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Thermography Basics
A primer or first course in infrared thermography
Slide 2
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Slide 3 Course Objectives Here is what you will learn in this course:
Learn about infrared radiation Learn how to obtain quality
and how it relates to other
forms of electromagnetic
images through proper
focusing, composition, and
Learn about infrared radiation and how it
energy, like light
Be aware of how material
thermal tuning.
Examine the common
relates to other forms of electromagnetic
properties, like emissivity and
reflectivity, influence the image
applications for thermography
in buildings, electrical, and
energy, like light.
an infrared camera produces,
and how a thermographer
mechanical systems
Understand the importance of
Be aware of how material properties, like
interprets it
Grasp the significant and
target size and distance, when
making thermal measurements emissivity and reflectivity, influence the
important role of heat transfer
in producing surface
Quiz at conclusion to test your
knowledge image an infrared camera produces, and
temperature patterns
how a thermographer interprets it.
Grasp the significant and important role of
heat transfer in producing surface
2009-01-30 Thermography Basics, 2009 Infrared Training Center 3
temperature patterns.
Learn how to obtain quality images through
proper focusing, composition, and thermal
tuning.
Examine the common applications for
thermography in buildings, electrical, and
mechanical systems.
Understand the importance of target size
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Introduction
and distance, when making thermal
measurements.
Slide 4
End of Lesson
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Getting Good Images
Slide 1 This lesson will focus on adjusting the
image so you can store a good one for
Thermography Basics analysis and reporting.
Getting Good Images
Image composition
2009-01-30 Thermography Basics, 2009 Infrared Training Center 3
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Getting Good Images
Slide 4 Capturing an Image
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Getting Good Images
Slide 7 Distance and Size Effects Infrared cameras have optical
characteristics similar to other optical
devices like digital photo cameras,
camcorders, and telescopes.
Slide 8 Using the Spot Tool While we can see hot spots at fairly long
distances, we can't always measure their
temperature accurately.
To demonstrate, lets take a look at this cup.
The cup is filled with hot water and both of
these spots are at the same temperature.
If we place the spot tool on the large spot
we find its reading is 149 F.
Slide 9 Target too Small Now we have the spot on the small circle.
Note that the reading is 80 F. Both spots
are made of the same materials and have
the same true temperature, so what gives?
2-3
Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Getting Good Images
Slide 10 Using the Calibrated Spot Ring Your camera or software may have a zoom
function. This function magnifies the image
Target too small; Measurement
by blowing up pixels but does not provide
Move closer and/or
use telephoto lens
OK
optical enhancement. So how do you know
if you are too far away to measure?
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Getting Good Images
Slide 12 Level and Span The temperature range defines the
maximum to minimum temperature
Temp. Ranges Span/Level Temperature range measurement capability of an infrared
defines maximum and
minimum temperatures camera. Many infrared cameras have
Span is the part
within the temperature several ranges, similar to the ranges in a
Span Level range we see on
screen
volt-ohm meter. If your target has a
Level is the middle
point of the Span
temperature higher or lower than the limits
of your temperature range, temperature
measurement will be impossible. Once an
image is saved, its range is locked and
cannot be changed with software.
2009-01-30 Thermography Basics, 2009 Infrared Training Center 12
Slide 13 Out of Range Example The camera has to be set up with the
correct range to view the object
Out of Range Image temperature correctly. For example, if you
Note > symbol by
temperature
were operating an infrared camera on a
Note saturation colors range of -4 to +320 F, and you captured a
Correctly Ranged
Image thermogram of a subject where the
Note correct
temperature
temperatures of the objects varied between
Note absence of
saturation color
+20 and 900 F, then the hot objects, above
+320 F, would be displayed with a
saturation color, and you wouldn't be able
to tell how hot they were, because the
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Getting Good Images
Slide 14 Span So let's see how this works in an infrared
248F (120C)
camera. Here we have a range setting of -4
F to 248 F. Level and span controls how the
High Window
Setting image looks within the temperature range
setting.
Low Window
Setting
-4F (-20C)
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Level Span
50
0
-6,7C
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Getting Good Images
Slide 17 Importance of Thermal Tuning Without proper thermal tuning, some
anomolies will be missed, especially in
Span:85F
building applications where small variations
Level:74.8 F can be important.
This image has not been thermally tuned
well, and small thermal patterns are hard to
find.
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Getting Good Images
Slide 20 Palette Choice Infrared cameras are usually supplied with a
Personal preferences
number of color palettes for your use.
Characteristics of thermal image There is no right or wrong palette for any
How image is to be used
Company standards particular application; the choice of palette
depends on:
Gray
Personal preferences
Ironbow
Characteristics of the thermal image
Rainbow
Company standards
Slide 21
End of Lesson
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics IR Science
Slide 1 Welcome to an introduction to IR Science
and Thermal Image Interpretation.
Thermography Basics Interpretation lies at the heart of being a
IR Science & Image Interpretation
good thermographer; and understanding
the science helps make the interpretation.
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics IR Science
examples include radio, microwaves and
infrared.
Slide 4 Infrared Image of a Hurricane Weather satellites use visible and infrared
sensors to bring you images of your
weather conditions everyday.
The infrared images have the advantage of
being usable anytime day or night. The
images are polarity reversed, in other words
black is hot and white is cold, so cold cloud
tops look white, contrary to the white hot
mode for images we usually use for
conventional thermal imaging.
Thermography Basics, 2009 Infrared Training Center
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics IR Science
Slide 5 How do We See? To understand how infrared cameras view
the world, its helpful to take a look at how
we see things around us.
Now, we just talked about how white light
is made up of all the colors of the rainbow.
So what actually happens when we see a
blue cup as blue?
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics IR Science
Slide 7 What about Color? The important thing to understand is that
our eyes relay to us only what is happening
in the visible portion of the spectrum, 0.4 to
0.75 m, primarily from reflected radiation.
Objects may look completely different at
different wavelengths. The concepts of
color are meaningless unless you refer to
them in the visible wavelengths. As you can
Colored Tape as we see it And as an IR Camera sees it
see from the infrared image, the different
tape colors all look the same!
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Slide 9 Light Bulb Emission Example So, as an object increases its temperature,
the infrared emissive power increases as
well. Watch the emissive power graph as
the light bulb temperature increases from
40 C or 104 F to 120 C or 248 F. Click the
Turn Me On button to start the heating
process.
Turn Me On
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics IR Science
Slide 10 Light Bulb Emission Example
Continue
Slide 11 Reflection But just like with visible light, objects can
reflect infrared energy as well.
IR Camera
Surroundings Object
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics IR Science
Slide 13 Car Reflections Here is another example of reflection. The
shiny finish on this car is quite reflective in
the infrared.
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics IR Science
Slide 16 Glass is Opaque Standard window glass is opaque to long
wave infrared radiation. Your infrared
camera cannot see through the glass.
However, glass will conduct heat. Note the
conducted heat from the thumb pressing
against the glass.
Slide 17 Emission and Reflection That means for most applications, we need
to just be concerned with emission and
reflection.
IR Camera
Surroundings Object
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics IR Science
Slide 19 RAT Challenge
Find and click on the
Are you ready to take the reflected
source of the Reflected
Apparent Temperature.
apparent temperature challenge? Go
ahead and give it a try!
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics IR Science
Slide 22 Side walls and Floor
Perhaps. Depending on the
Side walls and Floor
angle , we might see some
radiation from the curved
Perhaps. Depending on the angle , we
sides of the pipe. Choose
another surface. might see some radiation from the curved
sides of the pipe.
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics IR Science
Slide 25 Why is Emissivity Important? Emissivity is an important parameter to
enter into your infrared camera if you want
to make temperature or temperature
difference measurements. Lets take a look
at this steel can. We have filled it with hot
water. There are three different surfaces
here, steel, black plastic electrical tape, and
a paper label. All three of these materials
are at the same temperature. Lets take a
look with the infrared camera.
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Slide 26 More about Emissivity Lets learn a little bit more about emissivity.
Here we have a flat aluminum plate, one
side anodized black, and the other side left
shiny. We are heating the plate on a
portable electric range. We have a
thermocouple attached to the left side of
the plate. You can see that the
82 F 230 F
thermocouple reading is 231 F.
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics IR Science
Slide 27 Lets try a Non Contact
Thermometer
A non contact thermometer is also an
infrared reading device and does no better.
Look at the temperature reading on the
shiny aluminum, 84 F
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics IR Science
Slide 30 Emissivity may Vary with Angle Look at the pink marble again. Note how it
seems to get colder at the top of the
thermal image. This variation is due to the
change in emissivity with the angle being
viewed. It is best to view most materials as
close to perpendicular as possible.
Pink marble
Slide 31 Emissivity: Non metals Non metals usually have a fairly high
emissivity.
Usually have fairly high
emissivity Thats a good thing for building
Usually have little
variation between
investigations and many mechanical
specimens applications, as many of the materials you
Usually varies little over
time
would look at fall into this category.
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics IR Science
Slide 32 Emissivity: Metals Metals are the bane of thermographers.
Pure, smooth, un-oxidized metals have very
low emissivity, down to about 0.05
Thick metal oxides can have high emissivity,
Shiny metals, as we saw, have very low
up to about 0.95 emissivities and make it extremely difficult
to make measurements.
The rougher the surface, the The rougher the surface, the higher the
higher the emissivity emissivity
Polished, shiny, and smooth
surfaces have lower emissivity
Sand blasted, sanded, and Polished, shiny, and smooth surfaces have
scratched surfaces have higher
emissivity
lower emissivity
3-13
Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics IR Science
Slide 34 Smooth Porcelain What do you see on the porcelain toilet
bowl?
Foot
Reflections A reflection of some feet! Its a smooth and
polished surface so we do see reflections
quite clearly.
Moisture
too!
Slide 35 Emissivity: Geometry Cavities, and holes will all tend to raise
emissivity, so these are good places to be
able to get a better measurement. But they
Higher emissivity can also confuse the inexperienced
recessed screw
due to cavity
effect
thermographer.
Little
More
reflection at
Here we have moved the camera to a much
reflection
acute angle
more acute angle to the wall.
2009-01-30 Thermography Basics, 2009 Infrared Training Center 36
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Thermography Basics IR Science
Slide 37 Emissivity effects
Slide 38
End of Lesson
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Thermography Basics Heat Transfer
Slide 1 In this lesson, we will cover the basics of
heat transfer. Why is this important? Well,
Thermography Basics your infrared camera actually provides you
Heat Transfer Basics
an image of heat transfer, not temperature!
Once you understand a few things about
heat transfer, the infrared images become
easier to interpret.
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Heat Transfer
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Heat Transfer
Slide 6 Sharpening a Pencil Here is another example of how mechanical
energy is transformed into thermal energy.
The friction and grinding that occurs when
a pencil is sharpened. Here is the before
image.
Slide 7 Electrical Energy to Thermal Energy Anytime electric current flows, heat is
generated by the resistance of the
conducting materials. This can be
dramatically illustrated by a standard
incandescent light bulb. Note how the
thermal emission from the filament and the
glass bulb change after the light is turned
on.
4-3
Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Heat Transfer
Slide 9 Temperature Scales Temperature is measured with
thermometers that may be calibrated to a
variety of temperature scales. Throughout
100 C 212 F
the world, except for the U.S., the Celsius
scale is used for most temperature
100 C Difference 180 F Difference
measuring purposes. The entire scientific
world, the U.S. included, measures
0 C 32 F
temperature using the Celsius scale. The
bulk of the U.S. however, relies upon the
Celsius Fahrenheit Fahrenheit scale.
2009-01-30 Thermography Basics, 2009 Infrared Training Center 9
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Heat Transfer
Slide 11 Basic Modes of Heat Transfer So on to heat transfer . There are three
Convection:
primary ways we can transfer heat from one
Radiation:
Heat travels through
Heat from the stove
causes the water to
object to another.
space as EM radiation circulate
to warm the cat.
4-5
Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Heat Transfer
Slide 13 Radiation Heat Transfer Heat is transferred by emission and
absorption. The net heat transfer is from
the hotter object to the cooler one. As
shown here, the surfaces of the radiator
emit infrared heat radiation, which travels
through the air, and is absorbed by the
hand.
4-6
Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Heat Transfer
Slide 16 Convection Convection is heat transfer by movement of
Convection is heat transfer by movement
a fluid, either liquid or gas. It can occur in
of a fluid, either liquid or gas
liquids and gases, but not solids. There are
two types of convection, natural or free
convection, and forced convection.
Here is an example of free convection, a
pot of boiling water. Heat is carried away
from the hot bottom by moving currents of
water. The hot water is less dense than the
cold water and floats up to the top and
then cools. As it becomes cooler and more
2009-01-30 Thermography Basics, 2009 Infrared Training Center 16
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Heat Transfer
Slide 19 Tank Levels Thermal Capacitance is a property of
Thermal Capacitance is a property of
materials with reference to their ability to
materials with reference to their ability to
store thermal energy. store thermal energy. It also can be called
thermal inertia.
4-8
Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Heat Transfer
Slide 22 Angle We dont usually think of walls as being
especially reflective.
Slide 23 Reducing Reflections Here are a couple of tips to help you deal
Try to scan perpendicular to objects with reflections.
At most 45 degrees from perpendicular
True temperature anomalies dont move if you
do
First, try and be perpendicular to surfaces
If hot spot moves, its a reflection you inspect. At shallow angles, reflections
increase on most surfaces.
dont move!
4-9
Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Heat Transfer
Slide 25 Transmission So as you might expect, you can see
through polyethylene sheets quite nicely.
Firefighters also use infrared cameras to
see through thick smoke, but dont try this
with your camera. Firefighting cameras are
built to withstand the intense heat inside a
burning building.
Slide 26
End of Lesson
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Copyright 2009 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved.
Thermography Basics Application Overview
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Copyright 2010 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved. Rev 2.1
Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 5 What can be Inspected? So what kinds of things can we inspect with
thermography?
Insulation
Switchgears
control panels, utility, switchgear,
Tanks Roof
Motors
Machinery
Panel Boards transformers, bus ducts, air handlers, roofs,
Control
buildings, processes, belts, machinery,
Air Utility
Energy Panel Handling
Switches
Bus
Process Xfrmrs
Ducts
Bearings cooling fins, insulation, tanks, disconnects,
Disconnects
Belts
Cables
motor control centers, switches, and cables.
Well you get the idea, thermography can
be used to inspect a huge variety of
2009-02-05 Application Basics, 2009 Infrared Training Center 5
Slide 6 Warning
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Copyright 2010 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved. Rev 2.1
Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 8 Seeing Through Walls??? Infrared cameras are not X-ray machines
and cannot see through most common
materials, even though the images may
look like they do. Thermography cameras
display the infrared energy emitted from
the surface based on the temperature
Infrared cameras are NOT X-ray machines and patterns on that surface. Heat transfer
cannot see through common materials. They principles govern how those temperature
produce an image of thermal energy from patterns evolve.
surface temperatures.
2009-02-05 Application Basics, 2009 Infrared Training Center 8
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 10 Measuring Temperatures There are two main parameters that must
be entered to measure temperatures
accurately with an infrared camera. These
are:
Emissivity
Reflected Apparent Emissivity and
Temperature
Slide 11 What Emissivity Values to Use? We have already covered how to measure
reflected apparent temperature. But what
Low
Bare metals and materials about emissivity? Here is a very general
with emissivities below
about 0.5 guideline to help you.
Medium
Oxidized and corroded There are three categories of emissivity for
opaque targets:
metals with emissivities
from 0.5 to 0.85
High
Non-metallic materials with
emissivities from about
0.85 for ceramics to 0.95 Low - Bare metals and materials with
for many flat paints, many
types of electrical emissivities below about 0.5.
insulation and electrical
tapes.
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Copyright 2010 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved. Rev 2.1
Thermography Basics Application Overview
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Copyright 2010 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved. Rev 2.1
Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 13 Low Emissivity Objects <0.5 For the low emissivity targets, dont even
try to get a measurement unless it is so hot
Low emissivity you can see it with your IR camera, or the
Dont attempt
cavity effect gives you a higher emissivity
measurement than the flat bare metal surface. If it is this
Unless you can find a
high emissivity
hot, the surface has probably oxidized and
point you dont have low emissivity. For high
E.g. Cavity
emissivity surfaces, the error between 0.88
and 0.95 usually isnt great. You can play
what if to determine the variation.
2009-02-05 Application Basics, 2009 Infrared Training Center 13
Slide 14 Medium Emissivity, 0.5 to 0.85 The difficult one is the medium category.
Here, you dont really know what it is and
that can give you a headache.
Play What if
Measure emissivity on Use your IR camera to play what if. What
old parts
Step by Step guide in
if the emissivity is 0.5 or 0.6 or 0.7? The
Digital Library camera will give you the result.
Apply high emissivity
coatings
Work to build an inventory of old parts
where you can get emissivity
measurements. Use the emissivity for the
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Copyright 2010 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved. Rev 2.1
Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 16 Emissivity Important for T? Here we have two identical aluminum cans.
One is filled with hot water, and the other
Apparent Temperature Differences:
Ttape= 54.3 F
127.2F with cold water. We have applied some
electrical tape to both so we have a high
Tcan = 14.3 F
120
69.5F 123.8F
87.5F 100
emissivity surface, as well as the low
emissivity of the aluminum.
73.2F
80
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Binoculars
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 20 Safety is the first rule Do a 5 senses check before entering the
inspection area. Do you smell oil, burning,
chemical odors, unusual sounds, something
looks unusual?
Do a 5 senses check before
entering the inspection
area.
Slide 21 Safety is the second rule Have a tailgate meeting with all personnel
to explain the safety rules and review the
Have a tailgate meeting inspection procedures.
with all personnel to
explain the safety rules and
inspection procedures
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
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Copyright 2010 Infrared Training Center, All rights reserved. Rev 2.1
Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 25 Recognizing Unbalanced Loading Let's take a look at three phase electrical
conductors and how the thermal patterns
associated with unbalanced loads appear
to the infrared camera.
Slide 26 Recognizing Unbalanced Loading As current flows through the conductor, the
conductor will rise in temperature.
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 29 Direct and Indirect Targets A direct measurement is one where there is
little or no thermal insulation between the
Direct measurement
little or no thermal insulation
hotspot and the IR camera.
between hotspot and IR
camera
An indirect measurement is one where
Indirect measurement there is significant thermal insulation
significant thermal insulation
between target and IR between the target and the IR Camera.
Camera.
IR camera sees only the Remember that the IR camera sees only the
surface! surface!
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 32 Direct and Indirect Targets You may find published severity criteria that
use temperature rise as one of the
You may find published severity criteria that
use temperature rise as one of the parameters.
parameters. Be careful! Temperature rises on indirect
Be careful! Temperature rises on indirect
targets can be one-tenth to one-twentieth or targets can be one-tenth to one-twentieth
more than those on direct targets and indicate or more than those on direct targets and
a severe problem.
indicate a severe problem.
Slide 33 Direct and Indirect Targets Indirect targets, need an entirely different
You must have separate severity criteria
set of severity criteria from direct targets,
for direct and indirect targets! because they present a low temperature
rise, on the surface the infrared camera
sees, even though the temperature at the
fault can be very high.
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
The example temperature rises listed above indicate the measured abnormal temperature
differential (rise) between the component (i.e., wire, connection, etc.) and a reference
(normal) component temperature or between the component and ambient temperature.
reference. These temperature rises are
Decisions regarding repair priorities and order of maintenance should be determined by the
magnitude of the temperature differential, electrical load, and the critical nature of the
equipment or system involved.
used to determine the severity of the
Source: NSTM Chapter 504, Table 504-17-1 and Naval Surface Warfare Center, Carderock Division,
Ship Systems Engineering Station code 954 Recommended Criteria
problem and are categorized into four
levels with severity codes from one star
2009-02-05 Application Basics, 2009 Infrared Training Center 34
emissivities.
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Use an area box of the entire connection
rather than the spot meter. This makes it
much easier to measure temperatures in a
live image, it's far easier to hold a box over
the connection than trying to keep the spot
meter placed precisely on a component.
Slide 36 Lighting Panel Circuit Breaker This thermogram shows a Lighting Panel
Circuit Breaker
Observation
Hot connection There was a 79 C rise over the center and
Evaluation
Poor connection. No thermal problems after repairs right connections before repair. No
Recommendation
None repairs effective
abnormal temperature rise after repairs.
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
connection
Recommendation
higher at the front side of the breaker. If
Inspect, clean,
and tighten
possible, if you see something abnormal on
the front side you should always investigate
further and see if there's anything going on
at the back side of the component. Here
the indication shows that the heat is
originating on the front side of the breaker,
2009-02-05 Application Basics, 2009 Infrared Training Center 39
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
connections, clean all connecting surfaces
prior to reassembling.
faulty contacts.
You may notice that the temperature differs
between cables and other components.
The materials are not the same, and the
heat exchanges are different. However, the
temperatures exhibit a normal range for
fully loaded components.
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Temperature slightly higher on Temperature limits the component itself, so the system may be
unbalanced.
central cable 70C for majority of PVC cables
No overheating on component 90C for ethylene-propylene
Cant see entire cable cables
Check the load with an ammeter.
Might be load imbalance 90C for reticulated polyethylene
cables
Check load with ammeter
Should never exceed these values
Observation
Courtesy U.S. Navy
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Observation
Hot connection It consistent with a loose and/or
Evaluation
Loose or deteriorated connection deteriorated wire lug to terminal
Recommendation
Disassemble, clean, and tighten connection
2009-02-05 Application Basics, 2009 Infrared Training Center 43
Slide 44 Upper center fuse block This is the Upper center fuse block of a
power distribution box.
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
wire connection "burned off" at the heater
element assembly, which is quite common
due the cycling of the heater and the
constant heating and cooling of the
element connections. Of course,
sometimes the connection is intact and the
fuse is blown because of a high resistance
connection at the heater element (the wire
has not burned off yet).
Slide 46 Cold Fuse This is the Fuse Block for a Heater Element.
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 47 3 pole circuit breaker These cables show 3 different temperatures on this 3 pole circuit breaker. The
temperature values are acceptable.
There is no sign of a localized "hot spot, the cables have an even temperature along
their length.
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
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Slide 52
Excessive fuse temperatures may result from overload, misuse, incorrect application,
Fuses etc. The temperatures and patterns depend on the type of fuse being inspected, and
the load.
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 56 Limitations
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 59 Belts and Pulleys Belts and pulleys are good candidates for
Belts running at temperatures exceeding 170 C due to misalignment thermographic inspection.
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 60 Bearings and Belts Many bearings and belt/rope systems can
be difficult to monitor with Ultrasound and
Vibration tools. IR can be used to safely
observe components from a distance, and
gather information quickly.
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
200.0
150.0
non-metallic painted bearing housings.
This will, however, be an indirect reading.
100.0
50.0
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
pattern.
Have characteristic thermal pattern
Compare patterns and temperatures Motors are best inspected by comparing
To baseline data the thermal patterns and temperatures
between the same motor, or similar motors
2009-02-05 Application Basics, 2009 Infrared Training Center 65
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Slide 70 Thermography in the Supermarket Have you ever thought about using
thermography in your local supermarket?
Think about it, you have lighting,
refrigeration, and freezers. Not only can
you use thermography to monitor the
condition of the equipment, but you can
also use it to find problems leading to food
Courtesy Stephen Moore, Intrinsic Energies Indications, LLC
spoilage.
Refrigeration problem in cheese display case
clearly shown by thermography Here we are looking at shredded cheese
packages hanging on long pegs in a
display case. Note that the refrigeration has
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Slide 71
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Building performance
To verify building performance to
Insulation verification specifications or required conditions.
Locate air leakage
Structural verification
Moisture intrusion
To ascertain that the insulation is installed
and in good condition.
Slide 75 Warning
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 76 Conditions for Insulation Checks Here are the general conditions necessary
for effective insulation inspections:
Inside/outside T of at least 10
C (18 F), Canada 15 C (28 F) First of all, we generally need at least a
Stable temperatures
temperature difference of 10 C or 18 F
Inspect at night several hours
after sunset between the interior and exterior of the
No or very low wind if building, more is better. In Canada, the
inspecting from outside
Inspect from both inside and recommendation is 15 C or 27 F.
outside
Know construction details
We are looking for stable temperatures
whenever possible. A cloudy overcast day
2009-02-05 Application Basics, 2009 Infrared Training Center 76
Slide 77 Tip: Remove Pictures from Walls We are going to learn about the effect wall
coverings such as pictures have on thermal
images.
When we remove this picture frame, you
will notice a cold area. This is not an
insulation defect; it is merely the fact that
the picture has added extra thermal
resistance to the wall system and has
retarded heat loss from the interior to the
outside.
In time, this area will warm up to be
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 78 Insulation Inspection Tips Here are some tips for Insulation void
inspections.
Account for sun and wind
Both increased T and decreased insulation will Always account for the sun and wind. Ask
contribute to seeing thermal anomalies
questions like Was the sun shining earlier
Patterns tell a story
Shape on this elevation? Was it partly cloudy and
Location windy today?
Intensity
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 79 Insulation Defects / Air Leakage As we scan around this room we can see an
area of missing insulation and a little air
leakage at this corner. The insulation is
either missing or not fitted well.
As we look further, we find an area where
the insulation has not been fitted properly.
Note the insulation problem around this air
diffuser. Due to the tight space available,
the air conditioning installers did not make
the effort to insure that the insulation was
properly fitted around the diffuser.
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Slide 80 Scanning from the Exterior We are looking at a frame construction wall
section that has been constructed in the
ITC laboratory. We are simulating the
heating season here with a higher
temperature on the inside of the structure.
We are viewing the exterior.
We can easily see areas lacking insulation
here; and here.
And we can see some areas here, where we
have a reduced insulation level.
The studs show up warm because they
2009-02-05 Application Basics, 2009 Infrared Training Center 80
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 83 Interior Moisture Inspection Tips Here are some more considerations for
interior moisture inspections.
Evaporation, wet bulb, and dew point
important You cant find moisture very easily if the wet
Reflective surfaces, hot or cold sources.
bulb temperature is close to the air
temperature, the moist areas will not cool
much through evaporation. Try and inspect
in conditions where you have good
evaporative cooling conditions.
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
The sky
The opposite
building
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Slide 91 Water Pipe Location The IR camera has been used here to
identify and locate water pipes located in
the concrete slab under this floor.
Slide 92
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 96 Missing Insulation and More This cold area suggests that insulation is
Insulation Indication that a groove missing behind the wall board here.
missing behind
wall board
and a hole were first drilled
for installing an electrical And this cold area indicates that
outlet
preparations were made to install an
electrical outlet.
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Thermography Basics Application Overview
Slide 97 Locate Heating Pipes in Walls IR can help locate pipes in walls. Just run
hot (or cold) water through the pipes and
wait for the patterns to appear.
Slide 98
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Next Steps
Slide 1 Congratulations on completing your course. This lesson
will provide you with some important resources you can
Next Steps use during your thermography career. Click the right
Continuing Your Education
arrow button below to continue.
Message boards
http://www.infraredtraining.com/community/boards/
InfraMationNewsletter
http://www.mailermailer.com/x?oid=06742e
InfraMationConference
http://www.inframation.org/
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Next Slide ThermographyPrimer
2009-05-29 Next Steps 2009 Infrared Training Center 2
http://www.infraredtraining.com/ir_primer.asp
InfraredTrainingCenterWebsite
http://www.infraredtraining.com/
FLIRSystemsProductSupport
http://flir.custhelp.com/app/home
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Next Steps
Slide 3 Links to Courses
BuildingScienceCertification
http://www.infraredtraining.com/courses/building_sciences.asp
IntrotoWeatherization
http://www.infraredtraining.com/courses/ir_weatherization.asp
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WeatherizationCertification
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Next Slide http://www.infraredtraining.com/courses/weatherization_certification.asp
2009-05-29 Next Steps 2009 Infrared Training Center 3
LevelIThermographyCertification
http://www.infraredtraining.com/courses/level1.asp
RoofInspection
http://www.infraredtraining.com/courses/roof.asp
ElectricalInspection
http://www.infraredtraining.com/courses/electrical.asp
R&D Training
http://www.infraredtraining.com/courses/rnd.asp
Slide 4
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Slide 5 Thanks. Its been our honor and pleasure helping you
get the maximum benefit out of your infrared
Thanks! thermography program. We hope to see you at
Its been our honor and pleasure!
another course soon!
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