DAFTAR PUSTAKA

Abdel-Fattah AF dan Abdel-Naby MA. Pretreatment and enzymic saccharification

of water hyacinth cellulose. Carbohydrate Polymers. Vol. 87, No. 3, 2012:
2109 2113.
Abdel-sabour MF. Water hyacinth: Available and Renewable Resource.
EJEAFChe. Vol. 9, No. 11, 2010: 1746 1759.
Ahn DJ, Kim SK, dan Yun HS. Optimization of pretreatment and saccharification
for the production of bioethanol from water hyacinth by Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng. Vol. 35, 2012: 35 41.
Anonim. http://www.ecy.wa.gov/programs/wq/plants/weeds/hyacinth.html.
Department of Ecology, State of Washington. 22 Juni 2012.
Arantes V, dan Saddler JN. Cellulose accessibility limits the effectiveness of
minimum cellulase loading on the efficient hydrolysis of pretreated
lignocellulosic substrates. Biotechnology for Biofuels. Vol. 4, No. 3, 2011.
Artati EK, Effendi A, dan Haryanto T. Pengaruh Konsentrasi Larutan Pemasak pada
Proses Delignifikasi Eceng Gondok dengan Proses Organosolv.
Ekuilibrium. Vol. 8, No. 1, 2009: 25 28.
Awasthi M, Kaur J, dan Rana S. Bioethanol production through water hyacinth,
eichhornia crassipes via optimization of the pretreatment conditions.
International Journal of Emerging Technology and Advanced Engineering.
Vol. 3, No. 3, 2013: 42 46.
Baird JL. Direct Process for the Production of Gasohol from Fermentation
Mixtures. US Patent. 1981.
Bhattacharya A, dan Kumar P. Water hyacinth as a potential biofuel crop.
EJEAFChe. Vol. 9, No. 11, 2010: 112 122.
Bobleter O. Hydrothermal Degradation and Fractionation of Saccharides and
Polysaccharides. Polysaccharides: Structural Diversity and Functional
Versatility, Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York, USA. 2005.
Brat D, Boles E, dan Wiedemann B. Functional Expression of a Bacterial Xylose
Isomerase in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Applied and Environmental
Microbiology. Vol. 75, No. 8, 2009: 2304 2311.
Calvert P. http://practicalaction.org/water-hyacinth. Practical Action. 22 Juni 2012

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Chandel AK, Chandrasekhar G, Radhika K, Ravinder R, dan Ravindra P.
Bioconversion of pentose sugars into ethanol: A review and future
directions. Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Review. Vol. 6, No. 1,
2011a: 008 020.
Chandel AK, Silva SSd, dan Singh OV. Detoxification of lignocellulosic
Hydrolysates for Improved Bioethanol Production. Biofuel Production
Recent Developments and Prospects. InTech. 2011b.
Chandrakant P, dan Bisaria VS. Application of a Compatible Xylose Isomerase in
Simultaneous Bioconversion of Glucose and Xylose to Ethanol.
Biotechnol. Bioprocess Eng. Vol. 5, 2000: 32 39.
Chen X, Chen X, Wan X, Weng B, dan Huang Q. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia
crassipes) waste as an adsorbent for phosphorus removal from swine
wastewater. Bioresource Technology. Vol. 101, No. 23, 2010: 9025
9030.
Cheng J, Xie B, Zhou J, Song W, dan Cen K. Cogeneration of H2 and CH4 from
water hyacinth by two-step anaerobic fermentation. International Journal
of Hydrogen Energy. Vol. 35, No. 7, 2010: 3029 3035.
Dada SA. The utilization of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) by west African
dwarf (WAD) growing goats. Afr. J. Biomed. Res. Vol. 4, 2002: 147
149.
Delgado M, Bigeriego M, dan Guardiola E. Uptake of Zn, Cr and Cd by water
hyacinths. Water Research. Vol. 27, No. 2, 1993: 269 272.
Eshtiaghi MN, Yoswathana N, Kuldiloke J, dan Ebadi AG. Preliminary study for
bioconversion of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) to bioethanol.
African Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 11, No. 21, 2012: 4921 4928.
Fackler J. Water hyacinth fact sheet. Forestry and Natural Resources. 2004.
Foust TD, Aden A, Dutta A, dan Phillips S. An economic and environmental
comparison of a biochemical and a thermochemical lignocellulosic ethanol
conversion processes. Cellulose. Vol. 16, 2009: 547 565.
Ghalami-Choobar B, Ghanadzadeh A, dan Kousarimehr S. Salt Effect on the
Liquid-Liquid Equilibrium of (Water + Propionic Acid + Cyclohexanol)
System at T = (298.2, 303.2, and 308.2) K. Chinese Journal of Chemical
Engineering. Vol. 19, No. 4, 2011: 565 569.
Gong CS, Chen LF, Flickinger MC, Chiang LC, dan Tsao GT. Production of
Ethanol from D-Xylose by Using D-Xylose Isomerase and Yeasts. Applied
and Environmental Microbiology. Vol. 41, No. 2, 1981: 430 436.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Gorsek A, dan Zajsek K. Influence of temperature variations on ethanol production
by kefir grains - mathematical model development. Chemical Engineering
Transactions. Vol. 20, 2010: 181 186.
Goswami T, dan Saikia CN. Water hyacinth A potential source of raw material for
greaseproof paper. Bioresource Technology. Vol. 50, No. 3, 1994: 235
238.
Granstrom M, Kavakka J, King A, Majoinen J, Makela V, Helaja J, Hietala S,
Virtanen, Maunu SL, Argyropoulos DS, dan Kilpelainen I. Tosylation and
acylation of cellulose in 1-allyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride. Cellulose.
Vol. 15, 2008: 481 488.
Gumienna M, Lasik M, Szambelan K, dan Czarnecki Z. Reduction of water
consumption in bioethanol production from triticale by recycling the
stillage liquid phase. Acta Sci Pol Technol Aliment. Vol. 10, No. 4, 2011:
467 474.
Guragain YN, Coninck JD, Hussonb F, Durand A, dan Rakshit SK. Comparison of
some new pretreatment methods for second generation bioethanol
production from wheat straw and water hyacinth. Bioresource Technology.
Vol. 102, No. 6, 2011: 4416 4424.
Harun MY, Radiah ABD, Abidin ZZ, dan Yunus R. Effect of physical pretreatment
on dilute acid hydrolysis of water hyacinth (EICHHORNIA CRASSIPES).
Bioresource Technology. Vol. 102, No. 8, 2011: 5193 5199.
Hasan MR dan Chakrabarti R. Use of algae and aquatic macrophytes as feed in
small scale aquaculture: a review. FAO Fisheries and Aquaculture
Technical Paper 531. Rome. 2009.
Hasan SH, Talat M, dan Rai S. Sorption of cadmium and zinc from aqueous
solutions by water hyacinth (Eichchornia crassipes). Bioresource
Technology. Vol. 98, No. 4, 2007: 918 928.
Houghton J, Wheaterwax S, dan Ferrel J. Breaking the Biological Barriers to
Cellulosic Ethanol: A Joint Research Agenda. US Department of Energy.
2006.
Hronich JE, Martin L, Plawsky J, dan Bungay HR. Potential of Eichhornia
crassipes for biomass refining. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol. Vol. 35, 2008:
393 402.
Hu CK, Bai FW, dan An LJ. Enhancing ethanol tolerance of a self-flocculating
fusant of Schizosaccharomyces pombe and Saccharomyces cerevisiae by
Mg2+ via reduction in plasma membrane permeability. Biotechnology
letters. Vol. 25, 2003: 1191 1194.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Hu F, Jung S, dan Ragauskas A. Impact of Pseudolignin versus Dilute Acid-
Pretreated Lignin on Enzymatic Hydrolysis of Cellulose. Sustainable
Chem. Eng. Vol. 1, 2013: 62 65.
Huang R, Su R, Qi W, dan He Z. Bioconversion of Lignocellulose into Bioethanol:
Process Intensification and Mechanism Research. Bioenergy Res. Vol. 4,
2011: 225 245.
Ibrahim HS, Ammar NS, Soylak M, dan Ibrahim M. Removal of Cd(II) and Pb(II)
from aqueous solution using dried water hyacinth as a biosorbent.
Spectrochimica Acta Part A: Molecular and Biomolecular Spectroscopy.
Vol. 96, 2012: 413 420.
Isarankura-Na-Ayudhya C, Tantimongcolwat T, Kongpanpee T, Prabkate P, dan
Prachayasittikul V. Appropriate Technology for the Bioconversion of
Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) to Liquid Ethanol: Future Prospects
for Community Strengthening and Sustainable Development. EXCLI
Journal. Vol. 6, 2007: 167 176.
Jafari N. Ecological and socio-economic utilization of water hyacinth (Eichhornia
crassipes Mart Solms). J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Manage. Vol. 14, No. 2,
2010: 43 49.
Jianbo LU, Zhihui FU, dan Zhaozheng YIN. Performance of a water hyacinth
(Eichhornia crassipes) system in the treatment of wastewater from a duck
farm and the effects of using water hyacinth as duck feed. Journal of
Environmental Sciences. Vol. 20, No. 5, 2008: 513 519.
Jonsson LJ, Alriksson B, dan Nilvebrant N-O. Bioconversion of lignocellulose:
inhibitors and detoxification. Biotechnology for Biofuels. Vol. 6, No. 16,
2013.
Joshi B, Bhatt MR, Sharma D, Joshi J, Malla R, dan Sreerama L. Lignocellulosic
ethanol production: Current practices and recent developments.
Biotechnology and Molecular Biology Review. Vol. 6, No. 8, 2011: 172
182.
Kajiwara K, dan Miyamoto T. Progress in structural characterization of functional
polysaccharides. Polysaccharides: Structural Diversity and Functional
Versatility. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, USA. 2005.
Kim JK, Iannotti EL, dan Bajpai R. Extractive recovery of products from
fermentation broths. Biotechnology and Bioprocess Engineering. Vol. 4,
No. 1, 1999: 1 11.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Kim Y, Hendrikson R, Mosier NS, dan Ladisch MR. Liquid hot water pretreatment
of cellulosic biomass. Methods in Molecular Biology. Vol. 581, 2009: 93
102.
Kondo T. Hydrogen bonds in cellulose and cellulose derivatives. Polysaccharides:
Structural Diversity and Functional Versatility. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New
York, USA. 2005.
Knill CJ, dan Kennedy JF. Cellulosic biomass-derived products. Polysaccharides:
Structural Diversity and Functional Versatility. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New
York, USA. 2005.
Kosan B, Michels C, dan Meister F. Dissolution and forming of cellulose with ionic
liquids. Cellulose. Vol. 15, 2008: 59 66.
Kubicek CP. Fungi and Lignocellulosic Biomass. USA: John Wiley & Sons, Inc,
2013.
Kurniati A, Darmokoesoemo H, dan Puspaningsih NNT. Modification of surface
structure and crystallinity of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes)
following recombinant -L-arabinofuranosidase (alfa) treatment. Journal
of Agricultural Biotechnology and Sustainable Development. Vol. 3, No. 9,
2011: 182 188.
Larsen J. Non-Sterile Fermentation of Bioethanol. US Patent. 2012.
Lee SH, Doherty TV, Linhardt RJ, dan Dordick JS. Ionic Liquid-Mediated Selective
Extraction of Lignin From Wood Leading to Enhanced Enzymatic
Cellulose Hydrolysis. Biotechnology and Bioengineering. Vol. 102, No. 5,
2009: 1368 1376.
Lee SM, Jellison T, dan Alper HS. Directed Evolution of Xylose Isomerase for
Improved Xylose Catabolism and Fermentation in the Yeast
Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Vol.
78, No. 16, 2012: 5708 5716.
Ma F, Yang N, Xu C, Yu H, Wu J, dan Zhang X. Combination of biological
pretreatment with mild acid pretreatment for enzymatic hydrolysis and
ethanol production from water hyacinth. Bioresource Technology. Vol.
101, No. 24, 2010: 9600 9604.
Madhavan A, Tamalampudi S, Ushida K, Kanai D, Katahira S, Srivastava A, Fukuda
H, Bisaria VS, dan Kondo A. Xylose isomerase from polycentric fungus
Orpinomyces: gene sequencing, cloning, and expression in Saccharomyces
cerevisiae for bioconversion of xylose to ethanol. Applied Microbiology
and Biotechnology. Vol. 82, No. 6, 2009: 1067 78.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Mahamadi C. Water hyacinth as a biosorbent: A review. African Journal of
Environmental Science and Technology. Vol. 5, No. 13, 2011: 1137 1145.
Mahmood Q, Zheng P, Siddiqi MR, Islam E.ul, Azim MR, dan Hayat Y.
Anatomical studies on water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes (Mart.)
Solms) under the influence of textile wastewater. J Zhejiang Univ SCI.
Vol. 6B, No. 10, 2005: 991 998.
Magorzata G, Stanisaw B, Joanna R, dan Wanda D-R. A study on Saccharomyces
cerevisiae and Candida utilis cell wall capacity for binding magnesium.
Eur Food Res Technol. Vol. 224, 2006: 49 54.
Malik A. Environmental challenge vis a vis opportunity: The case of water
hyacinth. Environment International. Vol. 33, No. 1, 2007: 122 138.
Masami GOO, Usui IY, dan Urano N. Ethanol Production from the water hyacinth
Eichhornia crassipes by yeast isolated from various hydrospheres. African
Journal of Microbiology Research. Vol. 2, 2008: 110 113.
Maye. Use of hop acids in fuel ethanol production. US Patent. 2011.
Menon V, dan Rao M. Trends in bioconversion of lignocellulose: Biofuels, platform
chemicals & biorefinery concept. Progress in Energy and Combustion
Science. Vol. 38, No. 4, 2012: 522 550.
Merina F, dan Trihadiningrum Y. Produksi bioetanol dari eceng gondok
(Eichhornia crassipes) dengan Zymomonas mobilis dan Saccharomyces
cerevisiae. Prosiding Seminar Nasional Manajemen Teknologi XIII. ITS.
2011.
Miller KP, Gowtham YK, Henson JM, dan Harcum JW. Xylose isomerase improves
growth and ethanol production rates from biomass sugars for both
Saccharomyces pastorianus and Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Biotechnology
Progress. Vol. 28, No. 3, 2012: 669 680.
Mishima D, Kuniki M, Sei K, Soda S, Ike M, dan Fujita M. Ethanol production
from candidate energy crops: Water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes) and
water lettuce (Pistia stratiotes L.). Bioresource Technology. Vol. 99, No.
7, 2008: 2495 2500.
Moedjodo H, Simanjuntak P, Hehanussa P, dan Lufiandi. Lake Toba: Experience
and lessons learned brief. International Lake Environment Committee
Foundation. 2006.
Muhammad N, Man Z, dan Khalil MAB. Ionic liquida future solvent for the
enhanced uses of wood biomass. Eur. J. Wood Prod. Vol. 70, 2012: 125
133.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Mukhopadhyay S, dan Chatterjee NC. Bioconversion of water hyacinth hydrolysate
into ethanol. BioResources. Vol. 5, No. 2, 2010: 1301 1310.
Munson CL, dan King CJ. Factors influencing solvent selection for extraction of
ethanol from aqueous solutions. Industrial & Engineering Chemistry
Process Design and Development. Vol. 23, No. 1, 1984: 109 115.
Najafpour G, Younesi H, dan Ismail KSK. Ethanol fermentation in an immobilized
cell reactor using Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Bioresource Technol. Vol.
92, No. 3, 2004: 251 60.
Nag A. Biofuels Refining and Performance. USA: McGrawHill Inc., 2008.
Neves MAd, Kimura T, Shimizu N, dan Nakajima M. State of the art and future
trends of bioethanol production. Dynamic Biochemistry, Process
Biotechnology and Molecular Biology. Vol. 1, No. 1, 2007: 1 14.
Offeman RD, Franqui-Espiet D, Cline JL, Robertson GH, dan Orts WJ. Extraction
of ethanol with higher carboxylic acid solvents and their toxicity to yeast.
Separation and Purification Technology. Vol. 72, No. 2, 2010: 180 185.
Offeman RD, Stephenson SK, Franqui D, Cline JL, Robertson GH, dan Orts WJ.
Extraction of ethanol with higher alcohol solvents and their toxicity to
yeast. Separation and Purification Technology. Vol. 63, No. 2, 2008: 444
451.
Offeman RD, Stephenson SK, Robertson GH, dan Orts WJ. Solvent extraction of
ethanol from aqueous solutions using biobased oils, alcohols, and esters.
Journal of the American Oil Chemists' Society. Vol. 83, No. 2, 2006: 153
157.
Olsson L, Jorgensen H, Krogh KBR, dan Roca C. Bioethanol production from
lignocellulosic material. Polysaccharides: Structural Diversity and
Functional Versatility. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, USA. 2005.
Opande GO, Onyango JC, dan Wagai SO. Lake victoria: The water hyacinth
(Eichhornia crassipes [Mart.] Solms), its socio-economic effects, control
measures and resurgence in the Winam gulf. Limnologica Ecology and
Management of Inland Waters. Vol. 34, No. 1-2, 2004: 105 109.
Orth HM dan Sapkota DP. Upgrading a facultative pond by implanting water
hyacinth. Water Research. Vol. 22, No. 12, 1988: 1503 1511.
Palei S. Salt Effect on Liquid Liquid Equilibrium of the System Water + 1-Butanol
+ Acetone at 298 K: Experimental Determination. Thesis. National
Institute of Technology Rourkela. 2010.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Patel S. Threats, management and envisaged utilizations of aquatic weed
Eichhornia crassipes: an overview. Rev Environ Sci Biotechnol. Vol. 11,
2012: 249 259.
Perez JA, Gonzalez A, Oliva JM, Ballesteros I, dan Manzanares P. Effect of process
variables on liquid hot water pretreatment of wheat straw for bioconversion
to fuel ethanol in a batch reactor. Journal of Chemical Technology and
Biotechnology. Vol. 82, No. 10, 2007: 929 938.
Perez S, dan Mazeau K. Conformations, structures, and morphologies of
celluloses. Polysaccharides: Structural Diversity and Functional
Versatility. Marcel Dekker, Inc. New York, USA. 2005.
Piccolo C, dan Bezzo F. Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: a comparison
between conversion technologies. 17th European Symposium on Computer
Aided Process Engineering ESCAPE17. 2007.
Postma E, Kuiper A, Tomasouw WF, Scheffers WA, dan van Dijken JP.
Competition for Glucose between the Yeasts Saccharomyces cerevisiae
and Candida utilis. Applied and Environmental Microbiology. Vol. 55,
No. 12, 1989: 3214 3220.
Raamsdonk LM, Diderich JA, Kuiper A, van Gaalen M, Kruckberg AL, Berden JA,
dan Dam KV. Co-consumption of sugars or ethanol and glucose in a
Saccharomyces cerevisiae strain deleted in the HXK2 gene. . Yeast. Vol.
18, 2001: 1023 1033.
Sari E, Syamsiah S, Sulistyo H, dan Muslikin. The Kinetic of Biodegradation
Lignin in Water Hyacinth (Eichhornia Crassipes) by Phanerochaete
Chrysosporium using Solid State Fermentation (SSF) Method for
Bioethanol Production, Indonesia. World Academy of Science,
Engineering and Technology. Vol. 54, 2011: 249 252.
Sathitsuksanoh N, Zhu Z, dan Zhang YHP. Cellulose solvent-based pretreatment for
corn stover and avicel: concentrated phosphoric acid versus ionic liquid
[BMIM]Cl. Cellulose. Vol. 19, 2012: 1161 1172.
Satyanagalakshmi K, Sindhu R, Binod P, Janu KU, Sukumaran RK, dan Pandey A.
Bioethanol production from acid pretreated water hyacinth by separate
hydrolysis and fermentation. Journal of Science & Industrial Research.
Vol. 70, 2011: 156 161.
Shuler ML, dan Kargi F. Bioprocess Engineering. New Jersey: Prentice-Hall, Inc.,
1992.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Sinegani AAS, dan Emtiazi G. The relative effects of some elements on the DNS
method in cellulase assay. J. Appl. Sci. Environ. Mgt. Vol. 10, No. 3,
2006: 93 96.
Soltan ME, dan Rashed MN. Laboratory study on the survival of water hyacinth
under several conditions of heavy metal concentrations. Advances in
Environmental Research. Vol. 7, No. 2, 2003: 321 334.
Sornvoraweat B, dan Kongkiattikajorn J. Separated hydrolysis and fermentation of
water hyacinth leaves for ethanol production. KKU Res J. Vol. 15, No. 9,
2010: 794 802.
Spiridon I, dan Popa VL. Hemicelluloses: Structure and Properties.
Polysaccharides: Structural Diversity and Functional Versatility, Marcel
Dekker, Inc., New York, USA. 2005.
Stang GD, Macdonald DG, dan Hill GA. Mass Transfer and Bioethanol Production
in an External-Loop Liquid-Lift Bioreactor. Ind. Eng. Chem. Res. Vol. 40,
No. 23, 2001: 5074 5080.
Taherzadeh MJ, dan Karimi K. Pretreatment of Lignocellulosic Wastes to Improve
Ethanol and Biogas Production: A Review. Int. J. Mol. Sci. Vol. 9, 2008:
1621 1651.
Takagi T, Uchida M, Matsushima R, Ishida M, dan Urano N. Efficient bioethanol
production from water hyacinth Eichhornia crassipes by both preparation
of the saccharified solution and selection of fermenting yeasts. Fish Sci.
Vol. 78, 2012: 905 910.
Tomita Y, Ikeo K, Tamakawa H, Gojobori T, dan Ikushima S. Genome and
Transcriptome Analysis of the Food-Yeast Candida utilis. PLoS ONE.
Vol. 7, No. 5, 2012: e37226.
Turpin JL, Eldridge RB, dan Booth-McGee S. Process for Extracting Ethanol from
Fermentation Broths for Direct Blending into Gasoline while Preserving the
Broth for Recycling. US Patent. 1992.
USDA. http://www.ars.usda.gov/is/graphics/photos/mar00/k8801-2.jpg. United
States Department of Agriculture. 17 Oktober 2012.
van Maris AJ, Winkler AA, Kyuper M, de Laat WT, van Dijken JP, dan Pronk JT.
Development of efficient xylose fermentation in Saccharomyces
cerevisiae: xylose isomerase as a key component. Adv Biochem Eng
Biotechnol. Vol. 108, 2007: 179 204.

Universitas Sumatera Utara

Varm A, Kolli BK, Paul J, Saxena S, dan Knig H. Lignocellulose degradation by
microorganisms from termite hills and termite guts: A survey on the present
state of art. FEMS Microbiology Reviews. Vol. 15, No. 1, 1994: 9 28.
Victor JG. Ethanol Extraction Process. US Patent, 1985.
Wan C dan Li Y. Fungal pretreatment of lignocellulosic biomass. Biotechnology
Advances, In Press. 2012.
Weiss N, Borjesson J, Pedersen LS, dan Meyer AS. Enzymatic lignocelluloses
hydrolysis: Improved cellulase productivity by insoluble solids recycling.
Biotechnology for Biofuels. Vol. 6, No. 5, 2013.
Wilson JR, Holst N, dan Rees M. Determinants and patterns of population growth
in water hyacinth. Aquatic Botany. Vol. 81, 2005: 51 67.
Worldlakes. http://www.worldlakes.org/uploads/poster_english.pdf. LAKENET. 22
Juni 2012.
Wyman CE. Ethanol from lignocellulosic biomass: technology, economics, and
opportunities. Bioresource Technology. Vol. 50, 1994: 3 16.
Xue Y, Jameel H, dan Park S. Strategies to recycle enzymes and their impact on
enzymatic hydrolysis for bioethanol production. Bioresources. Vol. 7, No.
1, 2012: 602 615.
Yerima MB, Ogunkoya MA, Sada-Maryam A dan Farouq AA. Rumen derived
anaerobic digestion of water hyacinth (Eichhornia crassipes). African
Journal of Biotechnology. Vol. 8, No. 17, 2009: 4173 4174.
Yi Q, Kim Y, dan Tateda M. Evaluation of nitrogen reduction in water hyacinth
ponds integrated with waste stabilization ponds. Desalination. Vol. 249,
No. 2, 2009: 528 534.
Zhong W, Yu H, Song L, dan Zhang X. Combined pretreatment with white-rot
fungus and alkali at near room-temperature for improving saccharification
of corn stalks. BioResources. Vol. 6, No. 3, 2011: 3440-3451.
Zhou H, Cheng JS, Wang BL, Fink GR, dan Stephanopoulus G. Xylose isomerase
overexpression along with engineering of the pentose phosphate pathway
and evolutionary engineering enable rapid xylose utilization and ethanol
production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Metab Eng. Vol. 14, No. 6,
2012: 611 - 22.
Zhu J. The Role of Cellulose Accessibility on Enzymatic Saccharification of
Lignocelluloses. International Congress on Energy 2011. AIChE Annual
Meeting. 2011.

Universitas Sumatera Utara