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Radiation: Thermal radiation is part of the electromagnetic spectrum in the

limited wave length range of 0.1 to 10 m and is emitted at all surfaces,


irrespective of the temperature. Such radiation incident on surfaces is
absorbed and thus radiation heat transfer takes place between surfaces at
different temperatures. No medium is required for radiative transfer but the
surfaces should be in visual contact for direct radiation transfer. The rate
equation is due to Stefan-Boltzmann law which states that heat radiated
is proportional to the fourth power of the absolute temperature of the
surface.

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