Bangladesh University of Engineering and Technology

Course No: CHE 304

Course Name: Chemical Engineering Laboratory-III
Experiment No. 01
Name of the Experiment: STUDY OF HEAT TRANSFER COEFFICIENT IN A
DOUBLE PIPE HEAT EXCHANGER

Date of Performance: 23.03.2016

Date of Submission: 30.03.2016
Partners Student ID: Submitted By,
1202002 Mesbah Ahmad
1202003 Student ID: 1202001
1202004 Level- 3, Term- 2
1202005 Department- ChE
Group-1 (A1)
Submitted To-
Mrs. Kaniz Fatema
Lecturer
Department of Chemical Engineering, BUET
Summary
The objective of this experiment was to obtain individual and overall heat transfer coefficients.
Another important objective was to study the variation of heat transfer coefficient with Reynolds
number (Re) and fluid velocity (v). Comparing experimental and estimated heat transfer
coefficients was also an objective. In this experiment, normal water at room temperature and
saturated steam at a constant pressure were used as the experimental fluids. These two fluids were
flown in a counter current direction. Water was flown through the inner tube and steam was flown
through the annular tube. This experiment was conducted under three constant steam pressures at
5, 10 and 15 psig. The necessary data were taken for five different flow rates at each pressure.
Then overall heat transfer coefficients for heating water with steam were determined both
experimentally and theoretically and these values were compared with each other. The values of
theoretical coefficients range from 1194.13 to 1599.56 W/m2.0C, whereas the experimental values
range from 879.88 to 1750.512 W/m2.0C. For steam pressure 5, 10 and 15 psig, dirt factor, Rd
was found from the Wilson plot to be 0.001, 0.001 and 0 m2.K/W respectively. The comparison
between theoretical and overall heat transfer coefficient indicated that percentage of error was
between 6.79% and 25.23%. These findings can be considered satisfactory. Some differences were
found between experimental and theoretical values due to unavoidable errors.
Experimental Work
Heat exchangers are devices that facilitate the exchange of heat between two fluids that are at
different temperatures while keeping them from mixing with each other. Heat transfer in a double
pipe heat exchanger usually involves convection in each fluid and conduction through the wall
separating the two fluids.
The rate of heat transfer between the two fluids at a location in a heat exchanger depends on the
magnitude of the temperature difference at that location, which varies along the heat exchanger.

Apparatus
Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

Tube length = 7' 4''

Inner tube: Nominal diameter =1''
Schedule 40
Experimental Setup

Figure 01: Schematic Diagram of a Double pipe heat exchanger

Experimental Procedure
1. The thermometers were set in proper places and the necessary data for this
experimental system was recorded.

2. Water was passed through the inner pipe.

3. Steam was allowed to flow through the annulus. Valve opening determined the steam
pressure at the inlet.
4. The pressure was fixed at 5 psig and the inlet and outlet water temperature were recorded.
Also the amount of water and condensate collected for a known interval of time was noted.
Keeping the steam pressure fixed, readings were obtained for different water flow rates.
5. Step 4 was repeated for different steam pressures. (10 and 15 psig)
Observed Data

Table 01: Observed data for the study of double pipe heat exchanger

Steam No of obs. Water temperature (C) Water Condensate

pressure Inlet(T1, C) Outlet (T2, Weight Time (Sec) Weight Time (Sec)
(Psig) C) (kg) (Kg)
1 31 57 10 102 0.21 30.00

2 32 48 10 40 0.31 30.28

3 32 45 10 30.19 0.47 29.90

5
4 31 43 10 22.05 0.66 30.00

5 31 42 10 18.5 0.71 30.00

1 31 60 10 120.00 0.30 40.00

2 31 47 10 38.50 0.39 40.00

3 31 42 10 24.70 0.49 40.00

10
4 31 41 10 18.00 0.69 40.00

1 32 54 10 62.00 0.27 30.00

2 31 52 10 42.40 0.45 30.20

3 31 45 10 21.80 0.50 30.50

15
4 31 43 10 19.04 0.52 30.30
 Calculated Data
Length of the pipe, L= 7 ft 4 inch = 7.33 ft. = 2.234184 m.

Outer diameter of the pipe, Do=1.315 inch. = 0.0334 m. [J. P. Holman. (1997) Heat Transfer. McGraw
Hill. 10th Ed. Table A-11 pp 612]

Outside surface area, Ao = DoL = 0.2344 m2.

Table 02: Calculated data of mass flow rate, rate of heat transfer, mean rate of heat flow for water and
condensate, log mean temperature difference and experimental overall heat transfer coefficient

Steam Ob Saturati Laten Mass Mass Heat Heat Mean Percent Log Experime
press ser on t heat flow flow given taken up rate of heat mean ntal
ure vat temper of rate of rate of up by by water heat loss temperat overall
(Psig) ion ature of cond condens water steam Qw (W) flow, (%) ure heat
No steam ensat ate (Kg/s) Qc(W) Qm differenc transfer
(C) ion, (Kg/s) e, Tlm co-
106(J efficient,
/Kg) UOE
(W/m2C
)
1 0.007 0.1 15680 10868 30.69 63.09 897.60
13274
2 0.01 0.25 22400 16720 19560 25.36 67.67 1233.15

3 0.02 0.33 44800 17932 31366 60.00 69.28 1931.50

4 0.022 0.45 49280 22572 35926 54.20 70.81 2164.50

5 5 107.98 2.24 0.024 0.54 53760 24829 39295 53.82 71.34 2349.88

1 0.008 0.08 17760 9698 13729 45.39 68.30 857.55

2 0.01 0.26 22200 17389 19795 21.67 75.54 1117.95

 3 0.012 0.40 26640 18392 22516 30.96 78.19 1228.52

4 0.017 0.56 37740 23408 30574 37.98 71.08 1835.05

10 114.82 2.22

1 0.009 0.16 19800 14714 17257 25.69 76.98 956.38

2 0.015 0.24 33000 21067 27034 36.16 70.71 1631.07

3 0.016 0.46 35200 26919 31060 23.53 82.31 1609.87

15 4 120.51 2.20 0.017 0.53 37400 26585 31993 28.92 83.37 1637.15

Table 03: Calculated data of Reynolds number, Prandtl number, water side heat transfer coefficient and
Nusselt number

Steam Observation Tube wall Velocity, v Reynolds Prandtl Water side Nusselt
pressure no. temperature (m/s) number, number, heat number,
(psig) on steam Re Pr transfer Nu

side, Tw coefficient,
hi
(oC)
(W/m2.K)

5 1 75.99 0.182000182 7792.207792 4.036395604 1137.915 47.51734

2 73.99 0.454266287 18461.53846 4.286097946 2300.069 96.65378
3 73.24 0.599087753 23641.79104 4.431980983 2825.771 119.1212
4 72.49 0.816773256 31764.70588 4.512432432 3588.984 151.7758
5 72.24 0.980029183 38117.64706 4.519617834 4148.161 175.7024
10 1 80.16 0.14564428 6564.102564 3.815296875 978.1724 40.65529
2 76.91 0.472008532 18626.86567 4.431980983 2335.095 98.43663
3 75.66 0.725947543 28235.29412 4.512432432 3266.25 138.1276
4 75.41 1.01632656 39529.41176 4.519617834 4270.621 180.8893
15 1 81.755 0.291200291 12387.09677 4.075401575 1648.854 69.07012
2 81.005 0.436359669 18000 4.213501577 2244.707 94.17855
3 79.255 0.835092019 32955.22388 4.431980983 3685.803 155.3761
4 78.755 0.96197739 37411.76471 4.512432432 4090.931 173.0028
Table 04: Water properties at mean temperature

Steam Observation Mean Mean Mean Mean Mean Latent heat of

pressure no temperature, dynamic density, vaporization
specific thermal heat
(psig) viscosity, at steam
heat
Tm (0C) m conductivity,
capacity, pressure, S
3
km
(Kg/m )
(W/m2.K) (J/Kg)
(Kg/m.s) Cp,m

(J/Kg.K)
5 1 44 0.000616 990 4174 0.637 2240000
2 40 0.00065 991.6 4174 0.633
3 38.5 0.00067 992.5 4174 0.631
4 37 0.00068 992.7 4174 0.629
5 36.5 0.00068 992.8 4174 0.628
10 1 45.5 0.000585 989.7 4174 0.64 2220000

2 39 0.00067 992.5 4174 0.631

3 36.5 0.00068 992.8 4174 0.629
4 36 0.00068 992.8 4174 0.628
15 1 43 0.00062 990 4174 0.635 2200000

2 41.5 0.00064 991 4174 0.634

3 38 0.00067 992.5 4174 0.631
4 37 0.00068 992.7 4174 0.629
Table 05: Calculated data of steam side heat transfer coefficient, theoretical overall heat transfer
coefficient and dirt factor

Steam Observation Steam side heat Theoretical Dirt

pressure no. transfer factor, Rd
Overall heat
1
(psig) coefficient, ho transfer ().8 (m2.K/W)
(W/m2.K) coefficient,

UOT (W/m2.K)
5 1 8806.34 821.6858 0.001114 0.001217 3.907892 0.0001

2 8629.053 1511.028 0.000811 0.000662 1.879973

3 8566.296 1782.247 0.000518 0.000561 1.506634
4 8511.617 2139.744 0.000462 0.000467 1.17576
5 8437.498 2374.077 0.000426 0.000421 1.016269
10 1 8733.799 715.2278 0.001166 0.001398 4.67052 0.0001
2 8490.902 1525.557 0.000894 0.000655 1.823224
3 8390.69 1985.671 0.000814 0.000504 1.29204
4 8377.351 2419.038 0.000545 0.000413 0.987128
15 1 8552.919 1138.38 0.001046 0.000878 2.68316 0.0
2 8487.165 1476.663 0.000613 0.000677 1.941442
3 8374.039 2173.508 0.000621 0.00046 1.155081
4 8343.17 2343.068 0.000611 0.000427 1.031497
Table 06: Water properties at film temperature

Steam pressure Observation no Film Dynamic Density, f Thermal heat

psig temperature, viscosity, (Kg/m3) conductivity, kf
Tf (oC) (W/m2.K)

104 (Kg/m.s)
5 1 84 0.00034 968 0.674
2 82.50 0.000347 970 0.673
3 81.93 0.00035 970.6 0.673
4 81.37 0.00035 970.7 0.672
5 81.15 0.00036 970.8 0.672
10 1 88.83 0.000323 966 0.676
2 86.39 0.00033 967.3 0.675
3 85.45 0.000334 968 0.674
4 85.26 0.000334 968 0.674
15 1 91.45 0.000312 965 0.677
2 90.88 0.000316 965.5 0.677
3 89.57 0.000318 965.7 0.676
4 89.20 0.000319 965.9 0.676
Graphical Representation

1) Plot of Nusselt Number (Nu) versus Reynolds Number (Re) on a logarithmic scale

Nusselt number vs Reynolds Number (For 5 psig steam pressure)

1000

y = 0.0045x + 14.295
R = 0.9997

100

10
10000 100000
Reynolds Number , Re

Figure 02: Graph of Nusselt number, Nu vs Reynolds number, Re for 5 psig steam pressure
 Page |

Nusselt Number vs Reynolds Number (For 10 psig steam pressure)

1000

y = 0.0045x + 11.894
R = 1
100

10
1000 10000 100000
Reynolds number, Re

Figure 03: Graph of Nusselt number, Nu vs Reynolds number, Re for 10 psig steam
pressure
 Nusselt number vs Reynolds number (For 15 psig steam pressure)

1000

y = 0.0043x + 17.674
R = 0.9998
100

10
10000 100000
Reynolds number, Re

Figure 04: Graph of Nusselt number, Nu vs Reynolds number, Re for 15 psig steam pressure
2) Plot of water side heat transfer coefficient (hi) versus velocity (v) on logarithmic scale

Water side heat transfer coefficient vs velocity (For 5 psig steam pressure)

10000

y = 3658.4x + 548.14
R = 0.9982

1000
0.1 1
Velocity, v (m/s)

Figure 05: Graph of water side heat transfer coefficient, hi (W/m2.K) vs velocity, v (m/s) for 5 psig steam
pressure
 Water side heat transfer coefficient vs velocity (For 10 psig steam pressure)

10000

y = 3655.8x + 598.68
R = 0.9954

1000
0.1 1
Velocity, v (m/s)

Figure 06: Graph of water side heat transfer coefficient, hi (W/m2.K) vs velocity, v (m/s) for 10 psig steam
pressure
 Water side heat transfer coefficient vs velocity (For 15 psig steam pressure)

10000

y = 3534.8x + 675.52
R = 0.9995

1000
0.1 1
Velocity, v (m/s)

Figure 07: Graph of water side heat transfer coefficient, hi (W/m2.K) vs velocity, v (m/s) for 15 psig steam
pressure
3) Wilson plot i.e. ( ) versus

(1 /U) versus ( 1/v ) 0.8

( For 5 psig steam pressure )
0.0012

0.001
y = 0.0002x + 0.0003

0.0008

y = 0.0003x + 0.0002

0.0006
Theoretical
Experimental
0.0004

0.0002

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5
(1/v) 0.8 (m/s) 0.8

Figure 08: Graph of inverse of overall heat transfer coefficient, 1/U (m2.K/W) vs (1/v) 0.8 (m/s) 0.8 for 5
psig steam pressure
 (1 /U) versus ( 1/v ) 0.8
( For 10 psig steam pressure )

0.0012

0.001

y = 0.0002x + 0.0003
0.0008

y = 0.0003x + 0.0002
0.0006 Theoretical
Experimental

0.0004

0.0002

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5 3 3.5 4
(1/v)0.8 (m/s) 0.8

Figure 09: Graph of inverse of overall heat transfer coefficient, 1/U (m2.K/W) vs (1/v) 0.8 (m/s) 0.8 for 10
psig steam pressure
 (1 /U) versus ( 1/v ) 0.8
( For 10 psig steam pressure )
0.001

0.0009

0.0008 y = 0.0004x + 0.0002

0.0007

0.0006

0.0005 y = 0.0003x + 0.0002

Theoretical

0.0004
Experimental

0.0003

0.0002

0.0001

0
0 0.5 1 1.5 2 2.5
(1/v)0.8 (m/s) 0.8

Figure 10: Graph of inverse of overall heat transfer coefficient, 1/U (m2.K/W) vs (1/v) 0.8 (m/s) 0.8 for 15
psig steam pressure
Sample Calculation
For observation no 01 of 5 psig steam pressure,

Calculation of rate of heat taken up by water, QW, rate of heat given up by steam, Qc and mean rate of
heat flow, Qm

Water inlet temperature, T1 = 31 0C

Water outlet temperature, T2 = 570C

Temperature difference, T2-T1 = (57-31)0C = 260C = 26 K

31+57
Mean temperature, Tm =( ) C
2
= 44 0C

At, 440C,

Specific Heat of capacity, Cp,m = 4174 J.Kg-1K-1

[Reference: [J. P. Holman. (1997) Heat Transfer. McGraw Hill. 10th Ed. Table A.9 pp 609]

Density of water, m = 990 Kg/m3

[Reference: [J. P. Holman. (1997) Heat Transfer. McGraw Hill. 10th Ed. Table A.9 pp 609]

Thermal conductivity, km = 0.637 W/m.k

[Reference: [J. P. Holman. (1997) Heat Transfer. McGraw Hill. 10th Ed. Table A.9 pp 609]

Collected volume of water = 10 L

Time of collection = 102 sec

.013 990
Mass flow rate of water, Mw = = 0.1 Kg/sec
102
Collected mass of condensate = 0.21 Kg

Time of collection = 30 sec

.21
Mass flow rate of condensate, Mc = = 0.007 Kg/sec
30
 Rate of heat taken up by water, Q W = M W CP (T2-T1)

= 0.1 Kg/sec 4174 J.Kg-1K-1 26 K

= 10868 W

At 5 psig steam pressure,

Saturation temperature of steam, TS = 107.98 0C

Latent heat of vaporization, S = 2240000 Jkg-1

Rate of heat given up by steam, Q C = M CS

= 0.007 Kg/sec 2240000 Jkg-1

= 15680 W

Mean rate of heat flow,

= 13274 W
Calculation of experimental overall heat transfer coefficient, UOE

Temperature difference at inlet, T1 = TS T1 = (107.98-31) 0C = 76.98 0C

Temperature difference at outlet, T2 = TS T2 = (107.98-57) 0C = 50.98 0C

Logarithmic mean temperature difference,

= 63.090C

For, Nominal Diameter = 1 inch and Schedule No. 40

Outer diameter of pipe, DO = 1.32 inch

0.0334 m

Inner diameter of pipe, Di = 1.049 inch

m
[Reference: Kern, Donald Q., Process Heat Transfer, Tata McGraw Hill Edition, pg-844, Table 11]

Length of pipe, L = 7 ft 4inch

) ft = 7.33 ft

2.234 m

Outer area available for heat transfer, AO = DOL

= 3.14 0.0334 m 2.234 m

= 0.23532 m2

Experimental overall heat transfer coefficient, UOE

13274
=
63.09 0.23532 2

=897.6 W.m-2.K-1
Calculation of velocity (v), Reynolds number (Re) and Prandtl Number (Pr)

Tube wall temperature on steam side, TW

107.98+44
( )C = 75.990C
2

Area available for heat transfer,

= 0.000555 m2

Velocity, v =

0.1
= m/s
990.000555

= 0.182 m/s

Reynolds Number, Re =

.02660.182990
=
6.1610^(4)

= 7792.208
Prandtl Number, Pr =

6.1610^(4)4174
= = 4.04
0.637

Calculation of water side heat transfer coefficient (hi) and Nusselt Number (Nu)

For turbulent flow, according to Dittus-Boelter equation

hi
1
.023.637(4.04)^( )
3
= = 1137.915 Wm-2K-1
.0266

Nusselt Number, Nu =

1137.915.0266
= = 47.52
0.637

Calculation of steam side heat transfer coefficient (hO) and theoretical overall heat transfer
coefficient (UOT)

Film temperature, Tf = TS 0.75(TS-TW)

= 107.98-(0.75 (107.98-75.99))0C = 84 0C

At 84 0C,

Density of water, f = 968 Kg/m3

Viscosity of water, f = 0.00034 Kg.m-1s-1

Thermal conductivity, kf = 0.674 W/m.k Nusselt

for film type condensation,

 0.6743 9689.812240000 0.25
=0.725( )
.0266(107.9875.99)

= 8806.34 Wm-2K-1

Theoretical overall heat transfer coefficient, UOT

= 821.6858 W/m2K

Calculation of dirt factor, Rd

From the graph of Wilson plot i.e. 1/U vs (1/v) 0.8 , for 5 psig steam pressure

The intercept for dirty tube (experimental overall heat transfer coefficient) = m2K/W

The intercept for clean tube (theoretical overall heat transfer coefficient) = m2K/W

Dirt factor, Rd = (-) = m2K/W

Determination of applicability of Dittus-Boelter equation

1. For 5 psig steam pressure,

Slope of NNu vs NRe

1418.043
ln
Slope of hi vs v =

2. For 10 psig steam pressure,

Slope of NNu vs NRe

Slope of hi vs v =
0..7476

3. For 15 psig steam pressure,

Slope of NNu vs NRe straight line =

Slope of hi vs v =
0..6477

Error calculation )100%

) 100%

= 6.79%

Result
Table 07: Tabulated result of experimental and overall heat transfer coefficient, percentage of error and
dirt factor
 Steam Observation Experimental Theoretical Percentage Dirt factor,
pressure no. of error
Overall heat Overall heat Rd
(psig) transfer transfer (%) (m2.K/W)
coefficient, coefficient,

UOE UOT
(W/m2.K) (W/m2.K)

5 1 897.6 0.001
821.6858 9.23883
2 1233.15 1511.028 18.38999
3 1931.5 1782.247 8.3744
4 2164.5 2139.744 1.15698
5 2349.88 2374.077 1.019217
10 1 857.55 0.001
715.2278 19.8989
2 1117.95 1525.557 26.71857
3 1228.52 1985.671 38.13075
4 1835.05 2419.038 24.14134
15 1 956.38 0.0
1138.38 15.98763
2 1631.07 1476.663 10.4565
3 1609.87 2173.508 25.93217
4 1637.15 2343.068 30.12793

Discussion
Plot of Nusselt number vs. Reynolds number
Figure 02, 03 and 04 showed the relationship between Nusselt number and Reynolds number for
the experiment. Theoretically we know from the Dittus-Boelter equation

hi

Or, = 0.023(Re)0.8(Pr)1/3

Or, Nu = 0.023(Re)0.8(Pr)1/3

Taking logarithm in both side,

log(Nu) = log(0.023(Pr)1/3) + 0.8log(Re)..(1)

The final equation is in the form of y= mx+c, which is a straight line with a slope, m=0.8. This
means if Nusselt number is plotted against Reynolds number on a logarithmic plot, it will give a
straight line and the slope will be 0.8.

From figure 02, 03 and 04, it is seen that the graphical representation is identical with theoretical
relationship between Nu and Re. The slope of the graphs for 5, 10 and 15 psig was determined to
be 0.85, 0.834 and 0.83 which were quite satisfactory.

Plot of water side heat transfer coefficient vs. velocity Again

from Dittus-Boelter equation, it can be seen that

hi

Or, hi

Or, hi

Taking logarithm in both side,

log(hi) = log0.023 + 0.8log(v)..(2)

Which again gives a straight line with a slope of 0.8.

Figure 05, 06 and 07 represents the linear relationship between water side heat transfer
coefficient, hi and velocity, v for the experiment. The slope of the graphs for 5, 10 and 15 psig
was determined to be 0.75, 0.73 and 0.75 which were quite concordant with theoretical value.
For this experiment, Wilson plot was drawn in figure 08, 09 and 10.

For determining film coefficients, Wilson proposed a method of calculation. It is based on the
fact that the overall resistance, (1/UA) is equal to the sum of individual resistance

1/UA = Rc + Rw+ Rd+ RL

Where,

Rc = Condensate resistance

Rw = Wall resistance

Rd = scale or dirt residence

RL = liquid side resistance

For turbulent flow, liquid side resistance is a function of velocity such that

RL = 1/C2v0.8

1/UA = Rc + Rw+ Rd+ 1/C2v0.8..(3)

According to the above equation, a plot of 1/U as a function of (1/v)0.8 on a rectangular plot
gives an intercept of (Rc + Rw+ Rd ). For clean tube Rd =0. For dirty tube, the intercept will now
include a dirt or scale resistance that can be found from the difference of the magnitude of the
intercepts.

This concept was utilized in order to draw a Wilson plot for the conducted experiment. The
graphical representation was identical with theoretical fact. In our experiment the theoretical line
was found below the experimental line. The graphical representation for 5, 10 and 15 psig steam
pressure disclosed the dirt factor to be 0.001 0.001 and zero m2.K/W.

Comment on result

1. In accordance with the fact that all heat lost in a system is gained elsewhere, the amount of
heat given up by steam, Qc should have been equal to the amount of heat taken up by water,
Qw for the experiment. But in the experiment it was seen that, in all cases, Qc>Qw. During our
calculation, frictional loss in the exchanger was ignored. Moreover, some heat was lost due to
the surrounding atmosphere.
2. In this experiment, the values of theoretical overall heat transfer coefficient, UOT were found to
be higher than the experimental values, UOE. In calculating theoretical values, the resistance
due to the formation of scale or dirt was not taken into consideration. Hence, Fouling or other
factors were left from the calculation. In reality, the performance and efficiency of any heat
exchanger are subject to these factors.
3. The time was measured manually using a stop watch. It may contribute to obtaining error in
the calculation.

4. For better result, the experiment can be conducted for a wide range of water velocities.

Apart from the factors mentioned above, other factors may also alter the actual value that could be
achieved. For example- not being careful during the experiment might be a good reason for this.

Although there were some discrepancies between theoretical and experimental result, it can be
concluded that the main aim of the experiment was successfully achieved.
 Marking Scheme
Report on
Study of Heat Transfer Coefficient in a Double Pipe Heat Exchanger

Name: Mesbah Ahmad

Student number: 1202001

Section and % marks allocated Marks

Summary (10%)

Experimental set up (20%)

Observed data (5%)

Calculated data (10%)

Sample calculation (20%)

Result and discussion (20%)

Quality of tables and figures (10%)

Overall presentation (5%)

Total (100%)