Digital concepts

Universal Gates
Lecture 7 Chapter 4 NAND used as a universal gate. It can be
used in combination to perform AND, OR,
Boolean Algebra and inverter operation.
Ch 4.6, 4.7

Iba Almajzoub
ibaa@bellsouth.net
www.almajzoub.net

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Universal Gates
Alternate Logic Gate Representation
NOR used as a universal gate. It can be Negative-NOR
used in combination to perform AND, OR,
and inverter operation.
Negative-NAND

Negative-OR

Negative-AND

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Standard Forms of Boolean Standard Forms of Boolean

Expressions SOP
The Sum-Of-Products (SOP) form: is an
expression that can be implemented with
one OR and two or more ANDs.
Ex. AB+AC+DF
A single overbar cannot extend over more
than one variable, but more than one
variable can have an overbar.
AB+DF Allowed, but not AB+DF or AB+DF
Iba Almajzoub Lecture 7
Expressions SOP
The domain is the set of variables
contained in a variable
Ex. E(AC+BD) domain is A,B,C,D, and E
Expressed as (A,B,C,D,E)
Standard SOP when all the variables in
the domain appears in each product term
in the expression.
Ex. AC+AB is not a standard SOP but
ABC+ABC is
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 Digital concepts

Standard Forms of Boolean Standard Forms of Boolean

Expressions SOP Expressions SOP
Converting products terms to standard Converting to standard SOP example
SOP by following the steps AE+ABC=AE(B+B)+ABC
1. Multiply each nonstandard product term ABE+ABE+ABC(E+E)
by a term made up of the sum of the ABE(C+C)+ABE(C+C)+ABCE+ABCE
missing variables and its complement (ie.
A+A=1) and simplify. ABCE+ABCE+ABCE+ABCE+ABCE+
2. Repeat the first step for all the other ABCE
missing variables.
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Standard Forms of Boolean Standard Forms of Boolean

Expressions SOP Expressions POS
Binary representation: an SOP expression is
The Products-Of-Sum (POS) form: is an
equal to 1 only if one or more of the product
expression that can be implemented with
terms in the expression is equal to 1. Finding
one AND and two or more ORs.
all the combination that equal to1.
Ex. (A+B+A)(C+F)
ABCD+ABCD+ABCD
A single overbar cannot extend over more
ABCD=1 111=1
than one variable, but more than one
ABCD=1 001=1 variable can have an overbar.
ABCD=0 000=1 A+B+D Allowed, but not A+B+D or A+B+D
all the other will give 0
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Standard Forms of Boolean Standard Forms of Boolean

Expressions POS Expressions POS
Standard POS when all the variables in Converting products terms to standard
the domain appears in each sum term in POS by following the steps
the expression. 1. Add to each nonstandard product term a
Ex. (A+C+B)(A+B) is not a standard SOP term made up of the product of the
missing variable and its complement (ie.
but (A+B+C)(A+B+C) is A A=0) and simplify.
2. Apply the rule: A+BC=(A+B)(A+C)
3. Repeat the first step for all the other
missing variables.
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 Digital concepts

Standard Forms of Boolean Expressions Standard Forms of Boolean

POS Expressions POS
Binary representation: an POS expression
Converting to standard POS example is equal to 0 only if one or more of the sum
(A+B+C)(B+C+D)(A+B+C+D)= terms in the expression is equal to 0.
(A+B+C)=A+B+C+DD Ex. (A+B+C+D)(A+B+C+D)(A+B+C+D)
(A+B+C+D)(A+B+C+D) (A+B+C+D)=0+0+0+0=0
(B+C+D)=B+C+D+AA (A+B+C+D)=0+1+1+1=0
(A+B+C+D)(A+B+C+D) (A+B+C+D)=1+0+1+0=0
The POS standard is The POS expression is 0 when any of the three
=(A+B+C+D)(A+B+C+D)(A+B+C+D)(A+B+C sum terms equal 0 and the rest are 1.
+D)(A+B+C+D)
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Converting Standard SOP to Standard

POS Converting SOP to Truth Table
1. Determine the binary representation for each
term A B C Output Term
2. Determine the binary numbers not included For ABC+ABC+ABC the 0 0 0 0
3. Write the equivalent sum term for each truth table is 0 0 1 1 ABC
binary number from step 2 expressed in
0 1 0 0
POS form.
0 1 1 0
Convert ABC+ABC+ABC to POS expression
1 0 0 1 ABC
111+101+010 the remaining 5 combination
are 000, 001, 011, 100,and 110 make the 1 0 1 0
sum term 0. The equivalent POS expression 1 1 0 0
(A+B+C)(A+B+C)(A+B+C)(A+B+C)(A+B+C) 1 1 1 1 ABC
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Converting POS to Truth Table Determine Standard Expression from

From truth table
Truth Table
A B C Output Term
we find A B C Output Term SOP Term POS
For the POS expression 0 0 0 0 A+B+C SOP expression
(A+B+C)(A+B+C)(A+B+C) 0 0 1 1 0 0 0 0 A+B+C
(A+B+C)(A+B+C) ABC+ ABC+
0 0 1 0 A+B+C
0 1 0 0 A+B+C ABC+ ABC
the truth table is 0 1 0 1 ABC
0 1 1 0 A+B+C POS expression is
(A+B+C)(A+B+ 0 1 1 0 A+B+C
1 0 0 1
C)(A+B+C)(A 1 0 0 1 ABC
1 0 1 0 A+B+C
+B+C) 1 0 1 0 A+B+C
1 1 0 0 A+B+C
1 1 0 1 ABC
1 1 1 1
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