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ers, who may find it difficult to assess the their commercial loan portfolio to community strength in an issue area when the fraction
of strengths identified divided by the number
services value even over a long period, development initiatives. of strengths considered exceeds the fraction
e.g., banking, financial counseling, auto In the human rights issue area, the five of areas of concern identified divided by the
repairs and weight-loss programs. categories of businesses have few, if any, firms number of concerns considered.
5 The ratings in the seven social issue areas are
Siegel and Vitaliano found, using an that demonstrated relative strength. The only provided by Kinder, Lyndenberg and Domini
aggregate measure of CSR involvement, category with a sizeable proportion of firms (KLD) from the 2008 KLD STATS database.
KLD rates the largest 3,000 publicly traded U.S.
that firms selling experience goods and was the search goods category. This is also
companies in several categories of strengths
experience and credence services are understandable, as firms in this category face and concerns in each issue area. The classifica-
more likely to engage in CSR than those higher pressures from activists concerned tion of firms by product or service provided
used a listing of primary industry (NAICS)
selling search goods. The difference in about the working conditions of unskilled codes provided by the Center for Research in
the intensity of CSR involvement across labor employed (usually in developing coun- Security Prices (CRSP) database. Since some
firms received no ratings from KLD or did not
types of goods, they argued, is explained tries) in the production process.
have a primary NAICS code listed in the CRSP
by the consumers perception of a firms database, the total number of firms considered
involvement in CSR (even when the firms Being Responsibleand Profitable is slightly fewer than 3,000.
product does not directly include a social Modern theoretical and empirical analyses REFERENCES
component) as a valuable signal of the indicate that firms can strategically engage
firms reliability and its commitment to Friedman, Milton. Capitalism and Freedom.
in socially responsible activities to increase Chicago: University of Chicago Press, 1962.
quality and honesty. private profits. Given that the firms stake- Friedman, Milton. The Social Responsibility
Using the same classification of firms as holders may value the firms social efforts, of Business Is To Increase Its Profits, The
New York Times Magazine, Sept. 13, 1970,
Siegel and Vitaliano did, the accompany- the firm can obtain additional benefits from No. 33, pp. 122-26. See www.colorado.edu/
ing chart shows the proportion of firms these activities, including: enhancing the studentgroups/libertarians/issues/friedman-
in each classification that demonstrated soc-resp-business.html.
firms reputation and the ability to generate
General Mills Inc. Corporate Social Responsibil-
relative strength in seven different social profits by differentiating its product, the abil- ity Report, 2008. See www.generalmills.com/
issues related to CSR as rated in 2007 by ity to attract more highly qualified per- corporate/commitment/NEW_CSR_2008.pdf
Husted, Bryan W.; and Salazar, Jos de Jesus. Tak-
Kinder, Lyndenberg and Domini (KLD), sonnel or the ability to extract a premium ing Friedman Seriously: Maximizing Profits and
an independent research firm that rates for its products. Social Performance. Journal of Management
the social performance of corporations.4 Studies, January 2006, Vol. 43, No. 1, pp. 75-91.
KPMG, International Survey of Corporate
The chart reveals that the level of relative Responsibility Reporting of 2008, October
strength in the seven individual areas of Rubn Hernndez-Murillo is an economist at 2008. See www.kpmg.com/SiteCollection
Documents/International-corporate-
CSR rated by KLD varies among the five the Federal Reserve Bank of St. Louis. Christo- responsibility-survey-2008.pdf.
classifications of firms.5 In other words, pher J. Martinek is a research associate there. Siegel, Donald S.; and Vitaliano, Donald F. An
firms choose to invest in different types Empirical Analysis of the Strategic Use of
Corporate Social Responsibility. Journal of
of CSR when catering to different groups Economics and Management Strategy, Fall
of stakeholders. 2007, Vol. 16, No. 3, pp. 773-92.
A greater proportion of goods-produc-
ing firms showed strength in the environ- Proportion of the 3,000 Largest Publicly Traded U.S. Firms
ment issue areas. This result is perhaps not Demonstrating Strength in Social Issue Areas
surprising. Stakeholders in service firms 60
are not likely to value CSR efforts related Diversity Corporate Governance Community Employee Relations
50
to the environment, since services prob- Environment Human Rights Product
ably have lower perceived environmental
PERCENT OF TOTAL
40
impact than manufacturing firms do.
30
In the community issue areawhere
strengths include giving programs, volun- 20
teer programs and support for local orga-
10
nizationsfirms providing experience
services performed quite well. Devoting 0
Search Goods Nondurable Durable Experience Services Credence Services
resources to CSR activities in commu- 122 firms Experience Goods Experience Goods 701 firms 414 firms
269 firms 1,250 firms
nity relations can bolster reputation,
SOURCE: KLD Stats 2008
on which firms that are classified in the
The Regional Economist | www.stlouisfed.org 5