EXERCISE 1

Independent and Dependent Clauses

Write INDEP next to the independent clauses and put a period (.) after them. Write DEP next to the
dependent clauses.
INDEP 1. Jet lag affects most long distance travellers
DEP 2. Which is simply the urge to sleep at inappropriate times
INDEP 3. During long journeys through several time zones, the bodys inner clock is
disrupted
INDEP 4. Also; changes in work schedules can cause jet lag.
DEP 5. When hospital nurses change from a day shift to a night shift, for example
DEP 6. Although there is no sure way to prevent jet lag
INDEP 7. There are some ways to minimize it
INDEP 8. Because jet lag is caused at least partially by loss of sleep, not just a change in
the time of sleep
INDEP 9. A traveller should plan to arrive at his or her destination as late as possible
INDEP 10. Upon arriving, he or she should immediately go to bed
INDEP 11. Then the traveller should start to live in the new time frame immediately

EXERCISE 2

Identifying Subjects, Verbs and Complements

Underline the subjects, verbs, and complements in the following sentences and write S, V, or C
above them. Also put parentheses () around prepositional phrases.

S V C
1. My name is Roberto Sanchez

S V C
2. I was born (on September 21, 1978) (in the city) (of San Juan, Puerto Rico)

S V C
3. I am a student at Greenhills College in Boston, Massachusetts

S V C
4. Some (of my classes) are difficult

S V C
5. Some (of the homework) is boring

S V C
6. None (of my classmates) speak Spanish

S V C
7. A lot (of my classes) are in Dante Hall

S V C
8. A lot (of my time) is spent in the student lounge

S V C
9. My father works in an office
 S V C
10. None (of us) are married

S V C
11. My youngest brother and sister are still in high school

S V C S V C
12. My father understands English but doesnt speak it

S V C
13. In my country most (of the people) are Catholic

S V C
14. Neither (of my parents) has been to the United States.

EXERCISE 3
Complete the essay with the correct verb forms below.

1. Be 2. Include 3. Be 4. Be 5. Get 6. Wear 7. Have 8. Be 9. Be 10. Make

11.Laugh 12. Lift 13. Be 14. Be 15. Call 16. Have 17. Show 18. Hope 19. Pray

A Courageous Man

Christopher Reeve 1) be a famous Hollywood actor. He played the role of Superman in

several movies. Some of his other movies 2) include Deathtrap, The Bostonians, and The Remains
of the Day.

Reeve was also an experienced horseback rider. However, on May 27, 1995, while he was
performing in a riding competition, his horse stopped suddenly. He was thrown off and hit his
head on the ground. Tragically, hesuffered serious injuries and 3) be now paralysed. Reeve 4) be
unable to use his arms and legs. He 5) get around in a motorized wheelchair. He cannot breathe
without the aid of a respirator. He also 6) wear a neck support. At first, he could not eat solid
food, but now he can.

Reeve7) have a strong support system. His loving family and friends 8) be there for him.
During his hospital stay, his wife, Dana, visited him and often brought along their young son, Will.
One of his Hollywood friends 9) be comedian Robin Williams. Williamss funny jokes 10) make him
11)
laugh and 12 lift his spirits. A lot of Americans and people around the words have sent him cards,
letters, and telegrams of encouragement and best wishes.

Reeve 13) be truly grateful to everyone. He 14) be thankful for the excellent medical care he
received from the medical staff at the hospital. His doctor 15) call him a courageous man and a
wonderful patient. He wasreleased from the hospital in December 1995. Then on March 25, 1996,
Reeve made a surprise appearance at the Academy Award ceremonies in Hollywood and made
a speech.

Reeve 16) have a strong will to live as normal a life as possible. Pictures of his smiling,
handsome face 17) snow his positive attitude. All of Reeves friends and supporters 18 hope and 19)
pray for his recovery.
 EXERCISE 4.
Simple Sentences

1. Write two simple sentences with one subject and one verb.
a. Budi ride his bycle
b. Dedi call his friend by telephone
2. Write two simple sentences with one subject and two verbs
a. Rizky go to market and buy a shoes
b. Rafi receive a letter while watching tv
3. Write two simple sentences with two subjects and two verbs.
a. Adit play guitar when Chrismas sing a song
b. Badari make a orange juice after his uncle buy orange in market

EXERCISE 12
Parallelism
A. Two or more items in each of the following sentences are written in parallel grammatical
form. Underline the items or ideas that are parallel, and circle the word or words that connect
the parallel structures.

Example
An ideal environment for studying includes good lighting, a spacious desk, and comfortable chair.

1. You know you are truly bilingual when you can calculate in your second language and when
you begin to dream in it.
2. People often spend as much time worrying about the future as planning for it.
3. You can learn a second language in the classroom, at home, or in country where the
language is spoken.
4. My new personal computer is both fast and reliable.
5. My old typewriter is neither fast nor reliable.
6. Ann is growing older but unfortunately not wiser.
7. Young people buy computers not only to do schoolwork but also to play games.
8. If industrial nations continue to burn fossil fuels and if developing nations continue to burn
their rain forests, the level of CO2 in the atmosphere will continue to increase.
9. Before the judge announced the sentence, he asked the murderer if he wanted to speak either
to the victims family or to the jury.
10. The criminal neither admitted guilt nor asked for forgiveness before he was executed.

B. Rewrite the following sentences in parallel form. Underline the part of the sentence that
is
not parallel and correct it.

Example
The disadvantages of using a credit card are overspending and you pay high interest rates.
The disadvantages of using a credit card are overspending and paying high interest rates

1. Credit cards are accepted by department stores, airlines, and they can be used in some gas
stations.
Credit cards are accepted by department stores, airlines, and some gas stations.
2. You do not need to risk carrying cash or to risk to pass up a sale.
You do not need to risk carrying cash or to pass up a sale.
 3.With credit cards, you can either pay your bill with one check, or you can stretch out your
payments.
With credit cards, you can either pay your bill with one check, or stretch out your payments.
4. You can charge both at restaurants and when you stay at hotels.
You can charge both at restaurants, when you stay at hotels.
5. Many people carry not only credit cards but they also carry cash.
Many people carry not only credit cards but also carry cash.
6. Many people want neither to pay off their balance monthly nor do they like paying interest.
_________________________________________________________________________
7. Not making any payment or to send in only minimum payments every month is poor money
management.
_________________________________________________________________________
C. Write seven original sentences in parallel form, using coordinating conjunctions and, or, and
but and the correlative conjunctions bothand, eitheror, neithernor, and not onlybut
also one time each.

EXERCISE 13

Rewriting Sentence Fragments

A. Read the following sentences. Mark them FRAG if they are sentence fragments, or
COMP if they are complete sentences. On a separate piece of paper, rewrite each
fragment to make a complete sentence.

FRAG 1. The desire of all humankind to live in peace and freedom, for example.
COMP 2. Second, the fact that men are physically stronger that women.
COMP 3. The best movie that I saw last year.
COMP 4. Titanic was the most financially successful movie ever made.
FRAG 5. For example, many students have part-time jobs.
FRAG 6. Although people want to believe that all men are created equal.
COMP 7. Finding a suitable marriage partner is a challenging task
COMP 8. Many of my friends who didnt have the opportunity to go to college.
COMP 9. Working during the morning and attending classes during the afternoon.
FRAG 10. Because I dont feel that grades in college have any value.
FRAG 11. The nuclear accident that occurred in Russia in 1986, the worst nuclear
accident in history.
COMP 12. The first hint of the tragedy came two days after the accident occurred.
FRAG 13. When radiation monitors in Sweden indicated an increase in radiation levels over
Scandinavia.
COMP 14. Radiation escaping into the atmosphere, drifting west over other countries, and
causing crops and dairy products to become contaminated.
FRAG 15. Opponents of nuclear power plants pointing to the Chernobyl disaster and the
near-disaster at a U.S. plant in Pennsylvania.

B.1 Rewrite that Correct from Fragments Sentence.

FRAG 1. The desire of all humankind to live in peace and freedom, for example.
To correct : All humankind want their desire is filly, for example to live in peace and freedom.
FRAG 5. For example, many students have part-time jobs.
To correct : For example, many students are working in their part-time jobs.
FRAG 6. Although people want to believe that all men are created equal.
To correct : Although people want to believe that all men are created equal, but in fact it isnt.
 FRAG 10. Because I dont feel that grades in college have any value.
To correct : I dont proud because I dont feel that grades in college have any value.
FRAG 11. The nuclear accident that occurred in Russia in 1986, the worst nuclear
accident in history.
To correct : The nuclear accident that occurred in Russia in 1986, the worst nuclear
accident in history and we have to learn from it.
FRAG 13. When radiation monitors in Sweden indicated an increase in radiation levels over
Scandinavia.
To correct : When radiation monitors in Sweden indicated an increase in radiation levels over
Scandinavia, the goverment of Sweden should to give the warning to their people.
FRAG 15. Opponents of nuclear power plants pointing to the Chernobyl disaster and the
near-disaster at a U.S. plant in Pennsylvania.
To correct : Opponents of nuclear power plants pointing to the Chernobyl disaster and the
near-disaster at a U.S. plant in Pennsylvania that should not to happen.

B. Read the following short essay. Put brackets [ ] around any sentence fragments that
you
find and mark them FRAG. Then correct all fragments on a separate piece of paper.

Women Drivers
Male chauvinism extends even into the area of automobile driving, it seems. Believing
that they are far better drivers than women. FRAG [Men consider women drivers incompetent,
inattentive, and even dangerous behind the wheel]. However, statistics prove that women are,
in fact, safer drivers than men. FRAG [For example, insurance rates]. Insurance rates for
women are 20 percent lower than they are for men. Another proof is that more accidents are
caused by male drivers between the ages of 18 and 25 than by any other group. Also, the
greater percentage of accidents involving deaths caused by men. Although women are
criticized for being too cautious. They are really just being safe drivers. The reasons for
women drivers safer driving habits can perhaps be found in the differing attitudes of the sexes
toward automobiles. On the one hand, women drivers who regard the automobile as a
convenience. FRAG [Like a washing machine]. On the other hand, men regard the automobile
as an extension of their egos. Using it as a weapon when they feel particularly aggressive.
FRAG [Or using it as a status symbol]. All in all, women are safer drivers. FRAG [Because of
their attitude]. Men can learn to become safe drivers. If they adopt the attitude that an
automobile is merely a convenience.

B.1 The Correct of Fragments Sentence.

1. Men consider women drivers incompetent, inattentive, and even dangerous behind the
wheel.
To correct : Men considered that women drivers incompetent, inattentive, and even
dangerous behind the wheel.

2. For example, insurance rates.

To correct : For example, insurance rates give information about drivers statistic.

3. Like a washing machine.

To correct : Woman can do about male jobs, like a washing machine.

4. Or using it as a status symbol.

To correct : It is using to mark a status symbol.
5. Because of their attitude.
6. To correct : Women are safer drivers because of their attitude.