PROGRAM PLANNING GUIDE C 99

Selecting Facilities Urban and Commercial Areas (continued)

Careful selection of the facilities to be surveyed must Laboratories and Sprinkler systems
be made well in advance of the program to ensure that clinics and boilers
a variety of conditions are represented during the Swimming pool, Irrigation system
survey exercises. gymnasium, and Airport
stadium Restaurant
Generally, the health department can provide assist-
ance in identifying facilities that will meet program
needs.

The instructor or sponsoring agency should contact the

person in charge of the facility and:
Select facilities that have either several installed
o Explain the educational nature of the survey. devices, several unprotected cross connections, or a
o Request permission to survey the facility. combination in order for students to see as many
. Request that an individual who is familiar with installations as possible with the least amount of travel.
the facility accompany the tour to explain the Try to select locations.with several different types of
operation and physical layout of installed devices. A single location with an RPZ, pressure
plumbing and equipment. vacuum breaker, and an air gap, for example, would
o Request permission for the instructor to make be ideal. You may also want to select at least one
a preprogram survey to obtain background facility with:
information, select specific installations to be An inappropriate device, such as a pressure
viewed, and, generally, betome familiar with
vacuum breaker on a boiler.
the facility. . An appropriate device that is incorrectly in-
Suggested Facilities stalled, such as an RPZ in a nondraining pit,
or installed vertically.
Small Communities Urban and o Always look for potential cross connections,
and Rural Areas Commercia! Areas
such as a threaded hose bibb over a tank or
Water treatment plant Water treatment plant vat, an insufficient air gap, or a blocked over-
Wastewater treatment Wastewater treatment flow.
plant plant
Clinic Hospital or medical If you plan to test a device to demonstrate the use of
Veterinary clinic clinic test kits, select a device where there is adequate room
School Mortuary for students to gather around to observe the test pro-
City offices School cedures. Be sure to obtain approval in advance from
Park with a swimming City offices the facility manager, since testing will require you to
pool Park with a swimming interrupt water serlice briefly while the test is being
Commercial laundry pool made.
or cleaners Commercial laundry
Laundromat or cleaners Duplicate sufficient quantities of the student handout
Car wash Laboratory materials (Appendix C-l) for each student. Be sure
Restaurant Food or film to duplicate multiple copies of the Survey Form
Water dispensing processing plant (C-l-2) so students can complete a separate form for
station Chemical manufactur- each facility and have a blank form to keep for future
Feedlot or dairy ing plant and other use. Become familiar with the forms so you can explain
Orchard or greenhouse industrial manufac- the procedure for completing them.
Building under turing plants
construction Harbor operations Verify the survey date and time with the facility
Irrigation system High-rise buildings manager after all arrangements have been completed.
Airport University
Food service areas Announce the meeting time and location before you
Water and waste- adjourn the classroom program (Program A or B) and
water systems hand out student materials for the field survey.

1OO cRoSS-coNNEcTIoNcoNTRoL
Provide information regarding transportation, meet-
ing time and location, arrangements for lunch, and any
special equipment that may be needed (such as a clip-
board and pen).
Inform students that backflow-prevention devices are
generally located in areas that may require climbing
ladders and stairs, where floors may be wet and/or
slippery, and that they should dress accordingly.
Planning the Tour
Because space is limited in many facilities where back-
flow-prevention devices are installed, or where cross
connections are likely to be found, you should limit
the size ofeach group to five to ten students. Ifa larger
group is anticipated, make arrangements for two or
three assistants who are knowledgeable about cross
connections to accompany additional groups of five
to ten students each. Plan your itinerary(ies) so that
no two groups are at the same facility at the same time.
Be sure to let the facility manager know that there will
be several groups touring the facility, their approxi-
mate time of arrival, and the group leader,s name.
Try to schedule arrival of the group at a time of day
that will not conflict with the company,s busiest time.
(Don't plan to inspect a restaurant at I l:30 a.m., for
example).
Since the field survey will interrupt the routine at the
facility, you may want to consider selecting different
(but similar) facilities for each group to survey. This
will, of course, increase the planning necessary, but the
interruptions will be minimized at the host facilities.
Transporting students to the facilities to be surveyed
can be accomplished by using private automobiles (be
sure to provide a map and itinerary); by using city or
county vans, ifavailable; or by using public transpor-
tation, if available. Generally, it is advisable to keep
the group together, since travel time can be used for
discussions, questions, and answers.
Try to select facilities that are not widely separated in
order to keep travel time to a minimum.
The instructor should travel the planned route(s), and
approximate the survey time in advance in order to
prepare an accurate itinerary. Traffic conditions
should be kept in mind when planning the tour. A
sample itinerary is shown below; a blank itinerary form
I
is included in Appendix C-1. The instructor should
complete a copy of the form, and then duplicate it for
student distribution.
Conducting the Survey
Once you have completed all the planning activities,
you should be fully prepared to conduct the survey.
When all the students have gathered at the
designated meeting place, briefly go over the
objectives and purpose of the field survey.
o Explain how to fill out the Survey Forms
(C-l-2) for each facility.
. If you have more than one group, assign indi-
viduals to accompany your assistants.
o Hand out the itinerary(ies) and briefly describe
the selected facilities that will be surveyed.
o lnform students of the locations and time of
the final meeting at the end of the day to cri-
tique the field survey.
o Ask if everyone has all the materials they need
(you may want to have a few extra survey
forms and pencils available).
o Inform students of the first destination, meet-
ing time, and location prior to departure.
Survey Notes to the lnstructor
On arrival at each facility, or while in transit if the
group is traveling together, describe the facility you
will be surveying, including:
o What type of business or industry is carried
out at the facility
o Types of contaminants, such as corrosion
inhibitors, toxic chemicals, sewage or indus-
trial waste; degrees of hazard; known pressure
conditiong
o Types of installed devices or potential cross
connections that will or may be encountered
At each installation or cross connection, provide a
brief description of the problem. Be sure to point out
the:
Potable supply lines
o Nonpotable system
. Any irregularities in the installation
. Special conditions that must be considered
such as downstream valves, inappropriate
drainage, testing or repair limitations imposed
by the physical location of the device
 PRoGRAM PLANNING GUIDE C 101

Encourage students to ask questions, and then have . Is any immediate danger being posed by un-
them fill in pertinent information on the survey form. protected cross connections?

Repeat the same procedures for each installation or

Ask students: cross connection, and then proceed to the next facility.
o Is the protection adequate for the degree of
hazard? On completion of the survey, return to the final meet-
o Could improvements be made to make testing ing destination. Plan to spend at least 30 min critiquing
or repair easier? the field survey and answering questions.

SamPle ltinerarY
CROSS.CONNECTION CONTROL FIELD SURVEY
May 12, 19-

Location Phone Arrive Additional lnformation

Meet at City Hall 634-2121 8:00 a.m. 8:30 a.m. Bring clipboard and pen
:
1000 Center St.
Conference Rm B
Meet at south door 698:7',|77 8:45 a.tn. l0:00 a.m. No smoking allowed in building
1221 Baker St.
LMN Photo Lab
Meet in lobby 773-6161 l0:30 a.m. l2:00 noon Park in east lot only
1634 Dayton
ABC Hospital
Lunch on your own Jerry's Subs 1636 Dayton
Great Sandwiches-$3-$5
Meet at main gate 83 l-7890 l:30 p.m. 3:00 p.m. Obtain pass from guard; return
1885 Hwy 12 pass to guard when leaving
WOW Chemicals
Meet at City Hall 634-2121 3:45 p.m. 4:15 p.m. Discussion, questions, and
1000 Center St. answers
Conference Rm B
.l
 I

\.-J

PROGRfiM PLANNING..GUIDE D
Condensed Program
for
Short Presentations

\t-_l

103
 .l

PROGRAM PLANNING GUIDE D

Program Planning Guide D contains Program Outline and why should you
and Instructor Notes for presenting a condensed worry about cross
overview of cross-connection problems and control connections? ..10 minutes
measures for a short presentation (l-2 hours). Session II How do cross
connctions
Purpose of the Program happen? ......20minutes
Session III How can cross
This presentation is intended to provide a generall connections be
introduction to cross-connection problems, programs, prevented and how
and control measures where time does not allow for can you protect your
a full-day program. This program is suitable for use water system from
with general audiences who do not have a technical contamination? . . .. . . 15 minutes
background in water supply practices. The purpose of Session IV What does a cross-
the program is to alert the public, public officials; or connection control
other interested persons to the hazards associated with program include? . . . . 15 minutes
cross connections, and provide general information
that will encourage participants to support cross- Total Time I hour
connection control efforts in their community.
Plan to spend l0 or l5 minutes answering questions
Program Planning Guide D can also be used to rein-
after the presentation is completed.
force the awareness of cross-connection problems and
control measures at state and local meetings of
technical personnel. Required Materials

Method of lnstruction o Slides from Appendix F, selected using the

Slide/Discussion Guide in Appendix E
The topics contained in this outline can be presented o Carousel projector with remote control on
in approximately one hour using the resource materials projection table
included in the Training Package. To cover the topics o Projection screen
in the recommended time, the lecture/slide/discussion o One set of Appendix D-l materials for each
method is suggested in order to keep the presentation
student
on schedule. However, you must allow additional time
Abbreviated Course Outline (D-l-l)
if you choose to include supplementary activities, such (D-l-2)
Glossary
as demonstrations or audiovisual presentations.
Degree of Hazard Chart (D-l-3)
Backflow-Prevention Devices (D- 1-4)
Suggested Time Allotted for Each Session Cross-Connection Control Program
(D-l-s)
Session I Intrciduction-What is o Case histories of cross connections selected
a cross connection from Appendix D-2

104

Optional Materials
Chalkboard
. Flipchart
. Cutaway models of devices or actual devices
. Student materials (duplicate or obtain copies
for each student)
Local and state codes and regulations cov-
ering cross connections
List of approved devices (state list or
Foundation for Cross-Connection Con-
trol and Hydraulic Research)
Guest speaker materials
Samples of "bill stuffers" indicating water
is pure and safe
American Water Works Association publi-
cations, US Environmental Protection
Agency publications, state manuals, or
other suitable publications
. l6-mm film projector
o l6-mm film*
Cross Connections: The Unseen Hazard.
(1979, 32 min, coloi.) Epic Film Pro-
ductions, Austin, Texas.
A general review of cross-con-
nection control programs
Before-Class Suggestions
. Carefully review this Program Planning Guide.
. Be sure that notices publicizing the program,
including the location, date(s), and time have
been mailed or posted well in advance of the
program.
. Assess the level of experience and knowledge
of the participants to determine supple- if
mentary materials will be helpful, or if you will
need to- adjust your presentation to
special needs. For example, if the program is
to be presented primarily for field engineers,
you might want to emphasize field installations
or inspections; health department officials
might be more interested in a thorough discus-
sion ofplanning and implementing cros-
connection control programs; and utility per-
sonnel will probably be most interested in
measures to protect the water supply.
tAvailable on loan from the AWWA Technical Library, 6666 W
Quincy Avenue, Denver, CO 80235. (303r, 794-7711.
I
PROGRAM PLANNING GUIDE D 105
Make notations on your instructor notes re-
garding important points or special examples
you intend to emphasize throughout the
program.
Select appropriate cross-connection case his-
tories from Appendix D-2, and/or make
appropriate notes in your outline if you plan
to use other examples.
Obtain copies of local and state regulations or
codes relating to cross connections, lists of
approved devices, and plumbing codes for
student distribution.
Obtain cutaway models or actual devices you
plan to display or demonstrate.
o Duplicate sufficient quantities of the student
materials provided in Appendix D-1, and any
other supplementary materials you plan to
hand out. Make sure student materials are in
the order in which they will be discussed.
o Preview any supplementary films you plan to
:
use, and note in your outline at what point in
your presentation you will show the films.
o Practice using the discussion slides in con-
junction with your instructor notes. (lf substi-
tute slides are used, be sure the slides are of
good quality and clearly illustrate the cross
connections you plan to discuss.)
o Check the arrangements you have made for
supplementary activities, such as demonstra-
tions, films, or guest speakers.
o Make sure that all those who have indicated
they will attend the program know the training
schedule, date, and location.
Make sure the meeting room is large enough
to accomrhodate the anticipated number of
persons attending. Check the location and
operation gf temperature controls, electrical
meet outlets, an' light switches to determine the
best conditions for viewing slides.
o Check the arrangement of the room and make
any necessary adjustments. A table or podium
should be placed at the front of the room for
the instructor. If demonstrations are to be
given, there should be adequate space provided
near the front of the room.
. Check the slide projector to be sure it is oper-
ative, focused, and ready to use. Make sure
you have a spare bulb and an extension cord.
Be sure the remote cord is long enough to
reach the podium and screen. The projection
screen should be placed for optimum viewing
 1 06 cnoss-coNNEcloN coNrRoL
and the instructor's table or podium placed to
one side of the screen.
Suggested Supplementary Readings
The references in this section have been selected to
provide you with additional publications and articles
that are available for background reading. This
reference list is also included in the student handout
packet, Appendix D-1.
Handbooks and Manuals
o Angele, G.J. Sr. Cross Connections and Back-
flow Prevention. AWWA, Denver, Colo. (2nd
ed., 1974).*
o Backflow Prevention and Cross-Connection
Control. Manual Ml4. AWWA, Denver,
Colo. (1966).*
o Cross-Connection Control Manual. United
States Environmental Protection Agency,
EPA-430 / 9-73-002. Washingron, D.C. (t 975).1
o Manual of Cross-Connection Control. Foun-
dation for Cross-Conhection Control and
Hydraulic Research, Los Angeles, Calif. (6th
ed.,1979).*
Se/ected State and AWWA Section Manuals (or your
own state manual, if available)"
Complete bibliographic citations are unavailable
for most manuals. Contact your state health
department or AWWA section officers to obtain
copies.
o Accepted Procedure and Practice in Cross
Connection Control Manual. Cross Connec-
tion Control Committee, Pacific Northwest
Section AWWA and Cross Connection Con-
trol Committee, British Columbia Section
AWWA. (1e80).
o Cross Connection Control Manual. Division
of Sanitary Engineering, Tennessee Depart-
ment of Public Health, Nashville, Tenn.
(197s).
Cross Connection Rule Manual. Michigan
Department of Public Health, Water Supply
Services Division, Lansing, Mich. (2nd ed.,
1982).
. These materials ur" supplementary texts. Evaluate
"ritubl"
the feasibilty of obtaining quantities of these publications for
student distrbution.
t May not be available in quantities.
o The Manual of Cross Connection Prevention
in Public Water Supplies. Missouri Section
AWWA.
Sfandards and List of Approved Devices
. ASME Standard for Air Gaps in Plumbing
Systems. Standard All2.l.2 (ANSI Approved).
American Society of Mechanical Engineers,
New York, N.Y. (Jan. 1973).
. ASSE Performance Standard for Vacuum
Breakers, Antisiphon, Pressure Type.
Standard 1020. American Society of Sanitary
Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio (Nov. 1974).
. ASSE Standard for Backflow Preventers with
Intermediate Atmospheric Vent. Standard
1012. American Society of Sanitary Engineer-
ing, Cleveland, Ohio (May 1972).
. ASSE Standard for Double Check Valve Type
Back Pressure Backflow Preventers. Standard
1015. American Society of Sanitary Engineer-
ing, Cleveland, Ohio (May 1972).
o ASSE Standard for Hose Connection Vacuum
Breakers. Standard l0l l. American Society of
Sanitary Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio (June
1970).
o ASSE Standard for Performance Require-
ments for Pipe-Applied Atmospheric Type
Vacuum Breakers. Standard l@l (ANSI Stan-
dard A I 12.l .l). American Society of Sanitary
Engineering, Cleveland, Ohio (1971).
ASSE Standard for Performance Require-
ments for Reduced Pressure Principle Back
'l0l
Pressure Backflow Preventers. Standard 3.
American Society of Sanitary Engineering,
Cleveland, Ohio (June l97l).
. AWWA Standard for Backflow Prevention
Devices-Beduced Pressure Principle and
Double CHck Valve Types. Standard C506.
AWWA, Denver, Colo. (1978).
List of Approved Backflow-Prevention De-
vices. University of Southern California,
Foundation for Cross-Connection Control
and Hydraulic Research, Los Angeles, Calif.
(updated periodically).
OpFlow Articles
o Anderson, G.D. The Basics of Cross-Connec-
tion Control. OpFlow, 4:ll:3 (Nov. 1978).
o Backsiphonage: A Hazard To Public Health.
OpFlow, 2:5:3 (May 1976).
o Cross-Connection-Control Guide for Oper-
ators-I. Cross-Connection Terminology.
OpFlow, 9:l:4 (Jan. 1983).

Cross-Connection-Control Guide for Oper-
ators-Il. Devices That Protect Against Cross
Connections. OpFlow, 9:2:3 (Feb. 1983).
Cross-Connection-Control Guide for Oper-
ators-lII. Cross-Connection-Control Pro-
grams. OpFlow,9:3:5 (Mar. 1983).
Cross-Connection Control in Your Own Back-
yard. OpFlow, 6:6:6 (June 1980).
DDT in Water Supply. OpFlow,5:3:l (Mar.
1979).
Markwood, I.M. Cross-Connections-Legal
or Lethal? OpFlow, l:9:3 (Sept. 1975).
Miller, R.S. Cross-Connection Control Down
on the Farm. OpFlow, 5:ll:l (Nov. 1979).
Journal AWWA Articles
. o Anderson, D.C. Cross-Connections-Their
Committee Report-Prevention of Ground-
water Backflow Into Distribution Systems.
AWWA Distribution Division Committee o
Prevention of Groundwater.Backflow in Di-
tribution Systems. Jour.AWWA, 7l:2:76
(Feb. 1979).
o Craun, G.F. Outbreaks of Waterborne Dis-
ease in the United States: 197l-1978. Jour.
AWWA, 73:7:360 (July l98l).
o Craun, G.F. et al. Waterborne Disease Out-
breaks in the US-1971-1978. Jour.AWWA,
68:8:420 (Aug. 1976).
o Craun, G.F., & Gunn, R.A. Outbreaks of
Waterborne Disease in the United States: 1975
-1976. Jour.AWWA, 7 l:8:422 (Aug. 1979).
o Davis, J.H. & Murrell, L.R. Legal Aspects of
Backflow and Cross-Connection Control.
Jour.AWWA, 68:8:397 (Aug. 1976).
o Lee, R.D. Protecting Community Water Sup-
plies. Jour.AWWA, 64:4:26 (April 1972).
o McQuillan, R.G. & Spenst, P.G. The Addition
of Cheriricals to Apartment Water Supplies.
Jour.AWWA, 68:8:415 (Aug. 1976).
o Miller, K.J. Counterpoint-The Regulation
and Prevention of Cross Connections in Water
Distribution Systems. Jour.AWWA, 69:5: l3
(May 1977).
o Roller, J.A. Cross-Connection Control Prac-
tices in Washington State. Jour.AWWA,
68:8:407 (Aug. 1976).
r Springer, E.K. Cross-Connection Control.
Jour.AWWA, 68:8:405 (Aug. 1976).
o Springer, E.K. Viewpoint-Wanted: Compre-
hensive Cross Connection Control. Jour.
AWWA, 72:8:17 (Aug. 1980).
o Woodhull, R.S. Viewpoint-The Regulation
PRoGRAM PLANNTNG GU|DE D 1OT
and Prevention of Cross Connections in Water
Distribution Systems. Jour.AWWA, 69:.5:12
(May 1977).
Journal of the New England Water Works Association
o Gorden, S.F. et al. Panel Discussion-Cross-
Connection-Problems and Answers. Jour.
NEWWA, 6:179 (June 1978).
o Grady, R.P. Cross Connection Control-A
Management Decision. Jour.NEWWA,
12:309 (Dec. 1980).
o Grady, R.P. Portland Water District's Exper-
ience With a Cross-Connection Strvey. Jour.
NEWWA, 9:234 (Sept. 197 l).
Technical Papers
Importance and Control. Proc. AWWA Ann.
Conf., Paper No. l8-5. (1981).
o Annual Summary of Water-Related DiseaSb
Outbreaks. Center for Disease Control, US
Dept. of Health & Human Services, PHS,
Atlanta, GA. (published annually).
o Klimko, R.G. Cross-Connection Control Pro-
gram of the City of Cleveland. Proc. AWWA
Ann. Conf., Paper No. 22-b. (May 197'7).
o Ongerth, H.J. Cross Connection Control-
The California State Department of Health
Viewpoint. Proc. AWWA Ann. Conf., Paper
No. 22-c. (May 1977).
o Springer, E.K. A Sip Could Be Fatal. Proc.
AWWA Distribution System Symposium.
Paper No. 3-1. (Feb. 1980).
r Springer, E.K. The Nuts and Bolts of Cross
Connection. Proc. AWWA Distribution
System Symposium, Paper No. 3-1. (1982).
o Wubbena, S.L. A Comprehensive State/Local
Approach to Cross-Connection Control. Proc.
AWWA Ann. Conf., Paper No. 22-e. (May
t977).
Codes and Regulations
. 40 CFR (Code of Federal Regulations) Part
l4l,page 230. Office of the Federal Register,
National Archives and Records Service. U.S.
Government Printing Office, Washington,
D.C. (re83).
o National Standard Plumbing Code. National
Association of Plumbing-Heating-Cooling
Contractors and the American Society of
Plumbing Engineers, Washington, D.C. (June
1975).

,q: cRoss-coNNEcroNcorurRol
. Occupational Safety and Health Act{OSHA)
Subpart J, General Environnrental Controls,
paragraph 1910. l4l@X2[ii); Federal Register
(Vol. 38, No. 85-P.1093S){May 3i,1973't.
e Standard PlumbingCode. outhern Building
Code Congress International (SBCC). Bir-
mingham, AL.
I ir:..r. -..:::i.l.t:,- .F
r The BOCA Basic.Plumbiqg Code. Building .----\
Officials and Code Admiqistrators Interna- l
tional. Homewood, IL (sth ed. l98l). \---l
Uniform PlumbingCode, International Asso-
ciation of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials
(IAPMO). Los Angeles, CA.
$
 PROGRAM OUTLINE AND NSTRUCTOR NOTES

Session l-lntroduction-What ls a Cross Connection

and Why Should You Worry About Cross Connections?
(Time allotted: 10 minutes)

Slide I
Slide ll l. The purpose of this presentation is to make students aware of hazards
associated with cross connections so steps can be taken to:

A. Protect the public health

B. Protect the water system from damage

C. Protect the water supplier from liability

109
 '!
1 1O cRoss-coNNEcroN coNTRoL

Refer students to the G/ossary (D-1-2).

ll. What is a cross connection?

Slide 1 A. A cross connection is a link between a potable water system (water
that is safe to drink) and a nonpotable system (water or other liquids
that are not considered safe to drink) or a system of questionable
quality (water or other liquids that may or may not be safe to drink),
such as:

Slide 28 1 . Another water supply of inferior or unknown quality (a private

well that is not monitored regularly, for example)

Slide 38 2. Cnemcal solutions and toxic (poisonous substances

(corrosion inhibitors, cleaning and metal plating solutions,
water treatment chemicals, antifreeze)

Slide 48 3. Nonpotable water (untreated water used in industrial pro-

cesses, irrigation water, auxiliary supplies used for fire
fighting)

Slide 58 4. Sewage and industrial waste (raw or partially treated)

Slide 68 5. Nontoxic (not poisonous) liquids (beverages such as wine,

beer, or milk) that do not belong in the water system

B. A cross connection can allow undesirable liquids to enter the

potable water system through: iJ

Slide 78 1. Piping systems (such as boiler feed lines, chemical mixing

vats)

Slide 88 2. Temporary connections (such as hoses or submerged inlets)

Slide 9 3. A siphoning action that is strong enough to draw liquid from

the surface (like a vacuum cleaner hose picks up dirt from
the floor)

lll. Public health concerns

A. Consumers assume water from the tap is safe because:

 \

PROGRAM OUTLINE D_SESSION I 11'1

1. That has been their experience.

2. The water supplier has assured consumers that the water

is safe.

3. Water quality is regulated by state and federal governments

(Safe Drinking Water Act).

B. Contamination typically occurs after the water has been treated.

c. Contaminaon due to cross connections can cause serious health-

related problems, such as:

1. Waterborne disease (such as hepatitis and typhoid)

2. Poisoning from ingesting toxic substances (such as pesticides

or chromates)

3. Effects ranging from mild discqmfort to death

D. An estimated 100 OOO new cross connections are formed daily
(many of these are temporary or intermittent).

1 . ln most cases the potential exists for contamination to occur.

2. Contamination is generally discovered as a result of illness

(after it has affected public health).

3. Contamination may be confined to a single building or may

involve an entire community.

lV. Supplier's responsibility for protecting the water supply

112 cnoss-coNNEcloN coNTRoL

Slide 10 A. The water supplier is responsible for providing safe water to the
public by:

1. Treating the water (disinfecting, filtering, etc.)

2. Maintaining the water system

3. Testing the water to be sure it meets drinking water standards

4. Protecting the treated water from contamination

B. The water supplier may be held legally responsible for:

1. Failing to take necessary precautions to protect the water

supply from contamination

2. lnjurf or death resulting from contaminated water

C. Negligence and liability are difficult to prove; however:

1. Lawsuits are expensive.

2. ln some instances, utilis managers have been held personally

responsible.

3. Cases are frequently settled out of court to avoid publicity

and the expense of a lawsuit.

D. A utility's liability insurance may or may not cover damages arising

from cross connections.

E. Protecting the water supply and the consumers by instailing

adequate backflow-prevention devices is less expensive than the
cost of a lawsuit, regardless of the outcome.

v. supplier's responsibility for protecting the water system and private

property
 PFIOGRAM OUTLINE D_ SESSION I 113

A. ln addition to the public health hazard and liability that may be

incurred, contamination from cross connections can result in
damage to:

1. The supplier's pipes, pumps, valves, and meters

Slide 11 2. Private property (hot water heaters, plumbing, products in

cormercial or industrial plants)

B. Some types ofcontaminants (petroleum-based products, for

instance) are very difficult to flush from distribution systems.

1. May require distribution-system component replacement at

considerable cost to the water supplier

2. lnterrupts service to customers

c. The water supplier may be held legally responsible for damage to

plumbing systems and private property resulting from cross
connections.

D. lnvesting in adequate protective devices and establishing an inspec-

tion program is much less expeiisive than replacing/repairing
portions of the system.

Vl. Summary

A. The potentia! for contamination due to cross connections always

exists in every water system.

B. Locating cross connections and correcting potential problems is

the best way to protect the public health and protect the water
system.
 !

114 cRoSS.coNNEcTIoN coNTRoL

Session ll-How Do Cross Connections Happen?

(Time allotted: 20 minutes)

t. ln order for potable water to be contaminated by a nonpotable substance

through a cross connection, two conditions must exist simultaneously:

A. A force that causes liquids in a system to move

Slide 12 B. A link that connects two systems

il. Backflow is liquid flowing through a pipe in the opposite direction from
the direction it was intended to flow.

A. Backflow is caused by conditions that exert pressure in the system.

B. Whenever pressure is equal in two pipes, vessels, tanks, or con-

tainers, no movement of the contained liquid occurs. lncreasing
or decreasing the pressure in one pipe or tank will cause the liquid
to flow toward the area of lowest pressure in order to equalize the
pressure in both areas.

c. when a cross connection with a nonpotable system exists,

pressure conditions can allow undesirable material to flow back
into the potable water system. ,,r

lll. The force refers to the principles of pressure.

A. There are two types of pressure that cause backflow (reversed

movement of liquids in the system):

'1
. Negative pressure causes backsiphonage.
Slide 19 a. Negative pressure creates a partial vacuum in a sealed
tube or distribution system that can siphon (suck) liquids
into a potable system. Remember that liquids will flow
toward the point of lowest pressure. Backsiphonage
occurs when a negative pressure (partial vacuum) is
created in the water supply line.
 PRoGRAM oUTLINE D _ SESSIoN II 1 15

Slide 20B b. Negative pressure can be caused by a heavy demand on

the potable distribution system for firefighting or main
flushing, or by a main break or excessive pumping. These
conditions can reduce the pressure in the supply line
below atmospheric pressure, creating a siphon that can
draw (suck) contaminated substances from a nonpotable
system into the water supply (distribution system) through
a cross connection.

Slide 22 c. Negative pressure can also be caused by the Venturi

principle. As water flows past a constricted opening or
through a constricted pipe, the velocity (speed) of the
water is increased and the pressure in the system is
reduced. (As velocity of the water increases, pressure
decreases.)

2. Superior pressure causes back-pressure backflow.

Slide 23 a. Back-pressure backflow (that is, backflow due to back

pressure) occurs when a superior pressure (greater than
the pressure in the potable distribution system) is created
in a nonpotable system that is connected to the potable
system.

(1) Superior pressure can be caused by a pump, boiler

system (thermalexpansion), or elevated storage tank
located in the nonpotable system.

(2) The higher pressure can force contaminated liquids

through a cross connection into the distribution
system. As with backsiphonage, liquids flow toward
the point of lowest prssure.

b. Back pressure can also result from a drop in the pressure

in the potable water supply, causing the supply pressure
to be less than the pressure in the nonpotable system.
This is similar to backsiphonage, although the pressure
in the potable system does not have to be less than.
atmospheric to allow backflow from back pressure to
occur.

Slide 24 (1) Superior pressure can be induced by a pump in the

potable distribution system. lf the pump reduces the
pressure in the supply line below the pressure in any
nonpotable systems upstream, back pressure (in the
nonpotable system) can cause backflow to occur.
 I
1 16 cnoss-coNNEcloN coNTRoL

Slide 25 (2) A heavy demand on the potable system can also

create superior pressure in the nonpotable system,
by causing the pressure in the potable supply system
to fall below the pressure in the nonpotable system.

B. Summary of pressure principles and backflow.

1. The force that causes liquids to move is pressure.

a. Negative pressure causes backsiphonage. Negative
pressure siphons (sucks) the liquid through a system.

b. Superior pressure causes back-pressure backflow.

Superior pressure pushes the liquid through a system.

2. The movement of a contaminated liquid into the potable water

systern is called backflow. Liquid always moves toward the
point of lowest pressure.

lV. The link refers to the physical cross connection that causes or allows
backflow to occur.

A. Whenever water leaves the distribution system, the potential for

a cross connection exists.

Slide 26 1 . Direct connections link the potable system directly to another

system through pipes and fittings.

Slide 27 2. Indirect connections link the potable system to another

system through submerged inlets in tanks, barrels, or devices.
*
Slide 28 3. Some cross connections are permanent. They are built into
the piping system (a boiler feed !ine, for example).

SIide 29B 4. Some cross connections are temporary. They are created
by a hose, a malfunctioning device, or other impermanent
condition.

Slide 30 5. Some cross connections are necessary and unavoidable

(they are installed intentionally); but they must be installed
properly, using devices that will prevent backflow from occur'
ring through the cross connection.
 PROGRAM OUTLINE D _ SESSION II 117

B. Whenever water is taken from the distribution system for uses other
than drinking, a potential hazard is posed and the possibility of
contamination through a cross connection is increased. Examples
of water usage that can pose a cross-connection hazard are:

Slide 31B 1 . Mixing (chemicalsolutions, industrialor commercial products)

SIide 32B 2. Washing (clothes, cars, people, animals)

Stide 33B 3. Watering (yards, gardens, parks)

Slide 348 4. Filling (tank trucks, pools, radiators, barrels)

Slide 35 5. Flushing (toilets, tanks, drains)

Slide 36 6. Manufacturing (almost everything from paper to plastic)

:'
Slide 37 7. Processing (food, beverages, film)

Slide 38 8. Fire fighting/fire suppression systems (auxiliary water supply)

Slide 39B 9. Cooling and heating (air-conditioning systems, boilers)

C. How the physical links are made:

1. Cross connections can be made during design and

construction of plumbing and water supply systems.

Backflow-prevention devices are not always specified in

design, or inadequate devices may be specified.

b. Work may be performed by,,contractors and handymen

who may not take backflow into consideration or who may
be unaware of the need to install backflow-prevention
devices.

c. Building inspectors do not always look for cross connec-

tions or potential cross-connection hazards.

Slide 408 d. Facilities are sometimes used for purposes other than
those for which they were originally intended.

2. Modifications to existing systems and structures or additions

to existing structures are frequently performed by handymen
1 18 cRoss-coNNEcroN coNrRoL

or maintenance workers who do not take cross connections

into consideration.

a. Relocating existing equipment (tanks, boilers, piping)

b. lnstalling new equipment (chemicalfeed equipment, cool-

ing systems)

c. Removing, repairing, or replacing equipment (fire suppres-

sion systems, boilers, piping, plumbing)

3. Cross connections can be made by using temporary

connections that serve a specific purpose.

Slide 41 a. Hoses are the most common temporary connection.

(,1) Hoses are frequently used to provide water tempor-

arily to clean equipment or mix solutions, and they
can be left dangling in a slop sink, barrel, pool, or
tank.

(21 A hose bibb without a backflow-prevention device

is the most likely place for contamination from a cross
connection to occur, and the most difficult to identify,
since the hose may be connected and disconnected
intermittently and may not be connected when in-
spections are made.

Slide 42 b. Unprotected by-passes are sometimes installed around

devices to provide water during testing or repair of the
installed device. Unprotected by-passes should never be
installed. lf a continuous srrpply of water is required, a
second supply line with an approved device should be
installed to permit testing and repairs to be undertaken
safely.

Slide 43 4. Efforts to economize by using less expensive, less reliable,

and inappropriate plumbing or backflow-prevention devices,
can create cross connections.

a. Substitutions can occur during design/construction phase,

during modifications, during repair of equipment or
facilities.
 PRoGRAM ourLrNE D-sESSroN l 119

b. Specific types of devices and fixtures are designed for

specific installations; substituting devices or plumbing
fixtures can result in cross-connection problems.

SIide 44 5. Failure to test and repair installed backflow-prevention devices

can result in backflow through the device.

a. Manufacturers' specifications for testing and repair are

not always followed because:

(1) Trained personnelare not available to test and repair

devices.

(2) Owner of facility may not be aware of maintenance

and testing requirements or may not be aware that
devices are installed.

(gl Maintenance operations are frequently given low

priorities.

b. lmproperly working, inadequate, or nonfunctional devices

are dangerous because there is an "appearance" of pro-
tection.

(1) Maintenance workers who are unfamiliar with back-

flow-prevention devices sometimes make in-house
'repairs" that destroy the usefulness of the equip-
ment.

(2) Leaking valves or improperly seated valves can

prevent the device from operating properly, and may
allow backflow to ocgtr.

D. Cross connections don't have to be a problem when:

1 . The forces of pressure that cause backflow are understood.

2. The physical link is recognized.

3. Appropriate steps are taken to prevent backflow of nonpo-

table or contaminated substances through the cross
connection. (Break the link or control the force.)
120 cRoss-coNNEcloN coNTRoL

Session lll-How can Cross Connectons Be prevented

and How Can You Protect Your Water System
From Contamination?
(Time allotted: 15 minutes)

l. lnspection of various facilities

A. New facilities should be inspected to:

1. Ensure that codes and regulations are met

2. Ensure that no unprotected cross connections exist

3. Ensure that installed devices function properly and provide

adequate protection

B. Existing facilities should be inspected periodically to:

1 . Ensure that no unprotected cross connections exist

L;i

2. Ensure that installed devices are operational and provide

adequate protection

3. Check any modifications that may have been made since

construction (sometimes the use of a facility changes, requir-
ing additional protection)

ll. Locations where backflow-prevention devices should be installed

Slide 45 A. Devices can be installed at meters to protect the public water supply
from contamination arising in the customer's facilities (cailed a
containment policy).
 \

PROGRAM OUTLINE D _ SESSIoN III 121

1. For example, a backflow-prevention device installed at the

meter of a hospital will prevent any contamination from the
hospital from entering the public water supply.

2. lnstalling a device at the meter does not, however, protect

the individuals who work or live on the premises if backflow
should occur.

B. Devices can be installed at the cross connection (called an isolation

policy).

1. Devices installed at the cross connection protect both the

public water supply and the individuals living or working on
the premises.

Slide 46 2. For example, a backflow-prevention device can be installed

on a boiler or laboratory faucet.

3. Generally, the local health department is responsible for

cross-connection control inside buildings. OSHA regulations
and some state occupational health regulations specify that
cross connections pose a potential health hazard for employ-
ees and must be eliminated.

c. Technically, the water supplier can be held responsible for water

flowing from the tap of any premises served by the system (the
Safe Drinking Water Act specifies that samples must be taken from
consumer taps).

Slide 47 D. Three factors should be kept in mind when determining where the
backflow-prevention device shoul*be installed:

1. Degree of hazard. How dangerous is the material in the

nonpotable system?

2. Number of people living or working on the premises. How

many people could potentially be affected if backflow
occurred? Although the water purveyor may not have the
authority to require installation or maintenance of devices
inside buildings, it can make recommendations to the local
health department or facility owner to consider installing
devices to protect the people living or working on the
premises.
122 cRoss-coNNEcloN coNTBoL

3. Cost. lt is generally less expensive to installand maintain one

device at the meter than to install and maintain several devices
inside a building.

lll. lnstallation of adequate backflow-prevention devices

A. The type of device that should be installed in a specific location

depends on:

1. The degree of hazard

a. High degree of hazard

(1) High hazards are those that can cause serious illness
or death.

(21 High hazards include boilers and air conditioning units

with corrosion inhibitors; film processing plants;
sludge dewatering operations; sewage treatment
facilities; laboratories, mortuaries, hospitals, or
clinics; and chemical manufacturing plants.

b. Moderate degree of hazard

(1) Moderate hazards are those that may cause mild ill-
ness or discomfort, bu-t are not life-threatening.
.+
(21 Moderate hazards include toilet tanks, dishwashers,
and soap dispensers.

c. Low degree of hazard

(1) Low hazards are those that may be aesthetically

objectionable but do not affect health.

(21 Low hazards include nontoxic liquids (beverages),

private wells, and food cookers.
 PROGRAM OUTLINE D _ SESSION III 123

2. The pressure conditions that are present

a. Continuous pressure is a condition that exists when the

upstream (potable water system) pressure in a pipeline
is supplied continuously to a backflow-prevention device.

b. Superior pressure can result from boilers, elevated tanks,

and pumps in the nonpotable system that can cause back-
pressure backflow. Try to determine if any conditions in
the supply line could reduce the supply pressure below
the pressure in the nonpotable system.

c. Negative pressure (subatmospheric pressure) can occur

in almost any system. Always assume that backsiphonage
could occur. Material in any nonpotable system could
(under certain conditions) be backsiphoned into the
potable supply unless the connection is protected by a
backf low- prevention device.

B. lnstall only approved devices that have been manufactured

specifically for the purpose of preventing backflow

1 . The Foundation for Cross-Connection Control and Hydraulic

Research at the University of Southern California tests and

\u
 I
124 cRoss-coNNECTtoN coNTRoL

approves devices and issues a dated list of approved devices

on a periodic basis.

2. Some states or local agencies also provide a list of approved

devices; some state lists include installation procedures and
special requirements.

C. Types of backflow-prevention devices and control measures

include:

1. Air gap

a. An air gap is a physical (as opposed to mechanical)

separation between a potable and a nonpotable system.

Slide 48 b. The gap between the end of the potable system and the
eginning of the nonpotable system should be at least
tWo times the inside diameter of the potable water supply
pipe or as specified in local or state codes to protect
against backsiphonage (never less than 1 in.).

c. An air gap can be used on any installation, so long as it

can be ensured that the air gap will not be bypassed or
defeated by adding a hose or extension.

d. When installed properly, an air gap prevents any back-

flow from occurring, regardless of the pressure conditions
or the degree of hazard.

Slide 49 e. Air gaps are frequently installed on chemical feeders,

dilution tanks, and water dispensing stations.

Slide 50 2. Reduced-pressure-principle oi reOuced-pressure-zone de-

vices (referred to as RP or RPZ devices)

Slide 51 a. An RPZ is a mechanical device consisting of two

independently operating, spring-loaded check valves with
a reduced pressure zone between the checks.

(1) A spring-loaded relief valve that opens to atmosphere

is located on the underside of the reduced pressure
zone.

(21 When backflow occurs, the first check valve will

 PROGRAM OUTLINE D _ SESSION III 125

close and prevent contamination from entering the

' potable water supply.

(3) lf the first check fails to seat properly, the reduced

pressure zone and second check valve willoperate
simultaneously.

(4) The reduced pressure zone, located between the

check valves, is connected to a spring loaded
diaphragm, sensitive to about 2 psiof pressure, that
is held in place by the supply pressure under normal
operating conditions.

(5) Any imbalance in pressure from one side of the valve

to the other will cause the diaphragm to open the
relief valve to the atmosphere.

b. An RPZ is the most reliable mechanical backfltw

prevention device available.

(1) Even if both checks failto seat properly (due to the

presence of debris or deterioration of rubber or
plastic parts), the RPZ will prevent backflow by
opening the relief valve to the atmosphere.

(2t An RPZ can be used in any installation, regardless

of the degree of hazard and hydraulic conditions. lt
is not affected by continuous pressure, and prevents
backflow from both back pressure and backsiphon-
age.

Slide 52 (3) RPZs are frequentlyused in hospitals, on boilers,

and in sewage treatment facilities.

Slide 60 3. Double check-valve assembly

a. A double check-valve assembly is a mechanical device

consisting of two independently operating check valvesl

(1) A double check-valve assembly is equipped with a

test cock and shutoff valve at each end.

Slide 61 (2) A double check-valve assembly is manufactured

 I
126 cRoss-coNNEcroN coNrRoL

specifically for the purpose of preventing backflow

-two check valves installed together do not meet
the requirements of an approved assembly.

Slide 62 (3) The first check valve closes as a result of reverse

flow caused by backsiphonage; the second check
valve closes as a result of back pressure.

(4) Should either valve failto operate properly, the other

valve acts as a backup.

b. A double check-valve assembly protects against both

back pressure and backsiphonage, and can be used
under continuous pressure.

(1) Since a double check-valve assembly will not prevent

, backflow if both checks failto seat properly, it shoulQ
be installed only where a low hazard exists-one that
will not pose a health hazard if contamination from
the nonpotable system enters the water supply.

Slide 63 (,2) Double check-valve assemblies are frequently in-

stalled in food processing operations, bottling plants,
and breweries.

Slide 66 4. Pressure vacuum breakers

Slide 67 a. A pressure vacuum breaker contains one or two

independently operating, spring-loaded check valves and
an independently operating, spring-loaded air-inlet valve
located on the discharge side of the check valve.
i;
(1 ) A pressure vacuum breaker has a test cock and shut-
off valve at each end of the device.

(2t Pressure vacuum breakers are designed to prevent

backsiphonage.

(3) The spring-loaded check valve opens during normal

flow, and closes under no-flow or reversed-flow
conditions.

t4) When supply pressure drops below atmospheric

pressure, air pressure opens the air-inlet, which
breaks the vacuum. The check valve closes simul-
taneously, preventing backflow from occurring.
 I
PROGRAM OUTLINE D _ SESSION III 127

b. A pressure vacuum breaker can be used in almost any

installation that will not subject the device to back
pressure, regardless of the degree of hazard.

(1) A pressure vacuum breaker can be installed in situa-

tions where it will be under continuous supply
pressure for long periods of time.

SIide 68 (2) Pressure vacuum breakers are frequently installed

in sprinkler systems, saturators, and commercial
dishwashing systems.

SIide 71 5. Atmospheric vacuum breakers

Slide 72 a. An atmospheric vacuum breaker consists of a float check

valve and an air inlet port. Atmospheric vacuum breakers
do not have test cocks or shutoff valves.

(1) When water is flowing through the device in the

proper direction, the float seals the air inlet port,
preventing air from entering the system.

(2) With no water flow, or reversed flow through the

chamber, the float will fall, forming a check valve.

(3) At the same time, air entering the system through

the air-inlet port breaks the vacuum and prevents
backsiphonage.

b. Atmospheric vacuum breakers cannot be installed where

they will be subjected to continuous pressure or back
pressure.

(1) Atmospheric vacuum breakers should be used only

on low hazard installations, such as hose bibbs,
where no back pressure can occur.

Slide 73 (2) Atmospheric vacuum breakers are generally installed,

on hose connections, laboratory faucets, toilets, and
hospital equipment.

6. Other methods of controlling cross connections

a. Physical separation of two systems

(1) A private well (or other unapproved water supply)

128 cRoss-coNNEcroNcoNTRoL

and a public water supply should be physically

disconnected.

12) Any other cross connection that is not necessary

should be physically disconnected, if possible.

b. Refusal of water service

(1) The water supplier generally has the authority to

refuse to supply water to a customer if hazardous
conditions are present and corrective measures are
not undertaken.

(2) Authority to shut off service is usually defined in state

and local codes.

Slide 78 !V. Testing of instalfed devices

A. A backflow-prevention device is a valve, and like any other valve

it needs to be checked and maintained.

B. Newly installed devices should be tested to be sure they are

installed correctly and operating properly. lt is not unusualfor debris
to be found in water lines in construction areas. This debris can
collect in the device, causing the valves to leak.

c. Testing procedures should be followed carefully and specialized

equipment designed for testing backflow-prevention devices should
be used.

Slide 79 D. Devices should be repaired as needed. Disassembly and visual

inspection will usually revealany worn:,pr damaged parts that need
to be replaced.

V. Reinspection of existing facilities

A. High hazard operations (such as clinics or chemical operations)

should be reinspected more frequently than low hazard operations
(such as a winery or cannery, for example).

B. Frequency of reinspection will probably be determined by the

availability of trained personneland money allocated for inspection
purposes.

c. A good community relations program and cooperative efforts with

other agencies can help alert inspectors to the need to reinspect
facilities for cross connections.
 I
PRocRAM ourLtNE D
- sEsstoN tv 129

Session lv-What Does a Cross-Con nection

Gontrol Program lnclude?
(Time allotted: 15 minutes)

Slide 80B l. State and local codes and ordinances relating to cross connections
should specifically delegate authority and responsibility.

A. Authority for the regulating agency (state, city, county, utility) to

enforce the codes and regulations covering inspection, installation,
testing, and maintenance of backflow-prevention devices

1. Authority includes clearly defined procedures to be followed.

2. Authority allows for the regulating agency (or its representa-

tives) to enter the premises for inspection purposes.

B. Responsibility for installing, testing, and maintaining backflow-

prevention devices

1. The owner of the premises where the device is installed is

generally responsible for installing and maintaining it.

2. The utility is generally responsible for devices installed within

the public water system (for example, devices installed at
meter boxes).

Slide 81 ll. Systematic inspection of new facilities and reinspection of existing

facilities

A. New facilities should be inspected before they are occupied, and

again after they are occupied if a facility's use is unknown prior
to tenancy.

1. The type of backflow-prevention device required depends

on the degree of hazard, which may be unknown prior to start-
up of the facility.

2. New tenants frequently alter plumbing and piping immediately

to meet special needs.
130 CRoSS-coNNECTIoNCONTRoL

B. Existing facilities should be reinspected on a regular basis and:

1. Whenever a building permit for additions or remodeling is

obtained

2. Whenever it is known that the use of the facility has changed

(for example, a gas station installs a car wash, or advertises
chrome-plating services)

C. An inspection records system should be maintained by the

regulating agency.

1 . Records showing locations and types of all installed devices

should be maintained.

2. Notification procedures should be established to require

owners to test and repair devices, and submit test resu[ts
to the regulating agency.

Slide 82B lll. Training and certification

A. Plumbers and utility personnel should be trained to recognize
potential cross connections and install adequate protective devices.

B. Building, plumbing, and other inspectors should be trained to

recognize potential or existing cross connections, and should be
thoroughly familiar with codes and ordinances so recommendations
can be made for installing the appropriate device or notifying the
regulating agency. i;i

C. Testers should be thoroughly trained to test all types of devices

and:

1. Make necessary repairs or recommend repairs to owner

2. Recommend appropriate devices for adequate protection

D. State or local certification programs for backflow-device testers

and inspectors will help ensure that fully trained personnel are
available to test devices and inspect for cross connections.
 PRoGRAM ourLtNE D
- sEsstoN tv 131

lV. lmplementing a cross-connection control program depends on:

Slide 838 A. Cooperative efforts and use of joint resources

1. State and local health departments:

a. Provide the authority for initiating a cross-connection

control program

b. May provide training opportunities, personnel, and funds

c. May establish a certification program for testers and

inspectors

2. Water utilities frequently initiate a community-wide cross-

connection control program, since they have the ultimate
resppnsibility for protecting the water supply.

3. lnspectors and licensing boards (building, plumbing, waste-

water treatment, water treatment):

a. Can provide additionalpersonnelfor inspecting and testing

devices

b. Can assist in establishing training and certification

programs and enforcing local and state codes and
regulations.

B. Consumer education and community involvement are necessary

parts of a successful program. Consumers

1 . Should be educated about thedazards of cross connections

and kept informed of the status of the cross-connection
control program

2. Should be made aware of control measures that they can use

(such as installing vacuum breakers on hose bibbs)

3. Can help alert the regulating agency or the utility to possible'

cross connection hazards

4. May assist by providing access to communis facilities that

can be used for training or meetings
13.2 cnoss-coNNEoroN coNTRoL

' V. The purpse of,establishing a compelrcnsive cross-connection control

program is to:
\/\_-/
A. Protect the pubtic health

B. Protect the water syster from damage

C. Protect the,water Upplier from, liability

Vl. Sumrnary;. questions, answers, and discussion

Slide lV

'1i,
 A-1 - 8 175

Internal inspection should also be made periodically. Rubber membranes and gaskets, valve seats,
and the internal mechanism should be carefully inspected for rupture, scoring of metal, scaling,
corrosin, or any accumulation of dirt or foreign matter that would prevent the safe operation of
the device.

A complete inspection of a vacuum breaker installation also ncludes a determination that the device
has not been bypassed and that under no conditions could it be subjected to back pressure.
Pressure vacuum breakers must be installed 12 in. above the flood-level rim of the equipment
supplied and should be located at the highest point in the part of the water system served so as
to preclude any possibility of back pressure being applied to the device. A complete record, including
date of installation and information on all inspections, tests, and repairs, should be maintained on
each device. Any defects found during inspection or testing should be corrected immediately before
allowing the device to be placed back in service.

Field test procedures for pressure vacuum breaker assemblies

Note: This procedure is for the new design of loaded air-relief valve pressure vacuum breakers.

Equipment required:

One differential pressure gauge015 psid (0.1 or 0.2 psi graduations)

One length of 1/4 in. hose with screw type couplings

One adapter fitting1/4 in. IPS x hosebrass

One 1/4 in. x 1/8 in. IPS adapterbrass

Test no. 1

Purpose: To test the opening pressure differential of the air-inlet valve.

Requirement: the air-inlet valve shall open when the pressure in the body is 1.0 psi above
atmospheric pressure. And, the air opening valve shall be fully open when the water drains from
the body.

Steps:

A. Remove air opening canopy.

B. Install the high-pressure hose of the differential pressure gauge to test cock no. 2 and
bleed air from the hose and gauge.

C. Glose shut-off valve no. 2; then cise shut-off valve no. 1.

1 76 CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL

D. Slowly open the high-pressure vent needle valve. Note and record the
pressure
differential at which the air-inlet valve opens.
_
E. Glose test cock no. 2 and remove equipment.

F. Open shut-off valve no. 1.

7"esf no. 2

Purpose: To test the check valve for tightness in the direction of flow.

Requirement: The check valve shall be drip-tight in the normal direction of flow when the
inlet pressure is 1 psi and the outlet pressure is atmospheric.

Steps:

A. Install a transparent tube approximately 27% in. long in test cock no. 1 and fill with water.

B. Glose shut-off valve no. 1.

%
C. Open test cocks no. 1 and no. 2. Air inlet valve will open; and, if water remains at 27%
in. in the transparent tube the check valve is reported as tight or OK.

D. Cise test cocks no. 1 and no. 2, remove the transparent tube and open the shut-off
valves no. 1 and no. 2.

E. Replace air opening canopy.

Altrnate method using a differential

gauge:

Steps:

A. Attach high pressure hose of differential gauge to the no. 2 test cock and vent all air
from hose and gauge.

B. Glose shut-off valve no. 1.

C. Open test cocks no. 1 and no. 2. Air-inlet valve will open; and, the differential pressure
indicated by the gauge will be the pressure drop across the check valve. This
must
Be 1.0 psid or greater. Record this differential.

D. Glose test cocks no. 1 and no. 2, remove gauge and open shut-off valves no.
1 and
no. 2.

E. Replace air opening canopy.

 A - 1 -8 177

Atmospheric vacuum breakers. The basic concept in testing an atmospheric vacuum breaker for proper
operation involves a determination that the air nlet will open fully when there is little or no water pressure
inside the device. The canopy or hood on the vacuum breaker should be removed, where possible, to
expose the air nlet. When testing an atmospheric vacuum breaker, the closest upstream valve should be
opened to allow water to fill the downstream piping. The valve is then closed. The vent ports should open
allowing air to enter the device and water to flow out the downstream piping. If water does not continu to
flow, or if there is a mere trickle, the vacuum breaker is not opening properly. The defect should be
corrected immediately and the device retested.
A-1-9
Cross-Connection Monitoring and Control Program
Stuart F. Asay
Drinking Water Section
Water Quality Control Divisin
Colorado Department of
Health
Denver, Col.
The federal Safe Drinking
Water Act states that the
supplier of wateris
responsibleforthequality of
water at the user'stap.
Although cross connections
are not specifi-cally
mentioned in the act, this
quality assurance clause
places the burden of cross-
connection control on the
owner of the distri-bution
system. There have been
numerous court cases in
which customers havetaken
civil action against a water
supplier because the supplier
was found negligent in its
responsibility to protect the
customer, and the customers
have, in some instances,
been awarded large
settlements.
Despite these facts, many
water utility employees are
not concerned with the
possibility of a
crossconnection within
theirsys-tem. Many system
managers are aware that
cross connections are
hazardous, but they fee! that
the chances of an accident
are so remote that they refuse
to do anything about them.
The chances for a cross-con-
nection accident are notas
remote as they may seem.
There are thousands of cross
connections nstalled daily
throughout the country. For
this reason, edi/cat-ing water
utility employees about cross
connections is important.
Individuis responsible for
water systems must be made
aware of the fact that water
quality in the distribution
system depends on complete
understanding of cross
connections and their
prevention. In addition to
educating utility personnel,
the customers of a water
utility must be educated about
cross connections.
Establishing a Program
Establishing a cross-connec-
tion program is the one big
step a water supplier can take
toward ensuring water's
quality and potability. This
process is not simple or quick.
In order to be effective, any
cross-connection program
must provide ongoing public
education n addition to the
other program aspects that
will now be discussed.
Legal procedures. Defining
legal procedures to be
followed when regulating
cross connections is an
important first step in
establishing a cross-
connection program.
Several states have statutes
that reglate the distribution
system and define the cross-
connection control devices
required to con-tain potential
sources of contam-ination in
the system. Colorado,
forexample,
hasstatutoryauthor-ity to
pursue civil action against a
supplier who maintains a
cross connection. The state
can file a complaint and seek
up to $1000 per day for each
day of the viola-tion, in
addition to a possible prison
term.
Legal provisions for establish-
ing and maintaining a cross-
connection program should
be de-veloped at the local
level. The laws and
regulations at the state and
federal levis should be used
as a last resort when
attempting to eliminate a
hazardous cross connection.
A user contract, ordi nances,
or both are the key to
protecting the water system.
A cross-connection ordinance
need not be lengthy, but it
should contain the following
ppints:
A purpose or general policy
statement. The statement
should address why the
ordinance is necessaryto
protectthesystem, to eliminate
existing h*zards, and to
prevent future cross connec-
tions.
Definitions relating to cross
connections. This is a
standard practice for most
regulatory docu-ments. The
definitions should define such
things as a reduced-pressure
principie device, the
credentials of a certified
tester. and degree of hazard.
Requirements of the
ordinance. This section
should state who is
responsible for each portion
of the system. For example.
the supplier s responsible for
mainte-nance of the
distribution system to the
property une. The customer,
on the other hand, is
responsible for ensuring the
integrity of the plumbing
system within the build-ing.
The requirements section
should includeaclausethat
would permit inspections of
the plumbing system by the
water supplier. The section
should also address what
types of cross-connection
devices are approved and
give an inspection
scheduleforfrequency of
device testing. Auxiliary water
systems should be mentioned
in this section because many
house-holds still maintain
prvate wells and specific
institutions may use auxiliary
systems for irrigation.
Specific system requirements.
Specific water users, such as
irri-
178

gation systems and fire systems,
should be dentified becausethey
are usually not considered an
established part of a cross-con-
nection control program.
Vio/ations and penalties. This
section should addresstheenforce-
ment procedure for a customer
who does not respond to the
notices provided by the supplier
that a cross connection exists.
This section usually containspro-
visionsforafine, orimprisonment,
or both.
Assessing the system. Another
step in starting a program is to
assess those users who pose a
threat or potential hazard to the
water system. The degree of
hazard must be classified or cate-
gorized. Forexample, a chemical
treatment plant may be more
hazardous than a packing plant;
the packing plant may be more
hazardous than a morgue; the
morgue more hazardous than a
hospital; and so on. The contain-
ment strategy for these hazards
must then be established. Also,
those reas in the system with low
pressure should be considered in a
cross-connection program as
potentially dangerous.
Fieldinspection. The next step is
to conduct an actual field
inspection. It is very important to
identify those users who have
already installed backflow pre-
ventors, and to determine where
such devices are needed. An
inventory of devices already in-
stalled should be madesothatthe
device can be inspected and
tested on a regular basis.
The inventory report should
contain at least the following
information: the ame of the
ownerof the premisesor the ame
of the premises, service address,
location of the device, manufac-
turerof thedeyice. model number,
device size. serial number, une
pressure, result of test of the
device satisfactory or in need of
repairs . If repairs were made, the
following information should be
listed: which parts were replaced,
who tested the device, who re-
paired the device, and whether
the device passed the final
inspection.
It is also very mportant that a
complete inspection be made
when conducting a site survey.
The preventive measure for a
complex plumbing system is not
simply the installation of a back-
flow preventor at the tap. Danger
still lies within the plumbing
system, and each hazard must be
isolated with an appropriate control
device.
The customers who are not pro-
tected from cross connections
must be informed of the potential
hazard. This must be done care-
fully in order not to upset the
customer. If it is made clear why
the device is needed, the customer
will usually be cooperative.
If a user refuses to install a
protective device, it may be neces-
sary to send a notice stating that if a
protective device is not installed, the
system will have to termnate the
service. This notice should contain
a statement emphasizing that
termination of service will be done
to protect the public health and
that the system would be liable
for any contamination to the
water supply. A system is perfectly
within its right to termnate service
to any user.who fails to comply
with such a request.
Device testers. Certificacin of
device testers is another critical
part of any cross-connection pro-
gram. Every water supplier should
have available the services of a
person who is knowledgeable,
well-trained, and capable of con-
ducting an accurate test on back-
flow devices (including devices
such as a vacuum breaker,
double-check valve, etc.) at least
on an annual basis.
The water supplier can either
train their personnel to perform
these duties, which is usually the
case with smaller Utilities, or tne
supplier may allow the consumer
to ire their own tester on an
annual basis, which may reduce
the personnel costforthesupplier.
It is important to test backflow
A - 1 -9 179
devices after they have been
installed because if they are not
checked a false sense of security
may develop and the device may
fail. The higher the hazard or
threat to public health, the greater
the frequency of testing neces-
sary. Forexample, if thecommun-ity
has a hospital, a chemical treatment
plant, ora brewery it may be
necessary to inspect the valves
two or three times a year.
Accident procedures. An im-
portant part of a cross-connection
program is to establish a proce-
dure to follow in case an accident
does occur. The following are
suggested procedures.
1. Have an accurate map of the
distribution system showing shut-
off valves, industrial users, fire
hydrants, etc.
2. Be assured of the services of
a qualified laboratory that will
help determine possiblecontami-
nants. The lab should be able to
run an analysis on short notice,
especially on weekends.
3. Keepa boxof samplebottles.
available for the staff. Remember
that different types of Chemicals
should besampled using different
types of bottles. For example,
organic material is usually sam-
pled using a glass bottle, whereas
inorganic material is sampled
using a plstic bottle. Also, some
material dissipates rather quickly,
requiring a preservativo if the
samplecannot bedelivered to the
lab quickly.)
4. If a hazardous material has
entered the system, phone num-
bers of the local health agencies,
clinics, and doctors should be
available. The local news media
should also be contacted; how-
ever, be sure not to alarm the
public unnecessarily.
Public relations program. Another
part of a cross-connection
program is effective public rela-
tions. Handling customer com-
plaints is an integral part of a
public relations program. It is
important that the utility employee
receiving complaints betrained in
handling complaints. The person
180 CROSS-CONNECTION
CONTROL
receiving the complaint should
be able to ask the proper
questions "Does the water taste
metallic?" "Does the water foam
orbubble?" etc. By asking the
proper questions, it should be
possible to make an assessment
as to whether the problem is worth
investigat-ing. This should be done
quickly because cross-connection
con-tamination is short lived.
Brochures enclosed in the
monthly orquarterly mailing illus-
trating potential household haz-
ards is one way to notify users
about cross connections. Short
messages, such as "Please report
all submerged inlets," can be typed
or printed on a customer's
bil. Such a message should
stimu-late the customer's
interest, en-couraging them to cali
and ask questions.
Engineersandconsul-tants should
be educated on cross connections
as well as the general public.
Summary
A cross-connection program, like
the one described here, may
sound expensive, but it is not.
When evaluating the cost of initiat-
ing a program, the cost should be
compared to the cost of cleaning
up after a cross-connection acci-
dent. These costs may include
possible law suits f rom customers,
loss of a town's productivity from
absentees, medical expenses,
possible pipe or other equipment
replacement. With all these costs
considered, a cross-connection
program s inexpensive insurance.
The waterworks industry has made
fantastic achievements in the fields
of treatment and distri-bution
technology during thepast 100
years. However, while great strides
have been made in the protection
of the water distri-buted, not
everyone is using this technology.
Since state-of-the-art devices for
the prevention of cross
connections are available at rea-
sonable costs, there is no excuse
for any system not to have
protection.
 A-1-9

Suggestions for Developing a Cross-Connection Control Ordinance

The successful promotion of a cross-connection and backflow-connection control program in a

municipality depends on the legal authority to conduct such a program. Where a community
has adopted a modern plumbing code, such as the National Plumbing Code, ASA A40.8-1955,
or subsequent revisions thereof, provisions of the code will govern cross connections and
backflow. It then remains to provide an ordinance that will establish a program of inspection for
the elimination of cross and backflow connections within the community. Frequently, authority
for such a program may already be possessed by the water deparment or water authority. In
such cases no further document may be needed. A cross-connecion control ordinance should
have at least three basic parts:

1. Authority for establishment of a program

2. Technical provisions relating to eliminating backflow and cross connections

3. Penalty provisions for violations.

The following form is suggested for municipalities who want to adopt a cross-connection
control ordinance. The technical provisions are, for the most part, excerpted from a revisin of
the National Plumbing Code prepared by the Public Health Service Technical Committee on
Plumbing Standards (1962). Where the National Plumbing Code, or subsequent revisions
thereof, is in effect, the technical sections of the following can be replaced by a statement of
reference to the code. Communities adopting ordinances should check with state health
officials to ensure conformance with state codes. The form of the ordinance should comply
with local legal requirements.

Sample Ordinance for the Control of Backflow and Cross Connections

Section 1. Authority

1.1 Responsibility of the director. The director, Department of,.

or his designated agent, shall inspect the plumbing n every building or premises in this city as
frequently as in his judgment may be necessary to ensure that such plumbing has been
instalied in such a manner as to prevent the possibility of pollution of the water supply of the
city by the plumbing. The director shall notify or cause to be notified in writing the owner or
authorized agent of the owner of any such building or premises, to correct, within a reasonable
time set by the director, any plumbing instalied or existing contrary to or in violation of this
ordinance, and which

181
1 82 CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL

in his judgment, may, therefore, permit the pollution of the city water supply or otherwise adversely
affect the public health.

1.2 Inspection. The director, or his designated agent, shall have the right of entry into any building,
during reasonable hours, for the purpose of making inspection of the plumbing systems nstalled
in such building or premises provided that with respect to the inspection of any single family dwelling,
consent to such inspection shall first be obtained from a person of suitable age and discretion
therein or in control thereof.

Section 2. Definitions

2.1 Agency. The department of the municipal government invested with the authority and
responsibility for the enactment and enforcement of this ordinance.

2.2 Airgap. The unobstructed vertical distance through the free atmosphere between the lowest
opening from any pipe or faucet supplying water to a tank, plumbing fixture, or other device and
the flood-level rm of the receptacle.

2.3 Approved. Accepted by the agency as meeting an applicable specification stated or cited
in this ordinance, or as suitable for the proposed use.

2.4 Auxiliary supply. Any water source or system other than the potable water supply that may
be available in the building or premises.

2.5 Backflow. The flow of water or other liquids, mixtures, or substances into the distributing pipes
of a potable supply of water from any source or sources other than its intended source.
Backsiphonage is one type of backflow.

2.6 Backflow preventer, A device or means to prevent backflow.

2.7 Backsiphonage. Backflow resulting from negative pressures in the distributing pipes of a potable
water supply.

2.8 Barometric loop. A loop of pipe rising at least 35 ft, at its topmost point, above the highest
fixture it supplies.

2.9 Check valve. A self-closing device that is designed to permit the flow of fluids in one direction
and to cise if thre is a reversal of flow.

2.10 Contamination. See Pollution.

2.11 Cross connection. Any physical connection between a potable water supply and any waste
pipe, soil pipe, sewer, drain, or any unapproved source or system. Furthermore, it is any potable
water supply outlet that is submerged or can be submerged in wastewater and/or any other source
of contamination. See Backflow and Backsiphonage.

2.12 Drain. Any pipe that carries wastewater or waterborne wastes in a building drainage system.
 A- 1 9 183

2.13 Fixture, plumbing. Installed receptacles, devices, or applian ces supplied with
water or that receive or discharge liquids or liquid-borne wastes.

2.14 Flood-level rim. The edge of the receptacle from which water overflows.

2.15 Hazard, health. Any conditions, devices, or practices in the water supply system
and its operation that crate, or, in the judgment of the director, may crate, a danger
to the health and well-being of the water consumer. An example of a health hazard is a
structural defect in the water supply system, whether of location, design, or
construction, that regularly or occasionally may prevent satisfactory purification of the
water supply or cause it to be polluted from extraneous sources.

2.16 Hazard, plumbing. Any arrangement of plumbing including piping and fixtures
whereby a cross connection is created.

2.17 Hydropneumatic tank. A pressure vessel in which air pressure acts on the surface
of the water contained within the vessel, pressurizing the water distribution piping
connected to the vessel.

2.18 Inlet. The open end of the water supply pipe through which the water is
discharged into the plumbing fixture.

2.19 Plumbing system. Includes the water supply and distribution pipes, plumbing
fixtures, and traps; soil, waste, and vent pipes; building drains and building sewers
including their respective connections, devices, and appurtenances within the property
lines of the premises; and water- treating or water-using equipment.

2.20 Pollution. The presence of any foreign substance (organic, inorganic, radiological,
orbiological) in water that tends to degrade its quality so as to constitu te a hazard or
impair the usefulness of the water.

2.21 Reduced-pressure-principle-backflow-preventer. An assembly of differential

valves and check valves including an automatically opened spillage port to the
atmosphere designed to prevent backflow.

2.22 Surge tank. The receiving, nonpressure vessel forming part of the air gap
separation between a potable and an auxiliary supply.

2.23 Vacuum. Any pressure less than that exerted by the atmosphere.

2.24 Vacuum breaker, nonpressure type. A vacuum breaker designed so as not to be

subjected to static line pressure.

2.25 Vacuum breaker, pressure type. A vacuum breaker designed to oprate under
conditionsof static line pressure.

2.26 Water, potable. Water free from impurities in amounts sufficient to cause diseas e
or harmful physiological effects. Its bacteriological and chemical quality shall conform
t the requirements
1 84 CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL

of the Federal Drinking Water Standards or to the regulations of the public health
authority having jurisdiction.

2.27 Water, nonpotable. Water that s not safe for human consumption or that s of
questionable potability.

Section 3. General (Technical) Requirements

3.1 General. A potable water supply system shall be designed, installed, and
maintained in such manner as to prevent contamination from nonpotable liquids, so lids,
or gases being introduced into the potable water supply through cross connections or
any other piping connections to the system.

3.2 Cross connections prohibited. Cross connections between potable water systems
and othersystems or equipment containing water or other substances of unknown or
questionable quality are prohibited except when and where, as approved by the
authority having jurisdiction, suitable protective devices such as the reduced-pressure-
zone-backflow-preventer or equal are installed,tested, and maintained to ensure proper
operation on a continuing basis.

3.3 Interconnections. Interconnection between two or more public water supplies shall
be permitted only with the approval of the health authority having jurisdiction.

3.4 Individual water supplies. Cross connections between an individual water supply
and a potable public supply shall not be made unless specifically approved by the
health authority having jurisdiction.

3.5 Connections to boilers. Potable water connections to boilers shall be made through
an air gap or provided with an approved backflow preventer.

3.6 Prohibited connections to fixtures and equipment. Connection to the potable water
supply system for the following is prohibited unless protected against backflow in
accordance with section

3.8 or as set out herein.

(a) Bidets.

(b) Operating, dissection, embalming, and mortuary tables or similar equipmentin

suchinstallations the hose used for water supply shall termnate at leas t 1 2 in. away
from every point of the table or attachments.

(c) Pumps for nonpotable water, Chemicals, or other substances priming connections
may be made only through an air gap.

(d) Building drainage, sewer, or vent systems.

(e) Any other fixture of similar hazard.

3.7 Refrigerating unit condensers and cooling jackets. Except where potable water
provided for a refrigerator condenser or cooling jacket is entirely outsde the piping or
tank containing a toxic.
 A -1-9 185

refrigerant, the inlet connection shall be provided with an approved check valve. Also adjacent
to and at the outlet side of the check valve, an approved pressure-relief valve set to relieve at
5 psi above the mximum water pressure at the point of installation shall be provided if the
refrigeration units contain more than 20 Ib of refrigerants.

3.8 Protection against backflow and backsiphonage.

3.81 Water outlets. A potable water system shall be protected against backflow and backsiphonage
by providing and maintaining at each outlet:

(a) Air gap. An air gap, as specified in section 3.82, between the potable water outlet and
the flood-level rim of the fixture it supplies or between the outlet and any other source of contam-
ination, or

(b) Backflow preventer. A device or means to prevent backflow.

3.82 Mnimum required air gap.

(a) How measured. The minimum required air gap shall be measured vertically from the lowest
end of a potable water outlet to the flood rim or line of the fixture or receptacle into which it
discharges.

(b) Size. The minimum required air gap shall be twice the effective opening of a potable water
outlet unless the outlet is a distance less than three times the effective opening away from a wall
or similar vertical surface, in which cases the minimum required air gap shall be three times the
effective opening of the outlet. In no case shall the minimum required air gap be less than shown
in Table 3.1.

Table 3.1 Minimum Air Gaps for Generally Used

Plumbing Fixtures
Fixture Minimum Air Gap
When not When
affected by affected by
near wall* near wallj
(in.) (in.)
Lavatories and other fixtures with effective openings greater than Mj-in. diameter ..........
not Sink, laundry trays, goose-neck bath faucets, fixtures with effective openings 1.0 1.50
and other greater than %-in. diameter not
Over-rim bath fillers and other fixtures with effective openings not greater than 1-in. 1.5 2.25
diameter ...................................................................................................................................
Drinking water fountains single orfice 7,6-in. diameter or mltiple orfices having total 2.0 3.0
rea 1.0 1.50
of %0 sq. in. (rea of circle 7/i6-in. diameter) .............................................................................. 1
Effective ooeninas areater than 1 in.
*Side walls, ribs, or similar obstructions do not atfect air gaps when spaced from inside edge of spout opening a distance greater than
three times the diameter of the effective opening for a single wall, or a distance greater than four times the diameter of the effective
opening for two intersecting walls.
fVertical walls, ribs, or similar obstructions extending from the water surface to or above the horizontal plae of the spout opening require a
greater air gap when spaced closer to the nearest inside edge of spout opening than specified in footnote ( * ) above. The effect of three or
more such vertical walls or ribs has not been determined. In such cases, the air gap shall be measured from the top of the wall.
JTwo times diameter of effective opening.
Three times diameter of effective opening.
1 86 CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL

3.83 Approval of devices. Before any device for the prevention of backflow or backsiphonage
s installed, it shall have first been certified by a recognized testing laboratory acceptable to the
agency director. Devices installed in a building's potable water supply distribution system for
protection against backflow shall be maintained in good working condition by the person or persons
responsible for the maintenance of the system.

The agency director, or his designated agent, shall routinely inspect such devices and, if found
to be detective or inoperative, shall require the replacement thereof.

3.84 Installation of devices.

(a) Vacuum breakers. Vacuum breakers shall be installed with the critical level at least 6 in.
above the flood-level rim of the fixture they serve and on the discharge side of the last control
valve to the fixture. No shutoff valve or faucet shall be nstalled beyond the vacuum breaker. For
closed equipment or vessels, such as pressure sterilizers, the top of the vessel shall be treated
as the flood-level rim but a check valve shall be installed on the discharge side of the vacuum breaker.

(b) Reduced-pressure-principle-backflow-preventer. A reduced-pressure-principle-type-back-

flow-preventer may be installed subject to full static pressure.

(c) Devices ofall types. Backflow and backsiphonage preventing devices shall be accessibly
located, preferably in the same room with the fixture they serve. Installation in utility or service
spaces, provided they are readily accessible, is also permitted.

3.85 Tanks and vatsbelow rim supply.

(a) Where a potable water outlet terminates below the rim of a tank or vat and the tank or vat
has an overflow of diameter not less than given in Table 3.2, the overflow pipe shall be provided
with an air gap as cise to the tank as possible.

Table 3.2 Sizes of Overflow Pipes for Water Supply Tanks

Diameter of Diameter of
Mximum capacity of water overflow Mximum capacity of water overflow
supply line to tank pipe supply line to tank pipe
(in. ID) (in. ID)
050 gpm 2 400-700 gpm 5
2'/2
501 50 gpm 700-1000 gpm 6

100-200 gpm 3 Over 1000 gpm 8

200-400 gpm ................................... 4

(b) The potable water outlet to the tank or vat shall termnate a distance not less than 1 Vz
times the height to which water can rise in the tank above the top of the overflow. This level shall
be established at the mximum flow rate of the supply to the tank or vat and with all outlets except
the air gap overflow outlet closed.

(c) The distance from the outlet to the high water level shall be measured from the critical
point of the potable water supply outle
 A - 1 -9 187

3.86 Protective devices required. Approved devices to protect against backflow and backsiphon-
age shall be installed at all fixtures and equipment where backflow and/or backsiphonage may occur
and where a minimum air gap cannot be provided between the water outlet to the fixture or equipment
and its flood-level rim.

(a) Connections not subject to back pressure. Where a water connection is not subject to
back pressure, a vacuum breaker shall be installed on the discharge side of the last valve on the
line serving the fixture or equipment. A list of some conditions requiring protective devices of this
kind is given in Table 3.3.

Table 3.3 Cross Connections Where Protective Devices Are

Required and Critical Level (C-L) Settings for Vacuum Breakers*
Fixture or equipment
Aspirators and ejectors .............
Dental units ................................
Dishwashing machines ..............
Flushometers (closet and urinal)
Garbage can cleaning machine
Hose outlets ................................
Laundry machines ..................
Lawn sprinklers
Steam tables . .
Tanks and vats
Trough urinals .
Flush tanks .
Method of installation
C-L at least 6 in. above flood level of receptacle served.
On models without built-in vacuum breakersC-L at least 6 in. above flood-level rim of bowl.
C-L at least 6 in. above flood level of machine. Install on both hot and cold water supply lines.
C-L at least 6 in. above top of fixture supplies.
C-L at least 6 n. above flood level of machine. Install on both hot and cold water supply
lines.
C-L at least 6 in. above highest point on hose line. C-L at least 6 in. above flood level
of machine. Install on both hot and cold water supply
lines.
C-L at least 12 in. above highest sprinkler or discharge outlet. C-L at least 6 in.
above flood level. C-L at least 6 n. above flood-level rim or line. C-L at least 30 in.
above perforated flush pipe. Equip with approved ball cock. Where ball cocks touch
tank water, equip with vacuum
breaker at least 1 n. above overflow outlets. Where ball cock does not touch tank water,
install ball cock outlet at least 1 in. above overflow outlet or provide vacuum breaker
as specified above.

Hose bibbs (where aspirators or C-L at least 6 in. above flood level of receptacle served.
ejectors could be connected)
'Critical level (CL) is defined as the level to which the vacuum breaker may be submer ged before backflow will occur. Where the CL is not
shown on the preventer, the bottom of the device shall be taken as the C -L.

(b) Connections subject to back pressure. Where a potable water connection is made to a
line, fixture, tank, vat, pump, or other equipment with a hazard of backflow or backsiphonage where
the water connection is subject to back pressure, and an air gap cannot be installed, the director
may require the use of an approved reduced-pressure-principle-backflow-preventer. A partial list
of such connections is shown in Table 3.4.

Table 3.4 Partial List of Cross Connections That May Be Subject to Back
Pressure
Chemical lines Dock water Pumps
outlets Individual water Steam lines
supplies Industrial process Swimming pools
water lines Pressure tanks Tank and vatsbottom inlets
Hose bibbs

3.87 Double check-valves. The director may authorize installation of approved. double check-
valve assemblies with test cocks as protective devices against backflow in connections between
a potable water system and other fluid systems that present no significant health hazard in the
judgment of the director.
1 88 CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL

3.88 Low pressure cutoff required on boosterpumps. When a booster pump is used on a water-
pressure booster system and the possibility exists that a positive pressure of 10 psi or less may occur
on the suction side of the pump, there shall be installed a low-pressure cutoff on the booster pump to
prevent the creation of a vacuum or negative pressure on the suction side of the pump, thus cutting
off water to other outlets.

Section 4. Maintenance Requirements

4.1 General requirements. It shall be the responsibility of building and premise owners to maintain
all backflow preventers and vacuum breakers within the building or on the premises in good working
order and to make no piping or other arrangements for the purpose of bypassing backflow devices.

4.2 Backflow preventers. Periodic testing and inspection schedules shall be established by the
director for all backflow preventers, and the interval between testing and inspections and overhauls
of each device shall be established in accordance with the age and condition of the device.
Inspection ntervals should not exceed 1 year, and overhaul intervals should not exceed 5 years.
These devices should be inspected frequently after the initial installation to ensure that they have
been installed properly and that debris resulting from the installation has not interfered with the
functioning of the device. The testing procedures shall be in accordance with the manufacturer's
instructions when approved by the director.

Section 5. Violations and Penalties

5.1 Notification of violation. The director shall notify the owner, or authorized agent of the owner,
of the building or premises in which there is found a violation of this ordinance, of such violation.
The director shall set a reasonable time for the owner to have the violation removed or corrected.
On failure of the owner to have the defect corrected by the end of the specified time interval,
the director may, if in his judgment an imminent health hazard exists, cause the water service to
the building or premises to be terminated, and/or recommend such additional fines or penalties
to be invoked as herein may be provided.

5.2 Fines. The owner or authorized agent of the owner responsible for the maintenance of the
plumbing systems in the building who knowingly permits a violation to remain uncorrected after
the expiration of time set by the director shall, on conviction thereof by the court, be required
to pay a fine of not more than $100 for each violation. Each day of failure to comply with the
requirements of the ordinance, after the specified time provided under Section 5.1, shall constitute
a seprate violation.
 A-1-9

Sample Guidelines for Installing, Maintaining,

and Testing Backflow-Prevention Devices
A. Inspection

1. Route all new building permits, plans, and drawings through the person in charge of the
cross-connection control program.

2. Prior to inspection, gather all available information about the premises to be inspected.

3. Send two inspectors on complex inspections.

4. Explain the reasons for cross-connection control to the person in charge of the facility.

5. Discuss any plans for future expansin that might require additional protection.

6. Ask how the water is used after it enters the premises.

7. Look for power lines to wells, auxiliary pumps, etc.

8. Use an inspection report to record results of each inspection and include diagrams.

9. At the time of inspection, explain what type of device will be required and the approximate
costs involved.

10. Furnish the customer with a list of approved devices. Notify him in writing as to the required
location of the device and the deadline for completing the installation.

11. Establish a file or chart as a reminder of reinspection dates.

B. Installation

1. RPZs, double check-valve assemblies, and pressure vacuum breakers installed within
buildings should be located in an rea where water spillage is not objectionable. A drain
capable of handling the mximum flow from the relief valve of the RPZ should be provided. An
air gap must be provided between the drain and the relief-valve port at the device when
installing a drain for the pressure-relief valve.

189
1 90 CROSS-CONNECTION CONTROL

2. A backflow-prevention device should be installed in an accessible rea to faciltate main-

tenance and testing. (Check manufacturer's recommendations for mnimum clearance.)

3. Do not install an RPZ in a pit below ground level unless approved provisions are made to
keep the pit dry.

4. All chambers containing backflow-prevention devices shouid have removable tops to faciltate
removal of the devices.

5. All backflow-prevention devices must be protected against freezing, flooding, and mechanical
damage (vandalism).

6. Before installing a backflow-prevention device, pipelines should be thoroughly flushed to

remove foreign material.

7. If a device is installed in a deep chamber, the chamber should be self-venting.

8. The relief port drain from an RPZ shall not be reduced in size.

9. The drain pipe from an RPZ shall not be extended above the relief valve.

10. When installing a double check-valve assembly or RPZ on the feed-water line to a pressure
vessel, always install the pressure-relief valve between the backflow-prevention device and the
pressure vessel.

C. Maintenance

1. Fbllow manufacturer's recommended maintenance procedures.

2. If the device is installed in a deep chamber, check the atmosphere for contamination.

3. If the device is to be removed from the line, provide a jumper wire to bypass stray electrical
currents.

4. Valve springs on large devices are strong and should be removed with caution.

5. Provide a drop cloth beneath the device during repairs to catch any stray parts.

6. Do not use excessive joint compound on the parts when making repairs.

7. After completing repairs, bleed off entrapped air.

 \

A-1-9 191

8. On an RPZ, the parts from the no. 1 check valve are not necessarily interchangeable
with the parts in the no. 2 check valve.

9. lf the RPZ is continuously draining from the relief port, either the first check valve, the
second check valve, or the relief valve has failed. The check valves should be cleaned
prior to calling the manufacturer.

10. lf shutoff valve no. 2 on an RPZ is closed and water begins to discharge from the relief
valve port, check valve no. 1 is probably leaking. The check valve should be cleaned
prior to calling the manufacturer.

11 . lf both shutoff valves on an RPZ are closed and test cock no. 2 is open, water should
begin to discharge from the relief valve port.

D. Testing

1. Notify customer as to testing date.

2. Notify the fire department when you are shutting down a fire service.

3. Use test equipment designed specifically for testing the types of backflow-prevention
devices that are installed.

4. Blow residual dirt out of the test cocks before attaching test gauges.

5. All devices should be tested immediately after installation or repair.

6. Most devices have a one-year manufacturer's warranty and should be tested prior to the
expiration date.

7 . Complete a report form each time you test a device and submit it to the person in charge
of the cross-connection control program. :;
 t

A-r-9

Sample Survey Form

State Department of Public Health
Water Department-Cross-Connection Survey
Account No.
(Cty) (State)
OWNER: Tel. No.
ADDRESS:
OCCUPANI Tel. No.
ADDRESS:
Party lnterviewed: Type of Establishment:

The purpose of this plumbing survey, as requested by the State Health Department, is for the location of CROSS CONNECI/O^/S
with the potable water supply. Your health and that of the commun\ may be affected, therefore it s everyone's civic duty to
eliminate CROSS CONNECTIONS. Drinking Water Standards prohibit any cross connection.

Number Number

BATHROOMS AND LAWN SPRINKLING

RESTROOMS: SYSTEM:
Bath Tub Syphon Breaker
Bidet PRESSING ESTABLISH.
Floor Drain or Shower MENT:
Iavatory Dye Vat
Urinal Solvent Machine
Water Closet stiI
COMPRESSORS: Steamer
Air Cooled SHAMPOO BOWL
Water Cooled SINK:
Cooling Tower Bar
Well Water Dipper
DENTAL CUSPIDOR Floor
DEVELOPING TANK Glass
DRINKING FOUNTAIN Janitor
DRINKING FOUNTAIN Kitchen
DRAIN Rinse
EMBALMING Scullery
FOOD HANDLING Vegetable
EQUIPMENT: STERILIZER
Carbonator SUMP
Cotfee Urn SWIMMING POOL
Deep Freeze SYPHON BREAKER
Dishwashing Machine WATER FILTER
Disposal (Garbage) WATER SOFTENER
Egg Boiler OTHER:
Extractor
Glass Filler
lce Cube Machine
lce Cube Machine
Drain
lce Box
lce Box Drain
Potato Peeler
Soda Fountain
Steam Table
REFRIGERATING COILS
WATER COOLED COILS
HEATING PLANT:
Steam
Water
Syphon Breaker
LAUNDRY EQUIPMENT: SEWAGE TO:
Commercal City system
Domestic Cesspool
Tub Septic
Cross Connection is any arrangement that provides a means whereby impure water, gas, or liquid may gain entrance to and contaminate
or pollute a safe water supply system. Owner will correct any changes noted as a disapproval of any item checked within
days.
NOTE: Attach sketches of cross connections found where necessary to clarify a description. Use reverse side of this form or
additional sheets for a room-by-room survey.
-
Date
lnspector or Sanitarian
192
 Sample
Cross-Connection Survey Form
Date:

Location: lnvestigator(s):
Building Representative(s) and Title(s):

Water Source(s):

Piping System(s):

Points of lnterconnection:

Special Equipment Supplied with Water and Source:

Remarks or Recommendations:

NOTE: Attach sketches of cross connections found where necessary for clarity of description. Attach
additional sheets
for room-by-room survey under headings:

Description of
Room Number Cross Connection(s)
193
 I

A-r-9

Sample
Backflow Device Test Report
Return No Later Than

Name of Premises
Service Address
Location of Device

Manufacturer Model Serial No.

Line Pressure at. Time of Test lb

Pressure Drop Across First Check Valve lb

Check Valve No. 1 Check Valve No. 2 Differential Pressure-Relief Valve

-
1. Leaked........n 1. Leakd........n 1. Opened at tb
INITIAL
- Reduced Pressure
TEST
2. ClosedTioht....tr 2. ClosedTiqht....tr 2. Did Not Open .n
Cleaned D Cleaned ....tr Cleaned .....t1
Replaced: Replaced: Replaced:
R
Disc.........n Disc.........tr Disc,Upper ....X
E Spring........tr Spring........n Disc,Lower ....[
P
Guide........! Guide ........tr Spring ........tr
A Pin Retainer....tr Pin Retainer. . . . tr Diaphragm, Large
I
HingePin.....n HingePin.....tr Upper .....n
R Seat.........n Seat.........n Lower. .....n
s Diaphragm.....n Diaphragm.....tr Diaphragm, Small
Other. Describe . E Other, Describe . ! Upper .....!
Lower. .....n
Spacer, Lower . . . . . . . .n
Other, Describe ......n
FINAL Opened dt tb
TEST
ClosedTight......n ClosedTight......n Reduced Pressure

Remarks:

The Above Report is'Certified To Be True

lnitial Test Performed by of
Repaired by
Final Test Performed by of Date

194
 I

A-1-9

Partial List of Plants or Facilities Where Cross-Connection Hazards

Are Likely To Be Present-Backflow Prevention Will Usually Be Required

Aircraft and missile plants Motion picture studios

Amusement parks Multistoried buildings
Automotive plants Multiple services-interconnected
Auxiliary water systems Oil and gas production, storage or transmission
Beverage bottling plants facilities
Breweries Paper and paper products plants
Buildings-hotels, apartment houses, public, and Plating plants
private buildings, or any other structures Power plants
having unprotected cross connections Processing and manufacturing plants (ink, paint,
Canneries, packing houses, and reduction plants etc.)
Car wash facilities Radioactive materials or substances-plants or
Chemical plants-manufacturing, processing, facilities that process or use radioactive
compounding, or treatment materials
Chemically contaminated water systems Restricted, classified, or other closed facilities
''-----/ Civil works Rubber manufacturing or processing plants
Dairies, creameries, and cold storage plants Sand and gravel plants
Film laboratories Schools and colleges
Fire systems Sewage and storm drain facilities
Hospitals, medical and dental buildings, Solar heating systems
. sanitariums, morgues, mortuaries, autopsy Tanneries
facilities, nursing and convalescent homes, Waterfront facilities and industries
and clinics Water treatment.plants
lrrigation systems-premises having separate Wastewatertreatmentplants
systems (golf courses, parks, playgrounds, Water-using recreational facilities (swimming
cemeteries, schools, estates, ranches, etc.) pools, water slides, etc.)
Laundries and dye works
Metal manufacturing, cleaning, processing, and
fabricating plants

195
 A-1-9

Partial List of Plumbing Hazards

All water-using equipment, devices, and systems and all drain accesses to sewer systems should
be checked to be sure that no possibility for backflow exists. This list is provided only to indicate
the wide varie of potentialcross connections that may present a hazard to the potable water system.

Air conditioning systems Laundry equipment

Air lines Lavatories
Aspirators Liquid handling systems
Autoclaves and sterilizers Medical equipment
Auxiliary systems Photostat equipment
Baptismal fonts Plumbers friend (or enemy-an attachment for
Bathtubs nonthreaded pipes and fixtures that willallow
Bedpan washers a hose to be attached)
Bidets :
Potato peeler
Boilers Private wells
Carbonators Pumps, pneumatic ejectors, prime lines, and
Cheese tanks water-operated ejectors
Chemical feeders Sewers, sanitary and storm (bypasses, sump
Chlorinators pumps, blow-offs)
Coffee urns Shampoo basins
Commercial pressure cookers Showers
Compressors Sinks
Cooling systems Slop sinks
Cooling towers Solar heating systems
Culture vats Spring loaded glass washers
Dental cuspidors Steam lines
Developing tanks Steam tables
Dishwashers Sterilizers
Drain lines Stills 'l
Drinking fountains Swimming pools, ponds, and fountains
Extractors Tanks of all kinds
Fire standpipes, sprinkler systems, and drain Therapeutic baths and hot tubs
lines Threaded hose bibbs
Floor drains Toilets (flush tank, ball cock, flush valve, siphon
Flush tanks jet)
Food mixing tanks Urinals (siphon jet blowout)
Garbage can washers Vacuum systems (water-operated)
Garbage disposals Vegetable peelers
Holding tanks Water softening systems
Hydraulic equipment Water street mains draining to sewers or storm
lce makers drains
lrrigation systems and lawn sprinklers Water-jacketed tanks, vats, and pots
Kitchen equipment
Laboratory equipment
196
 A-1-9

Partial List of Toxic ot Hazardous Chemicals That May Be Used

in Water-Operated Systems and Water-Using Devices
Acids Mordant dye
Ammonium salts Morpholine
Ammonia gas Nickel
Antimony Nicotine
Benzylamine Nitro dye
BHC Parathion
Borax Pentachlorophenol
Bromine Permanganate
Cadmium Phosphates
Chlorine Potassium salts
Chromium Quaternary ammonium compounds
Copper Silver salts
Cyanides Sodium alginate
Cyclohexylamine Sodium aluminate
\---, DDT Sodium arsenite
Dinitrophenol Sodium chlorate
Fluorides Sodium hydroxide
Glucosides Sodium nitrate
Hydrazine Sodium phosphate
. Karmex Sodium sulphite
Lindane TDE
Malathion TEPP *
rol ove
:

Mercury
Metallized dye 2,4-D
Methyl bromide 2,4,5-T
MH

197
 A-1-9

Sample Bill Stuffer Used to Alert Homeowners

to the Dangers of Cross Connections*
-This bill stuffer and other public information materials
are available in quantities from the American Water Works
Association.

A hose is a handy invention for getting water

from here to there withot having 1o carry ii n
buckets. ll comes in a variety of lengths and
thickesses, rubber or plastic, and wiih very ljttle
care it lasts for yeaas.
Hose May Be Hoses help you water flowers
mke the kids very happy. So,
Hazardous To about that?

Your Health
Ilere are otter household
sltuations youtll
recognlze...
FLEXIBLE
r; SHOWER
HEADS
Ftstl
TANK FILLS

DARKROOIT
HOSES

The danger comes whe your
hose-any hose-is connected to a pool in the backyard. Ihe dangr
potentialiy harmful substance. For
instance, there's the insecticide or
weed killer you spread with a spray
aitachmeni. You wouldn't wanl that
stuff to wind up in your drinkinq
water- But it could
POOL
FILL Did you notice? ln each case, the end ol the
HOSES hose s submerged. The waler and whatever
is in t-chemicals, poisons, bacteria-could
be sucked right back into your home by a
sudden drop in the city's watr pressure-
And hee's a hose left to fill a wadng Firemen fighling a blaze nearby could do it.
You wou,dn t know it was happening util it
would be the same if it were
submerged in a f u,l-size swmming Don't lel t happen to you! Be sure the end
pool. ot yout hose is always kept cleat. Always!
ln addilron. you can purchase inexpensrve
LAUNDNY
I
and easy-to-iostall backf low preventon
HOSES I devices for all threaded faucets around your
home al major hardware or plumbng supply
houses.

198

A-1-9
Sample News Article Explaining Proposed Legislation Regarding
Cross Connections, the Reasons for the Legislation, and the
Approximate Cost to Homeowners
Pittsburgh Press Dec. 16, 1980
Foul Water Spurs Backflow Device Bill
A bill designed to prevent the
accidental backflow of poisqns or
wastes into water lines from city
residences has been introduced
by City Councilwoman Michelle
Madoff.
Under the bill, every homeown-
er and apartment owner would be
required to install a "backflow
preventer" in his residential water
line.
Mrs. Madoff said the device
would cost $17.50 and would have
to be installed by a plumber.
She said the backflow device
would not protect against deliber-
ate contamination of the water
lines-as apparently happened in
Beechview, where 25,000 residents
have been unable to drink their
water since Dec. 6 because of
contamination by the pesticide
chlordane.
But the councilwoman said the
devices would prevent the acciden-
tal spread of poisons by exter-
minators who have connected
hoses to a water line, or from
photographic darkrooms, lawn
sprinkler systems, bathtub whirl-
199
T
pool adaptors and improper pip-
ing.
Backflow of wastes is possible
if there is a drop in the water pres-
sure and the water outlet is sub-
merged in a liquid. ln that event,
the liquid could be siphoned into
the water line and eventually con-
taminate the water in other homes.
Contamination also could take
place if strong pressure forced the
contaminant into the water sys-
tem.
Mayor Richard Caligiri said he
would have to study the proposal
before commenting on it, but
some council members expressed
concern about the cost of the
measure to homeowners.
Mrs. Madoff said.Jthe city pos-
sibly could pick up some of the
cost. The money might be raised
by requiring homeowners to pay
for fixing their own outside water
lines when those breaks occur in
the street.
The city now pays for fixing all
water lines in the streets, but Mrs.
Madoff said the backflow protec-
tion "may be a higher priority."

Sample News Article Used to Explain the Dangers of Cross Connections
and the Need for an Ongoing Cross-Connection Control Program
Bangor Daily News
Antifreeze in water risky
By Nancy Remsen of the NEWS staff
A Bangor homeowner's effort to prevent
freezing in his hot water heating system could
have cost him his life, according to officials
of the Bangor Water District. And his action
posed a threat to his neighbors.
The problem, which alarmed water district
officials when they discovered it earlier this
fall, was that the homeowner put automobile
antifreeze in his hot water heating system.
There weren't any valves to prevent the anti-
freeze from contaminating his drinking water
or the drinking water of his neighbors.
Maine law prohibits the use of automobile
antifreeze when connections exist between hot
water heating systems or solar heating panel
systems and drinking water, according to an
inspector for the water district. Automobile
antifreeze, or ethylene glycol, is lethal.
"lt will either kill you or make you blind,"
said Peter Caldwell, manager of the Bangor
Water District.
The Bangor homeowner put antifreeze in
his heating system because he was heating his
home with wood and feared that freezing
would occur in the sections of the unused hot
water heating system, Caldwell said.
Water district workers discovered the anti-
freeze when they shut off the water line to the
house to make repairs, he said.
With the flow of water to the house cut off,
pressure in the lines in the house dropped and
the antifreeze drained out of the heating
system, into the water lines and out to the
street.
Green water appeared at the point where
the line was shut off, Caldwell said.
If the poisonous antifreeze hadn't been
noticed, it might have gotten into the home-
owner's drinking water when the water pres-
sure returned.
If there had ben a pressure drop affecting
the entire street, the homeowner's antifreeze
might have been sucked into the line serving
the street, possibly contaminating the drink-
ing water of his neighbors, Caldwell said.
"Lord knows how many other similar situ-
ations we have like this," he said.
I
A-1-9
Nov.12,1981
There are safe antifreeze products that can
be put in heating systems and solar panels with
connections to water supplies, according to
water district officials. They are propylene
glycol and food-safe glycerin.
AIso there are several devices that prevent
the backflow of any foreign liquids, gases or
other substances into the water supply.
Since the rise in popularity of wood heat
to supplemnt oil-fired hot water systems,
, water district officials here and around the
state have issued warnings about the dangers
of antifreeze entering drinking water.
The Bangor incident "points out the reality
of the cross-connection problem and dispels
the idea that they only happen in other areas,"
according to an October memorandum from
W. Clough Toppan, manager of the state's
drinking water program.
The antifreeze incident occurred at a time
when the Bangor Water District is involved
in a program to find "cross connections
between water supplies and nonpotable
sources of contamination" and correct them.
"We are out now at the establishments with
the highest degree of hazard," Caldwell said.
Such places include laboratories, mortuaries,
laundries and greelhouses, he said.
"Nobody likes rgulation because it costs
money," Caldwell said of the cross-connec-
tion control program. "But if a backflow were
to be caused by Company X and bad publicity
came of it," the business would suffer, the
water district official said.
By cooperating with the cross-connection
control program, "a business is protecting
itself, its customers, its reputation and the
public," he said.
The water district doesn't want its control
program to be "unduly harsh or demanding,"
Caldwell said. Copies of the rules are being
circulated this month to get public reaction.
The final rules will be adopted by the trus-
tees of the water district in December.
2OO