SMART CITIES

SUBMITTED BY
CHETNA JAIN
12BAC015
INDEX

1) ABSTRACT.......................................................................................................3

1.1) AIM ..................................................................................................... 3

1.2) OBJECTIVE.......................................................................................... 4

1.3) SCOPE AND LIMITATIONS................................................................. 4

2) METHODOLOGY ........................................................................................... 5

3) LITERATURE REVIEW................................................................................ . 6

3.1) THESIS...................................................................................................6

3.2) PUBLISHED BOOKS.............................................................................7

3.3) PUBLISHED ARTICLES........................................................................8

3.4) JOURNALS...........................................................................................8

3.5) WEBSITE..............................................................................................8

4) SUMMARY................................................................................................... 9

5) INTRODUCTION......................................................................................... 10

6) SMART CITY NEEDS............................................................................... .12

7) TECHNOLOGY AND TRENDS................................................................. 14

8) ICT STANDARDIZATION REQUIREENTS FOR SMART CITIES.................18

9) CONVENTIONAL CITIES...............................................................................25

10)SMART CITIES- INDIA...................................................................................27

11) COMING SMART CITIES IN INDIA...............................................................31

12)CASE STUDY................................................................................................34

13)REFERENCES..............................................................................................23

14)BIBLOGRAPHY ......................................................................................... .25

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 1) ABSTRACT
The smart city infrastructure is the introductory step for establishing the
overall smart city framework and architecture. Very few smart cities are
recently established across the world. Some examples are: Dubai,
Malta,Kochi (India), Singapore.
The scope of these cities is mainly limited to construct a technology park
which converting the industrial real estate to state of the art information
technology by using the evolution in the telecom and IP networks that
including insignificant asset management automation system.
The development background is to create an operational platform that
would manage the power consumption and operational resources in order
to reduce the overall running operational cost. This report will debate the
smart infrastructure development framework and the surveying positional
accuracy of locating the assets as a base of the smart city development
architecture integrated with all the facilities and systems related to the
smart city framework. The report will discuss also the main advantages of
the proposed architecture including the quantifiable and non quantifiable
benefits.

1.1) AIM
This report aims to:

Provide a description of key concepts related to Smart Cities, establish the

definition of Smart Cities based on the key concepts, and describe relevant
terminology.

Study and document the technological, market and societal requirements for
the ICT standardization aspects of Smart Cities.

Study and document current technologies that are being deployed to enable
Smart Cities.

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1.2) OBJECTIVE
Study efficiency of public utility in transportation, communication,
water/gas/electricity supply and subsequently realize a modern lifestyle for
domiciles.

Study the aspects of safe and secure living environment utilizing

technological innovations which subsequently adds to the inclusive growth
prospects of these cities.

Know about the optimally utilize information technology to habilitate the

migrant population with e-management systems being the spine of
infrastructure.

1.3) SCOPE

SCOPE , a Smart city Cloud based Open Platform and Ecosystem , is

creating a cloud platform that exposes the digital pulse of the city for
innovators to develop smart services.
To develop smart- city services , including:
a) Transportation and mobility services to reduce traffic congestion, save time
and wasted fuel , and reduce pollution.
b) Public safety and security services for big data driven dispatch of
police/ traffic details.

1.3) LIMITATIONS
Due to time limitations the live case study is restricted in Delhi only.
The work done on the other states would be quoted as the example of
information by the secondary sources.
Work done in other country will be quoted as an example.
Study and research are not for a specific region.

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2) METHODOLOGY
The following order concerning various steps provides a useful procedural guideline
regarding the research process:

Identification of the problem;

Review of literature;

Extensive literature survey;

Designing the Methodology;

Studying of related works under smart cities;

Analysis of smart city technology , tends / Emerging business models;

Understanding the state of the art of smart cities;

Collecting the data;

Identified a need of smart city development framework:

Researched , designed and developed the proposed framework;

preparation of the report or presentation of the results,i.e., formal write-up of

conclusions reached.

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3)LITERATURE REVIEW
3.1) 1)

THESIS
Name of branch:- Department of Computer Science,Electrical and Space
Engineering Lulea University of Technology Lulea, SWEDEN.

Name of work :- A Development Framework for Smart City Services.

Author:- Samuel Idowu, Nadeem Bari.

Year - November 13, 2012

Content of work:- in this thesis , they create a generic development frame work
that can help in the development and deployment of smart cities services. As proof of
concept , they applied their proposed system to a specific city and a specific city
services..their target city is skelleftea , Sweden.

Literature outcome:- They developed a frame work,which can be used for

different smart city services. This framework is achieved by combinning real
architecture system with simulation environments.

They implemented a waste management service as proof of concept. The

implemented service targets waste management companies as primary users, while
city inhabitants also benefits from implemented services via enduser application.

Application related to work:- it help to understand different technologies were

used ranging from web technologies to mobile technologies..

2)

THESIS
Name of branch :- School of Engineering Blekinge Institute of Technology
Karlskrona, Sweden.
Name of work:- Smart Cities: Strategic Sustainable Development for an Urban
World.

Author:- Caroline Colldahl , Sonya Frey, Joseph E. Kelemen

Year:- 2013

Content of work:- This thesis explores the concept of smart cities as a potential
urban construct that can address the social and ecological sustainability
challengeswhich society faces.

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Literature outcome:- The results showed that the smart city concept is already in
line with many aspects of the SSD approach, and is particularly effective in
developing solutions that are citizen-centric.

Application related to work:- the application of an SSD approach, current

sustainability limitations of the smart city concept can be mitigated, leading cities to
develop towards sustainability in a more efficient and effective manner.

3.2) published books

1)
Name of the book :- Geographic Information System for Smart Cities

Auther:- Prof Tm Vinod Kumar

Published on :- 14 jan , 2014

Content of book :- Geographic Information System for Smart Cities is the first book
that advocates that smart cities can be planned, managed and developed using GIS.
The book is a combined effort of 23 international experts, where they explore the
possibility of developing smart cities from experiences of many countries. The book
gives prime responsibility of city being self-aware to geographic information system
and its future development. The emphasis is on practical issues. There are several
chapters that throw light on how GIS is utilized for sea erosion issues, slum
rehabilitation with all India and state perspective, how GIS is used for smart growth
and transport planning, and how GIS is used for land use allocation and also for
community planning and so on. But all of these are with respect to smart cities only.

2)

Name of the book :- Smart Cities - Big Data, Civic Hackers, and the Quest for a
New Utopia.
Author :- Anthony M Townsend

Published on :- 5 nov, 2013

Content of book :- In Smart Cities, urbanist and technology expert Anthony

Townsend takes a broad historical look at the forces that have shaped the planning
and design of cities and information technologies from the rise of the great industrial
cities of the nineteenth century to the present. A century ago, the telegraph and the
mechanical tabulator were used to tame cities of millions. Today, cellular networks
and cloud computing tie together the complex choreography of mega-regions of tens
of millions of people.

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3.3) published articles
1)
Name of the article :- smart cities commonsense urbanism

Article written by :- Ar. Arnav Mathur

Published in :- Design Detail Magazine

Published on :- August-October 2014

Content of article :- In this article arnav mathur discuss the networked infrastructure
and wireless sensor networks and their design and technologies.

3.4) published journals

Name of work:- GIS for Smart Cities

Published on:- September 2014

Content of journal :- This journal describes the way GIS can help in planning,
designing, execution and management of various functions of a smart city. A few
examples have been taken to describe the concepts, the opportunities are wide-
ranging.

3.5) websites
1 http://www.eu-smartcities.eu/
2 http://www.future-internet.eu/
3 http://www.openlivinglabs.eu/

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4)SUMMARY

A smart city offers its inhabitants maximal life quality with minimal
consumption of resources, based on an intelligent interconnection of
infrastructure (transport, energy, communication etc.) on different hierarchic
levels (building, quarters, city).

intelligent in this context does not necessarily equate information technology.

Passive or self-regulating mechanisms are to be preferred to actively
controlled approaches when having similar performance.

Smart city is no new label, but describes a deepening engagement for the
expansion of existing activities and projects of an innovative city possessing
the European Energy Award. For those cities, the Smart City programme
offers new possibilities for support of their innovative and smart projects on
the way to achieving the ambitious goals.

More than half of the population of the Earth now live in urban areas (United
Nations, 2012).

Modern cities face many challenges and opportunities because of this. The
challenges range from providing a good quality of life for citizens to ensuring
appropriate socio-economic development year on year, while the opportunities
can be seen in businesses becoming more efficient and innovative, to the
reduction of crime through the use of ICTs in policing.

cities smart has grown out of the need for cities to meet these challenges
and opportunities.Based on an analysis of the literature on Smart Cities1,
Future Internet2 and Open Living Labs3, this paper examines, from the
perspective of Information and Communication Technology (ICT) usage, what
the essential components are for making a city smart. It outlines five
essential ICT elements that cities need to acquire or develop on their path to
becoming smarter. The paper then comments on the non-material essentials
that also make up a good ICT strategy for smart cities. It argues that along
with the five ICT essentials outlined in this paper, cities must develop
sustainable partnerships and cooperation strategies among main
stakeholders to ensure the effective sharing of common city resources among
citizens and businesses. If this is achieved, urban and regional innovation
ecosystems can develop, in turn, speeding up the process of becoming a
"smart city".

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CHAPTER 1
5)INTRODUCTION
5.1) background

People migrate to cities primarily for employment. To support their happy and
comfortable living, they also need good quality housing, cost efficient physical and
social infrastructure such as water, sanitation, electricity, clean air, education, health
care, security, entertainment, etc. Industries also locate in cities because there are
agglomeration economies that provide easy access to labour and other factors of
production. In this context, Smart Cities are those that are able to attract
investments. Good infrastructure, simple and transparent online processes that
make it easy to establish an enterprise and run it efficiently are important features of
an investor friendly city to deliver sustainable, prosperous and inclusive future of its
citizens.

A smart city has been defined as a knowledge, digital, cyber or eco city1;
representing a concept open to a variety of interpretations, depending on the goals
set out by a smart citys planners. We might refer to a smart city as an improvement
on todays city both functionally and structurally, using information and
communication technology (ICT) as an infrastructure.

Information Technology is changing the evolution of cities. The notion of growing

cities based on implementing correct urban planning is being replaced with the idea
of making a city smart. The Internet is changing the traditional urban planning
model and compelling planners to not only consider the physical planning of a city
but also to consider the use of Information Technology to make the economy,
environment, mobility and governance of a city more efficient and effective.

5.2. Smart City and its domains

We can define Smart City as services and infrastructures that are supported by using
information and communication technologies. The amalgamation of conventional city
services and infrastructures with ITC based technological advancements and
applications, smart city operations become more effective, agile, flexible and
sustainable.In the transformation process of smartness, cities adopt new
technologies to their core systems to maintain effective use of limited
resources.Smartness or intelligence can be defined as the ability to use the

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information and turn them into knowledge by the help of information and
communications technologies.Smart city transformation requires an integrated
framework based on existing social, economic, organizational and competitive
assets of city. Developing and operating a strategic framework helps for effective
urban planning and efficient allocation of limited sources. Smart city approach can be
divided in to 6 core domains that carry smart services. These are smart economy,
smart people, smart governance, smart mobility, smart environment and smart living.

5.3. World Example

Singapore is one of the leading city that applies ICT strategies and smart policies in
urban area extensively. The government set a vision of an Intelligent Island in 1992.
IT education, IT infrastructure and IT economy are the three pillars of the Singapore
IT strategy. With an iterative master plans, Singapore turned in a hub for international
trade, transportation and technology.

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CHAPTER 2
6) SMART CITY NEEDS
6.1 Technological needs

Smart Cities are characterized by the availability of a wide range of technologies

capable of working together to deliver complex systems and solutions. Smart Cities
need robust and resilient technologies to help:

Provide a shared understanding of the core concepts underpinning Smart Cities

that can be used to develop coherent models and thus improve system
interoperability;

Facilitate instrumentation through the use of multiple types of device for sensing,
capturing, storing, and exploiting the use of data from multiple sources, fixed as well
as mobile;

Make data exchange fluid and rapid between different types of network topology
and using different types of communication and transmission;

Facilitate the use and aggregation of data by systems and services that may not
have initially generated them;

Allow for data to be presented in a variety of formats, dependent on the context and
the person or technical system needing it, allowing it to be visualised, accessed, and
acted upon more easily, thus making it much more useful;

Allow heterogeneous ICT-systems to work together;

Ensure that data is exchanged and used safely and securely; and

Allow for greater automation that can enable city functions to be delivered reliably,
and effectively, reducing the need of direct human intervention where and when this
is appropriate. (M. Al-Hader; A. Rodzi; A. R. Sharif; and N. Ahmad ., 2009)

6.2 Market needs

Smart Cities are characterized by an economic environment in which technological

innovation can thrive and where innovation can in turn benefit and sustain such cities
into the future. This environment needs:

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 Adequate and appropriately trained workforces available to new business
opportunities, able to work flexibly (e.g. teleworking ) as needed;

Adaptive learning spaces, coupled with distance learning tools, to allow ad-hoc
skills development wherever students may find themselves gathered in the city;

A marketplace that supports automatically discoverable services and resources, the

matching of requirements with possible solution providers, as well as low-friction
transactions; (Gregory Yovanof ; George Hazapis.,2009)

Stable and responsive (physical and digital) infrastructure that provides a basis for
business establishment and investment; and

Smarter infrastructure that can respond to both business and public sector
requirements.

6.3 Societal needs

Smart Cities are characterized by a built infrastructure together with physical and
virtual environments capable of sustaining the complex interactions between
citizens, businesses, and services (whether public or private) who, together with
policy makers, need to address economic, social and political challenges as they
arise. Such challenges need:

scenario-building, macro-economic and social modelling that takes due account of

demographic trends and the ever-changing needs of the population;

analytics and evidence that can support models and scenarios so that this
knowledge can be used effectively, both by city managers and planners and by the
citizen;

More modern industry that is greener and more people-friendly;

citizens to play an active role in decisions regarding the life and future directions of
the city; and encourage better city governance;

decision-making supported by detailed, measureable, real-time knowledge about

the city will be available at every level, so that it can be easily accessed by
whichever person or technical system would be able use it to help fulfil their role or
achieve their goals;

Improved quality of life and safety of citizens and delivery of different services;

An appropriate balance, in the collection and use of personal information, between

the legitimate desire of individual privacy and the collective social benefits of sharing
(for example in the domains of public health and safety);

a network of collaborative spaces, to enable dynamic communities that will spur

innovation and growth and enhance citizen well-being;

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 services that adapt to long-term challenges as well as short-term demands or
emergencies; and a sustainable environment (air quality, waste management,
adaptability to climate change and threats, etc.).

CHAPTER 3
7) ICT STANDARDIZATION REQUIREMENTS FOR SMART
CITIES..
From these needs technological, market, and societal we can identify a number
of types of ICT standardization requirements.

7.1 Understanding and modeling Smart Cities

Subclause 5.3.1 states that a shared understanding of concepts is needed and this
is best achieved through formal models. Such models facilitate aggregation and
heterogeneous system interoperability; as well as fluid, safe, and secure data
exchanges, particularly across different system topographies.
The ISO TMB Special Advisory Group (ISO TMB SAG) on Smart Cities has indicated
a desire to promote the coordinated development of a common conceptual model for
Smart Cities that can be used across all standards bodies in their further
standardisation efforts. Given the central role played by ICT in Smart Cities, JTC 1
should play a leading role in any such effort and should leverage the expertise
available in a number of SCs as well as existing standards. For example, ISO 42010
provides a useful meta-model for the development of a domain model and that helps
with identifying the types of stakeholder and types of ICT systems that together
represent the unique ecosystem of a Smart City. ISO 10746 further helps identify
the different views and viewpoints that make up the complexity of Smart Cities.
Using these two existing standards and the Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)
paradigm1) will enable JTC 1 to direct work in the development of any specific
formal models that are required. Furthermore, JTC 1 can provide expertise in
developing leadership guides on the role that ICT and ICT standards ought to play in
the development of Smart City strategies. (M. Naphade ; G. Banavar ; C. Harrison; J.
Paraszczak; R. Morris.,2011) Some examples of work to which JTC 1 should contribute
are:

A Smart City framework

A Framework helps capture various cross-city governance processes that deliver
benefits based on core guiding principles and taking due account of critical success
factors.

A domain knowledge model

The aggregation of multi-source and heterogeneous data and service needs a set
of unified concepts and terminologies. In addition, the development of applications

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needs the support of common knowledge of Smart Cities. In order to support
crossdomain and cross-city interoperation of knowledge, a core concept model
specifies terms from different stakeholders, supports semantic understanding and
provides a standardized expression of knowledge. Such a model should be
completed with a taxonomy of (smart) device types (such as types of sensor, mobile
devices, hardware, software, systems, etc.); Smart Cities sectors (such as health,
transport, governance, etc.); and components within each sector (such as medical
devices, forensics/analytics, for health; buses, trams, railways, for transport; etc.).

A data and services model

Using the OSI2) as a template, a data a services model would reflect the data,
communications, service and application layers that are used by citizens,businesses,
and city authorities. Such a model would provide an adequate technical view of and
for a more general Smart City model. (M. Naphade ; G. Banavar ; C. Harrison; J.
Paraszczak; R. Morris.,2011)

Data flows
Data is created in social and physical systems, collected, transmitted, stored and
possibly shared before the data can be analysed, displayed and finally used to make
decisions. At each step, different stakeholders are involved and technical challenges
to be addressed (e.g. related to interfaces and interoperability) as well as social
issues (e.g. privacy, security, monetization). Such data flows need to be observed
within as well as between different systems and help understand where further
standards may be needed.

7.2 Facilitating smart infrastructure, education, business, and services

All cities face challenges from urban planning, infrastructure development, education
and training, decision-making and accountability, through to the deployment and
use of goods and services. A Smart City is also a complex system of systems, of
both traditional systems, such as critical infrastructure, as well as new ones resulting
from emerging technologies, such as virtualization, sensor networks, etc.

All aspects of a citys life in particular those in a Smart City are complex
combinations of events in both the real world (and physical space) and digital world
(of cyberspace) and many transactions and interactions take place in or between
both. Wherever they take place, the outcomes are certainly felt in the real world of a
citys stakeholders. (M. Naphade ; G. Banavar ; C. Harrison; J. Paraszczak; R.
Morris.,2011) There are many existing technologies (and often standards associated
with them) in use in Smart City programmes but it is the need for ever more complex
combinations of these together with emerging technologies and a greater
understanding of both the technological and social consequences of these
combinations that makes greater visibility and use of ICT standards all the more
important. This may require that existing ICT standards are revisitedand revised in
light of the additional needs identified by Smart Cities and presentnew requirements
to many existing challenges, such as:

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 Infrastructure and supply chain
Criteria for design, management and control of maintenance services for buildings
Automatic vehicle and equipment identification
Infrastructure and supply chain

Built environment
Building Information Modelling (BIM)
Smart buildings

Transport, logistics, and service delivery

Electronic prescriptions and message exchange between health care providers and
pharmacies
Road vehicle schedule and control systems
V2V communications
Electric/hybrid vehicles and utility grid
Freight identification and handling
Public transport vehicle management and passenger information
(Danilo C Terante.,2015)

Security
Cybersecurity is defined as preservation of confidentiality, integrity and availability
of information in Cyberspace (see ISO/IEC 27032 Guidelines for cybersecurity).
Cybersecurity relies on information security, application security, network security,
and Internet security as fundamental building blocks. Cybersecurity is one of the
activities necessary for CIIP (Critical Information Infrastructure Protection), and,
at the same time, adequate protection of critical infrastructure services contributes
to the basic security needs (i.e., security, reliability and availability of critical
infrastructure) for achieving the goals of Cybersecurity. (GengWu;S. Talwar,K.
Johnsson;N.Himayat; K.D. Johnson.,2011) Therefore, the Cybersecurity standards in the
context of Smart Cities are required

to provide guidance for improving the state of Cybersecurity of Smart Cities.

Education and training

In order to ensure and provide an adequately trained and adaptive workforce,
common standards are required for distance learning tools that can be developed,
deployed, and used at short notice in any arbitrary setting including so-called
adaptive learning spaces, whether permanent or transient.

Emergency planning and response

Emergency Services Messaging (emergency service call centres, dispatch services,
first responders, resource allocation)

7.3 Facilitating instrumentation, analysis, decision-making, and automation

Geospatial information
Geospatial information standards are a foundation to Smart Cities. Requirements
include: spatial referencing by coordinate and name; web mapping and related
features; location based service for tracking and navigation; linear referencing;

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ubiquitous public access and place identifier linking; land administration modelling;
sensor modelling; and core geospatial terminology. (C. Harrison;B. Eckman; R.
Hamilton;P. Hartswick; J. Kalagnanam; J. Paraszczak; P. Williams.,2010)

Performance and other indicators

Identifying or developing sets of Key Performance (KPI) and other indicators to
gauge the success of Smart City ICT deployments. KPIs are required to provide
performance as seen from different viewpoints, such as those: of residents/citizens
(reliability, availability, quality and safety of services, etc.); of community and city
managers (operational efficiency, resilience, scalability, security, etc.); and of the
environment (climate change, biodiversity, resource efficiency, pollution, recycling
rates/returns). (GengWu;S. Talwar,K. Johnsson;N.Himayat; K.D. Johnson.,2011) However,
the indicators appropriate for one city or context may not be the same for others. As
such, there should also be standardized guidance for city managers on selecting and
using KPIs appropriate to their particular situation. Requirements for standardized
risk assessment methodologies for critical infrastructure dependencies across
organisations and sectors. (Danilo C Terante.,2015)

7.4 Responding to societal challenges

All cities strive to improve the quality of life for their citizens and residents. The

Increased complexity of Smart Cities present new challenges and opportunities

through the use of ICT. Cities have traditionally been equated with the anonymity of
the individual, whether that is embraced or feared often depended on the person.
The prevalence of mobile phones and other devices together with real-time location
based services now mean that cities are decreasingly a place for anonymity.
Cities also represent a scale of social organization that make decision-making en
masse highly impractical with the result that complex levels of representative
government and governance have emerged over time. ICT eliminates many of the
physical limitations of mass decision-making while also eliminating many of the
social aspects of face-to-face discourse and interaction. (C. Harrison;B. Eckman; R.
Hamilton;P. Hartswick; J. Kalagnanam; J. Paraszczak; P. Williams.,2010)

Scenario-building and participative decision-making

This is another situation where a Smart City Framework can provide a valuable set
of tools.

Privacy and information sharing

ICT provides increasingly sophisticated means by which individuals can manage
aspects of personal privacy within particular social and legal norms.
Development of Privacy Impact Assessments, identification of data flows using or
impacting on personal information. (Danilo C Terante.,2015)

Environment

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Data exchange between Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems and
environmental information systems, such as air quality, waste management and
treatment, etc.
Smart Water Management (SWM) in cities seeks to alleviate challenges in the urban
water management and water sector through the incorporation of Information
and Communication Technologies (ICTs) products, solution and systems in areas of
water management and sanitation. (F. Andreini; F. Crisciani; C. Cicconetti; R.
Mambrini.,2011)
Improve the capacity of Smart Cities to respond to challenges posed by climate
change Communications between safety equipment/systems.
Interoperability between building information and communications systems.

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CHAPTER 4

8) TECHNOLOGY AND TRENDS

The future Internet domain landscape comprises a great diversity of technology
related topics involved in the implementation of Smart Cities. This section covers
some of those that are most connected to the development of Smart Cities.

8.1 Ubiquitous computing

Ubiquitous computing is a concept in software engineering and computer science

where computing is made to appear everywhere and anywhere. In contrast to
desktop computing, ubiquitous computing can occur using any device, in any
location, and in any format. A user interacts with the computer, which can exist in
many different forms, including laptop computers, tablets and terminals in everyday
objects such as a fridge or a pair of glasses. Ubiquitous computing is also described
as pervasive computing, ambient intelligence, or everyware. (G. Kortuem; F. Kawsar;
D. Fitton; V. Sundramoorthy.,2010)

One particular challenge in the context of Smart Cities relates to open data business
models. As services become pervasive and ubiquitous, the matter of opening up
databases will become more important. Transparency towards the end users on how
their information is being used, with clear opt-in options and secured environments,
has to be the starting point when providing services that leverage personal data. The
Public Sector Information re-use and utilisation of open data introduces a paradigm
shift that will impact on many people working in public administration. Among many
activities necessary for Public Sector Information provision and re-use, one can
identify achieving most easy comparability and comprehensibility through furthering
metadata and data standardisation, and supporting the publishing of more fine
granular data through mechanisms for automatic anonymization or
pseudonymization of data sets. (G. Kortuem; F. Kawsar; D. Fitton; V.
Sundramoorthy.,2010)

8.2 Networking

Networking is about bringing higher broadband capacity with FTTH, 4G LTE and IP
Multimedia Systems (IMS) as well as future networking technologies. Networking
technologies provide the infrastructure of the Smart Cities to make all the devices,
computers and people can have convenient, reliable, secretive communication paths
with each other. ( A. Attwood; M. Merabti; P. Fergus; O. Abuelmaatti.,2011)
Networking technologies will enable the democratization, in terms of reasonable cost

19
for high quality service, of Immersive Digital Environments. Such environments
enable, for example, the radical increase of telecommuters (far less people travelling
in and out the city), remote diagnosis in healthcare, and web-streaming of cities
events. All these examples would contribute to reduce the level of congestion and
wasted time and resources in every situation. Research areas such as Content
Centric Networking (CCN) and Ubiquitous Computing are also promising faster
processing that would increase the real-time capacity that is vital for mass
interactions. ( A. Attwood; M. Merabti; P. Fergus; O. Abuelmaatti.,2011)

8.3 Open Data

The term Open Data in the context of Smart Cities generally refers to a public
policy that requires public sector agencies and their contractors to release key sets
of government data (relating to many public activities of the agency) to the public for
any use, or re-use, in an easily accessible manner. In many cases, this policy
encourages this data to be freely available and distributable.
The value of releasing such data is presumed to lie in the combination of this and
other data from various sources. For example, GPS data when combined with a
mapping system can provide an abundance of location services.
This value can be dramatically increased when the data is discoverable, actionable
and available in standard formats for machine readability. The data is then usable by
other public agencies, third parties and the general public for new services, and for
ever richer insight into the performance of key areas like transport, energy, health
and environment. (G. Kortuem; F. Kawsar; D. Fitton; V. Sundramoorthy.,2010)

This insight comes from applying ever more powerful analytics to the data.
Data is the lifeblood of a Smart City and its availability, use, cost, quality, analysis
and associated business models and governance are all areas of interest for all
actors within the city. We therefore need to ensure that any standards or guidance in
this area should not be prescriptive about particular models, but encourage
innovation in data re-use. (G. Kortuem; F. Kawsar; D. Fitton; V. Sundramoorthy.,2010)

8.4 Big Data

Big data is a blanket term for any collection of data sets so large, complex and
rapidly changing that it becomes difficult to process using traditional database
management tools or traditional data processing applications. Managed and
analysed well, the data can be used to unlock new sources of economic value,
provide fresh insights into science and hold governments to account. However,
traditional data processing approaches cannot process such a vast amount of
information. The challenges include capture, curation, storage, search, sharing,
transfer, analysis and visualization. (F. Andreini; F. Crisciani; C. Cicconetti; R.
Mambrini.,2011)
Big data techniques are developed to deal with these issues and make it possible to
do many things that previously could not be done easily: spot business trends,
determine quality of research, prevent diseases, link legal citations, combat crime,
and determine real-time roadway traffic conditions3). These insights rely on rapidly

20
evolving analytics techniques which support analysis distributed across one or more
data sources. (F. Andreini; F. Crisciani; C. Cicconetti; R. Mambrini.,2011)

Predictive capability can be provided by applying Machine Learning to the data.

A Smart City, as a system of systems, can potentially generate vast amounts of
data, especially as cities install more sensors, gain access to data from sources such
as mobile devices, and government and other agencies make more data accessible.
Consequently, Big Data techniques and concepts are highly relevant to the future of
Smart Cities. (F. Andreini; F. Crisciani; C. Cicconetti; R. Mambrini.,2011)
The Big Data Report (available at www.jtc1.org) provides a comprehensive summary
of Big Data and its implications.

8.5 GIS (Geographic Information System)

A geographic information system (GIS) is a computer system designed to capture,

store, manipulate, analyze, manage, and present all types of geographical data. GIS
is a relatively broad term that can refer to a number of different technologies,
processes, and methods.
It is attached to many operations and has many applications related to engineering,
planning, management, transport/logistics, insurance, telecommunications, and
business. (Leonidas Anthopoulos ;Athena Vakali.,2012)
In Smart Cities, GIS is used to provide location based services. The implementation
of a GIS in Smart City is often driven by city jurisdictional, purpose, or application
requirements. GIS and location intelligence applications can be the foundation for
many location-enabled services that rely on analysis, visualization and dissemination
of results for collaborative decision making. GIS provides a technologically strong
platform to every kind of location based business personals to update data
geographically without wasting time to visit the field and update in database
manually. For that reason, GIS applications are tools that allow city managers and
citizens to create interactive queries (user-created searches), analyze spatial
information, edit data in maps, and present the results of all these operations.
(Leonidas Anthopoulos ;Athena Vakali.,2012)

8.6 Cloud computing

Cloud computing is the delivery of computing as a service rather than a product,
whereby shared resources, software, and information are provided to computers and
other devices as a utility (like the electricity grid) over a network (typically the
Internet). (Leonidas Anthopoulos ;Athena Vakali.,2012)
Clouds can be classified as public, private or hybrid.
Cloud computing is increasingly helping the private sector to reduce cost, increase
efficiency, and work smarter. From a business perspective, cloud computing is a
key concept to enable a global ecosystem, where organisations are able to be more
competitive. In the context of this ever-increasing complexity and platformisation,
interoperability between systems will be exceedingly important. Standardisation is

21
clearly an important task, affecting all levels of middleware implementation,
assuringtransparent and reliable interfaces to the middleware, as well as
interoperability between products and services across very different domains. Thus,
interoperability and standardised ways of communication between systems is an
important research subject, crosscutting all Smart City domains. (Danilo C
Terante.,2015)

8.7 Service-Oriented Architecture (SOA)

Service-oriented architecture (SOA) is a software design and software architecture

design pattern based on distinct pieces of software providing application functionality
as services to other applications. This is known as service-orientation. It is
independent of any vendor, product or technology.
Pre-built integration into back-office applications and multi-channel access to
maximize citizen self-service results in higher efficiencies and cost savings, and
must be implemented with a SOA that facilitates a fully shared environment. Taking a
SOA approach for local and city government organizations will require a new way of
thinking about IT infrastructure, not only technically but organizationally. SOA can
leverage a world of multiple vendors that build systems, which create interoperability
and use each others capabilities. By interoperating and mapping an SOA approach
across IT systems, local governments can achieve dramatic results. This shifts the
old IT model of proprietary systems that cannot be transformed from older
generations of technology to a flexible, shared model that leaves room for scalable,
incremental growth. With flexibility for the future, government organizations are no
longer beholden to legacy systems or partners that promote them, nor are they faced
with a step-function such as the need to remove large data systems all at once.
(Leonidas Anthopoulos ;Athena Vakali.,2012)

8.8 E-government

E-government (short for electronic government, also known as e-gov, Internet

government, digital government, online government, or connected government)
consists of the digital interactions between a government and citizens (G2C),
government and businesses/commerce (G2B), government and employees (G2E),
between government and governments /agencies (G2G), as well as citizen
interaction with their government (C2G). The E-Government essentially refers to the
utilization of Information Technology (IT), Information and Communication
Technologies (ICTs), and other web-based telecommunication technologies to
improve and/or enhance on the efficiency and effectiveness of service delivery in the
public sector. The e-Government promotes and improves broad stakeholders
contribution to national and community development, as well as deepen the
governance process. (M. Al-Hader; A. Rodzi; A. R. Sharif; and N. Ahmad ., 2009
The development of efficient and effective e-government is a prerequisite for the
development of Smart Cities. The lack of horizontal and vertical integration across
the various e-government and urban initiatives, and the relatively low level of interest
shown by many national authorities, limit efforts for the systemic development and
implementation of local e-government. The development of transnational
authentication systems for citizens and businesses, the development of agreed

22
frameworks for data privacy, and the sharing and collection of individual and
business data, are key. (GengWu;S. Talwar,K. Johnsson;N.Himayat; K.D. Johnson.,2011)

Standardisation and interoperability are key requirements for the widespread

adoption of technologies and services to provide e-government at the city level.
Cities will need to be able to better integrate wireless networks, making provision
seamless and transparent. Cities will increasingly move from being service providers
to platform ones, providing an infrastructure that enables the development of a broad
range of public and private applications and services. Standardised technologies and
infrastructures that are necessary to provide personalised and location-based
services need to be developed. GengWu;S. Talwar,K. Johnsson;N.Himayat; K.D.
Johnson.,2011)

8.9 Embedded networks

An embedded system is a computer system with a dedicated function within a larger

mechanical or electrical system, often with real-time computing constraints. It is
embedded as part of a complete device often including hardware and mechanical
parts.
By contrast, a general-purpose computer, such as a personal computer (PC), is
designed to be flexible and to meet a wide range of end-user needs. Embedded
systems control many devices in common use today. (Gregory Yovanof ; George
Hazapis.,2009)
Embedded networks of sensors and devices into the physical space of cities are
expected advancing further the capabilities created by web 2.0 applications, social
media and crowd sourcing. A real-time spatial intelligence is emerging having a
direct impact on the services cities offer to their citizens. Collective intelligence and
social media has been a major driver of spatial intelligence of cities. Social media
have offered the technology layer for organizing collective intelligence with
crowdsourcing platforms, mashups, web-collaboration, and other means of
collaborative problem-solving. Now, the turn to embedded systems highlight another
route of spatial intelligence based on location accurate and real-time information.
Smart Cities with instrumentation and interconnection of mobile devices and sensors
can collect and analyse data and improve the ability to forecast and manage urban
flows, thus push city intelligence forward. (Gregory Yovanof ; George Hazapis.,2009)

8.10 Internet of Things

The Internet of Things refers to the interconnection of uniquely identifiable

embedded computing like devices within the existing Internet infrastructure. Typically,
IoT is expected to offer advanced connectivity of devices, systems, and services that
goes beyond machine-to-machine communications (M2M) and covers a variety of
protocols, domains, and applications. The interconnection of these embedded
devices (including smart objects), is expected to usher in automation in nearly all
fields, while also enabling advanced applications like a Smart Grid.
Internet of Things including sensor networks and RFID is an important emerging
strand. (M. Al-Hader; A. Rodzi; A. R. Sharif; and N. Ahmad ., 2009)

23
These technologies overcome the fragmented market and island solutions of Smart
Cities applications and provide generic solutions to all cities. Examples of generic
architecture include networked RFID tags (passive and active tags, mobile devices),
sensor networks (multimodal sensors and actuators, built-in intelligent agents), and
connected objects such as distributed intelligent systems, intelligent objects and
biometrics. A new round of applications, such as location aware applications, speech
recognition, Internet micro payment systems, and mobile application stores, which
are close to mainstream market adoption, may offer a wide range of services on
embedded system into the physical space of cities. Augmented reality is also a hot
topic in the sphere mobile devices and smart phones, enabling a next generation
location-aware applications and services. (M. Al-Hader; A. Rodzi; A. R. Sharif; and N.
Ahmad ., 2009)

24
CHAPTER 5
9)CONVENTI0NAL CITIES
Conventional cities are no different from cities of the 21 st century. Most
are huge, sprawling urban expanses; some are 21st century cities
unaffected by the years of disaster and war; others are newly established
in previously undeveloped regions; still others are built upon the ruins of
their former grandeur. In spite of their size, conventional cities are home
only to a small percentage of the Earth's total population. These cities
survive either by alliances, declaring neutrality, the sophistication of their
security forces, simple luck, or a combination of these factors.

The largest conventional cities are Old New York, Hong Kong, Greater
Mexico City and Vancouver. (flynn, andrew colin 2010).

Several conventional cities have begun to open their borders, allowing

free passage to anyone. Known as Open Cities, they offer previously
unavailable business and entertainment opportunities along with
dangers not found in other kinds of cities. In fact, these opportunities
legitimate or otherwise are the primary reasons for opening a city's
borders. There is an enormous amount of wealth and power to be gained
by allowing people to enter and leave a city freely. Corporations, wealthy
organizations, and individuals have rushed to establish themselves in
Open Cities. In these cities, interested parties can conduct business freely,
associate with people they would typically not have access to, and solve
problems in ways they cannot while under the watchful eye of their native
city's security.

Anyone can call these Open Cities home. Of course the price is often high
and inhabitants are usually responsible for their own protection. The risks
of living in an Open City are high, but the rewards are worth it for those
who can cut it.

Most Open Cities are controlled by some type of governing council, usually
comprised of landowners or those who hold positions of power in the city.
Citizenship is usually only granted to those who own land in the city or
who can pay a periodic citizenship fee. (flynn, andrew colin 2010).

Eco-cities and the conventional city: opportunities and challenges:-

25
Eco-cities and resource consumption:-
Eco-cities an important and innovative way of seeking to reduce resource use
Growing popularity
But what difference will they make to urban resource consumption?
What are the numbers of eco-dwellings being built?
How significant are these new dwellings for existing urban areas?
Use Ecological Footprint to compare different types of housing development
Example from Cardiff a small UK city . (flynn, andrew colin 2010).

26
CHAPTER 6
10)SMART CITIES INDIA
India is urbanizing rapidly and about 377 million people live in 7,935 towns/cities
(2011 census) across the country, which constitutes about 31 percent of the total
population
The number of towns/cities has increased from 5,161 in 2001 to 7,935 in 2011
Objectives of the Smart Cities Mission: To adopt smart solutions for efficient use of
available assets, resources and infrastructure, to enhance the quality of urban life,
and provide a clean and sustainable environment. Focus will be on the following core
infrastructure services:
Adequate and clean water supply
Sanitation and solid waste management
Efficient urban mobility and public transportation
Affordable housing for the poor
Power supply
Robust IT connectivity
E-governance and citizen participation
Safety and security of citizens
Health and education
Sustainable urban environment, etc(Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

Indias government has announced the Smart Cities Mission

INR 48,000 crore (US$ 7.75 billion) to be spent over the next five years to build
100 smart cities in India
Smart city to be selected through a City Challenge Competition intended to link
financing with the ability of the cities to perform to achieve the mission objectives

27
Each selected city to receive assistance of INR 100 crore (US$ 16.12 million) per
year for five years
Twelve smart cities to come up at ports. Kandla and Paradip frontrunners to be first
smart port cities
Important cities located in hilly areas, and major tourist spots, to be transformed
into smart cities
Co-opting the railways to build smart cities in India
Indian military to develop six smart armed forces enclaves in the country
Two smart city projects initiated: the Dholera Special Investment Region (SIR), and
Gujarat International Financial Tec (GIFT) City.
The Smart Cities Mission is a bold new initiative by the Government of India to drive
economic growth and improve the quality of life of people by enabling local
development and harnessing technology as a means to create smart outcomes for
citizens. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

28
29
In the approach of the Smart Cities Mission, the objective is to promote cities that
provide core infrastructure and give a decent quality of life to its citizens, a clean and
sustainable environment and application of Smart Solutions. The focus is on
sustainable and inclusive development and the idea is to look at compact areas,
create a replicable model which will act like a light house to other aspiring cities. The
Smart Cities Mission of the Government is a bold, new initiative. It is meant to set
examples that can be replicated both within and outside the Smart City, catalysing
the creation of similar Smart Cities in various regions and parts of the country.

Given below are some of the key challenges that governments/businesses in

India will face while implementing their smart city strategies:-

Replacing Existing City Infrastructure to Make It Smart City-Ready-

The most important is to ascertain the business case that will justify the
replacement of existing infrastructure. The integration of formerly isolated
systems in order to achieve city-wide efficiencies can be a significant challenge

Providing Clearances in a Timely Manner-For timely completion of project,

all clearances should use online processes and should be cleared in a time bound
manner. Freeing the right of way for laying optic fibre networks, water supply
lines, sewerage systems, draining systems and other utilities should be given as
per the timeline.

Dealing with a Multivendor Environment-One of the other main challenges

in the Indian smart city space is that (usually) software infrastructure in cities
contains components supplied by different vendors. Hence, the ability to handle
complex combinations of smart city solutions developed by multiple technology
vendors becomes very significant.

Capacity Building Program-Building capacity for 100 smart cities is not an

easy task and most of the ambitious projects are delayed due to lack of quality
manpower, both at the center as well as states. In terms of funds, only around
five percent of the central allocation may be allocated for capacity building
programs which focus on training, contextual research, and a rich database.
(Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

30
CHAPTER 7

11)COMING SMART CITIES IN INDIA

India is urbanizing rapidly and about 377 million people live in 7,935 towns/cities
(2011 census) across the country, which constitutes about 31 percent of the total
population
The number of towns/cities has increased from 5,161 in 2001 to 7,935 in 2011
Objectives of the Smart Cities Mission: To adopt smart solutions for efficient use of
available assets, resources and infrastructure, to enhance the quality of urban life,
and provide a clean and sustainable environment. Focus will be on the following core
infrastructure services:
Adequate and clean water supply

31
 Sanitation and solid waste management
Efficient urban mobility and public transportation
Affordable housing for the poor
Power supply
Robust IT connectivity
E-governance and citizen participation
Safety and security of citizens
Health and education
Sustainable urban environment, etc
The smart city concept is still quite new in India, although it has received a lot of
attention in the last few years. India has witnessed massive urban transformation.
According to a study in search of jobs, opportunities to improve their lives and create
a better future for their children . urban planning agencies are looking for innovative
technologies and solutions to manage the growing demands on city infrastructures
that provide vital services. it will be an upgraded city whose core is spatial
technology-based infrastructure and services that enhance citys intelligence, quality
of life and other attributes (i.e., environment, entrepreneurship, education, culture,
transportation etc.), as opposed to the conventional definition of roads, bridges,
water and power supplies and buildings. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

A. LAVASA (India): SMART HILL CITY

Lavasa a modern "hill town" in harmony with nature is master planned with the
objective of striking a balance between cosmopolitan architecture and
environmentally friendly surroundings. This Indias first planned hill city is located on
the backwaters of Warasgaon dam on the Western Ghats between Pune and
Mumbai. Based on new urbanism principles and to undertake a large-scale lifestyle
development private infrastructure companies in India building integrated township at
a cost of Rs 1,400 billion that offer smart living and working, over a sprawling area of
approximately 10,000 rolling acres. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

City: Lavasa in the Mose valley of the Western Ghats.

Towns: Dasve, Mugaon, Dhamanohol, Sakhari-Wadavali and Central Business

District (CBD)

Coordinates: 18.40528N 73.50627E Altitude: 640 m (2,100 ft) Area: 100 square Km
(40 square mile)

Taluka: Mulshi District: Pune State: Maharashtra Country: India

Anticipated annual tourist flow: 2 million tourists every year, Size: 22,000 properties,
0.3 million permanent residents

Employment base: approximately 97,000.

Captive water body: 15-km long lake

Target completion date: 2021.

32
Lavasa in the Mose valley of the Western Ghats

Lavasa offers a vibrant, self-contained world with an extensive master plan drawing
inspiration from traditional patterns of Indian town planning as well as vernacular
forms of building. It emulates principles that are culturally based and that have
proven sustainable for centuries. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

B. GIFT (India): GUJARAT INTERNATIONAL FINANCE TEC-CITY

Gujarat International Finance Tec-City or GIFT is a central business district in the

Indian state of Gujarat. Its main purpose is to provide high quality physical
infrastructure (electricity, water, gas, district cooling, roads, telecoms and
broadband), so that finance and tech firms can relocate their operations there from
Mumbai, Bangalore, Gurgaon etc. where infrastructure is either inadequate or very
expensive. It will have special economic zone, international education zone,
integrated townships, an entertainment zone, hotels, convention center, an
international techno park, Software Technology Parks of India units, shopping malls,
stock exchanges and service units. The city is under construction. It will be built on
986 acres (3.99 km2) of land. This project is located on the bank of the river and is
around 12 km from Ahmadabad International Airport External Transport.

City: Gujarat International Finance Tec-City or GIFT

Coordinate: 23.159626N 72.684512E

Altitude: 640 m (2,100 ft)

Area: 3.99 square Km (1.54 square mile)

District: Gandhinagar State: Gujrat Country: India

Employment base: approximately 600000.

Captive water body: Sabarmati River

Target completion date: 2020. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

33
CHAPTER 8

12)CASE STUDIES

Smart Cities around the World

Many of the worlds major cities are attempting smart city projects, aided by
multinational corporations
such as IBM which provides smart technology solutions through their Smarter
Planet5 initiative, andbenefiting from research undertaken by the likes of the
Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), an institution keenly involved in the
study of smart cities. In order to understand the common challenges and solutions
that cities face, this study analyses global cities that are paving the way in smart city
investment. They are:
1. Boston

34
2. Barcelona
3. Hong Kong

Introduction
Bostons Mayors Office of New Urban Mechanics (MONUM) pilots experiments that
offer the potential to improve radically the quality of city services24. It was set up by
Mayor Menino in response to the challenge of being able to innovate within the
public sector.
The Office of New Urban Mechanics in Boston is entirely focused on working to
deliver value to citizens, and focuses its attention at the interface between
government and the public. Three principal areas of research include:
1. Clicks and Bricks
2. 21st Century Learning
3. Participatory Urbanism

Smart City Projects in Boston

Smart city projects in MONUM are carried out under three core programmes:
Participatory Urbanism, Clicks and Bricks, and 21st Century Learning.
Participatory Urbanism
MONUM - believes that smart technologies are fostering a new wave of citizen
participation in the community. Projects driven under Participatory Urbanism are
intended to support the creation of new, citizen-centric products and services.
Citizens Connect This application for smart phones helps constituents make their
neighbourhoods better by giving them an easy tool to report service problems. They
are piloting an SMS version called 'citizens connect txt'.
Community PlanIt A platform to explore how online platforms can complement in-
person community meetings, as well as reach an audience that might not attend a
community meeting.
Innovation District: Welcome home challenge A competition focused on attracting
and growing businesses in Bostons Innovation District.

35
Participatory Chinatown Participatory Chinatown is a video game-like platform to
engage a broader range of constituents in informative and deliberative planning and
development conversations .
Clicks and Bricks
The Clicks and Bricks programme of projects investigates how new technologies
are linking how the city is built to how it is managed and experienced. Redesigning
The Trash System - The city is partnering with IDEO to look at this challenge through
the lens of human centred design.
Street Bump Street Bump is a mobile app that helps residents to improve their
streets. As they drive, the mobile app collects data about the smoothness of the ride;
that data can provide the city with real-time information.
City Worker To help city staff better manage its infrastructure and respond to
constituent requests, the city has developed a smart phone application to be used by
city workers. This allows workers to easily manage their daily work list and access
and record information about the condition of street lights, trees and roads.
Adopt-A-Hydrant A pilot project that encourages Boston residents to shovel out
snowed-in hydrants during the winter. Through the app, residents can claim hydrants
they intend to shovel out after storms.
Complete Streets A project led by the Boston Transportation Department,
Complete Streets is an effort to improve the flow of people and goods through
Boston by making the citys transportation infrastructure greener, smarter and even
more multi-modal. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).
21st Century Learning
The 21st Century Learning programme aims to deliver convenient, integrated
and life-long learning to the citizens of Boston. It aims to facilitate
relationships between educators, students and parents to improve both the in-
school and out of school educational experiences.
Boston One Card As part of the citys effort to have its schools, community
centres and libraries provide a seamless system of educational opportunities
for young people, the city is piloting a single card that provides access to all
these resources for Boston Public School students.
Where My School Bus This app is allows parents to sign up to see on a
computer or smart phone the real-time location of their childs school bus.
Autism App/ Assistive Technologies The city is working with two local
companies and an international robotics company to develop new applications
to help children with autism learn.
Class talk Class talk is designed to help teachers send text message
reminders to students about homework and tests. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal
Jain,2013).

Open Data

Open data is seen as a core element of the smart cities work in Boston, and as a
mechanism for fostering innovation in the city. By opening up this data, MONUM
believes that there is a great potential for a new wave of innovation to create value-
added services for children. There are certain datasets that schools keep that would
be useful in improving school performance, and tracking efficacy of out-of-school
programmes. There are many organisations that would want to understand whether

36
they can improve in-school performance, and at the moment they have very limited
ways of doing that.

Other Investments

Better Traffic Management -This plan will help the Boston Transportation Department
be able to spot traffic problems faster, allowing them to spend more time fixing
problems and less time looking for them.

A Healthier Environment -This plan will help the city to understand how their bike,
parking and traffic management policies are impacting vehicle usage in the city; with
this intelligence, the city will be able to see how it can meet its aggressive climate
action goals by 2020.

Transparency -As part of its commitment to transparency, the city has performance
metrics, service request data, meeting notices, and broadcast their meetings via City
Council TV. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

Implementing smart city projects

Facilitating the market

MONUM plays a variety of roles in facilitating the market. Firstly they support private
companies in making new connections, applying for funding and finding new
business opportunities. They also often have a more hands-on approach to
supporting organisations that want to tackle issues at play in their communities.

Pilots

This involves building the bridges so that where there are innovators in one city they
can create a network of innovators to other cities, so that they dont need to re-invent
the wheel. The idea is that the city can both scale things up and out of Boston as
well as into Boston from other cities.

Test-bed

In these cases the citys value-add is to give the innovator deep access to how the
city works, access to back-end systems etc. and they also get high-quality feedback
as to how systems are working.

Citizens connect

proposed the opportunity to provide lightweight tools for governments to collaborate

better with citizens. If they were willing to do the technology development for below
market costs, the city offered to be a test bed for the technology.

Funding

37
Project level funding often comes from grants and private donations. On top of this,
the City funds the personnel salaries. Some positions in the team are also grant
funded.

Innovation-capital

MONUM is trying to instil a culture of innovation within the city, and promote civic
innovators within government. MONUM has attracted a lot of grant funding from
private organisations which effectively acts as a pool of risk-capital that can fund
projects that are deemed too risky to spend public money on. or their work.

Key Barriers

Funding

For the first six months, MONUM operated with no grants, which was the initial
challenge. At that time they spent a lot of time trying to work out how to leverage in-
kind resources etc. That was mitigated over time with the private funding grants.

Procurement Legislation

There are tight laws on procurement of products and services. Procurement

practices are a continuing challenge for smart cities work on Boston.

Human Capital

Having the right people who can drive this type of work is essential. Mr Jacob
argues;

The kind of work that we engage in requires people that can operate in this
entrepreneurial mode. In a lot of ways its a mind-set to empower your workforce to
become entrepreneurial and to resource them that way. A lot of our work is trying to
promote these cultures of innovation. We need people that are willing to be creative
and take some risks with our support. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

Future Plans

The city hopes that the MONUM concept will become a movement across cities both
nationally and internationally.

The two MONMUM offices communicate almost daily, to share resources and
experiences. There are other cities such as New Mexico, which are beginning to take
an interest in this approach.

Within Boston, the city has plans to continue to grow their smart cities work, drawing
on extra resources, building the team (currently eight people), to be able to tackle
more issues.

38
They intend to tackle harder problems. They believe that these types of innovation
centres can tackle the hardest problems that cities face. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal
Jain,2013).

Barcelona

Introduction
The smart cities movement in Barcelona is growing rapidly, and has evolved from
previous movements such as digital cities of ten years ago. Julia Lopez Ventura,
Strategic Director of TIC iSmart City in Barcelona City Council, explains that the
smart city movement is a useful new step for them:

For Barcelona, the smart city is a means rather than an end in itself. Ms Lopez
Ventura explains thats the main change from the previous movements, that
technology is an enabler for projects. This philosophy is clearly reflected in their
strategy, where technology is seen as an enabler for:

Efficient and sustainable urban mobility

Environmental sustainability

Business-friendliness and attracting capital

Integration and social cohesion

Communication and proximity with people

Knowledge, creativity and innovation

Transparency and democratic culture

Universal access to culture, education and health. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal
Jain,2013).

39
Organisation and Leadership

Vision/ Strategy

The smart city movement has grown so rapidly in Barcelona that no formal strategy
was created early on; the projects came first. The vision outlined in the strategy is
as: A self-sufficient city, made of productive neighbourhoods at human speed,
inside hyper connected metropolis, of high speed and zero emissions

Structure

The city has created a Smart City PMO (Personal Management Office) in which the
projects belong, which coordinates all the projects in the city that are classified under
the smart city tag. The city has produced an early strategy document which attempts
to set up the basis of the smart city strategy in the city. Actions developed under the
Barcelona Smart City strategy lie on three axes:-

international promotion, international collaboration and local projects.

Smart City Projects in Barcelona

There are over one hundred projects considered to be part of the smart cities work in
Barcelona, and this number is growing. However, there are currently thirteen projects
that the City currently sees as a key part of the Smart City PMO.

Transversal Projects:

New Telecommunications Network Integration of different fibre optic networks,

boosting Wi-Fi network, reduced operating and maintenance costs, new business
models.

Urban Platform Barcelona sensor platform, city operating system, and apps and
services.

40
Intelligent data Open data, measurement of city indicators, and a central situation
room for decision making and control. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

Vertical Projects:

Lighting Directorate Plan A strategic plan for lighting in Barcelona.

Self-sufficient islands Creating energy self-sufficient island, to improve practices

related to consumption and production of energy.

Electric Vehicles Development of electro-mobility in the coming years, short-term

(two years) and medium term (five years) in Barcelona.

Tele management of Irrigation Remote management system for centralized

control of the automated irrigation infrastructure in order to control the duration and
frequency of irrigation in each area.

in Barcelona to improve urban mobility.

Urban Transformation Within the frame of the remodelling of the main streets of
Barcelona will develop a series of smart cities and telecommunications projects.

Citizen compromise to sustainability 2012-2022 a roadmap for achieving a

more equitable, prosperous and self-sufficient Barcelona.

O-Government Implementation of Open Government, strategy and a roadmap, to

develop tools and web sites in specific areas of transparency, open data and civic
participation.

Smart parking Network of sensors and displays of parking availability across the
city.

Barcelona in your pocket Barcelona contactless and mobile apps.

City Protocol -The City Protocol is a discussion space to talk about cities across
sectors. They have started to discuss the taxonomy of the city. The idea behind this
is that cities might be different, they might have their own cultures and context, but
they have something in common. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

Open Data

Barcelona has an open data portal, Open Data BCN30, which opens up city data to
the public and has three clear aims: -

1. To increase the transparency of the City Council

2. To universalise data access

3. To promote innovation and the economic fabric

41
Implementing smart city projects

Partnerships

Working with a variety of partners is central to Barcelonas smart city approach.

Partnerships fall under three categories: private sector collaboration, research
centres, and other cities.

IBM The City signed an MOU with IBM for research and development of a
City Operating System and its future application in other cities around the
world.

Endesa Presented an FP7 European project smart cities and smart grid, in
collaboration with Turin, Italy. This was an energy efficiency project divided into three
axes:

Expansion of the smart grid network for electricity distribution.

Network expansion of heating and cooling in the city.

Rehabilitation of buildings to improve their energy efficiency. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr.

Kamal Jain,2013).

Demonstrators

Barcelona is fast becoming a world leader in creating an environment in which

companies can try new ideas and technologies within the urban realm. As part of
this, the city has been investing in Barcelona, an urban regeneration project offering
modern spaces for the strategic concentration of intensive knowledge-based
activities. Some technologies and projects being implemented at Barcelona include:

System of underground service galleries: Interconnecting the blocks and

enabling service networks to be repaired or improved without the need for
excavation in the streets.

New fibre-optic telecommunications networks, with a dark fibre network:

Allows companies to contract any service providers and create direct links between
different parts of the district.

New System of centralized public climate control: Involves savings at both the
economic level and in the emission of CO2 .

Selective pneumatic waste-collection network: Differentiates between organic

and inorganic waste and paper.

New electricity network: Guarantees a quality of electrical supply, more efficient

gas and water-service supplies.

42
 The pilot projects on behalf of the project : Improve resource management and
efficiency and the urban quality of the neighbourhood.

The Smart City Campus will develop a cluster of smart city companies, and the
Council hopes this will foster connections between diverse sectors like ICT, energy
and mobility, for the creation of an ecosystem that integrates not only companies
(multinationals and SMEs), but also to institutions, research centres, technology
transfer centres, and universities . (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

Future Plans

Barcelona City recently published their smart city strategy, which recognises and
incorporates existing successful projects.

Help Barcelona to build upon their existing investment and success.

Effective dialogue with the private sector, research institutes and other cities will be
core to their success.

City Protocol, participation in international events and sharing their learning openly
as key next steps.

Raise their profile as a global smart city, secure investment, and support other cities
in achieving their goals.

Hong Kong
Introduction

In 1998, Hong Kong identified that ICT investment had the potential to have a
positive economic impact. In response to this they developed the Digital 21 Strategy
as the blueprint for Hong Kongs ICT development. The current strategy contains five
key action areas:

Facilitating a digital economy

Promoting advanced technology and innovation

Developing Hong Kong as a hub for technological cooperation and trade

Enabling the next generation of public services

Building an inclusive, knowledge-based society. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

43
Organisation and Leadership

Vision/ Strategy

The Digital 21 Strategy bought together a pan-governmental ICT strategy for the first
time. The core vision associated with this is to "sustain Hong Kong's position as
Asia's leading digital city". As such, the strategy is regularly reviewed, updated and
consulted on. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

Structure

Headed by the Government Chief Information Officer (GCIO), provides a single focal
point with responsibility for ICT policies, strategies, programmes and measures
under the Digital 21 Strategy. In addition to providing information technology (IT)
services and support within the Government GCIO is deputised by two Deputy
Government Chief Information Officers (DGCIOs) who are responsible for two major
areas of responsibilities: Policy & Customer Service and Consulting & Operations.

Smart City Projects in Hong Kong

Electronic Information Management

Electronic Information Management (EIM), was central to the 2008 Digital 21

Strategy, and covers three central themes:

44
1) Content Management 2) Records Management 3) Knowledge
Management.

E-government

The OGCIO is responsible for running the citys main website. They aim to meet 80
of citizen needs for dealing with the government on that website, through e-
government services. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

GovWiFi

Government Wi-Fi Programme (GovWiFi) aims to transition Hong Kong into a

wireless city, providing free wireless internet services to all citizens. The programme
places Wi-Fi facilities at designated government premises, and aims to ensure that:

Citizens can surf the web freely for business, study, leisure or accessing
government services whenever they visit the designated Government premises.

Business organisations can extend their services to a wireless platform to reach

and connect with their clients.

ICT industry players can make use of this new wireless platform to develop and
provide more Wi-Fi applications, products and supporting services to their clients,
and open up more new business opportunities. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

Open Data

The Government holds a significant amount of data that could be of significant value
to the public. These datasets include, for example demographic, economic,
geographical and meteorological data, historical documents and archives. However
this information has not historically been in a format to facilitate value-added re-use
by third parties. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

Future Plans

Hong Kong will continue to work towards the vision articulated in the Digital strategy,
and will update it as new challenges and opportunities are identified. Mr Godfrey
explains that achieving the citys aim around ICT is a continual process of
improvement, rather than an end-goal:

Although we have articulated our vision, I dont think we will ever be able to say
weve done it. Because even when you get there, ICT changes so fast that you are
going to have to keep running to achieve the vision.

He also identifies that shifting to cloud-based ICT operations in the city will be a core
upcoming challenge:

45
We see the biggest change in the next few years being how we make use of cloud
computing in government, which will affect both the applications and the
infrastructure. (Anuj Tiwari, Dr. Kamal Jain,2013).

46
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49