BAB I

PRELIMINARY
1. Background
Hydrogen is the most abundant element with a percentage of about 75% of the total
elemental mass of the universe. Hydrogen will become the energy supplier for the main power
plant with a fuel cell, a fuel engine vehicles, and the use of other. This is due to the nature of
Hydrogen is environmentally friendly and easy to be converted into an energy source. The use of
hydrogen as a fuel is not the greenhouse effect, acid rain, and damage to the ozone layer so as not
to damage the environment. vehicle with Hydrogen fuel cell technology is considered to have
efficiency three times higher compared engined vehicle that uses gasoline.
Hydrogen is the simplest element. Each hydrogen atom has only one proton. It is also the
largest gas in the universe. The stars, like the sun, are the main constituents of hydrogen.
Hydrogen gas is much lighter than air so it rises quickly and out of the atmosphere. This is why
hydrogen as a gas (H2) is not found on earth by itself, but is found only in the form of
compounds with other elements. Hydrogen when combined with oxygen will produce water
(H2O), whereas if combined with carbon will form other compounds such as methane (CH 4),
coal, and petroleum. Hydrogen is also found in everything that "grows", such as biomass.
Hydrogen can be produced from a variety of resources (water, fossil fuels, or biomass) and is
a by-product of other chemical processes. Hydrogen has the highest energy content compared to
other common fuels by weight (about three times as much as gasoline), but the lowest energy
content by volume (about four times less than gasoline). Hydrogen is also referred to as a clean
energy carrier because its combustion only produces water as its by-product according to the
following reaction equation:

Hydrogen is projected By many countries will be the fuel of a more hospitable future
Environment and more efficient. Where the energy supply is very clean Because it only produces
water vapor as emissions during the process. Hydrogen power mainly in the form of hydrogen
fuel cells (hydrogen fuel cells) Promising unlimited fuel use and no pollution, so Causing the
interest of many of the world's leading energy companies, the industry Automotive and
government. This fuel cell technology with so much The promised benefits give rise to the idea
of "hydrogen economy" where Hydrogen is used as the primary form of energy developed.
Hydrogen has three natural isotopes, characterized by H1, H2, and H3. Other unstable isotopes
(H4 to H7) have also been synthesized in the laboratory but have never been found naturally.
Throughout the universe, hydrogen is mostly found in atomic and plasma states that are different
from hydrogen molecules. As plasma, hydrogen and proton electrons are bonded together,
resulting in very high electrical conductivity and high transmit power (producing light from the
Sun and other stars). The charged particles are influenced by magnetic fields and electric fields.
For example, in the solar wind, these particles interact with Earth's magnetosphere and result in
Birkeland currents and Aurora phenomena. Hydrogen is found in a neutral atomic state in the
interstellar medium. A large number of neutral hydrogen atoms found in the muffled Lyman-
alpha system are thought to dominate the barionic density of the universe up to a redshift of z =
4.

BAB II

1
 CONTENT
2.1 Hydrogen
Hydrogen (Latin: hydrogenium, from Greek: hydro: water, genes: Form) is a chemical
element in the periodic table that has the symbol H and Atomic number 1. At standard
temperature and pressure, hydrogen is colorless, odorless, Non-metallic, single-valent, and very
diatomic gas flammable. With an atomic mass of 1.00794 amu, hydrogen is the lightest element
in world.
Hydrogen is also the most abundant element with a percentage of approximately 75% of
The total mass of the elements of the universe. Most stars are formed by deep hydrogen Plasma
state. Hydrogen compounds are relatively rare and rarely encountered naturally in Earth, and
usually produced industrially from various hydrocarbon compounds Like methane. Hydrogen
can also be produced from water through an electrolysis process, But this process is
commercially more expensive than the production of hydrogen from the gas natural.
The most common hydrogen isotope in nature is the protium, the nucleus The atom has
only a single proton and without neutrons. Ionic compounds Hydrogen may be positively
charged (cation) or negative (anion). Hydrogen can Forming compounds with most elements and
can be found in water and Organic compounds. Hydrogen is very important in the acid-base
reaction Where many of these reactions involve the exchange of protons between dissolved
molecules. By Because hydrogen is the only neutral atom of the equation Schrdingernya can be
resolved analytically, studies on energetics and bonds Hydrogen atoms play a very important role
in the development of mechanics quantum.
Hydrogen gas is highly flammable and will burn at concentrations as low as 4% H 2 in
free air. The combustion enthalpy of hydrogen is -286 kJ / mol. Hydrogen Burns according to the
chemical equation:
2 H2(g) + O2(g) 2 H2O(l) + 572 kJ (286 kJ/mol)
When mixed with oxygen in various comparisons, hydrogen explodes Is instantly ignited by fire
and will explode itself at 560 C. Tongue Fire burning pure hydrogen-oxygen emits ultraviolet
waves And barely visible to the naked eye. Therefore, it is very difficult Detects visible leakage
of hydrogen. The case of an explosion of aircraft Hindenburg is one of the famous examples of
hydrogen combustion. Another characteristic of hydrogen fire is that flame tends to disappear
Quickly in the air, so the damage caused by hydrogen explosion is lighter than Explosion of
hydrocarbons. In the case of the Hidenburg accident, two thirds of the Passenger plane survived
and most cases died caused by The burning of diesel fuel leaking.
Hydrogen is the most abundant element in the universe with a percentage 75% of the
barion is based on mass and more than 90% based on the number of atoms. This element is found
in great abundance in stars and planetplanet Gas giant. Molecular clouds of H2 are associated
with formation star. Hydrogen plays an important role in energizing star through Proton-proton
reaction and nuclear fusion CNO cycle.
Throughout the universe, hydrogen is mostly found in atomic state And plasmas that are
different from hydrogen molecules. As a plasma, Hydrogen electrons and protons are bonded
together, and produce conductivity Very high electrical and high transmit power (generating light
from Sun and other stars). The charged particles are affected by the magnetic field And electric
fields. For example, in the solar wind, these particles Interacting with Earth's magnetosphere and

2
resulting in Birkeland's current and Aurora phenomena. Hydrogen is found in a neutral atomic
state in the medium Interstellar. A large number of neutral hydrogen atoms found in the Lyman-
Alpha muffled predicted to dominate the barionical encounter of the universe until With redshift
z = 4.
Under normal conditions on earth, the hydrogen element is in a state of diatomic gas, H 2.
However, hydrogen gas is very rare in Earth's atmosphere (1 ppm based Volume) due to the light
weight that causes the hydrogen gas to escape from Earth's gravity. However, hydrogen is still
the most element Abundant on the surface of this earth. Most of the earth's hydrogen is in a state
Compound with other elements such as hydrocarbons and water. Hydrogen gas is produced By
some types of bacteria and algae.
2.2 Physical Properties and Chemical Properties of Hydrogen
Hydrogen is highly soluble in various compounds consisting of nadir and transition metal
and can be dissolved in both crystalline and amorphous metals. The solubility of hydrogen in the
metal is caused by local distortions or impurities in the lattice metal crystal. Hydrogen gas is
highly flammable and will burn at concentrations as low as 4% H 2 in free air. The combustion
enthalpy of hydrogen is -286 kJ / mol. When mixed with oxygen in various comparisons, the
hydrogen explodes is instantly ignited by fire and will explode itself at a temperature of 560 C.
Flame-burning fires of pure hydrogen-oxygen emit ultraviolet waves and are barely visible to the
naked eye. Another characteristic of hydrogen fire is that flames tend to disappear rapidly in the
air, so the damage caused by hydrogen explosions is lighter than hydrocarbon explosions.
2.3 Formation of Hydrogen
Hydrogen may form compounds with more electronegative elements such as halogens (F,
Cl, Br, I); In this compound hydrogen has a positive partial charge. When binding to fluorine,
oxygen or nitrogen, hydrogen can participate in the form of strong non-covalent bonds, called
hydrogen bonds that are essential for maintaining the stability of most biological molecules.
Hydrogen also forms compounds with less electronegative elements such as metals and
metaloids, in which hydrogen has a negative partial charge. This compound is known by the
name of hydride.
Hydrogen can be made or obtained by reacting metals with strong acids which can be
either H2SO and the aluminum metal reacted with strong bases such as NaOH. done using NaOH
and waste aluminum foil, in which NaOH acts as a catalyst that accelerates the reaction.
Aluminum is a metal that gray white (silver), which melts at 659 oC, and when exposed to air
will oxidized surface.
Some ways you can do to make them with hydrogen gas using water electrolysis method was the
use of electric current to decompose water into its constituent elements, namely H 2 and O2. The
hydrogen gas appears at the poles negative or cathode and oxygen gather at the positive pole or
anode. Hydrogen resulting from the process water electrolisa potentially produce zero emission,
when electricity used resulting from pollution-free electricity generators such as wind energy or
solar thermal. However, in terms of energy consumption, this method requires energy big enough
electricity.
Here are some methods and Discussion in the process of producing hydrogen:
a. Steam reforming
CH4(g) + H2O(g) CO(g) + 3H2(g) + energy

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 Steam reforming involves the combustion process of natural gas to obtain hydrogen.
Hydrogen can be produced by factories whose primary energy is still Using fossil fuels (oil,
gas or coal). But CO2 Combustion products in the hydrogen fuel cell provider industry as in
some factories The United States and the EU use the underground reservoir with Inject CO 2
into the pores of the rock. CO2 handling is considered more Environmentally friendly than
combustion in transport machinery disposed of Free in the air.
So that should be considered is where there are factories This hydrogen producer, then there
is the handling of CO2 from combustion. In case of reservoir leakage, it will be the same
effect as removing CO2 waste in the wild. This is where the risk of using hydrogen in the
aspect environment. It should always be remembered that hydrogen remains only functioning
as "Energy distributor" (energy carrier) such as electrical energy transmitted through cable.
b. Carbon Monoxide (Water Shift Gas Reaction)
CO(g) + H2O(g) CO2(g) + H2 + energy

In this process, the oxygen from the water molecule is distripping (stripped) and then in
binding Forming a carbon dioxide molecule, and releasing hydrogen.

c. Electrolysis of water
2H2O(aq) 2H2(g) + O2(g)
Hydrogen can be obtained from the hydrolysis process of water. However, due to electrical
energy Required during the course of the process, very little hydrogen is produced Using this
method is only about 4%.
Production of hydrogen with high temperature H2O electrolysis (High Temperature
Electrolysis) is a new method and is in the process of development. This method is carried
out to improve the efficiency of H 2O electrolysis. When the temperature Electrolysis of H 2O
about 900 oC, then the total efficiency of hydrogen production can reach 55%.
2.4 Use of hydrogen
Hydrogen is required in large quantities in petroleum, chemical and food processing
industries. Hydrogen is commonly used as a metal reducing agent and halogenating agent
commonly applied to these industries. NASA (National Aeronautics and Space Administration) is
the primary user of hydrogen as an energy fuel for many years in their space program. Liquid
hydrogen fuel lifts the NASA shuttle into orbit. A hydrogen battery, called a fuel cell, is the
power of the plane's electrical system with pure water by-products used as drinking water by the
crew.

4
in a simple process can be seen in Figure above:
Hydrogen (which is accommodated in a special tube) is passed through Anode, and oxygen /
air flowing at the cathode.
At the anode with the help of a platinum catalyst Pt hydrogen is broken down into Positively
charged (ion / proton), and negative (electrons).
The membrane in the middle of the cathode-anode then only serves to drain Proton across to
the cathode.
The protons that arrive at the cathode react with air and produce water.
The pile of electrons in the anode will be the same unidirectional electrical energy turn on the
lights.
Hydrogen fuel cells generate electricity very efficiently, but are expensive to build. A small
fuel cell can drive an electric car and a large one can provide electricity in remote places that do
not have access to electricity. Because of its high cost, these fuel cells are not yet widely used,
only used in certain places for emergencies such as for hospital purposes. Portable fuel cells have
gone on sale to add power to laptop computers, mobile phones and military applications.
Hydrogen can be used in internal combustion engines as an additive to hydrocarbon fuels
especially natural gas. One commercially available gas mixture known as Hythane (hydrogen +
methane) contains 20% hydrogen and 80% natural gas. At this ratio, no modifications are
required for natural gas engines, and studies show reduced emissions by more than 20%.
More than 90% of the circulating hydrogen gas is currently produced through a process called
steam reforming that reacts steam with fossil fuels such as methane (natural gas) at high
temperatures (700-1000 C). Carbon dioxide which is a greenhouse gas is released into the
atmosphere during this process. Therefore, researchers are constantly trying to develop other
methods using renewable sources, such as using water or urine via electrolysis, biomass and
waste via fermentation, enzymatic reactions or electrohydrogenesis (electrolysis using microbes).
Hydrogen becomes one of the clean energy alternatives if produced from renewable sources, as
does wind power and solar radiation.

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 BAB III
COVER
3.1 Conclusion
Hydrogen is one of the carrier energy (energy carrier). The carrier of energy draws energy
in a usable form from one place to another. Electricity is the best known energy carrier. We use
electricity to move energy in coal, uranium, and other energy sources from power plants to
homes and businesses. We also use electricity to move energy in the water that flows from the
dam to the consumer. For various energy needs, it is much easier to use electricity than to use the
energy source directly.
Hydrogen is very potential as a fuel energy that supports creation A clean environment
and also reduce the dependence of importing sources energy. Before energy plays a big role and
becomes a lot of alternatives Facilities and systems to be prepared, such as facilities to produce
Hydrogen, storage and removal. Consumers will need materials Fuel economy, technology and
knowledge in the use of this fuel Safely.
Hydrogen becomes one of the clean energy alternatives if produced from renewable
sources, as does wind power and solar radiation.
3.2 Suggestion
I hope the hydrogen element can be used properly. And the hydrogen element becomes an
environmentally friendly source of energy. And hydrogen elements that form compounds with
other elements, so that this hydrogen can also be harmful if the incorporation of hydrogen with
other elements is not put to good use. For the readers of this paper, the knowledge that can be
taken for our lives in the future.

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 Bibliography

Herring S. 2004. High Temperature Electrolysis. Idaho National

Engineering and
Environmental Laboratory, Gaithersburg .

http://id.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hidrogen

http://kamase.org/2007/09/04/mempersiapkan-si-energi-bersih-
hidrogen/

Young, Stuart A. 1991. Apparatus and Method For Generating

Hydrogen and
Oxygen By Electrolytic Dissociation of Water. United
States Patent. Patent Number 5037518