CHORDOPHONE

(String Category)

A stretched string is the sound generation.

Sound Production of Musical Instrument:

The means of eliciting sounds determine the three
categories within the family of chordophones.
1. Bow most common are the violin, cello
(violencillo), and the double bass of the orchestra. All
of which use a horsehair bow for setting there string
in motion.

2. Plucking the harp is the best known orchestra

instrument whose tone depends upon the noise
component added by plucking. Other plucking
instruments are guitar, banjo, mandolin, ukulele,
zither, lyre, lute and the harpsichord.

3. Striking the piano is the most notable of struck

stringed instruments. Other instruments of the group
are the clavichord and the dulcimer.

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 VIOLIN

Four-stringed instrument also known as the fiddle,

the soprano voice and the smallest of the violin family;
having a four-octave range, its strings are made to resonate
through the use of a horsehair bow passing over them over
a fretless fingerboard; it is played over the shoulders and
held under the chin

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 HARP

Stringed instrument in which the resonator, or belly

is perpendicular or near so, to the plane of the string. Each
string produces a note, the graduation of string length from
short to corresponding to that from highest to lowest pitch;
it stands on a base and it is played tip back from the
shoulder.

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 BANDURIA

Also known as the bandola, or mandurria (in the

Balearic Island), a short necked, pear-shaped stringed
instrument or the lute family, native to Spain, and was
originally both fretted and unfretted, with 3 to 5 strings.
Modern type, however, has six paired courses of gut or
metal-pun silk strings that are hitched to a guitar-like
tension bridge. There are 12 fixed metal frets on the
fingerboard, and the instrument is played with short, hard
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plectrum.
 IDIOPHONE
(Part of Percussion Category)

Instruments whose own material is the sound generator,

such as cymbals, gongs bells etc.

Sound Production of Musical Instrument:

The class contains most of the pitched percussion
instruments whose bodies vibrate to produce sound.
These include instruments made of wood, metal, or
other organic material that are struck or plucked by hand,
with sticks, or with hammers, such as, xylophone,
triangle, glockenspiel, vibra phone, celesta, tubular bell,
gong, steel drum, cymbals, glass harmonica, etc.
idiophones without pitch are made of wood, or other
organic material and are, scraped rubbed, brushed, or
shaken, such as percussion board, castanets, and rattles.

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 TRIANGLE

A percussion instrument made from a small round

steel rod bent into a triangle with one corner left open; it is
suspended by a gut or nylon loop and struck with a steel
rod to produce a bright shimmering sound of indefinite
pitch and resembling a bell; it joined the orchestra during
the 18th century, and used sparingly to pick up the
harmonics or acoustical vibrations of the other instruments
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 GUIRO

Untuned idiophone originating from the

Caribbean and South America; it is a long
fretted instrument that is made from a gourd
that has been carved or notched to create a
ridged surface and played by rubbing a
scraping its surface with a stick; modern

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 CYMBAL

Percussion instrument consisting of a flat or a slightly

concaved metal plate of copper-tin alloy that is trucked with a
drumstick or mallet while suspended on a string or stand when
played singly, or fitted with leather hand straps and clashed
together glancingly when played in pair.

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 MEMBRANOPHONES
(Part of Percussion Category)

Instruments with stretched skin or other membrane, such

as drums, for the sound generator.

Sound Production of Musical Instrument:

Membranophones produce sounds by a vibrating
membrane.
The group consists most notable of the timpani or
kettledrum, which can be turned by increasing or
decreasing the tension of the membranes that form the
head of the enclosed cavities.
Other membranophones consists of drums without
fixed pitch, such as side drums, bongos, and various non-
western types of fixed and indefinite pitch.

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 BASS DRUM

A large orchestra percussion instrument, usually about 34

ins. across, derived from the long drum of Turking Janissary
troops; it was introduced to the Western orchestra by the
composer Mozart in 1782. Constructed like a snare drum but
without the snare, the bass drum is much larger and is played
on its side, so that either head may be struck with a large
beater or mallet with a soft material such as sheeps wool
covering the end producing a deep, booming, untuned sound.
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 TENOR DRUM

A cylindrical drum larger and deeper toned than the

closely related snare drum and lacking snares; it is usually
about 18 ins. in diameter and 14 ins. in height and is
normally struck with 2 soft-headed sticks; the heads are
tensioned by rope lacings or metal rods. The tenor drum,
like the snare drum, descended from medieval tabor.
Though usually associated with military bands, especially
since the early 19th century, it occasionally appears in
orchestral scores.

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 BONGO DRUM

One of a pair of small Afro- Cuban drums, played with

fingers, used principally in Latin- America dance music; its
origin is traced back to Africa, and were brought to Cuba in
the late 1800s; Bongo drums are yoked in pairs, one larger,
and the two heads are nailed or rod tensioned. They are
usually tuned a fifth apart, the one larger is lower-pitched,
and are held between the knees and played with both hands.
The drum shells are wooden and open end. Bongo also
refers to several drums in Cuban folk music.

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 AEROPHONES
(Woodwind and Brass Category)

A column of air is the sound generator.

Sound Production of Musical Instrument:

A.Woodwind Instruments
Are so named because they produce sound by
vibration of air column within a tube that
traditionally was made of wood.
All wood instruments have little holes along
their length that are opened and closed by performs
of fingers or by pads controlled by a key mechanism.
By opening and closing these holes, wind player
changes.
The rest of the woodwind instruments rely on a
vibrating reed. A reed is a very thin piece of cane,
about 2 inches long that is set into vibration by a
stream of air.

Kinds of Woodwind Instruments (Number of Reeds)

1. Single-Reed Woodwinds the reed is fastened
over a hole in the mouthpiece and vibrates when
the player blows into this instrument.

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 Examples: Clarinet, Bass Clarinet, saxophone.

2. Double-Reed Woodwinds two narrow pieces of

cane are held between the musicians lips.
Examples: Oboe, English horn, Bassoon,
Contrabassoon
B. Brass Instruments
The vibrations of brass instruments come from
the musicians lips as he or she blows into a cup or
funnel-shaped mouth-piece.
The pitch of the brass instruments is regulated
both by varying lip tension and by using slides and
valves to change the tube through which the air
vibrates.
Brass players can also alter the tone of their
instruments by inserting a mute into a bell. A mute
for a brass instrument is a hollow, funnel-shaped
piece of wood or plastic

FLUGELHORN
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 A brass instrument of the very large horn category,
the valve bugle which is related to both the key bugle and
signal horn ;it has a short wide mouthpiece, three valves
and a flared bell and range in sizes from brass instrument
with wider bores to small soprano and sopranino saxhorns.

PICCOLO

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 In full flauto piccolo (Italian:small flute),
the highest pitched woodwind instrument of
orchestras and military bands, it resembles
the flute exactly only that is much smaller and
is usually made of silver or wood; it has a
cylindrical or conical bore, fitted with Bhm-

CORNET

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 Is a valved brass instrument that evolved in the 1920s from
the continental post horn (comet-de-poste); its a tube is conical
except through the three valves; tapering gently to a narrow,
detachable shank into which the brass mouth piece is attach; this
mouthpiece makes the instrument more flexible by allowing a
player to control its tone more effectively; Its slightly smaller
than a trumpet, though sometimes a long shank is attached to the
mouthpiece to create an extra-long wide wind pipe.

ELECTROPHONES

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 (Electric Category)

Instruments generating their sounds by means of

electricity.
Sound Production of Musical Instrument:
Electronic instruments produce or amplify sound
through electrical signals, turned into vibrations by a
speaker.
The group includes amplified instruments such as
electric piano, organ and guitar.
Various hybrid technologies are tape studios,
synthesizers, and computers.
Electric instruments were invented as early as 1904
but had a significant impact on music only since 1950.
The more recent electronic instrument are digital, older
ones are analog

ORDES MARTENOT

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 Invented by Maurice Martenot in 1928; its player
uses the right hand to determine the tones pitch on a
special keyboard while the left hand manipulates a set of
buttons and levers to articulate the tone.

TRAUTONIUM

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 Invented by Friedrich Trautwein in 1930; it is played
by simultaneously manipulating a fingerboard like
resistance element with one hand and a set of panel
controls with the other hand.

TAPE STUDIO

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 The main tool of composers of electronic music
during the 1950s. The raw material in studios consisted of
recorded sounds of definite and indefinite pitch which
might be electronic of from real life such as flute, bird
calls, waterfalls, etc.

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