MANGOSUTHU UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY

STUDENT COURSE GUIDE

FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

Qualification: National Diploma: Engineering: Electrical

Code: 080812803

SUBJECT: ELECTRICAL PROTECTION III

Subject Code: ELPR 321

Name of Lecturer: G.P YUMA (M Tech Electrical Engineering)

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 FACULTY OF ENGINEERING

DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING

COMPILED BY G.P YUMA

 1. WELCOME
Welcome to Electrical Protection III. This is a semester subject, which provides an
introduction in Electrical Protection. It is offered via compulsory lectures over 28 weeks.
We trust you will enjoy the course, and find it interesting and informative.

2. STAFF

2.1 Contact
Details

NAME CAMPU ROO TE CONSULTATI ACADEMIC

S M L ON FUNCTION
Mrs MC MAIN NO E-
+27319077249 SECRETAR
Mthemb .za Y
u

2.2 Staf
Availability
If, after attending class and making every effort from your side to master content, you
still have problems with understanding key concepts or principles or their application,
lectures are available for consultation.

3. YEAR
PLAN

3.1 Course structure and Schedule of Tests

and Assignments
This course comprises both a theory and application component. Your mastery of the
theory is assessed at regular intervals. More importantly, the application of theory is
assessed through assignments/projects.
The following outline provides an overview of the content to be covered in this course
and the ways in which your progress will be assessed.

Course structure and schedule of tests and assignments

*Please note that test dates may be moved on short notice where circumstances require
such change.
3.2 Requirements for
the course
3.2.1 Prescribed resources

The following tables indicate what literature and other resources are essential for
successful completion of this course. You are strongly advised to acquire all the
prescribed resources.

3.2.2 Recommended resources

The following recommend resources will enhance your understanding and knowledge in
this course, and you are encouraged to use the following additional resources.
 4. Code of
conduct
Please take note of the following regulations. These regulations are in addition to the
standard rules and regulations as determined by MUT. Please familiarise yourself with
the MUT rules and regulations as set out in the student diaries received on registration.

4.1
Attendanc
e
Regular attendance of the Electrical Engineering lectures is of primary importance. It is
the learners responsibility to sign the register each week. A minimum attendance of 75%
is mandatory for all courses including Electrical Engineering III. In a 30 week year, 8
classes that have not been attended and for which you have not furnished a valid doctors
letter or other proof of extenuating circumstances, amount to 25% absenteeism.

If a student miss a lecture it is his/her responsibility to catch up with the necessary

announcement and notes from fellow students. The lecturer will not repeat any
lectures in his office or any place else!!!

4.2 Classroom
behaviour
Students are required to arrive on time for lectures. Students are also required to behave
in the classroom in a way that will not distract other students attention from the lecture
or distract the lecturer during the lecture. The lecturer will stop lecturing if any students
behaviour is distracting to the rest of the students in class.
4.2.1 Usage of Cell phones in classes

Students are expected to put their cell phones on silent during lectures. A cell phone
will be confiscated by the lecturer from any student who use any function of the cell
phone or attempt to use any function of his/her cell phone during a lecture.

4.2.2 Responsibilities of students

It is your responsibility to make a success of leaning in this course. To this end you are
encouraged to attend class, write set tests and hand in your assignments/projects on the
set due dates.

It is also your responsibility to keep up to date with course arrangements (like the time
table for the semester), changes and new information by attending class regularly and
visiting the course notice board.
 1. OVERVIEW OF THE COURSE
Electrical Protection III is divided into 7 sections which are discussed under 3. The seven
sections are follows:

Revision of Three-phase Theory Relevant to Power System Operation and Fault

Calculation.
Introduction to Electrical Protection
Symmetrical Fault Calculation
Circuit Breakers and Fuses
Protective Relays
Protection of Alternators and Transformers
Principles of Protection for Bus-bars and Lines

1.1 Purpose of the course

Electrical Protection is such an integral part of any electrical transmission or Distribution

system that it is essential for any student studying toward any tertiary qualification to
some background knowledge about protection systems. Without protection systems it will
be near impossible to maintain a steady and reliable supply to any consumer or
equipment in an electrical system.

It can be guaranteed that any student completing his tertiary studies and embarking on a
career in the power engineering field will sooner or later be confronted with Electrical
Protection, with the knowledge gained in this subject, he will not be left in the cold, but
will recognize terminology and equipment and will therefore have an advantage against
somebody with no prior background or exposure to electrical protection.

1.2 Links to other subjects

The mathematical background needed for the subject is based on the knowledge from the
courses in mathematics, being taught in the University. A good knowledge of the
following mathematical topics is essential:
 a) Complex number calculation
b) Alternative forms and conversions
c) Functions of complex variables
d) Linear differential equations
e) Matrix algebra

Electrical Engineering Theory

Electrical circuit analysis

Electric Power
Three-Phase Circuits
Transformers
Induction motors
Power Lines Parameters

1.3 Course Outcomes

The learning schedule, as set out in section A, and ways in which you will be guided to
master the content, will enable you to achieve the learning outcomes, as detailed under 3.

2. ASSESSMENT
2.1 Assessment methods and criteria

Assessment of this course will include written tests and assignments, as indicated in the
schedule under section A. The purpose of assessment is to determine whether you have
achieved the learning outcomes. The various assessment methods therefore will focus on
criteria that will enable the lecturer (s) to determine whether you have achieved the
learning outcomes. The assessment criteria relevant to each learning outcome are detailed
under 3.

2.2 Assessment rules

The general rules of MUT regarding assessment apply. You are advised to familiarise
yourself with these rules, as they are applied stringently.

2.3 Making system

EVALUATION PROCEDURE

Assignments

During the semester the students will have to perform a number of practical assignments,
working in groups of 4-5 students during the time allocated for practical and tutorial
work. Each student will have to submit an individual report for the work done as well as
interpretation and evaluation of the results.

Semester Tests

During the semester two semester tests will be written according to the test
weeksschedule. Each one of them will be marked as a percentage of 100%. An
assignment mark will follow the practical assignments. The predicate mark will be
worked out as follow:

Semester test 1 - 40% of predicate

Semester test 2 40% of predicate
Average mark from the assignments 20% of predicate
The student must have at least 40% as a predicate mark for
examination admission.

Examination

A three hours examination paper will be written. This paper will be marked as a
percentage of 100%. Students must have at least 40% sub-minimum for the examination.

Final Mark

This predicate mark will be 40% of the final mark. The examination mark will be 60% of
the final mark.

2.4 Year mark

The predicate mark will be 40% of the final mark. The examination mark will be 60% of
the final mark.

Predicate marks are put on the faculty notice board. If you have queries about your mark,
you must immediately consult your course lecturer (contact details are given above),
before predicate day. Once the predicate mark is entered on MUTs mainframe computer,
the mark cannot be changed.

2.5 Moderation

A moderator will mark a portion of the scripts to ensure that consistency and quality are
enforced.

2.6 Promotion requirements

A minimum predicate mark of 40% will ensure examination admission. A final mark of
50% has to be obtained to pass the subject.
 3. COURSE CONTENT
The following table clearly indicates what you have to achieved (the learning outcomes)
and how you will be assessed (assessment criteria) to determine whether you have
achieved the required knowledge and competences.

3.1 Learning outcomes and assessment and assessment criteria

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DETAILED OUTCOMES

1. Revision of AC System Theory

At the end of this revision chapter you should:

- Be able to use trigonometric identities to convert between sine-and cosine

expressions.
- Understand and be able to use complex operation on vectors, phasors and
complex power quantities. Be able to convert between Cartesian (Rectangular)
and Polar numerical and algebraic complex quantities.
- Be able to show the relationship between time-dependent power and power in AC
circuits with sinusoidal voltage and current waveforms and be able to derive
phasor values from time-dependent values and the converse.
- Understand the meaning of impedance in AC circuits and the definitions of
impedance, resistance, conductance, reactance, admittance and susceptance,
collectively referred to as immitance.
- Calculate numerical complex immitance of networks of resistors, inductors and
capacitors directly with a calculator without writing down intermediate answers.
- Understand and be able to use Ohms law as it applies to sinusoidal AC circuits.
- Be able to derive the concept of a phasor from a time-dependent expression for
periodic sinusoidal voltage or current and the interpretation of phasor diagrams
and time-plots of voltages and currents.
- Understand the concepts of average and RMS values for time-dependent
sinusoidal waveforms of voltage, current and power.
- Carry out calculations with complex power quantities and the interactive
calculations between complex power, real and reactive components.
- Carry out calculations for voltage, current and power in balanced (symmetrical)
three-phase circuits with star and delta connected sources and loads.
- Express the complex relationships between line and phase values of currents for
star and delta connected loads including network reduction and star-delta
transformation.
- Be able to read single-line diagrams of balanced electrical power networks and to
use these in explaining the functioning of these systems, their topologies and
operation.

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 2. Introduction to Electrical Protection

At the end of this chapter you must be able to:

Define what short circuit is and describe their causes and effects.
Define the general requirements for a protection system.
Define what switchgear is in the context of power systems.
List the required features of switchgear.
Describe the different types of switchgear used in power systems together with
their advantages and disadvantages, capabilities and limitations.
Describe the basic types of bus-bar arrangements used in generating and
distribution sub-stations-single bus-bar system, sectionalised bus-bar system,
duplicate bus-bar system.
Understand the reason why outdoor-and indoor type switchgear use radically
different construction and what the fundamental reasons for that difference is.

3. Symmetrical Fault Calculation

At the end of this chapter you must be able to:

Understand and be able to describe qualitatively the difference between

symmetrical faults and unsymmetrical faults.
Appreciate and be able to describe qualitatively what the differences are between
sub transient, transient and synchronous impedance of a synchronous machine and
how it affects the level of symmetric and non-symmetric faults in three-phase
systems.
Grasp and be able to apply per-unit or percentage calculation procedures in the
calculation of three-phase system performance and in symmetric fault calculation
as well as understand and be able to illustrate the importance of per-unit and
percentage calculations in electrical distribution.
Describe and use logical steps for symmetric fault calculation both in ohmic as
well as in per-unit values.
Solve problems quantitatively that have to do with symmetric faults in three-phase
systems. The calculations must be able to calculate fault levels as well as to
specify generator, transformer, reactor and other distribution component
impedance for fault limiting purpose.
Use both common voltage and common KVA base methods for calculation of
symmetrical short circuit currents.
 4. Circuit Breakers and Fuses

At the end of this revision chapter you must be able to:

Describe the types, purpose and operation of circuit breakers.

Outline the main reasons why circuit breakers must act fast when operating
circuits.
Outline the different types of mechanisms used for arch extinction and how the
different types of circuit breakers accomplish arc extinction.
Be able to shortly describe at least the four main different types of circuit
breakers (oil, air, vacuum, SF6).
Describe with the aid of a diagram/s how a circuit breaker is able to detect and
isolate an overload or fault condition in a simple radial power supply system.
Describe qualitatively what is meant by the symmetrical current breaking capacity
of a circuit breaker and how its MVA rating is calculated.
Describe what fuses are, what their advantages and disadvantages are with respect
to circuit breaker, they work and where they can be and cannot be used.
Outline the differences between fuses and circuit breakers, relative advantages
and disadvantages and their respective field of application.
Be able to describe what is meant by the current rating, fusing current, fusing
factor, prospective current, pre-arching time, total operating time and breaking
capacity of a fuse.
Be able to describe the different types of fuses, their limitation advantages and
disadvantages as well as their applications.

5. Protective Relays

At the end of this revision chapter you must be able to:

Describe what is meant by a protective relays.

Outline the required attributes of a protective relay and why these attributes are
desirable or necessary.
Qualitatively describe the functioning and construction of the main relay types
used in protection by means of sketches.
Describe with the aid of simple formulae where necessary; the following
terminology used in protective relays applications: Instantaneous relays, inverse
time relays, definite time lag relays, pick up current etc.
Describe with the aid of sketches the different functional relay types what
they can and cannot do.
Explain what is meant by primary protection and by back-up protection.
 Calculate the current setting, plug setting multiplier, relay timing functions, and
know applications in graded protection schemes.

6. Protection of Alternators and transformers

At the end of this revision chapter you must be able to:

o Describe the normal operation of an alternator and outline the different types of
electrical faults that can occur in alternators, motivating their severity, likelihood
of occurrence and methods of protection against.
o Describe what is meant by differential protection, balanced earth fault protection
and modified differential protection and in alternators through monitoring of the
circulating currents in sets of CTs.
o Draw the relevant circuit diagrams of the alternative schemes for implementing
differential protection with qualitative explanations for the operation of each
scheme, its shortcomings limitations and how they are overcome, as well as their
respective advantages and disadvantages.
o Explain how earth fault protection and inter-turn insulation failure can be
implementing on its own and in conjunction with differential protection on
alternators.
o Carry out calculations to determine the required CT-ratios for differential earth
fault protection schemes in which given percentages of the alternator windings are
left unprotected.
o Explain why power transformers have their windings oil immersed, what the roles
of the mineral transformer oil are.
o List the different types of faults that can occur in oil-immersed power
transformers, their likelihood off occurring and their severity. Why it is important
to disconnect transformers very quickly if insulation failure should occur.
o Explain the fundamental principle of Buchholz transformer protection, earth-fault
relays, over-current relays, differential protection schemes. Explain their
operation, differences, applications, shortcomings and relative advantages for
different types of transformer faults.
o Explain the correspondences and differences that alternator differential protection
scheme has with respect to transformer protection scheme.
o Explain why differential protection circulating current scheme are more
complicated when used on transformers than on alternators for earth fault
protection.
o Outline the alternative protection schemes and wiring configurations used in
differential protection (circulating current scheme) on the different transformer
winding configurations star-star, delta-delta, delta-star and star-delta.
 o Be able to calculate CT turns ratios for the alternative types of transformers
winding configurations.

7. Protection of Bus-bar and Lines

At the end of this revision chapter you must be able to:

Explain the construction, basic design requirements and operation of bus-bar and
power lines. What are common requirements and what are the factors that are
different in their designs. How are bus-bars and lines damaged and what are the
types of faults that can occur in their use.
Outline the correspondences between alternator, transformer, line and bus-bar
differential protection schemes. What are the common principles employed and
what are the differences in their requirements for effective protection schemes.
What are the most commonly used schemes, namely differential protection and
faults bus protection that are used for bus-bar protection, their operation, primary
aims in their design, shortcomings and advantages.
Explain with examples what the essential elements of power line protection
are.
How these principles are implemented in different types of netwoks-radial,
parallel and ring systems.
Explain why differential protection is so much more difficult to implement in
the
protection of lines than in the cases of station-type schemes like alternators,
transformers and bus-bar.
Explain with examples the three essential methods of line protection are, their
operation, design and how are they implemented in different types of feeders
systems, what their advantages and disadvantages are as well as their limitations
and the special considerations that are necessary with their use.
Explain with the aid of examples and sketches the advantages and disadvantages
of using definite time relays and inverse time relays in radial feeder protection.
Explain how parallel feeders work and how continuity of supply is achieved in
the event of a fault on any of the parallel feeders.
Explain how directional and non-directional definite time and inverse time relays
can be used to isolate a faulty parallel feeder whilst maintaining continuity of
supply through the other feeder.
Describe the operation of a ring main system, its advantages and
disadvantages.
Describe with examples and sketches how directional and non-directional inverse
definite minimum time relays can be implemented in such a system to isolate a
faulty feeder section from both the ends, what the optimal requirements for
minimum time settings and inverse time settings are to achieve discrimination and
to maintain continuity of supply to the healthy sections of the ring.

PLAGIARISM AND REFERENCING

Plagiarism is using someone elses ideas and words as your own, without
acknowledging them as source of information.

According to De Jager and Brown (2010), in most tertiary institutions, plagiarism

is regarded as an act of dishonesty or misconduct that is punishable and such
punishment could be severe depending on the terms and conditions stipulated in
the institutions plagiarism policy.
The followings are some of the examples of punishments:

Failing a course

Obtaining zero mark

Public reprimands

Fines

Public apology

Community service

Suspension or,

Expulsion from the university

Plagiarism could be a bit confusing and many people do it without realizing.

(This is also known as unintentional plagiarism) therefore, it is important that one

understand ways of avoiding plagiarism. There are different methods that can be
used to avoid plagiarism and these methods are called referencing methods, styles
or techniques. Examples: APA style, Harvard referencing method, MLA, etc.
Mangosuthu University of Technology uses the Harvard referencing method/style.

Common example of plagiarism

According to the Open University library (2012) the followings are two main
common examples of plagiarism:

Coping and pasting text from a source without acknowledging the original
source

Paraphrasing text (changing text and using them in your work be it

assignments, project, theses, or research papers) without crediting the source

1. Direct plagiarism copying word for word what someone else has written
without indicating it is a quote and without acknowledging the author.

Copying a fellow students work and passing it off as your own is plagiarism

2. Vague or incorrect citation a writer needs to indicate very clearly which

sentences or paragraphs or pieces of information are from which source.

The reference to a piece of information should come immediately after the

information has been written.