harmonic only that is being supplied by a nonlinear load. Moreover, the capacitive
reactance is inversely proportional to frequency; therefore, harmonic currents may
overload capacitors beyond their limits. Thus, capacitor banks themselves may be
affected by resonance, and may fail prematurely. This may even lead to plant or
feeder shutdowns. Resonance is a condition where the capacitive reactance of a
system offsets its inductive reactance, leaving the small resistive elements in the
network as the only means of limiting resonant currents.[3]
4.2.1 Parallel Resonance:

Parallel resonance occurs when the system inductive and capacitive reactances are
equal at some frequency. If the combination of capacitor banks and the system
inductance result in parallel resonance near one of the characteristic harmonic
generated by the nonlinear load, that harmonic current will excite the circuit thereby
causing an amplified current to oscillate between the energy storage in the inductance
and the energy storage in the capacitance as shown in fig (4.1.a). This high oscillating
can cause voltage distortion. And because the interaction of the filter with the source
impedance LS always results in a parallel resonance characterized by the large
impedance peak illustrated in Fig (4.1.b) Seen from the capacitor bank upstream
(toward the source),a parallel resonance frequency must be known and given by: [1,
3]
4.1
29
Figure 4-1: (a) parallel resonant condition (b) resonant points
4.2.2 Series Resonance:

In a series resonance circuit the inductive impedance of the system and the capacitive
reactance of a capacitor bank are in series to a source of harmonic current as shown in
figure (4.2). Series resonance usually occurs when capacitors are located toward the
end of a feeder branch. From the harmonic source perspective, the line impedance
appears in series with the capacitor. At, or close to, the resonant frequency of this
series combination, its impedance will be very low as illustrated in figure (4.1.b). If
any harmonic source generates currents near this resonant frequency, they will flow
through the low impedance path. [1, 3, 6]]
Figure 4-2: series resonant condition.
4.3 Passive Filters:

Passive filters are the most commonly used filters in industry. As illustrated in Figure
(4.3), the passive filters can be found under this category:
1- Single-tuned filters.
2- High- (or band-) pass filters (first, second, and third order).
30
Figure 4-3: Electric diagrams of passive filters.
Because passive filters always provide reactive compensation to a degree dictated by

the volt-ampere size and voltage of the capacitor bank used, they can in fact be
designed for the double purpose of providing the filtering action and compensating
power factor to the desired level. [5, 7]
4.3.1 Single Tuned Filter:

This type of passive filter presents very low impedance at the tuning frequency,
through which all current of that particular frequency will be diverted. Thus, single
tuned filter design must take into account expected growth in harmonic current
sources or load reconfiguration because it can otherwise be exposed to overloading,
which can rapidly develop into extreme overheating and thermal breakdown. This
filter is a series combination of an inductance and a capacitance. In reality, in the
absence of a physically designed resistor, there will always be a series resistance,
which is the intrinsic resistance of the series reactor sometimes used as a means to a
void filter overheating. [5]
The resonant frequency of this filter can be expressed by the following expression:
4.2
Where:
f0= resonant frequency in hertz.
L = filter inductance in henrys.
31
C = filter capacitance in farad.
I. Design equation for single-tuned filter:
The impedance of the filter branch is given by:
) 4.3
Where R, L, and C are the resistance, inductance, and capacitance of the filter
elements,respectively,and istheangularfrequencyofthepowersystem.Theseries
resonance condition is excited when the imaginary part of the impedance is equal to
zero, where the only impedance component left is the resistance. The frequency at
whichthefilteris tunedis thendefinedbythevalueof thatmakesinductiveand
capacitive reactance cancel one another in Equation (4.3). This frequency is given by
Equation (4.2).If we make h the ratio between the harmonic and the fundamental
frequencies of the system, the inductive and capacitive reactance at the harmonic
frequency can be expressed as: [5]
Expressed in a different way, assuming zero resistance, the condition for the
impedance in Equation (4.3) dropping to zero at the tuning frequency requires:
Solving equation (4.4) & (4.5) for h we get:
II. Quality factor:
Regarding single-tuned harmonic filters, the quality factor relates the ability of a filter
to dissipate the absorbed energy at the tuned frequency.
In an RLC series circuit, we can define Q as:
32
Usually R is used to vary the quality factor of the filter and provide a way to control
the amount of desired harmonic current through it. [5, 10]
4.3.2 Band Pass Filter:

Band-pass filters, high-pass in particular, are known by their small impedance value
above the corner frequency. Typical frequency response of a high-band pass filter is
shown in Fig (4.4).This filter draws a considerable percentage of frequency harmonic
currents above the corner frequency. Therefore, this frequency must be placed below
all harmonic currents that have an important presence in the installation.
Figure 4-4: high band pass filter response.
First-order high-pass filters are characterized by large power losses at fundamental

frequency, for which they are less common. The second-order high-pass filter is the
simplest to apply; it provides a fairly good filtering action and reduces energy losses
at fundamental frequency. [5]
The impedance of the second-order high-pass filter can be expressed as:
The corner frequency of the filter is given by:

33
The quality factor of the filter is calculated as:
For typical high-pass filters, Qf values between 0.5 and 2.0 are found. Filters with
higher Q would provide a superior filtering action at the corner frequency. Factors
that must be considered in the selection of Qf are the following: [5]
I. The tuning frequency of the filter

II. Power losses
4.4 Methodology for Design of Tuned Harmonic Filter:
4.4.1 Select the Capacitor Bank needed to improve the Power Factor
from the Present Level typically to around 0.9 to 0.95:
The capacitive reactance needed to compensate the needed VARs (reactive power) to
improve the power factor from PF1 (associatedwith1) to PF2 (associatedwith2) is
given by: [5]
P 2 1) 4.12
With:
P 2 4.13
Where P, V and I the power, voltage and current respectively
The capacitive reactance required is obtained with the following relation:
Where V and VARs are capacitor rated values.
Xc1 is the capacitor reactance at fundamental frequency
At harmonic frequency h, this reactance is:
34
4.15
4.4.2 Choose Reactor that in Series with Capacitor Tunes Filter to

Desired Harmonic Frequency: [5]
The inductive reactance required at harmonic h is, in this case:
And at fundamental frequency it is:
4.4.3 Determine whether Capacitor Operation Parameters Fall

within IEEE Maximum Recommended Limit:
Maximum recommended limits for continous operation of shunt capacitors under
contingence conditions: [5]
Table (4.1): The r.m.s and peak voltage of the capacitor can be determined as follows:
VAR 135%
RMS voltage 110%
Rated voltage , including harmonics 120%
Rms currents 135%
4.18
Where voltage through the capacitor at fundamental frequency is given by:
4.20
Where: IC 1 is the current through the capacitor and it is calculated in terms of the
maximum phase-to-neutral voltage, which in turn is specified 5% above the rated
value, to account for voltage regulation practices:
35
4.21
4.4.4 Current through the Capacitor Bank:

The RMS current through the capacitor bank value is determined from the
fundamental current and from the harmonic currents under consideration: [3, 5]
4.22
4.5 Limitation of Passive Filters:

Passive filters have been widely applied to limit harmonic propagation, improve
power quality, reduce harmonic distortion, and provide reactive power compensation
simultaneously. These can be designed for large current applications and high
voltages. However, power engineers have also encountered some limitations and
shortcomings of passive filters, which have called for alternative solutions such as
active and hybrid filter systems. Some limitations of passive filters are as follows:
Fixed compensation or harmonic mitigation, large size, and possible resonance
with the supply system impedance at fundamental and/or other harmonic
frequencies.
Once installed, the tuned frequency and/or filter size cannot be changed easily.
Change in system operating conditions (e.g., inclusion of capacitors and/or
other filters) has large influence on filter designs. Therefore, to be effective,
filter impedance should be less than system impedance, which can become a
problem for strong or stiff systems.
Power losses in the resistance elements of passive filters can be very
substantial for large filters.[2, 3]
4.6 Active Filters:

Active filters (AFs) are feasible alternatives to passive filters (PFs). It can be seen as a
generator of harmonics where it produces the opposite harmonics of the measured
distortions to compensate all harmonics in sum as seen in figure (4.5). For
applications where the system configuration and/or the harmonic spectra of nonlinear
loads (e.g., orders, magnitudes, and phase angles) change, active elements may be
used instead of the passive components to provide dynamic compensation.
36
Figure 4-5: simplified explanation of an active filter operation.
Active filters can be classified according to the way they are connected in the circuit:
Shunt connection (shown in Fig 4.6.a) is more suitable for current source
controllers where the output reactor resists the change of current.
Series connection (shown in Fig 4.6.b) in it the voltage Vf is injected in series
with the line and it compensates the voltage distortion produced by a
nonlinear load
Hybrid connections of active and passive filters and their structure may be of
series or parallel topology or a combination of the two as seen in Fig. (4.7) the
passive circuit performs basic filtering action at the dominant harmonic
frequencies (e.g., 5th or 7th) whereas the active elements, through precise
control, mitigate higher harmonics. This will effectively reduce the overall
size and cost of active filtering. [2, 3, 12]
37
Figure 4-6: (a) Shunt connection of an active filter, (b) series connection of an active
filter.
Figure 4-7: (a), (b), and (c): Hybrid connections of active and passive filters.
4.7 Line Reactors:

Line Reactors are the simplest and lowest cost means of attenuating harmonics. Series
reactors have been used in industry for a long time as a way to provide some control
on short-circuit current levels. We see them in iron and steel or smelting plants and in
power substations or neutral-to-ground connection of generators or power
transformers. They connected in series Fig (4.8) with an individual non-linear load
38
such as VFD. As an energy-storage device that opposes the rapid variations of

current, a series reactor theoretically provides a two-way attenuation to surge and
harmonic currents generated on either side of it as seen in fig (4.9).This looks
attractive as a way to provide some relief to transient or sub-transient types of events
on the power line side created during switching of capacitors banks or long cables or
transient disturbances created during line faults, in addition to the attenuation of
harmonic currents.
Figure 4-8: Typical connection of line reactors.
Figure 4-9: Current without and with reactor.
Line reactors offer the advantage of low cost and they can achieve a significant
reduction in harmonics when the appropriate percent impedance is utilized. Their
disadvantages are that they cause a voltage drop, increase system losses and normal
impedance values do not achieve current distortion levels much below 35% THD-I.
Additionally, the harmonic mitigation capabilities of the reactor reduce as load current
isreducedbecausethereactorseffectivepercentimpedanceisreduced. [5, 13]
39
Chapter 5 Harmonic Simulation
Chapter 5
Harmonic Simulation
5.1 Introduction:
ETAP is a utility that will help electrical engineers in the processes of designing,
simulating, operating and optimizing power systems. ETAP offers a large array of
tools for power system design. The designed project can be studied by performing
load flow analysis, short-circuit analysis, motor acceleration analysis, harmonic
analysis, transient stability analysis and others. Also users can create and edit one-line
diagrams, 3D cable systems, plots, 3D ground grid systems and the list can go on. The
program is meant to combine electrical, mechanical, logical and physical attributes
that describe system elements.
By using ETAP the phenomena of power system harmonics can be modeled and
analyzed. The ETAP Harmonic Analysis module provides you with the best tool to
accurately model various power system components and devices to include their
frequency dependency, nonlinearity, and other characteristics under the presence of
harmonic sources. This module has two analytical methods, Harmonic Load Flow and
Harmonic Frequency Scan, which are the most popular and powerful approaches for
power system harmonic analysis. By using those two methods in combination,
different harmonic indices are computed and compared with the industrial standard
limitations existing and potential power quality problems associated with harmonics
can be easily revealed. Causes to those problems can be identified and different
mitigation and corrective schemes can be tested and finally verified. [4]
5.1.1 The Main Features of the ETAP Harmonic Load Flow Study
are summarized below:
Complete fundamental load flow calculation.
Modeling of frequency dependency of power system components and loads.
Harmonic current injection method
Positive, negative, and zero sequence harmonics
40
Harmonic order up to 73rd

Calculation of various harmonic indices (THDI, THDV, TIF, etc).
Built-in harmonic filters in different types
Automatic filter sizing based on different criteria
5.1.2 The Main Features of the ETAP Harmonic Frequency Scan

Study are summarized below:
Graphic one-line display of study results.
Slider bar to display bus driving point impedance magnitude and phase angle
at selected frequencies.
Report resonance frequencies and magnitudes.
5.1.3 Study Toolbar:
Figure 5-1: harmonic study toolbar in ETAP.
5.2 Example for Harmonic Analysis and Treatment by

ETAP:
The Single-line diagram of the system which taken as an example is shown in
figure. (5.2):
41
Figure 5-2: single-line diagram of the example.
5.2.1 Harmonic Simulation Scenarios:

1. Identifying sources of harmonics where the harmonics in this system are
coming from the DC system at bus 1 and the details of the DC system are
shown in figure (5.3) (double click on the picture in ETAP to get the
details). In this system the harmonic sources are the UPS and the charger.
Figure 5-3: The DC system.
42
2. Determine the harmonic sources types (current or voltage source) and

models (6 pulse, 12pulse etc) given by this devices and this shown in
figure. (5.4)(Press double clicks on the devices).
Figure 5-4: determining harmonic sources characteristics.
3. Harmonic load flow analysis and frequency scan is done to determine IHD for
each order and identifying where the limits are exceeded and determine the orders
which cause the maximum distortion (to filter out it). The results of harmonic load
flow are shown in Fig (5.5) and table (5.1).
Figure 5-5: harmonic load flow analysis.
43
Table (5.1): show the harmonic orders at sub3 and their associated current and
distortion level.
Harmonic order Distortion (%) harmonic current injected (A)

5 15 13.7
7 11 9.7
11 8 7.5
13 7 6.2
5.2.2 Harmonic Treatment Steps:

1- Run load flow analysis to determine the MVA and the existing power factor at
the desired bus. The result is shown in Fig. (5.6).
Figure 5-6: load flow analysis.
2- select the type of the filter (e.g. single-tune filter) and sizing it by insert the
order which should be filtered out (order responsible from maximum
distortion level here 5th order-), the harmonic current associated with it,
existing power factor, desired power factor and the load MVA at the bus . This
44
is shown in fig. (5.7) (the ETAP automatically sizing the filter and calculate
the filter parameter).
Figure 5-7: filter sizing operation.
Harmonic load flow analysis results after inserting the fifth order single tune filter is
shown in fig. (5.8).
Figure 5-8: harmonic load flow after filtering.

45
Table (5.2): show the harmonic orders at sub3 and their associated current and
distortion level after filtering.
Harmonic order Distortion (%) harmonic current injected (A)
5 4 3.8
7 10 8.1
11 8 6.6
13 7 5.5
And this operation of injecting filters continuo until the distortion injected to the
system from the harmonic sources become within the IEEE limits.
46
Chapter 6 Case Study Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory
Chapter 6
Case Study Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory
6.1 Information about the Factory:

The single line diagram of the Sudanese-Malaysian factory is shown in figure
(6.1).The factory location in Soba near the faculty of Police Science and Law. The
factory produces iron with production capacity of 5,000 tons per month and the
factory system consist of: 5 bus bars, 6 transformers, 4 induction motors, 4 DC
motors, one charger and total load of 5.7MW 7.9Mvars. The basic data of the overall
system are given in appendix (A).
Figure 6-1: Single line diagram of Sudanese Malaysian factory.
47
6.2 Problem History:

The process of production uses dc system. As a result, there is significant harmonic
current generation and the plant power factor without compensation is quite low.
Shunt capacitors can be added to partially correct the power factor but this can cause
harmonic problems due to resonance conditions and transient problems during
capacitor switching. The factory would like to correct the power factor to 0.95 (to
avoid penalty of using low power factor) with power factor correction equipment
(capacitors). However, the power factor correction must take into account the
potential for resonance which could magnify the harmonic currents generated by the
dc system. This result in a need for harmonic filters to reduce the harmonic current
components injected on to the utility system.
6.3 Case Study Part 1(System Analysis):
6.3.1 Load Flow Analysis by ETAP:

This section shows the power flow solution of the system, solved using the ETAP
Newton-Raphson algorithm which includes the PF, load current, MW generation and
losses. Table (6.1) shows the result for load flow.
Table (6.1): load flow results.
From To MVA PF%

Bus 1 Bus 2 9.7 58.3
Bus 8 -10.4 58.3
Bus 2 Bus 1 -9.7 61.2
Bus 7 2.8 63.4
Bus 3 .1 76.2
Bus 3 3.4 58
Bus 3 1 62.6
Bus 3 1.1 62.6
Bus 3 Bus2 -.1 78.5
Bus 2 -3.4 60.9
Bus 2 -1 65.4
Bus 2 -1.1 65.4
48
Bus 6 1.2 63
Bus 6 Bus 3 -1.2 63

Bus 7 Bus 2 -2.8 63
Bus 8 Bus 1 -10.4 61
6.3.2 Harmonic Analysis by ETAP:

This section presents the harmonic analysis of the system, solved using the ETAP
accelerated Gauss-seidel algorithm which include total harmonic distortion (THD),
individual harmonic distortion (IHD) with an indication to which of them had exceed
the limits referring to the IEEE standards. Table (6.2) show the IEEE limits which
shouldnt exceed and table (6.3) show the results for harmonic analysis. The load
current and short circuit current are:
Isc= 19.6 KA (utility short circuit current)
IL= 547.2 A (total load current)
Table (6.2): The specific IEEE limits shouldntexceed. [1]
Individual harmonic distortion (IHD)

Isc/IL THD
7 3.5 2.5 8
Table (6.3): Harmonic analysis results.
Bus H IHD % THD % Exceed (Y/N)

Bus 1 5 8 Yes
7 3 8.99 No
11 2 No
13 2 No
Bus 2 5 15 Yes
7 5 17.12 No
11 5 Yes
49
13 3 No
6.3.3 Discussion of System Analysis Results:

Figures (6.2) show the harmonic analysis plots for utility and factory main buss
respectively before mitigation. Figure (6.3) show the distorted waveform.
Figure 6-2: a- utility bus harmonic order plots b- factory main bus harmonic order
plots.
Figure 6-3: Distorted wave form.
6.3.4 Conclusion:
Clearly there is a high distortion and mitigation is needed
50
6.4 Case Study Part 2 (Problem Solution):
6.4.1 Scenario 1: Harmonic Analysis after Injecting the First 5th

Order Filter:
This section shows the harmonic analysis of the system, solved using the ETAP
accelerated Gauss-seidel algorithm with including the first 5th order filter. The result
from this scenario is shown in table (6.4).
Table (6.4): scenario1 results.
Bus 1 5 1 No
7 1 2.86 No
11 2 No
13 1 No
Bus 2 5 17 Yes
7 5 19.02 No
11 5 Yes
13 3 No
6.4.2 Discussion of Scenario 1 Results:

Figure (6.4) shows the waveform after injecting the first 5th order filter.
Figure 6-4: distorted waveform after injecting first 5th order filter.
51
6.4.3 Conclusion:
From the above figure and the changes in the IHD values it can be seen that there is a
small improvement in the overall system quality.
6.4.4 Scenario 2: Harmonic Analyses after Injecting the Second 5th

Order Filter:
This section shows the change in harmonic indices (THD, IHD) after injecting the
second 5th order filter. The result from this scenario is shown in table (6.5)
Bus 1 5 0 No
7 1 1.66 No
11 1 No
13 1 No
Bus 2 5 0 No
7 3 6 No
11 4 Yes
13 2 No

Figure (6.5) shows the waveform after injecting the second 5th order filter.
Figure 6-5: distorted waveform after injecting second 5th order filter.
52
6.4.6 Conclusion:
From the above figure and the changes in the IHD values it can be seen that there is
more improvement in the overall system quality.
6.4.7 Scenario 3: Harmonic Analysis after Injecting the 11th Order

Filter:
This section shows the change in harmonic indices (THD, IHD) after injecting the
11th order filter. The result from this scenario is shown in table (6.6).
Bus 1 5 0 No
7 1 1.4 No
11 0 No
13 0 No
Bus 2 5 0 No
7 6 6 No
11 0 No
13 1 No

Figure (6.6) shows the waveform after injecting 11th order filter.
Figure 6-6: distorted waveform after injecting second 11th order filter.
53
6.4.9 Conclusion:
It can be seen that the last waveform is approximately pure sinusoidal wave and all
harmonic indices are within the IEEE limits thus the harmonic and power factor
problems had been solved for both the utility and the factory and the overall system
quality had been improved.
54
Chapter 7 Conclusion and Recommendation
Chapter 7
Conclusion and Recommendation
7.1 Conclusion:
In this project the harmonic phenomena has been discussed. Also the harmonic
sources, effects, analysis methods and mitigation techniques were presented. The
Sudanese Malaysian steel factory network has been taken as a case study. By using
ETAP software the factory network has been analyzed and harmonic distortion was
found. Then solution was suggested for the problem and the results obtained after
solution are very good comparing with before solution. From our research the next
point can be concluded.
Harmonic effects depend on the type of the load and level of distortion.
Effective analysis needs enough information about the harmonic sources
characteristics and system equipments parameters to modeling them. Then,
the analysis results used to identify the parallel resonance point which can
amplify the distortion.
Also these results are used in the filter design process. The most effective and
common technique for controlling harmonic distortion in industry is the
passive filtering techniques. Because it economic and provide reactive
compensation in addition to filtering action.
The simulation program ETAP is very simple and effective software for
analyzing the complex network.
7.2 recommendations:
For further research it would be recommended that:
The case study done in network consists of capacitor banks to investigate the
resonance conditions and their effects in amplification of harmonics current.
Take care of using several passive filters because each of them provides
amount of reactive power.
55
Chapter 7 Conclusion and Recommendation
Try to search about how the harmonics can be manipulated to be useful rather
than reduce it.
56
Reference:
[1] IEEE. IEEE Recommended Practice and Requirements for Harmonic Control in
Electrical Systems, 1992. Standard 519.
[2] Jos Arrillaga, Bruce C Smith Neville R Watson, Alan R Wood. Power System
Harmonic Analysis, 2nd Edition, University of Canterbury, New Zealand, 2000.
[3] Ewald F. Fuchs, Mohammad A.S. Masoum. Power Quality in Power Systems
and Electrical Machines, 1st Edition, University of Colorado, USA, 2008.
[4] ETAP 5 user guide. Harmonic, 2002.
[5] Francisco C. De La Rosa. Harmonic and Power Systems, Taylor & Francis
Group, LLC, 2006.
[6]Timothy James Browne. Harmonic management in transmission networks, Ph.D.
thesis, University of Wollongong, Australia,2008.
[7]Azhar Ahmed. Mitigation of Triplen Harmonic in 3-Phase 4-Wire Electrical
Distribution System, Ph.D., University of Teknikal Malaysia, Malaysia, 2007.
[8]IEEE. Interpreting IEEE Std 519 and Meeting its Harmonic Limits in VFD
Applications, 2003. Standard 519.
[9]Thomas M. Blooming, Daneil J. Carnovale. Application of IEEE Std 519-1992
Harmonic Limits 2004. Standard 519.
[10] SURIADI. Analysis Of Harmonics Current Minimization On Power Distribution
System Using Voltage Phase Shifting Concept, Master thesis, University of
Wollongong, Australia, 2006.
[11] Gonzalo Sandoval & John Houdek. A Review of Harmonic Mitigation
Techniques, Allied Industrial Marketing, USA, 2005.
[12] Hussein A. Attia, Osama M. Fahmy. Harmonic Distortion Effects and
Mitigation in Distribution Systems, Journal of American Science, USA, 2010.
[13] Gradner, Leo Fuchs. Comparison of harmonic mitigation solutions, Schneider
Electric company, Germany, 2012.
57
Appendix A Case Study Input Data
Appendix A: Case Study input Data

This appendix Page: 1
Project: ETAP
Location: Date: 07-13-2013
Contract: elmleeh94@gmail.com SN: 12345678
7.0.0
Engineer:Abubaker abd alrahman Revision: Base
Filename: Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory Study Case: HA Config.: Normal
FUNDAMENTAL LOAD FLOW REPORT

Bus Voltage Generation Load Load Flow XFMR
ID kV %Mag. Ang. MW Mvar MW Mvar ID MW Mvar Amp % PF % Tap
Bus1 33.000 95.746 -0.4 0 0 0 0 Bus8 -5.283 -2.026 103.4 93.4

Bus2 5.283 2.026 103.4 93.4
Bus2 11.000 91.024 -33.6 0 0 0.002 -1.811 Bus1 -5.125 -1.635 310.2 95.3
Bus7 1.743 2.130 158.7 63.3
Bus3 0.075 0.011 4.4 98.9
Bus3 2.034 0.855 127.2 92.2
Bus3 0.578 0.204 35.3 94.3
Bus3 0.693 0.245 42.4 94.3
Bus3 0.415 89.636 -65.4 0 0 2.614 0.265 Bus2 -0.074 -0.009 116.5 99.3
Bus2 -2.028 -0.780 3372.1 93.3
Bus2 -0.575 -0.184 936.7 95.2

Bus2 -0.690 -0.221 1124.0 95.2
Bus6 0.753 0.928 1854.8 63.0
Bus6 0.415 89.636 -65.4 0 0 0.753 0.928 Bus3 -0.753 -0.928 1854.8 63.0
Bus7 5.500 89.376 -63.4 0 0 1.703 2.099 Bus2 -1.703 -2.099 317.4 63.0
* Bus8 33.000 100.000 0.0 5.505 2.119 0 0 Bus1 5.505 2.119 103.2 93.3
* Indicates a voltage regulated bus (voltage controlled or swing type machine connected to it)
shows the case study input data
# Indicates a bus with a load mismatch of more than 0.1 MVA
A -1
Project: ETAP Page: 2

7.0.0
Contract: SN: 12345678
Engineer: Revision: Base
Study Case: HA
Filename: Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory Config.: Normal
SYSTEM HARMONICS INFORMATION
Bus Voltage Distortion Current Distortion

Fund. RMS ASUM THD Fund. RMS ASUM THD
ID kV % % % % TIF To Bus ID Amp Amp Amp % TIF IT
Bus1 33.000 95.75 95.75 96.44 0.33 12.23 Bus8 103.40 103.41 105.83 1.40 25.01 2586.55
Bus2 103.40 103.41 105.83 1.40 25.01 2586.55
Bus2 11.000 91.02 91.04 94.64 1.67 77.40 Bus1 310.19 310.22 317.48 1.40 25.01 7759.65
Bus7 158.70 158.71 161.05 0.80 18.29 2902.39
Bus3 4.39 4.40 4.76 5.56 68.77 302.61
Bus3 127.22 127.45 139.73 6.01 97.16 12383.38
Bus3 35.34 35.40 38.70 5.93 90.56 3205.82
Bus3 42.41 42.48 46.44 5.93 90.56 3846.98
* Bus3 0.415 89.64 89.69 96.88 3.50 146.17 Bus2 116.46 116.64 126.09 5.56 68.77 8020.91
Bus2 3372.14 3378.22 3703.63 6.01 97.16 328234.20
Bus2 936.70 938.35 1025.81 5.93 90.56 84973.40

Bus2 1124.05 1126.02 1230.97 5.93 90.56 101968.10
Bus6 1854.79 1978.51 2972.59 37.13 551.70 1091543.00
* Bus6 0.415 89.64 89.69 96.88 3.50 146.17 Bus3 1854.79 1978.51 2972.59 37.13 551.70 1091543.00
Bus7 5.500 89.38 89.39 92.67 1.56 70.72 Bus2 317.40 317.41 322.10 0.80 18.29 5804.78
Bus8 33.000 100.00 100.00 100.15 0.05 2.65 Bus1 103.20 103.21 105.67 1.41 25.79 2661.40
* Indicates THD (Total Harmonic Distortion) Exceeds the Limit.
# Indicates I HD (Individual Harmonic Distortion) Exceeds the Limit.
A -2

7.0.0
Study Case: HA
BUS TABULATION
Bus Harmonic Voltages (% of Fundamental Voltage )
Fundamental 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
ID kV 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
Bus1 31.596 0 0 0 0 0 0.25 0 0 0 0.01 0 0.07 0 0 0.11 0.10 0.09

0.10 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bus2 10.013 0 0 0 0 0 1.04 0 0 0 0.06 0 0.34 0 0 0.61 0.60 0.61

0.69 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bus3 0.372 0 0 0 0.04 0 2.46 0 0 0 0.13 0 0.68 0 0 1.18 1.15 1.15

1.29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bus6 0.372 0 0 0 0.04 0 2.46 0 0 0 0.13 0 0.68 0 0 1.18 1.15 1.15

1.29 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A -3

7.0.0
Study Case: HA
Filename: study case sudanese plant Config.: Normal
BUS TABULATION
Bus Harmonic Voltages (% of Nominal Voltage )
Nominal 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
ID kV 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
Bus1 33.000 0 0 0 0 0 0.24 0 0 0 0.01 0 0.06 0 0 0.10 0.10 0.09

0.09 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bus2 11.000 0 0 0 0 0 0.95 0 0 0 0.06 0 0.31 0 0 0.56 0.55 0.56

0.63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bus3 0.415 0 0 0 0.04 0 2.20 0 0 0 0.12 0 0.61 0 0 1.06 1.03 1.03

1.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
Bus6 0.415 0 0 0 0.04 0 2.20 0 0 0 0.12 0 0.61 0 0 1.06 1.03 1.03

1.16 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A -4

7.0.0
Study Case: HA
BRANCH TABULATION
Branch % Harmonic Current Contents in 1 MVA Base
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
ID 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
T1 0 0 0 0.04 0 7.83 0 0 0 0.28 0 1.20 0 0 1.47 1.23 0.92

0.91 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T2 0 0 0 0.01 0 2.23 0 0 0 0.09 0 0.39 0 0 0.53 0.46 0.38

0.39 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T3 0 0 0 0.02 0 0.46 0 0 0 0.01 0 0.05 0 0 0.05 0.04 0.03

0.03 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T4 0 0 0 0.53 0 13.98 0 0 0 0.41 0 1.76 0 0 2.22 1.89 1.51

1.53 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T5 0 0 0 0.15 0 3.85 0 0 0 0.11 0 0.47 0 0 0.58 0.49 0.38

0.38 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T6 0 0 0 0.17 0 4.62 0 0 0 0.13 0 0.57 0 0 0.70 0.59 0.45

0.45 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A -5

7.0.0
Study Case: HA
BRANCH TABULATION
Branch % Harmonic Currents (% of Fundamental Current)
Fundamental 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
ID A 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
T1 103.40 0 0 0 0.01 0 1.33 0 0 0 0.05 0 0.20 0 0 0.25 0.21 0.16

0.15 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T2 158.70 0 0 0 0 0 0.74 0 0 0 0.03 0 0.13 0 0 0.17 0.15 0.13

0.13 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T3 4.39 0 0 0 0.21 0 5.44 0 0 0 0.14 0 0.58 0 0 0.65 0.52 0.37

0.36 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T4 127.22 0 0 0 0.22 0 5.77 0 0 0 0.17 0 0.73 0 0 0.92 0.78 0.62

0.63 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T5 35.34 0 0 0 0.22 0 5.72 0 0 0 0.17 0 0.70 0 0 0.86 0.73 0.56

0.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
T6 42.41 0 0 0 0.22 0 5.72 0 0 0 0.17 0 0.70 0 0 0.86 0.73 0.56

0.56 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
A -6

7.0.0
Study Case: HA
Harmonic Source from Library
Harmonic Source Information

Bus ID Device ID Type Manufacturer Model
Bus3 Charger1 Current ABB DCS500 6P
A -7

7.0.0
Study Case: HA
Filter Input Data
Filter Type: Single-Tuned
Filter Connected Bus Capacitor C1 Inductor L1 R

ID ID kV Max kV kvar Xl Q Fact. Max I Ohm
11th- order filter Bus3 0.415 33.000 1045.5 0.0014000 50.00 1600.0 0.0000
5th order filter2 Bus3 0.415 11.000 2518.1 0.0027000 50.00 3900.0 0.0000
A -8
Appendix B ETAP Report
Appendix B: Case Study ETAP Report

This appendix shows the ETAP
Project:
Page: 1
Location:
Date: 07-13-2013
Contract: ETAP SN: 12345678
Engineer: abubaker abd alrahman 7.0.0 Revision: Base
Bus Input Data
Load
Bus Initial Voltage Constant kVA Constant Z Constant I Generic % Limits
ID kV Sub-sys % Mag. Ang. MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar MW Mvar VTHD VIHD
Bus1 33.000 1 100.0 0.0 3.50 7
Bus2 11.000 1 100.0 -30.0 3.50 7
Bus3 0.415 1 100.0 -60.0 2.612 3.220 3.50 7
Bus6 0.415 1 100.0 -60.0 0.753 0.928 3.50 7
Bus7 5.500 1 100.0 -60.0 1.702 2.099 3.50 7
Bus8 33.000 1 100.0 0.0 3.50 7
Total Number of Buses: 6 5.068 6.247 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000 0.000
Generation Bus Voltage Generation Mvar Limits

ID kV Type Sub-sys % Mag. Angle MW Mvar % PF Max Min
Bus8 33.000 Swing 1 100.0 0.0 load flow and harmonic

0.000 0.000
analysis results of the case study.
B -1
Project: ETAP
Location:
7.0.0 Appendix B:ETAP Report
Contract:
Page: 2
Date: 07-13-2013
SN: 12345678
Engineer:
Revision: Base
Cable Input Data
Cable Length
ID Library Size % Tol. #/Phase T (C) R1 X1 Y1 R0 X0 Y0
Cable resistances are listed at the specified temperatures
Transmission Line Input Data
Ohms or Mhos / 1000 ft per Phase

Line Length
ID Library Size Adj. (ft) % Tol. #/Phase T (C) R1 X1 Y1 R0 X0 Y0
Line1 49.5 26400.0 0.0 1 75 0.262381 0.145696 .0000011 0.379560 0.460031 .0000005
Line resistances are listed at the specified temperatures
B -2

7.0.0
Study Case: HA
2-Winding Transformer Input Data
Transformer Rating Z Variation % Tap Setting Adjusted Phase Shift

ID MVA Prim. kV Sec. kV %Z X/R + 5% - 5% % Tol. Prim. Sec. %Z Type Angle
T1 6.000 33.000 11.000 7.25 2.47 0 0 0 0 0 7.2500 Std Pos. Seq. -30.000
T2 5.000 11.000 5.500 2.80 0.77 0 0 0 0 0 2.8000 Std Pos. Seq. -30.000
T3 0.100 11.000 0.415 3.70 2.92 0 0 0 0 0 3.7000 Std Pos. Seq. -30.000
T4 4.500 11.000 0.415 5.75 12.14 0 0 0 0 0 5.7500 Std Pos. Seq. -30.000
T5 1.250 11.000 0.415 5.75 7.10 0 0 0 0 0 5.7500 Std Pos. Seq. -30.000
T6 1.500 11.000 0.415 5.75 7.10 0 0 0 0 0 5.7500 Std Pos. Seq. -30.000
2-Winding Transformer Grounding Input Data
Grounding
Transformer Rating Conn. Primary Secondary

ID MVA Prim. kV Sec. kV Type Type kV Amp Ohm Type kV Amp Ohm
T1 6.000 33.000 11.000 D/Y Solid
T2 5.000 11.000 5.500 D/Y Solid
T3 0.100 11.000 0.415 D/Y Solid
T4 4.500 11.000 0.415 D/Y Solid
T5 1.250 11.000 0.415 D/Y Solid
T6 1.500 11.000 0.415 D/Y Solid
B -3

7.0.0
Study Case: HA
Branch Connections
% Positive Sequence Impedance
CKT/Branch Connected Bus ID (100 MVA Base)
ID Type From Bus To Bus R X Z Y
T1 2W XFMR Bus1 Bus2 45.35 112.00 120.83
T2 2W XFMR Bus2 Bus7 44.37 34.17 56.00

T3 2W XFMR Bus2 Bus3 1198.77 3500.42 3700.00
T4 2W XFMR Bus2 Bus3 10.49 127.35 127.78
T5 2W XFMR Bus2 Bus3 64.17 455.50 460.00

T6 2W XFMR Bus2 Bus3 53.48 379.58 383.33
Line1 Line Bus8 Bus1 63.61 35.32 72.76 0.0314941
CB10 Tie PD Bus3 Bus6
B -4

7.0.0
Study Case: HA
Machine Input Data
Machine Connected Bus Rating (Base) % Negative Seq. Imp. Grounding % Zero Seq. Imp.
ID Type ID MVA kV RPM X/R R2 X2 Conn. Type Amp X/R R0 X0
U1 Grid Bus8 1120.291 33.000 1042.54 0.096 100.00 Wye Solid 44.94 1.234 55.47
Mtr1 IndM Bus7 2.702 5.500 1800 31.43 0.490 15.38 Wye Open
B -5

7.0.0
Engineer: abubaker abd alrahman Revision: Base
Study Case: HA
Filename: Sudanese-Malaysian steel factory Config.: Normal
Harmonic Library
Devices Current Harmonic Source in %
2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 17 19 23
Manufacturer Model 25 29 31 35 37 41 43 47 49 53 55 59 61 65 67 71 73
ABB DCS500 6P 0 0 0 28.00 0 9.00 0 0 0 9.00 0 6.00 0 0 5.00 4.00 3.00

3.00 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 0
B -6

7.0.0
Study Case: HA
Harmonic Source from Library
Harmonic Source Information

Bus ID Device ID Type Manufacturer Model
Bus3 Charger1 Current ABB DCS500 6P
B -7

7.0.0
Study Case: HA
Filter Input Data
Filter Type: Single-Tuned
Filter Connected Bus Capacitor C1 Inductor L1 R

ID ID kV Max kV kvar Xl Q Fact. Max I Ohm
11th- order filter Bus3 0.415 33.000 1045.5 0.0014000 50.00 1600.0 0.0000
B -8

Harmonics

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HARMONIC TREATMENT IN INDUSTRIAL POWER

ABUBAKER ABD ALRAHMAN BASHEER ELMLEEH

INDEX NO. 084006

Dr. Kamal Ramadan

A thesis submitted in partial fulfillment for the degree of

To the Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

Ideclare thatt his report entitled HARMONIC

The process of mitigation is successfully completed and the distortion

My family who supported me throughout the project

My supervisor Dr. Kamal Ramadan who offered valuable comment and

Sudanese Malaysian steel factory administration who gives us the single

Thanks are extended to my colleague Mazin Mahjoub, who participate in

ABSTRACT ..................................................................................................................... iii

List of Abbreviations ............................................................................................................. xiii

Chapter 1: Introduction ............................................................1

Chapter 2: Literature Review ...................................................4

Chapter 3: Harmonic Analysis and Modeling ......................13

Chapter 4: Harmonic Mitigation in Industrial Power System

Chapter 5: Harmonic Simulation ...........................................40

Chapter 6: Case Study Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory .47

Chapter 7: Conclusion and Recommendation ......................55

Figure 2-1: Transformer magnetizing current curve ...................................................... 9

Table 3.1: IEEE std 519-1992HarmonicVoltageLimits25

Table (4.1): The r.m.s and peak voltage of the capacitor..35.

Table (6.1): load flow results...48

Table (6.2): specific IEEE limits 49

Table (6.3): Harmonic analysis results49.

Table (6.4):scenario1 results51

Table (6.5): scenario2 results...52

Table (6.6): scenario3 results...53

IEEE Institute of Electrical and electronic engineering

THD Total Harmonic Distortion

IHD Individual Harmonic Distortion

TDD Total Demand Distortion

ASUM Arithmetic Summation

VFD Variable frequency drives

To understand the harmonics phenomena it is necessary to analyze the distorted

1.2 Problem Statement:

To present general characteristics of the harmonics, harmonic indices and

1.5 Thesis Layout:

Chapter 5 (Harmonic simulation): Explains the scenario of harmonic analysis and

Chapter 6 (Case Study Sudanese-Malaysian Steel Factory): Shows the results of

Chapter 7 (conclusions): Conclusions and recommended future work are presented

Appendix A: contain the attachment of the case study input data.

Ideally, an electricity supply should invariably show a perfectly sinusoidal voltage

2.2 General Definitions:

2.2.1 Waveform Distortion:

2.2.3 Triplen Harmonics:

The frequency of Interharmonics are not integer multiples of the fundamental

2.2.9 Characteristic and Uncharacteristic Harmonics:

2.3 Positive-, Negative-, and Zero-Sequence Harmonics: -

- For the third harmonic (zero-sequence) currents:

- The expressions for the fifth harmonic currents are

2.4 Measurement of Harmonic Distortion:

2.4.1 Harmonic Factor (Distortion Factor) (DF):

2.4.2 Total Harmonic Distortion (THD):

2.4.3 Individual Harmonic Distortion (IHD):

2.4.4 Total Demand Distortion (TDD):

Irated: rated load current

2.4.5 Arithmetic Summation (ASUM):

2.5 Harmonic Sources and Effects:

2.5.1 Sources of Harmonics:

2.5.1.1 Linear Loads:

Figure 2-1: Transformer magnetizing current curve