Owning Domestic Dogs

By Lacey Gof

The term Mans Best Friend has been used to describe domestic dogs

for years now. Humans have depicted dogs as part of their lives on various

artwork throughout history. The Ancient Egyptians may have revered cats,

but one of their gods was Anubis, a canine-headed protector of the dead and

the afterlife. Some Egyptians were even mummified and buried with their

dogs after death. Most of todays canine companions have roots back to the

hunters of ancient Europe. Though dogs started out as their distant cousins,

the wolves, whom they share about 90% of their DNA with, they were taken

in by humans for hunting companions and protectors as time went on. Dogs

became more than just a tool as more and more people wanted to have

them for the benefit of a friend. They were loyal, eager to please and friendly

creatures that won over the hearts of many humans all over the world. The

dogs were cross-bred to create dogs that were smaller- lap dogs, or toy dogs,

as they become known. These kinds of breeds include the Cavalier King

Charles Spaniel, the Havanese and the Maltese Large breeds were bred to be

smaller, like the Pomeranian. Poms started out around 30 pounds and used

as herding dogs. This seems incredible when comparing that to the four to

seven pound lap-dogs they are today.. Even Queen Elizabeth II enjoys the

presence of her many Corgis in Buckingham Palace. From being personal

companions to working dogs, these canines have had a positive efect on the

lives of humans for many years.

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 Species of canines have been around on Earth for a long time. The earliest

records of canid fossils are in Siberia, dated at 33,000 years ago (Freedman,

Adam H p2). It is unclear where the dogs origin truly is, but the evidence

points toward Southeast Asia, the Middle East and Europe. Dogs and their

canine relatives have had an adaptive nature that enables them to live in

many diferent terrains as well as a unique bond with humans that has

transported them all over the world. This diversity has led to an uncertainty

of origin. According to Freedman, scientists infer that dogs diverged from

their wolf cousins at the same time that wolf populations split into other

areas of the world. There is also speculation that dogs could have come from

or been bred with other members of the canine family, such as coyotes or

jackals.

The first kinds of dog domestication was traced back to Neolithic time era

(Power, Emma p2) when wolves would wander close to human settlements in

search of food. The habits of begging developed to feed the wolves hungry

bellies and after being rewarded with food, wolves would stick closer to the

settlements. This interaction was purely coincidental and for a long time,

wolves remained outside of the humans territory. According to Power,

humans began to want to utilize the hunting skills and companionship of the

wolves, thus keeping them in closer confines of the settlements. This

relationship grew out of a mutual benefit between wolf and human. Wolves

were not kept for pure enjoyment, but rather used as a tool for hundreds of

years. This idea of dogs as pets is a more recent view of the relationship.

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Humans who kept pets before the Victorian Era were looked down upon, until

it blossomed into a hobby of the social elite. Victorian elitists would breed

pets and the human-dog relationship became a sign of wealth and social

status, depending on the breed of dog one would own. Many small breeds

came into being during these times and the idealization of having pure

bred dogs became a fad among those in high social status. What started out

as companions that hunted down small game and lived outside the home

became little, yappy friends that could live comfortably among the people

inside the house.

Even today, dogs are used in herding or other working environments. A

popular breed of dog for that purpose is the Australian Herding Dog. They

were brought into Australia and bred to increase the productivity of cattle

and sheep farms. (Arnott, Elizabeth R., Jonathan B. Early, Claire M. Wade, &

Paul D. McGreevy p1). There are over 91,000 livestock producers around

Australia who only use about three or four herding dogs on average. Herding

dogs must be driven to work long hours to keep cattle or sheep from straying

or getting hurt. These breeds of dog are especially devoted to pleasing their

owners because of the seriousness that herding requires. The people must

work closely with the dogs, taking in account a number of factors that could

influence the dogs performance. The breed of the dog will determine the

general temperament, as well as housing methods and training methods

used to teach the dogs. The relationship between dog and human is a

delicate balance that requires work by both parties. Humans are expected to

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raise the dogs in a comfortable, safe environment. Any kind of disruption

could lead to a decrease in the dogs performance. Health problems also

cause issues in performance, so owners are expected to take their dog to the

vet regularly. If and when all of the factors are in good order, the herding dog

is an excellent and efficient way to keep cattle and sheep farms running

smoothly.

Dogs being introduced to households brought with it many health

concerns among parents and scientists. Animals were primarily kept out of

the house unless being cooked for meals. This limitations between humans

and animals meant that certain diseases could not spread so rapidly from

one species to another. The barriers were broken as dogs were brought into

homes and left to be around children, food and the objects that humans

came into contact with every day. There are certain diseases in dogs that

would not spread to humans even by doggy kisses and the occasional

defecating on the floor. Not all germs afect humans the same way that they

afect dogs. This introduction could have even helped the human immune

system grow stronger in fighting bacteria.

In Nathan Seppas article Dog Dust may Benefit Infant Immune

Systems, he states that dogs bring a mixture of outdoor dust in with them

when going in and out of the house (Seppa, pg1). This dust gets into the

household air, entering the human body when we breathe it in. This settles in

the intestines and strengthening the microbial mix and gearing it to fight

bacteria rather than induce an allergic reaction. Researchers have found that

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infants, especially, have less risk for asthma or allergic reactions the more

they are exposed to diferent environments. Households with dogs bring in

this exposure. In an experiment done with young mice as models for human

infants, the mice that were in dog-friendly atmosphere had virtually no

inflammation or mucus in the airways when exposed to a common allergen.

Mice that had not been exposed reacted to the allergen and had a less

diverse microbiome in their intestines. The microbes in the non-exposed

mice were less diverse and lacked the kind of mixture that was in the

systems of the mice that had been exposed to dog dust. Infants have

immune systems that are still in development and the earlier the exposure,

the better efect it will have for them later in life, such as less risk for

common allergies or asthma.

Humans have busy everyday lives and without a little proper

encouragement, health is not always on the top of the priority list. It is easy

to forget to exercise or get the minimal amount of physical activity in,

especially between the stress of work, school and family life. At times, when

the time is there, people have little motivation to get up and go. Having a

dog around the house provides the perfect reason to get outside, if just for a

short while. Dogs will go out of their way to be active and require daily

exercise to keep them happy and healthy. Jacqueline Epping of the Centers

for Disease Control and Preventions Physical Activity and Health Branch says

that, the knowledge around dog walking is relatively young, but there is a

robust body of evidence as to the health benefits of pets, including lower

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cholesterol and blood pressure, reduced stress, improved mental health,

speedier recovery and longevity after heart attack and better quality of life

among older adults. (Currie, Donya p1). Frequent dog walkers are even ten

times more likely to meet the 150 minutes recommended guideline of weekly

activity. Dogs have been a benefit to human health just by wanting to have

fun and get exercise. Their very presence practically forces humans to live

healthier lives. Most do not even realize how much moderate physical

exercise they get in per week. According to the article Your Pet and Your

Health, dog owners get roughly 300 minutes of activity per week, compared

to the 168 minutes per week that non-owners get. The pet owners reported

to have found that exercising is easier when knowing that they have a

responsibility to their pet, not just to themselves.

Dogs also help to reduce stress in everyday life, as well as the stress for

human who have been injured or sufer from disabilities. Endorphin levels

change, as well as blood pressure and anxiety levels when interacting with

animals. Even dogs that someone does not own, but interacts with can have

unexpected results to mood or health level. It changes the mood of a person

for a few hours, which can impact the overall health of that person. The

health level of the dog can also play a role in the humans health. While most

people would assume that a sick pet would cause greater stress to a human,

it can lead to humans being more perceptive and vigilant about their own

bodies. Knowledge increases about diseases, such as diabetes, which can

occur in both humans and dogs. Having a pet with a disease will result in a

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more knowledgeable owner. Humans seem to have an easier time being

health conscious about their lives when it afects another living creature-

such as a pet, who is just as much a part of the family as another human.

In the cases of therapy and assistance dogs, they are trained to assist

humans who otherwise could not do day-to-day tasks without help. Tony

Cooper, a police officer who lost his job after being diagnosed with MS, had

trouble bending over to pick up objects around the house without the help of

his Chesapeake Bay Retriever, Raven (Durand, Marcella p1). Raven may not

have been a trained service dog, but her presence took a load of of Coopers

shoulders. Another woman, Melinda Johnson, who was diagnosed with a

severe ambulatory disability in 2008, says that her dog is a welcome

distraction when she is sufering from a symptom or otherwise feeling

depressed. Dogs are creatures of habit and routine, which provides comfort.

In Laura Bells article A Cancer Patients Best Friend, a Shih-Tzu named

Daisy is part of research experiment in which dogs are patients themselves,

receiving care for their own cancer while contributing to the research of

cancer in humans (p1). It is not cruel like testing mice and rats in

laboratories. The research has led to clues of how cancers in the blood,

bones and brain come about in living creatures. Peter Dickinson, a veterinary

neurosurgeon at the University of California claims that, You couldnt tell a

diference between a dog tumor and a human tumor under the microscope.

For dogs, inbreeding has given them a simpler genetic makeup to study and

pinpoint irregularities in cancer that is much easier to study than in humans.

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 Happiness is a big key in the health of humans. The lower the happiness

levels, the more easily the immune system can be afected by bacteria and

germs. Therapy dogs ofer a level of happiness to those who are sufering.

They can be a guiding light in the dark. For a cancer patient named Jackie,

Ray Ward and his therapy dog Mandy gave her the love she needed in the

last 24 hours of her life. (Jones, Karen p1). She was comatose by the time the

pair got to the hospital, but woke up as soon as Mandy entered her room. It

was a bittersweet moment knowing that Wards dog could bring such

happiness to another. He found the experience as rewarding as the patient

because he could see how much his dog afected a person. Using this

experience, Ward has a better appreciation for Mandy and continues to take

her around as a therapy dog.

According to Lena Nordgren and Gabriella Enstrom in Efects of Dog-

Assisted Intervention on Behavioral and Psychological Symptoms of

Dementia, 36 million people worldwide have dementia and it will be as high

as 115 million by 2050. A good majority of patients sufer from agitation or

aggression during the illness. The use of pharmaceutical drugs have

lessened the aggression, but increases the mortality rate. To avoid the use of

drugs, caretakers will attempt to keep the patient under enjoyable stimuli

such as simple tasks, one of methods being Animal-Assisted-Intervention, or

AAI. Dog-assisted Activity, or DAA, has become the most common among

patients. Another alternative would be Dog-Assisted Intervention (DAI). The

primary diference between DAA and DAI is that DAA is a group activity,

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whereas DAI is an individual, goal-oriented approach. The goal must be

clearly define, such as maintaining the ability to brush ones hair. The

presence of a dog encourages the patient to try harder and keeps the patient

socially engaged throughout the task. There is little to no standards around

the world for the use of therapy dogs in elderly homes. Sweden is the only

country on record with a set guideline and paid, permanent staf that works

with the dogs. The presence of therapy dogs in elderly care homes not only

reduces the aggression and agitation in patients, but reduces the rate of

screaming, shouting and heart rate (p2). Nordgren and Enstrom tell the story

of 84 year old Mrs. Johnson, diagnosed with vascular dementia, who trained

with AAI once a week for eight weeks. The tasks included walking outside

and grooming the dog. Data was collected at the beginning and end of the

trial, revealing that Mrs. Johnsons cognitive function and ADL (activities of

daily living) improved just in the eight weeks. Mrs. Johnson started restless

and constantly asking questions throughout the day. By the end of the trial,

she was not questioning everything, there were no signs of restlessness and

she could move about the facility without help. DAI was developed to help

train the patients in one or more specific abilities (p4). While still a new

study that needs to implement more trials around the world, not just in

Sweden, DAI and DAA have seemed to be a more efective methods than

using pharmaceutical drugs. The efect on the patients happiness and mood

levels was at a positive rate, rather than a negative one.

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 Along with therapy dogs being used for elderly patients with dementia,

they are used for children with emotional and behavioral disabilities (EBD).

Children and people with EBD tended to have aggression toward their

classmates and often were put into special needs classrooms to help cope

with their aggression. In addition, children with EBD experienced issues with

reading because of their attention and behavioral difficulties. (Bassette &

Taber-Doughty p2). A popular method of improving these behavioral

difficulties is animal-assisted activity (AAA). A program called Reading With

Rover allows children to read to volunteers and their dogs in diferent

settings, such as educational. In these readings, the children started out with

below grade level reading levels, but the levels increased as they read to the

dogs. Some children expressed more confidence in reading to dogs because

it was less intimidating than reading with an adult. Dogs dont make any

judgmental comments to the children and allow them to work through their

reading struggles. The sessions with the dogs increased the students

interest in reading and their confidence.

Dogs will be loyal and dogs will always love you no matter what. She also

showed me what I can do to keep my independence and gave me the

courage to keep on going and be confident. One patient recounts her time

with Beauty, her assistance dog that she had for nine years. (Bartholomew,

Kim. Marilyn J. Kwong p1). Dogs have always been important and, in more

recent years, they have been seen as family members. They provide

comfort, love and afection even when humans feel like they deserve none of

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these things. They are home. For people with assistance dogs, the bond is

more than just something to help them complete tasks. The relationship is

codependent; the person depends on the dog for daily functioning and the

dog depends on the person for daily care. One without the other is

compromised. The human-dog bond goes much deeper than a regular dog

and owner. Owners of assistance dogs expressed their feelings about the

dogs, claiming that they did not need to search out comfort during times of

distress because of the dogs availability. The constant companionship gave

them a higher quality safe haven than they have with human caregivers

(p12). The assistance dogs gave patients a secure base to fall back on.

The human-dog relationship in and of itself has been the most remarkable

domestication in the history of humans and animals. It has been the most

profound- humans do not tend to have relationships with cows, sheep, or

pigs in such an intimate way. The abilities of dogs have stretched from

companions to service dogs, police dogs, drug and bomb-sniffing dogs etc.

(Kikusui, Takefumi, Katzutaka Mogi and Miho Nagasawa p2). According to

Serpell, there is some evidence that suggests human develop positive

feelings when caring for dogs that are akin to mother-infant relationships in

humans, which have known to be some of the strongest bonds in nature.

Similarly, dogs share an adaptive nature like humans and that plays a

role in the attachment of humans and dogs. Recently, it was found that the

visual cognitive ability of dogs is superior to that of wolves and apes, in

terms of understanding human pointing gestures (Hare, Brown, Williamson, &

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Tomasello, 2002; Miklsi, Kubinyi, Topl, Gcsi, Virnyi, & Csnyi, 2003).

Dogs visual cognitive ability is considered to have developed during their

domestication (Hare and Tomasello, 2005). (p3). Over the years of

domestication, the human influence has changed part of dogs genetic

makeup. Though in the same family, wolves of today do not have the same

visual cognitive ability as domestic dogs. Their abilities even surpass apes,

which are known as the animals most related to human beings. Studies have

shown that dogs take cues from humans through attention and eye contact.

When solving problems, dogs tend to look toward their owners for help,

unlike wolves who solve the problems on their own. This attention-based

interaction is similar to the way infants interact with their mothers. A study

done demonstrated that more dogs were inclined to take food from humans

whos faces they could see versus ones that were blindfolded. It suggests

that dogs have a limited understanding of humans not knowing what they

cannot see. This kind of behavior is a harmonious relationship that is unique

to humans and dogs thus far.

Along with visual, dogs have developed a sense of auditory cues with

humans. In a study, dogs were shown video clips of their owners and clips of

strangers, with audio from one of the two playing in the background. If the

audio did not match the face (that is to say, if the stranger was speaking, but

it showed the owners face) the dog would stare longer at the screen, as

though trying to distinguish who was addressing him or her. (Kikusui,

Takefumi, Katzutaka Mogi & Miho Nagasawa p4). This study provides

12
evidence that dogs can distinguish between their owners and strangers,

perhaps even humans individually. Like infants, dogs behave diferently with

strangers than with their owners. To further prove the point that dogs have

more developed senses around humans, the same kind of test was given to

hand-reared wolves. The wolves did not act any diferently with strangers

than with those who reared them. They did not distinguish between one

human and another.

In the article In Dog He Trusts, Neil Yanowitz describes the personal

relationship between NFL player, Kamerion Wimbley, and his six year old

Stafordshire terrier, Yogi. Wimbley uses his dog as workout partner. Yogi has

the energy to keep Wimbley on his toes during their distance runs three or

four times a week. (Yanowitz. p1). The inconsistency mirrors that of the

tempo on the football field. While Yogi is able to have fun running where he

pleases, Wimbley is training his endurance. The stocky Stafordshire is also

free of distractions that Wimbley could find himself falling for. He is not

interested in television or cell phones and lets his owner know when it is time

for their routine. Once on their runs, Yogi is an excellent motivational partner.

Wimbley tries to mimic his furry friends enthusiasm and drive. If hes going

hard, Im going to want to go hard as well, Wimbley tells Yanowitz. Wimbley

uses Yogi to help condition his eating habits as well. He makes sure to read

the dog food labels, conscious of what is going into his dogs body. This, in

turn, enables him to be nutrient conscious of his own food.

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 The relationship between humans and dogs have been depicted in art

throughout the ages. In more recent times, there have been writers

accounting their experiences with dogs. John Grogan, author of Marley & Me:

Life and Love with the Worlds Worst Dog, recounts a tale of the unlikely

relationship that he and his wife have with their dog Marley, a boisterous

Labrador. What started out as a gangly puppy turns into a whirlwind of yellow

fur, saliva and destruction. Marleys behavior puts a strain on John and

Jennys life, causing tension in the household. More than once, the Grogans

think about barring Marley from the house to keep at least some of their

possessions intact. Marley is even kicked out of obedience school. But the

Grogans fall into a comfortable routine with their dog. He becomes a well-

loved part of the family, teaching them about love, loyalty and patience. He

is there for the family through thick and thin, such as Jennys miscarriage. By

the end of the book, Marley is an old dog and his passing is a blow to the

family. Marley is just one example of the deep-rooted bond that dogs have

with humans. The touching story was even made into a film in 2008.

Similar to Marley & Me, the 2009 film Hachi: A Dogs Tale is another

example of the true loyalty of dogs. Hachi is a puppy from Japan that is

accidently left in a train station in America. He is found by Parker Wilson, a

professor on his way home from a business trip. At first, Parker is planning to

find the dogs owner, but as he cares for the pup, he grows more and more

attached. His wife gives him the okay to keep the dog and Hachiko, or Hachi

meaning the Japanese symbol for good fortune, has a brand new home. From

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the start of the film, Hachi and Parker have a bond unlike any other. Hachi

follows Parker everywhere, even getting out of the yard to walk Parker to the

train station every morning. He returns to the house during the day, but

makes his way back to the station in the afternoon to await Parkers return.

This behavior continues even as Parker tries to shoo Hachi home and he

comes to accept the dogs quirks after a while. The people of Parkers small

town come to know Hachi and treat him as though hes another person when

they are going to and from work. His presence is loved and admired,

especially when the dog waits through snow and rain for his master to come

home. One day as Parker leaves for work, Hachi begins acting strange. He

distracts Peter every time he attempts to leave for the station, even playing

fetch, which was something that Hachi never participated in before. Hes

reluctant to let his master go, though Parker brushes of the behavior. At

work, the professor has a heart attack during one of his classes and passes

away. Hachi is left waiting by the train station, but his master never returns.

Hachi is taken in by Parkers daughter and her husband, but he is not the

same dog. He is persistent in running away, always returning to the spot in

front of the station. They let him go, understanding his need to wait. Years

pass and Hachi is as faithful as he was in the beginning. What Hachi

represents- undying loyalty even after death- touches all those who know

Hachi. He is kept fed by a local hot dog vendor and people start sending in

money after a newspaper prints his story. The film ends with Hachi as an old

dog, passing away on the spot where he has always waited. In his mind,

15
Parker is there to greet him once he dies. The story of Hachi is based of

actual events in Japan, where a dog named Hachiko waited by a station for

his owner even after the man passed away. It is a truly inspirational story

between a dog and his owner. A bronze statue was constructed after Hachis

passing and now sits in the same spot he had when he was alive. Hachi

exhibited vocal and visual recognition of his owner as described in the article

Attachment Between Humans and Dogs by Kikusui, Takefumi, Katzutaka

Mogi & Miho Nagasawa. He was greeted by many strangers in his days as he

waited, but never once did Hachi have the excited reaction toward them that

he had for Parker. He was a loyal companion until the very end of his life.

In art, dogs have been depicted in many diferent ways. Many Egyptian

hieroglyphics show the God of Death and the Afterlife, Anubis, binding people

for mummification. Jean-Leon Gerome painted Diogenes in 1860, showing an

ancient Greek philosopher that called himself Diogenes the Dog. He

likened his behavior to that of dogs, fawning over those that gave him things

and barking at strangers. In the painting, Diogenes sits under a dome-like

hut with a lantern. Around him, four dogs are gathered, watching him. He is

not acknowledging the dogs, but their full attention is on him. This shows the

loyalty that dogs have given to humans over the years. He did not have to

ofer the dogs food or attention to keep them there. They chose to be around

Diogenes on their own will and many of them looked ready to please him

should he ask. The art from many diferent areas of the world showcase dogs

16
at the feet of people, indicating that these four-legged friends were not

native to just one area. Their loyalty and worth was recognized worldwide.

Scientific and literary evidence has suggested that dogs are unique to the

pet world since the beginning of their domestication. They started out as a

means of better survival and transformed into part of the human culture that

is hard live without. Dogs exist in many shapes and sizes, their breeds used

for everything from hunting to cuddling on cold nights. Their presence has

been a positive influence on humans and the way humans view the world.

They bring out compassion and love, allowing humans to extend their care to

other species. Dogs contribute to society by using their stronger senses to

make our world a safer place, whether it be from drugs or bombs or criminals

on the street. They protect homes, assist the disabled, bring joy to those who

need it most, give valuable information into research. Their usefulness knows

no bounds and above all, dogs aim to please humans in everything they do.

They are happy creatures who greet everyone with a wag of their tails. Dogs

look up to humans as though the world revolves around them. Even the

worst kinds of people, the abusers and the dog ring fighters, have dogs that

will try to do everything in their power to please. They do not see evil or

cruelty when they look at human beings.

As an owner of three small dogs, I understand the bond that develops

between humans and dogs. I have always, since my childhood, felt most

comfortable around dogs. There was not a time where I was without a

companion, be them four-legged or two-legged. My dogs have been positive

17
additions to my life and I consider them a part of my family. This research

has given me a greater respect for the history of domestic dogs. It gave me

an insight to their background, where their traits may have developed along

the way. All of my dogs are companion dogs, not working dogs, so the initial

importance of them will always be as my friends. They know how to cheer

me up when I am feeling down and they are always ready to play. I miss my

dogs every day when Im here in school. Life does not seem the same

without them running around my feet and tripping me up. I never

appreciated them as dearly as I do when they are not here with me. I have

learned through my research paper that my love for dogs is something that

has existed in the world for thousands of years. The love that humans have

for dogs will only grow and the bond will get stronger as dogs continue to

stand by mankinds side, taking us further in science, research and medicine.

Maybe one day, humans will realize the true worth of dogs and they will be

truly respected.

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