New Common Entrance Mathematics

Contents Chapter 1 Chapter 2 Chapter 4 Chapter 5 Chapter 6 Chapter 7 Chapter & Preface ii viti Acknowledgements vith Nuraber Patterns i Series and patterns. Magic squares. Notation and Numeratio_ 6 6 Reading numbers. Writing numbers in figures. Expansion of numbers. Computation of Whole Numbers 12 Addition of whole numbers. Subtraction of whole numbers. Multiplication by one-digit numbers. Multiplication by 10, 100, 1000 and multiples of these. Multiplication by two- and three-digit numbers. Division by one-digit numbers. Long division. Using multiplication and division facts. Order of operation. Problems involving more than one operation. Using the Signs +, ~, x, +, <, =, > a Factors and Multiples 32 Factors. Prime factors. Expressing a number as a product of prime factors. Multiples, Lowest common multiple (L.C.M.) Some Sets of Numbers . 37 Whole numbers. Natural numbers. Even numbers. Odd numbers. Prime numbers. Fractions 44 Equivalent fractions. Cancelling. Mixed numbers and improper fractions. Addition and subtraction of fractions. Multiplication of fractions. Finding a fraction of a number, money, time, mass, etc. Division of fractions, Mixed +, —, X, + and ‘of’, of fractions. Problems involving fractions. Ordering fractions, Decimals 81 Place value. Writing decimals as fractions or mixed numbers. Writing fractions or mixed numbers as decimals. Writing vulgar fractions as decimals. Addition and subiraction of decimals. Multiplication of decimals. Division of decimals. Ordering decimals,Chapter 9 Chapoer 10 Chapter 19 Chapter 12 Chapter 13 Chapter 14 Chapter 15 Chapeer 16 Chapter 17 Chageer 18 Chapter 19 Chapter 20 Chapter 27 Chapter 22 Chapter 23 Chaprer 24 Percentages 74 Changing fractions to percentages. Changing percentages to fractions in their lowest terms. Finding a percentage of a number, money, mass, length, etc. Problems involving nes centages. Profil and loss. Discount. Miscellaneous problems Angles a5 Right angles. Acute angles. Straight angles. Obtuse anglea Reflex angles. The circle. Calculations based un the right angle. Calculations based on the straight angle. Calculations based on the circle. Plane Figures 95 Triangles. The square and the rectangle. The parallelogram. The rhombus. The trapezium. The circle Solid Figures 102 The cuboid. The cube. The cylinder. The cone. The sphere. Lines of Symmetry 109 Squares and Square Reots 4 Indices 7 Bases Other Than 10 119 Changing other bases to base 10. Changing base 10 numbers to other bases. Substitution 124 Metric Units 128 Units of length. Units of mass. Capacity. Measurement 134 Perimeter of closed figures. Area of irregular shapes. Ares of rectangles and squares. Area of borders and shaded parts of squares and rectangles. Area of triangles. Volume. Time 24-hour clock. The calendar. Money. Foreign money. Coordinates 169 Naming points. Averages 174 Unitary Method . v1 Ratio 179 Meaning of ratio, Dividing into a given ratio. Dividing or sharing so thal one part is x Limes another. Dividing so that one part is more than or less than the other, Equations 183Chapter 25 ‘ Chapeer 26 Chapter 27 Chapter 28 Sets iy Union of sets. Intersection of sets. Problems based on Venn diagrams. Distance, Speed and Time 195 Meaning of metres per second and kilometres per hour. Probiems involving distance, speed and time. Graphs : 198 ‘The pictograph. The line graph. The bar chart. The pie chart. Scale Drawing 207 Revision Exercises 2Chapter One Number Patterns A. Series and patterns Look at the following three series: (iy 5, 10, 15, 20, p39 (2) , 5, i (3) 7 4, 8 16, 32 >» pp Notice that each successive number is bigger than the one before it. To make a number bigger, we either add a positive number to it or multiply it by a positive number. In (1) we get each successive number by adding 5. In (2) we get each successive number by adding 1, 2, 3, 4. In (3) we get each successive number by multiplying by 2. Look at the following three series: (a) 40, 36,82, 8, ) 31,30, 27,216 (ce) 100, 10,1, eas Notice that each successive number is smaller than the one before it. To make a number smaller, we either subtract a positive number from it or divide it by a positive number greater than one. In (a) we get each successive number by subtracting 4. In (b) we get each successive number by subtracting 1, 3, 5, 7 (odd numbers). Tn (c) we get each successive number by dividing by 10. Sse 7 1(FP 2 _New Common Entrance Mathematics Exercise 1 Write the next two numbers in each of the folli lowing series; } & 3 3&8 x. 50, 100, 160, 200, 8. "2.02, 2.04, 2.06, 2.08, 9 “150, 1.75, 2.00, 2.25, 1 1, 4 9, 7 16,1 mM 2 & 4 & nada gee 12 | 12, 23, 34, «45, Pee 13, 6! 1 A, ee Bee mt. 2 4 8 Teeny eee os 1 4 4 &, Tan “aed Exercise 2' Write the next two numbers in each of the following series: foe leeds ce 2.) 86), 884. 80, 727. side 3. 60,7 45, 240, 35, eeeSE €xerelse 3 Write the missing number in each of the following series’ 1. LBP 6 Bs 2 4 812 8. Geb esas & 10, 20, 30, ..., 50 5. 23 4 8 16, & 6 4 48, 4 ee ee ee jo 8. 50,5 % ie a ee 10. ee Wi. 40, 87, Bh 12. ae es 13. 0.24, 0.26, 028, ..., 0.82 14 100, 81, 644, a 15. ee 16. 1; 3, 7, 18, 21, 17,30, 29,97, Mh, y, 18 8, By i, 6, eN : = o a 19. a re ee ‘ 1x2 2X38 3X4 4x5 : 20 TS PR cee Exercise.4 Write’ the next line in each of the following: a STA B..3X87 = 11 1438 = 2x2 "6X 87 = 222 14345 = 3x3 » 9X87 = 333 2 2 =1x2.. & 9x947 = 88 "o+4 = 2x3 98X9+6 = 838 24446 = 8x4 987 X9 +5ene ‘New Common Entrance Mathematics xgt2 et S18 MO4 8 11 $44 11. 7X16 B73 ‘= nat 14,15 873" =. 222 222." '21.%15 873,,= 333 338 B. Magic squares Study the numbers in this square. Notice that the sum of the numbers in each row, each column and each diagonal adds to 15. The diagonal numbers are those that run from corner to corner: (4,6,6) and (2, 5, 8) A square such as this is called a magic square. The number 5 is always placed in the middle, and the numbers 1 to 9 are used onee only. .Number Latierns § a Here is another magic square using the 4 numbers J to 9 once only, 3/8 9/541) 21/716 Ewercise 5 Copy each of the following and complete them to make Teagic squares. Numbors 1 to 9 must be used once only. to 6 El 3 ‘| S. Ez 2 Lj 8 gs] fa 4] 6lila Copy each of the following and complete them to make magic squares. Odd numbers 6 to 215, 7,9, 11, 13, 15, 17, 19, 21} must be used once only in each magic square. Each row, column end diagonal must add up to 38. 7. 15 oT 13 21} 18 a 7 8. 10. 9 | 13)17 5 21Chapter Two Netation and Numeration Introduction Notation and numeration deal with writing numbers in figures and words. They also deal with reading numbers which are written in figures. A, Reading numbers ‘To write or read numbers in words it is helpful to place them under the following headings: M, hT, tT, T, bt, u where ou cere Ags tl millions hundreds of thousands tens of thousands thousands hundreds tens units or ones For example, read the following numbers: 420, 6075, 17 006, 250-010, 1 304 068.Notation and Numeration _ 7 Put the numbers under the above headings like Thousands — M aTiT T n an ° a cry ° ™ Howe oouoer 6 8 a i Four hundred and twenty Six thousand and seventy-five Seventeen thousand and six Two hundred and fifty thousand and ten i One million three hundred and four thousand and sixty-eight ‘The numbers can now be read easily. Note that bg, tT andT represent the number of thousands, Exercise i Read the following numbers: ee 27. 18. is. 20. 3 2. 380 702 ‘oT. 89 40. 200 000 243 708 315 610 143.229 40741 3610078, 6006148 Ge’ Be ga) 517 010° 3417 2074: » 4000. ‘5010 1806 320 059 218 007 : "780 003 800 009" 1480007: 2100 00 “at Be 26; BF: “28, 2, ‘BD. 3B. B. “Writing numbers in figures 16 000 20078 seo” 49603 40 001 3.000 000 5600 000 » 2.140010 ‘7014 753 8 006 732+ 4.000.007 ‘To write twenty thousand and fifteen in figures we can use the same headings that were mentioned before: Thousands MhT tT T 20 h o tu 1.5New Common Entrance Mathematics We can ask: How many thousands? Answer 20, so 20 is written under the thousands heading. How many hundreds? Answer 0, so Ois written under the hundreds heading. Then fifteen ia | ten and 5 units. These are written under the tens and units headings respectively. Other numbers can be written similarly. Examples Write in figures: MhTtT T b thu (a) Five thousand and eight = 56 006 (b) Twenty thousand and fifty = 2005 0 (c) One hundred and five thousand and ten = 105 0106 (a) Three million five hundred and eighteen thousand six hundred : and fourteen =$ 518614 WwW 12. ° 13, 14. 18. Sa ee eee Wit nl igre Three hundred ‘and ighty-seven. Five hundred and seventy. Nine’ hundred and eight. y Three’ thousand four hundred and éighteen. "Six thousand and forty. ‘Two thousarid and six. Bleven thousand three hundred and twenty-three. _ Twenty-six thousand and forty-three, ‘Ten thousand and seventy. \ Forty-nine thousand and three. ‘Thirty thousand and nine. ‘Three hundred thousand. One hundred and fifty-three thousand six hundred and two. ‘Two hundred and ten thousand three hundred and twenty” one. Four hundred and eleven thousand and twenty. ——Notation and Numeration 9 Ea Five million and ‘seven. Two million five’ thousand and ighteen, Five million and twenty- tree.. Bight ‘anillion. ‘one ‘hunidred and tivo. hie million fourteon thousand i ne and fa Six, million three hundred andten thousand and forty-two, ; ‘Two millon three hounded thousand: aiid eight 3 4 oOo “| OO0030 Expansion of numbers 2.LL0.00C ‘The number 3746 can be expanded in the following way: 3746 = 3X 1000+7X100+4X10+6X1 Similarly, the following numbers may be expanded in the same way: 2850 = 2X 1000+ 8X 1004+ 5X 10 2207 = 2X 1000+2X100+7X1 486 = 4X 100+8X10+6X1 91 = 9xX10+1X1 Exéielse 3 Expond the following numbers like the examples above: e Ae 87 & 19. F223. «90, 1643-18. 8005 Bef AB BL TO, pi 408, 1D, 2760.° 94, 400° B28 167 OF, 880° 425 4080. AS." 2107“10 New Common Entrance Mathematics i ha nn, Aaa De Numbers can however be expanded differently: Example 1888 = 18x 100.42 10+3X1 ' 18 X 100 +23 x1 182 x 10+3 Xi 1X 1000 + 82 X 104+ 3X1 x10+3X1 Wi 100-4107 2X10+6xXi Examples 426 X43 = 426 X 40 + 426 X3 207 X 341 = 207 X 300 + 207 X 40 + 207 X 1 83 X30 = 83X3 X10 a eEEEESEIEESEEEEEEEEEREEGRNDEIIe me nec ae. Notation and Numeration 4i — ji Complete the following: Sie BB. BX AO =BX AX. fo {BRA 808 = 800 Fe. BBL 89X13 = 89%. 94X02 ee 2 6B X 21 168 x: +463 X40463X1., 627 X'800'= 627 300-4 627 Xe. Aa. 18260 HK 6X10 45. “87 X 390 = 87x 90 +87.X Write the answer for: 46. 3004.10 4+ 6 47. 800+ 90 /:, 48=-:"1000 + 900 +80 +9 © 8, 3000-4 904.7 50. 6000 + 200+ 8 ; 9. (2X 100) + AX 40) HB). oe 2 1000) + (8 X 100) # (6X10) 4 (44): 4x10) + 6X19) HEX 1 (2 10000)'+ (8 % 100)-+ (X41)Chapter Three Computation of Whole Numbers A. Addition ef whole numbers Example 46+ 9+ 387+ 1076 = 1518 46 9 387 + 1076 1518 22 Exercise Ifa). : ‘Ad@ the fllowing: Fi a qe Bt 4 366 Bec 8 ob 28 #28" : +56 2. 70 5. 435 & 526. +26 12 71 + 151 + 82 Be 6 46 92° 605 : 9 Vike 4 :Computation of Whole Numbers 13 10, 10231 12.508 14, 2175 q 368 376 387 +274 + 482 1706 Seg ca “11. 31126 13, 356 15, 63 205643 273, 485 13960 281 6 16. 31+ 48 24. 1754 + 86 + 360 +72 17. 76+ 85 25. 372 + 2460 +75 + 1243 18. 2344 +61 26. 3470 + 81 +2173 + 475 19. 305 + 52+ 40 27. 204641764250 20. 732443 +82. 28. 1537 + 176 +250 21. 16+ 648 +27 29, 84+ 23 + 1671 | 22. 56 +589 +23 BO. 164431524 4076 +237. 23. 216+ 428 +95 : ‘Exercise 1(b} oa 2. 4. Add together: two, hundred and eight, seventy-six, and nine. 2 ‘Add ‘together: three thousand and ten, eighty-four, and nine hundred’ and eighty. ‘The difference between two numbers is 47, If one number is 38, what is the other number? At our school there are 275 girls and 238 boys. How many pupils are at our school? .. Mr Boyce the farmer has 19 cows, 47 pigs and 88 sheep. How many animals does he have? Our school canteen sold 175 cakes on Monday, 168 on Wednesday and 154 on Friday. How many cakes were sold in the three days? ne a=". 14 New Common Entrance Mathematics a 7. - At our school there are140 Infants, 172 Juniors and 88 Seniors. How many pupils aré at our school? ‘i One morting, a farmer picked 175 oranges, 358 mangoes, ¢ 1070 limes and 85 ‘grapefruits. How many fruits did he a pick i in all? oe On. the first: day of school, ‘our teacher sold’ 185 mathematics workbooks, 216°'English “workbooks and 78 general: kniowlédge. workbooks. How many workbooks did she sell in‘all? * 2 ; de Find the sum of eighty- niné,.one sosaaiid and ten, ‘and five Bundred: and sixty-seven, A ‘newspaper vendor -sold 970: newspapers on. ‘Monday, 344 (865 on Tuesday ‘and 1089 .on’ Wednesday. How’ mariy ‘a newspapers. did he sell.in the three days? : v In the last four test matches a cricketer, had scores of 64, ae 8b. and 7. How many id. he score in the four matches? \ B.. Subtraction of whole numbers Example 840 — 378 = 462 840 - 378 462 Exercise 2a) : Subtract:the following: 84 go A868 es 18 fag Oe =216 Be 98 Be epg) 18g egg 2998 “om a9 6.) 830Computation of Whole Numbers 15 BAT6 ~ 1789 ~ 41. 84—50 ) 104-250 27, 9300 — 541 12, 16-45 643-134 28, 8215-3170 13. 93-28 1076 ~ 281 9. 6304 — 2783 14, 378-36 22.) 2148 ~ 758 1763 — 88 as.) 748 — 213 23. 1372 — 482 4870 — 390 16. 643-129 (24,) 3106 — 278 1135 — 746 17. 826 — 571 25. 543 — 38 3B. 4369 — 805 (a8, 910 — 476 26. 1178-179 34. 6140-93 Exercise 2(b) 1. From five thousand and one take three hundred and~ seven. 2. Take nine hundred and ten from six thousand and four. 3. What number must be added to 207 to make 300? 4. What number must I take from 104 to get 36? 5. The sum of two numbers is 180. If one number is 98, what is the other number? 6. What is the difference between 68 and 307? 7. Find the difference between 560 and 496. 8. A farmer had 300 chickens. He sold 164. How many had + he left? 9. At our school there are 540 pupils. If there are 286 girls, how many boys are there? 10. At our school picnic there were 340 people. If there were 43 adults, how many children were there? 11, Mary had 200 cherries in a bag. If 36 of the cherries were bad, how many were good? 42. 3500 pupils wrote a certain examination. If 1726 of them failed, how many passed the examination? a16 New Common Entrance Mathematics ——— C. Multiplication by one-digit numbers Exercise 3(a) Find: 1. 2 3. 4 5. 6. 7 8 a 10. i. 12. 13. 14. 432 15, 606X5 29. 16784 70x 5 16. 307x9 30. 2070 x6 1x3 17, 812X8 31. 3806 62x 4 18. 3766 32. 803X3 8X2 19. 540X7 33. 17694 6X3 20. 284x5 34. 2915 x2 94x 8 21. 600x9 35. 3875 68 x6 22. 1208X6 36. 1540X7 Ux9 23. 143.8 37. 816x9 61x7 24. 1394x738. 3040.X3 243X3 25. 7869 39, 315x8 183 x4 26. 2019X4 40. 106X8 704 2 27. 712x8 i 328 x 8 28. 3847 j D. Multiplication by 10, 100, 1000 and multiples of these Remember: To multiply a number by 10, just add one zero to the units side of that number. For example: 64X10 = 640; one zero is added to 64 To multiply a number by 100, just add two zeros to the units side of that number. For example: 64.x 100 = 6400; two zeros are added to 64 To multiply a number by 1000, just add three zeros to the units side of that figure. For example: 64 x 1000 = 64 000; three zeros are added to 64 J — ]eae eninne e a Computation of Whole Numbers i7 ——_ ———— Exerelse 3{b) Find: pita 7 'f. .8X:10 6X10... 1 5X 1000, 2 1X10, 15% 100. #2, -11.X 1000 - Be 40X10 “B.100x 38. 9B. 43 x 1000 ag. BIB X10" + 510 X 100. 1000°X 16% : “407X100 * 95. “50x .1000" Be 10X37 Examples Find. (a) 31 x 30 (b) 74x 2000 (ce) 400 x 86 Solutions (a) 31X30 = 31X3X10 31 = 93x10 x3 = 930 98 (b) 74 x 2000 = 74 x 2x 1000 4 = 148 x 1000 x2 = 148000 148 (©). 400 x 86 = 86 x 400 86 = 86X4K100 X_4 = 344 x 100 rr = 34400 ® Ge) 41x 20 _ 24) 106 x 40 26. 18x70 17. 34x 20 22. 80X50 27. 34.70 18,.22X30 23.75 50 28,) 80x 88 19. 48X30 |; 2h 61X60 29. 14X90 28. 29x40 25, 39 x 60 30. 380 x 90 ‘31. 8x 200° 86. 18x50 41..-6 x 2000 “-B2s: 16 X-200 37. 600 X 23 42, 2000 X7 3B. 8X 300. .BB..57X:700. 43. . 18 x 3000 “Bh 800X297 BR 81 XB00 44, 3000 X16 GS) 47X40", 40. 900% 2648. 47 x 4000 - 46, 2455000, (48,) 89x 6000 $0. 19 x 9000” 47, 5000X71 49. 7x 7000 vie eabedehatiae Hg aad a18 New Common Entrance Mathematics £, Multiplication by two-and three-digit numbers Examples Find (a) 63 x 34 (b) 176 X 307 (c) 248 x 356 (d) 37 x 580 Solutions (a) 63X34 = 63X 30+ 634 63, = 1890 + 252 x34 = 2142 1890 (63 x 30) + 252 (63.X 4) 2142 (63 X 34) 176 307 52.800 (176 x 300) + 1232 (176 x7) 54 032 (176 x 307) (b) 176 X 307 = 176 X 300 + 176 X7 52 800 + 1232 = 54032 248 X 200 + 248 x 50 (c) 248 X 256 = + 248 X 6 = 49 600 + 12.400 x 256 + 1488 9 600 (248 x 200) = 63 488" 12.400 (248 x 50) + 1488 (248 x 6) 63.488 (248 x 256) (a) 37X 580 = 37 X 500 + 37 x 80 37 = 18500 + 2960 x 580 = 21460 186500 (87 x 500) + 2960 (37 x 80) 21.460 (37 x 580) 83X18 7. 23X32 B42 17 8.83 X23 62 X22 BIB XM!1, Vi. 42, 13, 4, 15. 16. 87. 18, 19. 20. Exercise ae 3X42 aH, 99. 410 3x96 BB. 227 X 320 204 x 27 23. 270 X 380° 351 X 62 24 276 X 110 487X7L 25. B74 x 304 182X34| 26, 206 x 804 280X438 BF, 180 X 105 460 X 31 28. 120 X 764 703 x42. @B>) MO 267 196 X 73 3G... 517 X 168 288 X26. «BI, 270 X 347 Find the product of 67 and 40, Computation of Whole Memb 32, 38. 4 \ What number divided by 6 gives 12? ., What number must be divided by 6'to get 20 Multiply, eight hundred ‘and seven by eleven. 815 x 624 9K 127 803 X 246 927 x 276__t 147 x 241 | 230 X 336 407 X 413 370 x 116 298 x 620 A case contains 24 soft: drinks. How many soft, drinks _ would 8 similar cases contain? ‘What'is the : answer ‘when’ twenty-five is , multiplied pa “itself? A-box contains 40 packs of chocolates. ¥f each ‘pack contains 10 chocolates, how many chocolates are in the box? tables? * At our school party.thete wore 45 tables. 1f 6 pupils sit at each’ table,: how. many popile were ‘siti ne. at the 45 “Aminimart ‘hos 6 shslvée ik coral beef. Ifthere are 70 tins of corned beef: onedch shelf, how many tins of corned beef are‘on the 6 shelves?’ | ‘Mr Walkes the village farmer sells 55] of milk every day. How many litres of milk would he sel in:7 days? were in the box?» : «: Arniinibus carries 35 passengers on every trip: How many passengers | had it-carried after 16 trips? ‘A teacher divided, 4 box’of biscuits equally’ among 25 Pupils. If each ‘pupil got 12 Biscuits, how many biseuits20 New Common Entrance Mathematics F. Division by one-digit numbers Examples Find (a) 681+7 (b) 648 + 6 (c) 313 +9 Solutions = (a) 581+ 7 = 83 ‘7581 083 (b) 648 +6 = 108 61648 108 (c) 313+9 = 34R7 91313 034R7 Note that in (c) there is a remainder of 7. Find the following, remembering to give the remainder whereComputation of Whole Numbers 21 G. Long division The following rule will help us in doing long division: Rule for long division (1) Match and try a number. (2) Multiply the number tried by the divisor. (3) Subtract. (4) Take down the next figure. Examples Find (a) 441 +21 (b) 1807 +17 Solutions (a) 441+ 21 = 21 Step 1. 21 into 4 cannot go so put & Zero wo 21 into 44, try 2 Step 2, Multiply: 21x 2 = 42 Cy Step 3. Subtract: 44-42 = 2 coal Step 4,Take down the next figure, which is 1 aoa 00 Step 1. 21 into 21, try 1 Step 2. Multiply: 211 = 21 Step 3. Subtract: 21-21 = 0 (b) 1807 + 17 = 106R5 Step J. 17 into 1 cannot go so put a zero 17 into 18, try 1 ca Step 2. Multiply: 17X1 = 17 po Step 3. Subtract: 18-17 = 1 — Step 4. Take down the next figure, aoy which is 0 - 107 Tae Step 1. 17into10 cannot goso put a zero Steps 2. and 3. can be omitted here Step 4. Take down the next figure, which is 7 Step 1. 17 into 107, try 6 ‘Step 2. Multiply: 17x 6 = 102 Step 3. Subtract: 107-102 = 5 5 is the remainder a22 New Common Entrance Mathematics Exercise 4(b) Find the following, remembering to give the remainder w) necessary: 1. 231+ 21 21,. 250 + 25 41. 3980 + 18 2. 651+ 21 22, 425 + 25 42. 3546 + 29 3B. 861 + 21 23. 375 +25 43. 4312714 4 1071+ 21 24. 1625 + 25, 44, 3076 + 27 5. 1281 +21 25. 1875 + 25 45. 6090 + 29 6. 341+ 31 26,) 294+.14 46. 8176 + 28 7. 651 +31 27. 357 +17 47, 3983 +71 q B 961431 28. 378+ 18 48. 8576 +63 | 9 1261431 29. 589 +19 49. 1326 + 46 i 10. 1581231 30. 496716 | 50. 46+43 41. 451 +41 Bi. 4860 +12 51. 7321 + 32 | ! 7 7 | | 12. 861+ 41 32, 864+ 27 52. 3700+ 19 J 13, 1312+ 41 33. 672 + 32 53. 6410+ 25 14, 8405 + 41 34, 5304+ 26 54. 6800+ 34 — 15.1681 + 41 BS. 7585 + 37 55. 4860 +12 - | 16. 2460 + 20 36. 7321 + 32 56, 4560 + 15 17. 2640 + 20 37. 3700+ 19 57. 4617723 | 18, 8460 + 20 38. 1505 + 35 58, 814+ 37 19. 6390 +30 39, 4446 + 38 59, 1275 +15 20. 4800+ 40 40. 5400+ 15 60. 4310 + 25 Exercise 4{c) * 1. Divide three hundred and four by eight. 2. By what number must I multiply 12 to get 192? 3. ' Divide 280 plums equally among 5 girls. How m plums does each girl get? 4. A fisherman caught 2000 fiying fish. He sold the number of flying fish to each of 8 buyers. How mi flying fish did each buyer receive? 5. How many times can 11 be taken from 176?Computation of Whole Numbers 23 6. Acrate can hold 30 eggs. How many crates are required to hold 210 eggs? 7. What is the remainder when 3140 is divided by 127 x & 270 marbles are arranged in 6 r: the same number of marbles, each row? ‘ows. If each row contains how many marbles are in 9. Our form captain divided 104 marke < p ) ‘ers equally among 8 groups of children. How many markers did each group receive? : 10. Esther's Variety sold 740 turnovers to children from our school. Tf each ‘child bought 5 turnovers, how. many children from our school bought turnovers? On one side of our village there are 36 houses. If every other house is painted yellow, how many houses: are painted yellow? 11. M2, Our class collected the same number of stamps each day for 11 days. If the class collected 165 stamps, how many stamps were collected each day?” : H. Using multiplication and division facts We can use the multiplication and division facts to give answers to some problems involving multiplication and division. For example 10X12 = 120 From this we can find answers for: (a) 10x 24 (b) 10x6 (a) 10X24 (Comparing this question with the example above, note that 10 remains the same while 12 is now doubled. Therefore to get the answer we must multiply 120 by 2) (b) 10x6 02 (Comparing this question with the example above, note that 10 remains the same while 12 is now halved. Therefore to get the answer we must divide 120 by 2) : SE ail ar 8sne ee 84 New Common Entrance Mathematics Examples (1) 10x 12 = 120 120+10 = 12 120+ 12 = 10 Find (a) 120+20 (b) 120+6 12+2 (Comparing (a) with the exam- (a) 120+ 20 = =6 ple above, 120 remains the same while 10 is now doubled. ‘Therefore to get the answer, 12 must be halved) (b) 12076 = 10x2 (Comparing (b) with the exam- = 20 ple above, 120 remains the same while 12 is now halved. Therefore to get the answer, 10 must be doubled) Examples {2} Look at the worked problem below and then use it to give answers to the questions alongside. 4 Find (a) 14x 24-14 X20 i (by) 14x 24-14x4 280 56 (ec) (14 x 25 36 (a) 14x 24-14 20 = 336 — 280 = 56 (b) 14x 24-144 = 336 — 56 = 280 (ec) 14X25 = 14x 2+ 4X1 = 336+ 14 = 350 Exercise 5. Look.at the worked problem to the right and then answer the following questions. 16X10 > 2 16X8 : 16 3. 16X18 - 16x 8 x18 4. 16X 18-16 x 10 ae 5.16 X19 : =a & 16X17 7. 16X205 —— Computation of Whole Numbers 25 / Given that 92x 22 = 04; find: B. 2232 82x. 9% 32X11 Given that 704.44: = ey 904218 aL! AB. 104 11 ia, 16. 045440 19, i. Order of operation You will be are quite familiar with the four arithmetic operations of addition, subtraction, multiplication and division. However, when two or three operations appear together Ee a lem, eed to know which operations are to be done a a zidea third. The following examples will illustrate the order of performing operations. Examples Findthevalueof (a) 9-4+1 (b) 2444-2 (ce) 8+3X6—5 (@) (24+5) x (7-4) Solutions (a) 9-441 first subtract. =65+1 then add = 6 or 9-441 = 9+1-4 first add = 10-4 then subtract. =6 Note: You may either add first and then subtract, or subtract first and then add. (b) 2444-2 first divide = 6-2 then subtract =4A —————— New Common Entrance Mathematics (c) 8+3xX6—5 first multiply = 8+18-65 then add = 2-5 then subtract = 21 Note: Multiplication and division are ane before addition and subtraction. (d) (2+6)X (7-4) first do brackets = 7X3 then multiply = 21 Note: Ifa problem involves brackets, these must be done first. So the order is: the brackets must be done first; then multiplication and division are done next; and addition and subtraction are done last, Ho 12441045. , aio ara “qgn 15+ (6-1).* ge geen nS oh ay x@-) 9 6XBEEKT +0) X= 9)- 10; 4X8=6X2. 8x(4+1)-3 (4 #1) 6-3) -8 6+8x4—b, 18-2X746. "2% 12 (8-5) LBS BXQHAKG=5 |) BO 6+4—1 / Qs. (8-3) + (3 +2) BR 8x 384+2-4 (25). 846X380, Bh GH 6241 BREED SRR AH DXS+E, 346 2 4x047Computation of Whole Numbers 27 35. (3X3) - (2% 2) 38. 10-(8-2) +3 36. 12+ (2% 3) 39. 94 (7-3) x4 37. 2X(6-4)X +7) 40. Bx (6-6) J. Problems involving more than one operation Example (1} Solution Example (2) Solution Exercise 7 Some problems require more than one operation for their solution. For instance, a problem may require addition and subtraction to solve it. A fruit vendor bought 200 fruits. She bought 35 grapefruits, 70 oranges and some mangoes. How many mangoes did she buy? Number of grapefruits + oranges bought = 35+ 70 = 105 Number of mangoes = 200-105 = 95 The following problem requires two operations for its solution. Both operations are multiplication. A carton contains 20 cases of red stripe malts. If each case contains 24 malts, how many malts would 5 similar cartons contain? 1 carton contains 20 cases 5 cartons contain 20 X 5 = 100 cases , lcase contains 24 malts 100 cases contain 24 X 100 = 2400 malts 1. What is three times twelve plus eighteen? 2. Six times a certain number plus three equals 51. What is the number? 3. What number when divided by 12 gives 14 remainder 5? 4, Mary picked 240 cherries. She gave 68 to Jane and 75 to Harriet, How many had she left?‘ommon Entrance Mathematics “38 New : 5. Our teacher had a box containing 140 markers. There | were 28 blue markers, 17 red markers, 35 green m: and the other markers were yellow. How many mark were yellow? » A book contains 110 pages. Pages 17 to 26 contain pic- ‘tures. How many pages do not contain pictures? 7. A bus started its journey with 65 passengers. During the journey 25 passengers got off and 17 got on. How many passengers were in the bus at the end of the journey? & A box contains 4 rows of eggs with 12 eggs in each row. If these eggs are arranged in 6 rows, how many eggs would __ be in each row? A Six times 12 is equal to four times a number. What is ‘ ‘the number? Wa (#83 | What must be added to the product of 7 and 8 to make 60? ke at) \What must be subtracted from the sum of 46 and 58 to yo! SA leave 76? 12.) What is the smallest number that must be subtracted from 80 to make a number that can be divided exactly by 12? : “bis ‘ 413.) What number must be added to'the sum of 25 and 48 ve make 120? wy eR 14. What is the smallest number that must be added to make a number that is exactly divisible by 7. 24 to the product of 3 and 24. 97 and 9 to the difference of 36 & to 107 15. Add the sum of 8 and 46. Add the difference of and 9. 47. From the sum of 40 and 20 take twice 18. 48, On Friday, fisherman caught 36 dolphins. On Saturday, he caught thrice as many dolphins as he caught on Friday. How many dolphins altogether did he catch for the two days? ry on every UriP- how many 5 days? 99. An express minibus carries 35 passenge’ If the minibus makes 10 trips 4 day, minibus carry for ils. He gave 16 er. How many passengers in all will the 20... Mr Hrounes had a cortain number of pers pov pencils each and had 6 pencils left ov [SSeeestemen pencils did Mr Broomes have?Chapter Four ome Teves occa ami ho (a) 6...4=12...2 (by) 7.2 ag 66 ( 5...4=8...8 @ 4...8...5=7 (e) (6...2)...3 = Solutions (a) 6+4 = 12-2 (b) 7X2 = 8+6 (ce) 5-4 = 88 @) 4x3-5=7 (e) (6-2)x38 = 12 Exercise 1 For each question use two signs from here (+, —, X, +), onein each space, to make each statement correct: 1. 9... 2 = 8.4 8. 42...6 = 15.2.8 2861S Baek 91D 2 B.8..4 = 166.68 10 64.0.8 = 4 24., 14. 27 3= SeoTee. 12. 5.. 6 9... 13. Me 6... ve 14. 3. as. BP AR a Le ec A30 New Common Entrance Mathematics 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. In this next section remember that ee eB = Whaeed Y 454 (13.4.8) +.-2 = 10 (dice 2)eee3 = 18 1215.4 e ed) 2 9.405.251 = 15 16.08.0045 105.53. +4 Lesedve 12.662 Put a sign from here (<, =, >) in each space to make og statement true: Examples (a) (c) Solutions (a) (e) 441...8X0 9-2...547 441=5 8x0 =0 5 is greater than 0 44+1>8x0 9-2=7 5+7 = 12 7 is less than 12 18. 33. Bees means less than means equal to means greater thay VIA (b) 6X6...4x9 (b) 6X6 = 36 4x9 36 36 is equal to 36 6x6 = 4x9Using the Signs +, Exercise 2 Puta sign from here (s =, >) in each space to make each statement true: + 1 De AXE IHR WN ax Sar xs Su EE pag Beg cd 48 5627 ee 6 BS iO 2T=9. 40. 5X50. 336-12, 1842). BW AX Tab XE eam BAT 16 +9 ORB UXT. EH: “Bh. 48 ~ 6618 © 2B 0140.6 XO.Chapter Five Factors and Multiples A. Factors Exampies Solutions Exercise 1 12 = 3x4 = 2x6 = 1x2 1, 2, 3, 4, 6 and 12 can divide into 12 exactly. These numbers are called the factors of 12. The factors of a number are those numbers which can divide it exactly. "Find the factors of (a) 10 (b) 18 (a) Factors of 10 = (1, 2, 5, 10) (b) Factors of 18 = (1, 2, 3, 6, 9, 18) Note that 1 isa factor of any number. And the number itselfis a factor of itself. For example, 10 is a factor of 10, and 18 is a factor of 18. M List all the factors of: : ee PE 9B 1890. 98 TB, 28 25 Ble Bm. ag Bk. Te. 20 BB S16 9s 81 AB. 26 4B. 82 Which of the numbers (2, 3,.5, 7, 9, 15) are factors of: 16. 35 17. 45) 48. 63 apFactors and Multiples 33 Which of the numbers (1, 2, 3,°4,-6) 9, 12, 16) are fectore dt: 19. 36 20. 84 21 64 22. Which of the numbers (1s 2, 4; 5, 6, 8,10, 12, 15, 20, 40) 4 not factors of 40? . Prime factors We have learnt already that the factors of 12 are 1, 2, 3, 4,6 and 12. Of these, only 2 and 3 are prime numbers. Thus 2and3 are called the prime factors of 12. Example What are the prime factors of 15? Solution Factors of 15 = (1, 3, 5, 15) ’ Le Prime factors of 15 = (8, 5) hn Exercise ) What are the prime factors of: : i 6-30 * G35 @ Bl S95 ‘18,1 108 Expressing a number as a product of prime factors Example {1} Express 60 as a product of prime factors. Solution 60 = 2X 2X3X5 2|60 6 2|80 “ z 3|i5 505 “ 1 (, ‘Note that only prime numbers* are chosen to do the continuous division. The division is done until the answer is exactly 1. “Seo p, 40,=" $4 New Common Entrance Mathematics Example (2) Express 100 as a product of prime factors. Solution 100 = 2X2x5X5 2|100 a| 60 [28 508 1 Exercise@ ) Express the following sautabers asa Brody of prime factors: G45. © % 48s Bee @ s @..22 12. 50, 140 @- 32 Oe. YX 18s Wy 200 @.16 @33 1a 8L: 210 ve 6). 18 G42 The multiples of a number are found by multiplying that number by 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6... (the 3 dots mean ‘and so on’). Examples (1) The multiples of 3 are (3, 6, 9, 12, 15, 18. . .). (2) The multiples of 4 that are less than 25 are (4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24). (8) The multiples of 8 between 0 and 50 are (8, 16, 24, 32, 40, 48). ‘Exercise@ List: The multiples of 2 that’ are Jess than 11. (Be ‘The multiples of 5 that are less than 30. 2 ‘The multiples of, 6 between 0) and’ 40. ' 4. The multiples of 7 between 1 and 50. Se The first 5 multiples of 10. 6. wwe ‘of the | numbers: (2,4, 6,12; 16) are not multiples olFactors and Multiples t the next two multiples in each sequence: E. Lowest common multiple (L.C.M.) Example {1} Find the L.C.M. of 2 and 3. Solution Multiples of 2 = (2, 4, 6, 8, 10,12...) Multiples of 3 = (3, 6, 9, 12, 15,18...) Common multiples of 2 and 3 = (6,12...) L.C.M. of 2 and 3 = 6 Note that we list a number of multiples of the numbers involved until a common multiple appears. Example {2} Find the L.C.M. of 3, 4 and 6. Solution Multiples of 3 (3, 6, 9,12), 15, 18...) Multiples of 4 = (4, 8,(42), 16, 20, 24...) Multiples of 6 = (6,(), 18, 24, 30, 36 . . .) L.C.M. of 3,4 and6 = 12 « ‘Rxercise 5 Find the LCM, of,Chapter Six Some Sets of Numbers A. Whole numbers Example Solution Whole numbers are consecutive numbers; that is, numbers that follow one another. The first whole number is zero (0). For instance, the first 5 whole numbers are (0, 1, 2, 3, 4), and the whole numbers between 11 and 15 are (12, 18, 14). The sum of 3 consecutive whole numbers is 27. Find them. The middle number is = 9 So the three numbers are 8, 9 and 10. B. Natural numbers Example Solution Natural numbers are also consecutive numbers. The first natural number is one (1). For instance, the first 5 natural numbers are (1, 2, 3, 4, 5), and the natural numbers greater than 6 but less than 12 are (7, 8, 9, 10, 11). ‘The sum of 5 consecutive natural numbers is 65. Find them. The middle number is® =12 So the 5 numbers are 11, 12, 13, 14 and 15. A 3738 New Common Entrante Mathematics “Exercise 1 List:. = 8.-/ The sum of 5 consecutiv “4. The first 4,whole numbers. 2. The first 6 natural numbers. 3.° The set of whole numbers Betweeh 10 and 1. 5. The set of natural: timbers grea than 30, 4 : than 25 but less 6... ‘The set of whole numbers less than 6 7. The sum of 3 consécutive whole ‘numbers is 30: ‘What are the 3 numbers? ve natural nitmbeis i 60: Find the 5 numbers. a c. Even numbers cise 2 Wate ih next two even numbers i in each sequen An even number is one that can be divided exactly by 2. Here are the first 5 even numbers: (0, 2, 4, 6, 8) Question: Is 96 an even number? 296 96 can be divided by 2 exactly 48 Answer: 96 is an even number, Remember that all even numbers must end in one of the following even numbers Ss 2, 4, 6, 8).11. Pick out all the even numbers from the list: (114, 19, 27, 81, 4, 48, 87, 63, 1, 98, 120, 215, 20) Use all of the digits A, i; 6) once only to write: r the largest: possible even number 13. the e smallest Possible even saumber. "Use all of ‘the digits 23:5, 8) once only to write’ “ge the largest possible even number. 15, ‘the smallest. possible even ‘number. List : ‘ 16. all the even numbers between 10 and 20. 17.. ‘all the even numbers between 81.and 41. 18. all the even numbers less than 15.) -: 19¢ ‘The sum of 3 consecutive even Hinnibers is 66. What ‘are | “the three numbers? 20. ., The sum of 5 consecutive even uinber is. 100. What are the 5 numbers? B. Odd numbers Anodd number isa number which, when divided by 2, gives the remainder 1. Here are the first 5 odd numbers: (1, 3, 5, 7, 9) Question: Is 47 an odd number? 47 when divided by 2 gives the remainder 1 Answer: 47 is an odd number. 2k BRI Remember that all odd numbers must end in one of the following odd numbers (1, 3, 5, 7, 9). i RES40 ‘New Common Entrance Mathematics 10-207, 208, 214, "Pick aut all ‘the odd sulinbers from the list: fe Me Wt, 31, 43; 46, 4, 10, 74, 91, 105, 108; 0, 121, 168) tin silo possible ‘odd’number. |” Ube all ofthe digits (1,7, 6.2) once only to wile ; 14. the largest possiblé odd iumber ! 49%,.°.the smallest possible odd number. all the odd‘ numbers less than 16° : 7., all the odd numbers between:10 and 20° “ali the odd numbers between 30 and 40. (19. The sum of 3 consecutive odd numbers is 75. What are the 3 numbers? ee “.20.. The sum of 6 consecutive odd, numbers is 85. What are the 5 numbers? « iSome Sets of Numbers 41 &. Prime numbers Example Exercise 4 List: A prime number is a number that has only two distinct factors, itself and one. So 1 is not a prime number. Which of the following are prime numbers? 2, 9, 18, 15 Factors of 2 are (1, 2) Factors of 9 are (1, 3, 9) Factors of 13 are (1, 13) Factors of 15 are (1, 3, 5, 15) 2and 18 are prime numbers because they have only two factors. 9 and 15 have more than two factors and are not prime numbers. Remember that 2 is the only even prime number. All the other prime numbers are odd; but not all odd numbers are prime numbers. 4. .-The first 5. prime numbers. 2. “The prime ‘numbers ‘between 10 and 20: Be The: prime anuinbers ue are broatet than 20 but: Yess thani 80. 4,° The set of-éven prime | numbers. 5.’ The prime numbers wihich are © factors of 26. the:next two pritie ‘numbers in each sequence 10, 83, 39) aye. prime’riumbers’42 New Common Entrance Mathematics Exercise 5 « Which of these are not prime numbers: (21, 22, 25, 21, 29)? - List the next two even numbers in each sequence: 2 4,6, 8B, 3 22, 4, 26, 4 34, 36, 38, 5. 20, 18,16, 6 80, 48, 46, ... a List all the factors of 85 #0. 20 42. 27 14. 35 16. 42 9 6 11. 25 13. 33, 15. 36 17. 48 List the next two odd numbers in éach sequence: 18. 5, 7, 9, 19. 27, 29, 31, 20. 41, 39, 87," 2. 53, 22, Tl, 69, 23. 101, 99; . 97, , Use all the digits (4, 1,.7, 6) once only to, vnite 24. the largest possible even number 25., the largest possible odd number 26. the smallest possible even number 27. the smallest possible odd number. From. the set of numbers (8, 9,10, 11, 12, 13, 14) pick out 28. 0 factor of 9. 29. a multiple of 6 30. . the smallest prime number 31. the largest prime number: sth So a vb i tant a owe in ee ee Te ae————— Some Sets of Muinbure 43 Express the following numbers as products of prime factora: 32. 10 34 15 36 32 38 40 40. 60 33. 14 35. 28 «37. 36 «3% 48 «44. (150 42. The sum of three consecutive even numbers is 138. What are the three ‘numbers? ‘43. The sum of 5 consecutive odd numbers is 105. What are the 5 numbers? 44. Which of the numbers (1, 2, 3, 4, 6, 8, 12) are not factors o Complete: 45. 2X2X2X..5 = D4 4. 2X3X... = 30 47. 2X2X2Xs0. = 56 48. 2X3X3X... = 54 49. 2X5X we. = 50 50. - Thé sum of three consecutive whole numbers is 36. What is the smallest of these numbers? ‘51. Find the sum of three consecutive odd numbers if the largest one is 21. 52. Find the sum of the first six odd numbers.Chapter Seven Fractions A. Equivalent fractions ‘The diagram shows fractions which are equivalent: Lhalf = 2quarters = 4 eighths also written eee 2 4 8 These three fractions are called equivalent fractions. To make one fraction equivalent to another fraction we can multiply both numerator and denominator ‘by the same number; for example, Or we can divide both numerator and denominator by the same number; for example, 8 _ 824 _2Fractions 45 Examples Put in the missing number to complete equivalent fractions: BS 3_ 9 2 @ 57 oo) G => © § = 15 6 1 2_ 2x 3 9 ay © es = i 4 ©) 3 2 O 37> Sejutions 3,3x4 = 12 2+2=1 sg 3 9 © 85" Ox" 8-7@xa Exercise 1 Put a number in the empty space to make an equivalent fraction: ye De g bo 9 823 ee 3. 3=8 aah nm = 5 ai-p 8 4-546 New Common Entrance Mathematit 13. 5=3 wiad 28) 5a mw 2-3 a@o.)8 = a eee ee @ihe, Oh Aina 2a, @o- Bt Gn 1 3=% & f-ax Co 4 B. Cancelling ' Examples Solutions To cancel a fraction means to reduce it to lowest terms. . 12 Look at the fraction 35- Question: What number can divide both numerator and denominator? Answer: 1, 2, 3 and 6. Question: Which is the biggest number that can divide both numerator and denominator? Answer: 6 So that to reduce 27 to lowest terms we divide both 12 and 30 by 6: 2 oss I Remember that the number 1 is never used to cancel fractions. Cancel these fractions: (a) z (b) s @) B= 3 “Sle (We divide both 15 and 20 by 5) tt ecFractions 47 eee ctions 47 (b) elas (We divide both 16 and 24 by 8) Exercise 2 Reduce the following fractions to lowest terms: 5 3 a7. 8s as, & 3 S&F ww 5 a 19, EY 27. x fo ae we we Bota Bey, a z 2 3 | 30, 9 gg Bt 23. ae i 56 2 700 ae 6. 2 a, 3 ¢. Mixed numbers and improper fractions The diagram shows 1 whole + 1 aa (shaded) Also written 4 ar 1 whole + 1 quarter “ ‘or 4 quarters + 1 quarter this called a mixed number. Any whole numberplus fraction is called a mixed number. The fraction 5 is called an improper fraction, Any fraction where the numerator is greater than the denominator is called an improper fraction.48 = =New Common Entrance Mathematics 1. Changing mixed numbers to improper fractions 2 2x3+2 8 Examples (a) = = = 5 1 Bx2+1 li ) 55= 3 =F Exercise 3 Change the following mixed numbers to improper fractions: 1. rr ; & 8g im % Ge. a z 28 ? B 42. 102 7 3. ag 8. a 13. ee 18. 123, 4 35 9. 6 14. eB 19. U5 .8 @se Be @)4 2. Changing improper fractions to mixed numbers Examples (a) 2 = 16+4 = 3+Squarters = a ql 6+ 2thirds = 6; " 20 _ on. (b) y= +3 3 Exercise 4 Change, the faloing Improper fractions to’ mixed numbers: a 16) 4 9 31 ze mp ; 10 ee aT ey 1s 5 15 a hone 1% 5 9 15 5. 5 8rractions 49 Addition and subtraction of fractions 1. Fractions having the same denominators The diagram shows three quarters plus three quarters: 3 quarters + 3 quarters = 6 quarters also written Note that we only add the two numerators. 7 51 Examples Find: (@) §—§ @®) gts (12418 (@ 2t-18 Solutions (a) (b) () 1.39 7_9-7_2_1 @ yy g a a 748 Exercise 5 Find: 71 La ded 1 Tt Bats 5: io *i B.1 tet 2,8 a $5 & 7D ©2578Mathemats* 50 New Common Entrance 243 a2 10. uit 15. 1 i423} 16 nt denominators 2, Fractions having differe: Examples — Find: (a) oat (c) b+ a (e) Sag 3.2 1_3 @) 3-y «7B G Solutions (a) 243 a 5 “Lop. ist, = 84° L.CD.is10, = 8 i _1 = -é 5 = 12 a lig =; () 43 1,,3 / 3 a or iyt y L.CD.is4, = 1414243 = 3,7 4 ata - 2b _ 647 4 1 = 2415 = 8B 4 4 = ay = 3t “4 *L.C.D, stands for lowest common denominator. -_51 Fractions @ 6-12 ot ms oo (d) coe IN 15-5 L.C.D. is 3, 10-3 4 L.C.D.is4, = nit Exercise 6 Find: oulen ww Ito IZ canoe. crn eS EL clot ion tion No Se HUN IA B 1 Foe BIS HIB sie etico erica + 1 ADO.” EDI no 3,7 wtp 20. ales cole Sa 5 8 31. op Ist io ko » ise mie ried ries. mie. es Te eh i036 30. 1:82 New Common Entrance Mathematics E. Multiplication of fractions lq) 3xt oy 8x2 3 ; Examples Find: (a) 1°32 (b) 1*3 (c) lox; (a) seal 3.1_ 3x1 _3 Sotutions (8) 7% ~ 4x2, 8 1 3.2_3x2_ 6 1 ) 4X57 ox8” BO 2 In example (b) it would neve been easier to cancel first an, d 0 BOR _ AKI _ 1 then multiply like this: x9 = 9xq — A : a 4 2 3_ Ww 3 2x3 _6 _ © xe = 7 %R ieee 6 HG _ 3x3 l 7 = PyP = SS = 5 = 4 (d) 3gX 1g = £3 ax 7 Exercise 7° Find: go : : 10. 3x4 19, 8x3 ° Biot. edad, Bee a 45 204 Be, 4 2 3. 5XE ye AB GX BAe AXG ayl 3.2 3 aXe 13. EX y 22. 8X7 Be 18 t Beg: 14. 3X5 23, 2X5 By 3y5 2 6 3X3 1B. XS 2a, ax? BySd 205 3 Ta io 3 16. 2Xz @) 5xt 5098 3.4 : B KS By A 3 ~ 6B a7. aX Pr PX ix 2.8 nn a i* 18. 3X4 r 2x20Fractions 63 ze. 3x12 (2) ag x34 ) exit za. Fx 10 35. axe . gxexs 30. éxs 36. 3 xa5 (ad) eee ; «Bin 14x? a7. x22 as, pxaxs az. oyxd 38. 34 x2 44, ax 8x) 33. 2xot as, exit es) xéxi . Finding a fraction of a number, money, , time, mass, etc. In mathematics the term ‘of’ means to multiply. No 1 2 Examples Find: (a) 5 of 10 (b) 3 of $60 3 3 (c) 10 of Lkg (a) 7 of 100 m : 1 Souutions (a) Zofl0 = 3x = PE =F =a ; 2 oeggy = 2x $80 = 2820 _ HL guy (bh) 30f860 = XT = TXT 1 7§ 1 w 3 _ 31007, _ 3x 100, _ 300 (ec) 70 of tke 16 * T TX T = 300¢ Fy 190 3X2 _ (a) 3oft00m = 3x4 m = em =54 New Common Entrance Mathematics ‘Exercise 8: Find: 1 - Be Gof 80 fots4o Bho od 2 qos, Sof $28 2. Gott Oe, Gof 8240 1 4 na ‘ 3. jottb tH. 2 of 60g 2 ” 1. 4. Zot 24 sae Fok AL 8 co ieee 5. 2 of 20 436° 5 of 200m i : : 5 6 Fof $10 14... 3 of 120 ke "3 : 1:3 7. 7g 08 80 ° 2 BBe. 7 08 900.8 5 ge 8. “3 of $20 160 Z of 150 cm 47. Sof1min (Givethe answerin seconds) 3 48:3 of Lh (Give the answer in minutes) ~ 4 ‘4g. Lof40km 2 3 of. $240 10 G. Division of fractions The diagrams show a half divided by both 2 and 4:fractions 86 Notice that +2 = i and 5t 4= j Sothat 4 +2 implies that gxh=} and 5 +4 implies that 5Xxg= ; ‘To divide by a number is the same as to multiply by the inverse of that number. The inverse of 2is 3, the inverse of 4is jand . 1.6 the inverse of E87 ete. Examples Find: (a) get () 6+F (Bee 1 @ aeit Solutions (a) (b) (ec) (a) Note that only the term that comes after the division sign is inverted.56 New Common Entrance Mathematics 10. bat QW mee 11. 1022 22. 3223 12. 55 23. ane? 13.735, 24, 648 14. 323 2B. +S 15. 43h 26. Seu b a 16. 17. I a 18. 19. y o ‘ e R 20. Igo cole nino Geo I re . Mixed +, —, x, + and ‘of’, of fracti Exercise 10 Find: ; 1,2 et3 a8 54 35 : a Bs Ligh esa Sarg 1 Tet 5. 50f26 | 10. io 3Fractions 57 I. Problems involving fractions Example A farmerhad 240birds. Sof them were chickens, were turkeys and the rest were ducks. What fraction were ducks? How many ducks were there? Solution Fraction of chickens + fraction of turkeys i Fraction of ducks = 1-75 Number of ducks = 75 of 24058 New Common Entrance Mathematics Last Saturday ‘Mary “had + $15 for pocket: smoriey, ‘ghe : it at the snackette and put the’ rest in her ) How. much did shé age (by How much i & usingss. al What fraction of, ténctiers | were present (b) E ny teac ‘ present? (@) How many 5 ‘ qo : “are Ci hiisés' in'our village, how. many of chem 1o not ena se eheive teléphones? éFractions 59 er’ had 2 acres of land. On Monday he fi ploughed of it and on Tuesday he ploughed } (a) What fraction ae land remainéd_ unploughed? (b). ‘Horr’ many /aeres of land reinained unploughed’ J. Ordering fractions Example Solution Example Solution Exampie ‘To order fractions means to arrange the fractions in order of size, either beginning with the smallest first or beginning with the largest first. If fractions have the same numerator, the fraction with the biggest: denominator is the smallest fraction. Arrange these-fractions in order of size, smallest first: Plaid PP gE Piigdr ee £3 If fractions have the same denominator, the fraction with the smallest numerator is the smallest fraction. Arrange these fractions in order of size, smallest first: ee Pe RS aoa BPP 6 If fractions have different numerators and different denominators, they need to be changed to ones having the same denominator. To do this, we find the L.C.M. of the denominators. Arrange these fractions in order of size, smallest first: 1327 6P PR60 New Common Entrance Mathematics nr , Solution Changing the denominators: aoe oe oe 12” 12’ 12’ 12 vF New fractions in order of size: Zien ono enon 12’ 12’ 12’ 12 Original fractions in order of size: ia 2a a 4Chapter Eight Decimals A. Place value thousands hundreds tens _ponits or ones In the number 8825.674 t¢ ths, huhdredths thousandths the figures before the decimal Point represent units, tens, hundreds and thousands. The first figure after the decimal Point represents tenths, The second figure after the decimal point represents hundredths, The third figure after the decimal point represents thousandths. $00.6 = 6 tenths 0.67 = 67 hundredths 0.674 = 674 thousandths Exercise 1 Complete the following. In'the number 5.619: 1 555,525 3.6 =.6... 20959... 4 11... Write a decimal point in each of the following numbers so that 6 has the value of 6 ones: 5. 6143 6. 2516 7. 9360 8. 8607 ee 61' 62 New Common Entrance Mathematics es In the following numbers what is the value of each figure underlined? 9 3.142 19, 99.21 13, 295.063 15. 315.48 10. 17.618 12. 0.625 14, 25.180 16. 9274.638 Write a decimal point in each of the following numbers so that the 4 has the value of 4 hundredths. 17. 17204 18 75431 «19. 6427 «20, 51048 In the number 4315.278 write down the figure that represents 2%. tens 23. tenths 22, hundredths 24. thousandths B. Writing decimals as fractions or mixed numbers : Look again at the number 8325.674 ne = & where 0.6 = 6tenths = 10 067 = 6Thundredths = © .t = lundres iS 700 - = om 0.674 = 674 thousandths = 1000 Notice that when there is one figure after the decimal point, the equivalent fraction has one zero in the denominator: 0.6 = 1 zero. io’ When there are two figures after the decimal point, the equivalent fraction has two zeros in the denominator: _ SL 0.67 = 100° 2 zeros. When there are three figures after the decimal point, the equivalent fraction has three zeros in the denominator: 674 0.674 = i oGg» 8 zeros. Examples — Write the following decimals as fractions or mixed numbers: (@) 03 (b) 0.18 =e) 0027 ~— a) «3.09 a EeDecimals 63 Solutic Po = 18 lons (a) 0.3 0 (b) 0.18 = i090 027 = 2 = 32. (c) 0.027 T000 (d) 3.09 3500 Exercise 2 Write the following as fractions or mixed numbers: %,0.7 HT, 0.08 21. 128 2.09 12. 0.93 22. 0.04 3. 0.013 AB. 05 23. 2.7 4.0.05 14, 0.139. 24, 0.43 5. 34 15, 8.975 |) 25. 1.09 6. 0.87 116. 27.9 26.. 8.71 ‘Te 13.01 97. 0.47 27. 4.75 Be 0.125 18 0.93. °°. 28, 0,008 9. 0.2 19. 0.08 29. 0.165 10, - 0.70 20.5.6. -0 BO. 0,19 C. Writing fractions or mixed numbers as decimals Examples Write the following fractions or mixed numbers as decimals: 1 18 @ 355 ©) i090 15 3 () i900 (a) 95 Solutions (2) 32: = 3.1 (one zero in 10, so one figure is placed after 10 the decimal point} (b) 18 = 0.18 (two zeros in 100, so two figures are placed ru after the decimal point) (c) 25. = 0.016 (three zeros in 1000, so three figures are . aD placed after the decimal point) (a) 17<2= = 17.08 (two zeros in 100, so two figures are te placed after the decimal point)Pt New Common Entronce Mothernatics pre Comrien Barren Me Exercise 2 Write the following fractions or mixed numbers as decimals: he i a1, 2 3 92. 2 55 13. AL 14. 100 3 15, 1000 ‘ 16. 10 7 17 7. 8500. i 129 Ae 18. 1000 < ) gk 19. ‘10 Bis “20. 100 26. 18 1000 3 1000 19. 700 1 10. 100 1 1000 3 1655 4 5700 2 100 a 100 4429. 14795 D. Writing vulgar fractions as decimals Examples Change the following vulgar fractions to decimals: (a) Solutions (a) (b) 4 16 B tb) 5g 4 7 5 means 4+5 4 5 = 08 2 means 16 + 25 16 . ag = 0.64 © 4 540 0.8 0.64 26 [16.00 ~150 0100 900Decimals 65 7 . (c) g means 738 8|7.000 0.875 Hu = 0.875 Exercise 4° Change the following fractions to decimals: oe 20 i a : 1 i 2 5 a L i : oe ~% om ge By 1S Bow 8 20, B 8 “3 £. Addition and subtraction of decimals 1. Addition of decimals Exampies Set down the following vertically and add them up, keeping the decimal points directly underneath each other: (a) 6.81447 (b) 9.173 + 3.87 + 0.6 Solutions (a) 681447 6.81 = 6.81 + 4.70 4.70 = 1151 11.51 Note that one zero is added to 4.7 so that it now has the same number of figures after the decimal point as 6.81. (b) 9.173 + 3.87 + 0.6 9.173 = 9.173 + 3.870+ 0.600 3.870 = 13.643 0,600 13.643 Note that 9.173 has three figures after the decimal point. One zero is added to 3.87 and two zeros are added to0.680 that these two numbers now have the same number of figures after the decimal point as 9.173.66 New Common Entrance Mathematics Exerelse 5 Copy the following and work them out: ! 1. 2.8 5. 8.54 2 6.73 +075 ) “| 240 /t + 1.38 2. 8.47 + 57.80 3 Set down the following vertically and then add them up: 1. 394254384 — 16. 0.7 + 13.05'+ 0.009 92. 657+ 318+ 5.39 17. 6.17 + 15.7 + 28 43. 0.8 +36,57 + 0.006, 18. 34.21 + 12°+.2,817 914. 27+ 257 + 15.9 19.° 0.297 + 5.6 +:23.2 15.°. 28.75 +.6.738 20,. 0.06 + 7.9 + 4,325 2. Subtraction of decimals Examples Set down the following vertically and then subtract: (a) 16.7 - 9.84 (b) 26 — 6.82 Solutions (a) 16.70 -9.84 16.70 = 16.70 — 9.84 — 9.84 = 6.86 06.86 (b) 26 — 6.82 26.00 = 26.00- 6.82 ~ 6.92 = 19.18 19.18 Note that 26 is written so that it now has the same number of Places after the decimal Point as 6.82. trtulmmrammmtie iDecimals 67 Exercise 6 Copy the following and work them out; 7 8.4 5. 2.54 9% 24.00 eal = 0.09 — 6.58 2 93 6 8.36 “7 8.0 -0.57 3. 86 7 15.48 -28 = 112 4° 0.82 8. 6.401 — 0.27 — 2.050 Set. down the following vertically and then subtract: We 76-21 16. °8.3'-0.071 12, 238-65 17, 18 0.83 ‘13. 8.0-2.9 18. 7.305 — 0.768 14. 64-.0.64 99. 18.2 — 16.42 15.° 21-38 - 20. 35 - 15.7 F. Multiplication of decimals Multiplication by 10, 100 and 1000: To multiply by 10 the figures move one place to the left of the decimal point. Example (1) 0.46 x 10 = 4.6 To multiply by 100 the figures move two places to the left of the decimal point. Example (2} 6.57 X 100 = 657.0 or 657 To multiply by 1000 the figures move three places to the left of the decimal point. a8 = New Common Entrance Mathematics Example {3} 0.45 X 1000 = 0450.0 or 450 Exercise 7 Examples Solutions In Example (3), a zero is added to 45 to make the third place. Another way of saying all this is that the decimal point can be moved one place to the right for every zero. Where there are not enough figures, add a zero. ei oF : Find: , A 07x 10. 91; 0.086 1000, 2%. 4.28.x 100 2.085% 10. 12, 0.741000 - 22s’ 3.2 1000 3. 4.623% 100. 136 .0.07 X 1000 23. 2.61. 1000. 4. 8025 %100 . 14: 0.631000 24 9.32 10 5.° 19.07 X.10 15. 1.542.X 10 25. 5.8 x.100 6 8X10, 16. 928x100 26. 2.075 10 7. 0991100 47%. 746X100 27» 6.839 10 B OATLX100 ° 18, 2.94% 1000.28. 6.8 x 1000 9. 06X10. 19. -8.1X10, 2%. 28.9. 1000 10. 0ATX10, 20. 72X10 BO», 478.5. 1000 (a) 3.6x4 (b) 2.767 (ce) 3.48 x 0.6 (a) 0.574 x 0.07 (a) 3.6 (1d.p.) 3.6 has one figure after the x4 decimal point; therefore the answer must also have one 144 (1d.p.) have ¢ —_— figure after the decimal point. (b) 2.67 (2d.p.) 2.67 has two figures after the xT decimal point; therefore the 18.69 (2 d.p.) answer must also have two figures after the decimal point. () 348 (2d.p.) The total number of decimal X06 (1d.p.) places after the two numbers 2.088 (3 d.p.) 3.48 and 0.6 is 3; therefore the answer must also have 3 places after the decimal point. ———Decimals 69 The total number of decimal places after the two numbers 0.574 and 0.07 is 5; therefore ‘the answer must also have 5 places after the decimal point. But the answer only has 4 figures, so a zero is placed in front of the 4 to give the fifth (a) 0.574 (8d.p) 0.07 (2d.p.) 04018 (5 d.p.) " 7. 1920.7, 12.68 X.1.2 2.89 x 0.8 : 7.08 X. 0.8.» 25X11, 18.02 X.0.11, “8.03 X 0.6 10.08 X.9" BO. 0.07 0.07 G. Division of decimais 1. Division by a whole number Before dividing, set down decimal point under decimal point. Example {1} 5.6 +4 45.6 =14 14 Exampie (2) 3.84 = 6 0.64 nn70 New Common Entrance Mathematics Example (3) 0.45 +9 940.45 Note that each figure after the = 0.05 0.05 decimal is divided and the zero before the 5 must not be omitted. 57:30 Note that-a zero is added to 7.2 1.44 sothat the answer can be worked out exactly. Cai 2 63+9 22. 1475). 23. 085 2a. 0944. 25. 0.582 26, 0.372 +6 27. 2848 29. 7.7411 40. 08 +6 20. 815.2+4 30. 3.8259 2. Dividing by 10, 100 and 1000 To divide by 10 the figures move one place to the right: Examples {1} (a) 4.6+10 = 046 (b) 0.7+10 = 0.07 {c) 8+10 = 08 ‘To divide by 100 the figures move two places to the right: Examples (2) (d) 6.57 + 100 = 0.0657 (e) 0.71 +100 = 0.0071 To divide by 1000 the figures move three places to the right: Examples (3) (f) 23+ 1000 = 0.023 {g)_ 15.1 + 1000 = 0.0151 Or, in other words, move the decimal point one place to the left for each zero. rer er LEIDecimals 71 1%. 0.6 +10 27. 198+ 100 12. 187+ 100 22. 0.68 +10 13,5094 100, 23i-782,4 + 1000 444,168 + 100. 24. 3156,+ 1000 8 15. p27 +100 25. 8,2 + 100 - G (18.8 +1000: 164, 40:57 +100 “26. 17 +10 (CD, O6 + 1000, 17. (873+ 1000. a 37.6 + 10 8. 683,510 18. 0.35 +10, 24.327 + 1000 'U9,0,25.6+ 100° 19. 3910 23%: . 88+ 29.) 38,18 + 1000 10. TRB 3000 20, 26410. 30. 4+10 nN. os ~ OSs 3. Dividing a decimal by a decimal J ™ ‘\ Example (1) 6.48 + 0.4 Ss \ = 64.874 4{64.8 ‘) \ = 16.2 16.2 d Before dividing, the divisor (0.4) is first changed to a whole number by multiplying it by 10. Thus the number to be divided (6.48), has also to be multiplied by 10. #¢| Example (2) 0.93 + 0.03 = 093 + 003 3|93 = 31 Both divisor and number to be divided are first multiplied by 100. Example (3) 52 + 0.5 2 = 62075 5|520 = 104 104 Both divisor and number to be divided are first multiplied by 10. NYee 72 New Common Entrance Mathe: Exercise 11 Find 1 2. it. 12. 13. 14, 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 26. fH. Ordering decimals 4.AG + 0.2 6.39 + 0.3 4.48 +04 5.72 + 0.2 7.38 + 0.3 6.15 + 0.5 0.45 + 0.9 0.63 + 0.7 0.125 + 0.6 0.424 + 0.8 0.678 + 0.6 0.315 + 0,05 1.421 + 0.07 2.784 + 0.08 3.020 + 0.05 2.925 + 0.09 7.329 + 0.07 0.1624 + 0.4 0.738 + 0.08 0.276 + 0.06 21. 6.45 + 0.09 8.52 + 0.04 23. 7.38 + 0.06 24% 1.924012 25. 4.85 +011 39. 31. 32. 33. 34. 35. 36. 10.66+41 37. 62. 38. 0.7125 + 0.25 39, 0.918 +27 40. 0.544 + 3.2 To order decimals means to arrange the decimals in order o! size, either beginning with the smallest first or beginning with the largest. first. Example {1} 0.9, Solution Arrange in order of size, smallest first: 0.3, 0.7, 04 0.3, 0.4, 0.7, 0.9 (All of the decimals are tenths.)Decimals 7 Example (2) Arrange in order of size, smallest first: Solution 0.5, 0.003, 0.02, 0.15 The decimals are not all of the same name. 0.003 has the greatest number of figures after the decimal point That is, three figures. Add zeros to the right of the other numbers so that they too have three figures after the decimal points, Thus 0.5, 0.003, 0.02, 0.15 become 0.500, 0.003, 0.020, 0.150 ‘These in order are: 0.003, 0.020, 0.150, 0.500 that is: 0.003, 0.02, 0.15, 0.5 @xereise 12 Arrange the decimals in each question in order of size, smallest first: G- 0.2, 0.7, 0.6, 0.1 2, 0.5, 0.8, 03, 09 3. 0.38, '0.19, 0.67, 0.18 4, 0.75, 0.56, 0.4%, 0.63 5. 0.41, 0.5, 0.4, 0.38 6 0.6, 0.12, 0.8, 0.25 7. 0.08, 0.017, 0.011, 0.68 B 0.013, 0.05, 0.25, 0,005 9 0.002, 0.04, 0.3, 0.14 10. 0.125, 0.2, 0.14, 0.8Chapter Nine Percentages A. Changing fractions to percentages Remember: The short form for percentage is ‘per cent’. The sign for per cent is %, Per cent means ‘out of 100°. 18% = Ihout of 100 bb 160 § a 100 To change a fractyon to a percentage, multiply it by 100%. Examples Change Ube following fractions to percentages: (a) “ Si (b) fe) Sobutions (a) + = 10% () fc) —Percentages 75 Cea Exercise 1. Change the following fractions to percentages: 2 3 4a B: 10 2 10 A 10 B: 10 cs 10 16 20 a a 10. 12, 8 20 a 20 14, 10.” 20 1 20 2 Prt 13 5 15. 16, 17, 18. 17 % u 50 26 50 19. 21. 22. a8 100 76. 100 a 100 18 es 8 40 3 60. 25. 26. 27. 29. B. Changing percentages to fractions in their lowest terms Examples Solutions Exercise 2 Change: terms. (a) (b) 60% 45% {a) 60% " Cire) Bie (b) 45% to fractions in their lowest 3 (Caneel by 20) 9 3 (Cancel by 5) Change the following percentages to fractions in their lowest terms: 1. 2. 3. 4 5. 30% 10% 40% 10% 80% 6: 7. a. LA ‘10. 90% 50% 25% 1% 35% 11. 12. 13. 14. 15. 16. 17. 18. 19. 20. 85% 12% 24% 38% 84%7 =New Common Entrance Mathemai Cc. Finding a percentage of 2 number, money, mass, length, etc. Examples Find: (a) 10% of $300 (b) 25% of 80 (c) 10% of $25.50 Lm Wy, $300 _ solutions (a) 10% of 8300 = $10 yg "T= SP fl % 90 (b) 25% of 80 = 20 joo 1 = 7° 4 dy. $25.60 (c) 10% of $25.50 = $2.55 so” Tom $2.55 Hi is oe 10 — Wz or To0 * $25.50 35” T fi = 265 ¢ = $2.55 Exercise 3 Find: 4. 10% of $100 12. , 20% of 60 2. 10% of $400 12. 5% of 100 3B. 10% of $500 13. 16% of 75 4. 10% of $800 14, 100% of 300 m 5. 10% of $700 15. 4% of 900 ¢ 6. 25% of $200 16. 5% of 1600 marbles 7. 25% of $600 17. 6% of 900 apples 8. 25% of 300 18. 20% of 700 eges 9 25% of 900 19. 15% of 1000 pupils 40. 25% of 1000 20. 8% of 300 coconuts eae inenePercentages 77 21. 25% of 40L ©, 26. 60% of 40 km 22. 100% of $7000 27. 15% of 100 kg 23. 50% of $1700 28. 75% of 200 cm 24. 10% of $46.60 29 40% of 40 m 25. 10% of $15.20 30. 50% of 400 m D. Problems involving Percentages example {1} There are 40 pupils in a class. 60 per cent of them are girls, Hor many are (a) girls (b) boys? “ 3 8 No. of girls = SE A Solution (a) lo. of girls 60% of 40 195% T 24 i (b) No. of boys = 40-24 = 16 Example (2) Ann had $200. She spent 25% of it at the supermarket. How much had she left? First Ann spent 25% Solution Ann had 100% — 25% = 75% left Amount of money left = 75% of $200 me $266 = $150 1 : = $150 25 , $906 5 Second Ann spent 25% of $200 ‘ oe* TF $50 Solution = $50 1 Amount left = $200 — $50 = $150 Exercise 4 1. There are 800 pupils at a certain school. 45% of them are girls, (a) How many girls are at the school? (b) How many boys are at the school? BET Raa ile ay ses ns sa78 New Common rance a box which contai =~ - 2, Mother hada were bad. qi (a), How mapy eggs were good? (b) “How many eggs were bad? 3. Mr Richards the farmer had 200 chickens, 25 Vedieds (20 Oy cs y they (a) How many chickens died? (b) How many’ chickens remained alive? 4. Mary's mother gave her $20 for pocket money, She 10% of it.” ae pe (a). How much did she spend? (b) How much had she left? ‘A shopkeeper bought 300 buns. She Sold 80% of they (a) How many did she sell? 5 i (b) How many had she left? “@. Peter had 100 marbles. He gave 35% of them to Sam, a “the rest to Pedro. How many did he give to Pedro? My teacher gave us 80 problems in mathematics to Tgot:90% of them: cotrect, How many problems did Ise _wrong? ERSTE EES Ina mathematics test Andy got 18 marks out of25. Whe "percentage is this? : Our school bus was carrying 120 pupils. If 16% of thes A, were standing, how many were sitting? 10. : Which is greater and by how much: (a) 10% of $500 or (b), 8% of $600? E. Profit'and loss 1. Profit and loss, percentage profit and a Profit and loss are two terms which concer busines and business places. ‘These businesses could be ca atl The following are some who are involved with profit 3 Snowcone vendors, nutsellers, canteens, village SP" lepartment stores and garment factories. wi?) In this section we are only concerned with the profit involved with buying and selling. ewerPercentages 7S er ernence eterna If the Selling Price (8.P.) is greater than the Cost Price (C.P.) there is a profit. If the S.P. is less than the C.P., there is a loss. Profit = 3.P.-C.P. Loss = C.P.-S.P. Both the profit and the loss can be expressed as a percentage of the cost price: Profit Profit as a percentage = Ep, * 100% Loss asa percentage = ES x 100% Exampies (1) An article that cost $20 was sold for $25. Find: (a) the profit (b) the percentage profit. Solutions (a) Profit = SP.-CP. = $25 — $20 = $5 (b) Profit % = 28 x 100% _ $5, 100% = T = 5X4% = 20% Examples (2) An article that cost $25 was sold for $21. Find: (a) the Joss (b) the percentage loss. Solutions (a) Loss = C.P.- SP. = $25 - $21 = #4 (by %Loss = ES x 100% CP. 3 sb 4x 4% = 16% sora TTT STN arn» 80 New Common Entrance Mathematics Exercise 5 Complete the following table: CP, SP. Profit Profit % Be SRO RA ee Be i SOs ee GOO es 4. BEE Ses emer Be SMO ee Complete the following table: CP. SP. Loss. Loss % Pe. $25 $20, a $50 $86 ‘ 9 $80 $64 eee aoe 2 $e $100. $92 ig ee we Complete the following table:, ; C85 QB SP. Profit” Loss: Profit % Loss % Mg BRE BA Se og eons 12.52 : : AB. 1, tae Be 16. AI HOO! $860 ays ae eee 98.) $850.80. be uae rake des 19. $400 $240 20. $500. $600. hao ties 21.: A man bought’ anarticle for $125 and sold it for $110. Calculate his loss. 22. A shopkeeper bought 300 cakes for $60.00. He sold the cakes at 30¢'each. What was his profit? : a ee > edPercentages 81 Exampie {2) “28. An article was ' ought for'$40 and sold for $30. Calculate (a) ‘the loss (b) tho 1688 per cent. BA.” The school canteen buys each cuse of 24 soft drinks for $12, 2,00. TE. it sells a soft arith for 60¢," ramhat A is the profit’ 2, Finding the selling price An article was bought for $20 and sold at a profit of 10%. How much was it sold for? CP. = $20 10% of 20 = x8 Profit = 10% of $20 aor $2 SP. = OP. + Profit = $20 +§2 / = $22 A man bought an article for $60 and sold it at a loss of 15%. How much did he sell it for? = ‘ $60 CP. = $60 15% of $60 = a x Loss = 15% of $60 = $9 = $9 SP. = CP. Loss82 New Common Entrance Mathemo't® - “Complete the following tab CP. Profit %Loss%. S.P” Bas 28 8) TBE ee aR BIB 1008 ft AB 0 a 0% 14, 10%: 24 15, { Fa teh OD ou, 8G SLOO 2 AIG So gp DS SABO EEE 1006 “gBy $600 25% 49 An article was bought for $50 and soldat a Profit of 10%, How much was it sold for? 9G ve 20. Aman bought arecord player for $160 ‘and sold it at aloes wp. of 15%.-How. much did-he selll it for? 3/0 7" F. Discount Discount is the reduction in price of an article. For example, if a shirt is priced at $19.95 and a discount of $5.00 is given for buying the shirt for cash, then the shirt.is reduced by $5.00and the customer pays $19.95 — $5.00 = $14.95 for the shirt. Discount is usually given when a customer pays cash, ot Pa within a certain time limit. It is often expressed asa percentage of the selling price. Example (1) At a sale, a bicycle which usually costs $450 was reduoed $75. How much did a customer pay for it? ceePercentages 83 ution Price of bicycle = $450 oe Discount = $75 Customer paid $450 ~ 875 = $375 Example (2) A discount of 10% was given on a Tv 8 3800. How much must be paid for thi 2 Ty ae umuelly costa ‘is TV set? sotution Usual price of TV set = $900 10 $800 _ Discount 10% of $800 = §g0 Too" T= $80 Customer paid $800 — $80 = $720 Exercise 7 Complete the following table: _ Price of article Discount Amount actually paid 1 $40 $10. OSE Og, 2. $120 $800 eg 2. $100 MEE: Ee is, $1225 —~S« $122.50 he 6. $0. «10% ee 7. $80 Be am Bs $100. ~~«ABM% % $180 5% 10. $200 8% 11. $450 20% 12. $800 5%. 5 13. $1000 25% ky 14, $1200 40% 15, $1250 25% 16. At the ‘back to school’ sale, shoes which usually cost $45.50 are reduced by $15.75. How much must be paid for them? 17. A radio is priced at $460, subject to a 15% discount for cash, How much did a customer pay for the radio if he paid cash? OO84 New Common Entrance Mathematics 18. At a sale a living room suite which costs $1600, reduced by 25%. How. nfuch must be paid for this ay; i 19. How much must be paid for a damaged stove which oy. $750 and is reduced by 40%? 20, A customer is offered a 10% discount ‘if he pays ;, months for a colour T'V set which costs $1125. How me does a customer pay for the TV set.if he accepts ti offer? COsty G. Miscellaneous problems Exercise 8 Complete: a : £% 3. 80% = i95 M59 a : : Opies 4. 64% eS 2a! 36% ye “5, What is 20% of $60.00? 6. Express 16 as a percentage of 40. "7, “A farmer planted 40% of his land with carrots, 35% with ‘sweet potatoes and the rest, with onions. What per- : centage did he plant with onions?: ‘ ae a ‘Avcustomer had to pay 8% tax on the value of items that he imported. He paid-a total tax of $40.00 for the items, = ‘What was the value of the imported items? 9.- A vendor bought 200 water coconuts for $90.00 and sold them at $1.00 each. What was his percentage profit? 10. Ata’sale a toaster oven, which usually costs $200.00, ~~ reduced by 25%. How much does a customer pay for the toaster oven at the reduced price? isChapter Ten ? Angles introduction When one straight line meets another straight line an angle is formed. The two straight lines are called arms. See Fig. 1. As the arm AB moves closer to the arm BC, the angle gets smaller. See Fig. 2. As the arm AB turns away from BC the angle gets bigger. See Fig. 3. An angle is therefore the amount of turn. 85. A Am Angle ame Fig. i ‘Angie c Fig. 2 Angle 8 © Fig. 386 New Common Entrance Mathematics A. Right angles When AB is perpendicular to BC, the angle formediscalleda . right angle. See Fig. 4. A right angle measures 90 C Sign for right ang degrees (90°). ? ingle Fig. 4 ‘The four corners of your exercise book are all right angles. Find other examples of right angles in the classroom. Use two straight edges to form right angles in different positions. Draw right angles in different positions from the one represented in Fig. 4. ‘The diagram to the right contains 40 different right angles. Try to find them. B. Acute angles All angles that measure less than a right angle are called acute angles. See Fig. 5. So an angle that measures 65°, for example, is an acute angle. An acute ange Fig. 5 Name other measurements that are acute angles. Use two straight edges to form acute angles. Draw acute angles in different positions from the one ee sented in Fig. 5. eea Angles 87 €, Straight angles Tf AB in Fig. 6 moves so that it A nowmekes ABC astraightline, the angle formed is called a straight angle. A straight angle measures 180°. See Fig. 7. B c Fig. 6 A straight angle > A B c Fig.7 Draw straight angles in different positions from the one represented in Fig. 7. D. Obtuse angles All angles that measure more than 90° but less than 180° are called obtuse angles. See Fig. 8. An angle that measures 126° is An obt an obtuse angle. pie! Fig. 8 Name other measurements that are obtuse angles. Use two straight edges to form obtuse angles. Draw obtuse angles in different positions from the one represented in Fig. 8. E. Reflex angles J£AB in Fig. 9 moves so that the angle formed is now more than astraight angle (2 right angles) but less than 4 right angles, the angle is called a reflex angle. See Fig. 10. ‘\ B c Fig. 9in Entrance Mathematics 88 New Commo Note that the angle on the inside in Fig. 10 is an obtuse a A rollex angle : Fig. 10 Allangles that measure between 180° and 360° are call angles. So an angle that measures 196° is a refle 4st Name other measurements that are reflex angles, ‘Use two straight lines to form reflex angles, Draw reflex angles in different positions from the one represented in Fig. 10. F. The circle When AB in Fig. 11 moves so ‘ that it fits exactly on BC, it has io now traced out a circle. In a circle there are 4 right angles, or 360°. See Fig, 12. A Fig. 4 right angles | Rig. 12 | Summary LA right angle measures 90°. 2. An acute angle measures less than 90°. 3. A straight angle measures 180°.Angles 88 4. An obtuse angle measures more than 90° but less than 180°. 5. Areflex angle measures more than 180° but less than 360°. 6. Ina circle there are 4 right angles or 360°. Note: The clock face can be used to demonstrate the amount of turn for all these angles. Draw a diagram to represent cack of the following angles. “Then using” es. from here. (aciite, “straight, reflex) ‘write the name of each angle underneath Ref () (@)98 New Common Entrance Mathematics 2. Complete the following table (the first one has been done for you): Example (1) Exampte (2) Exercise 2 Ie right angle is divided into two or more angles the sum of the emaliet angles must add to gor. The angles marked a in the diagram to the right ate equal, Find the value of @ asa - Find the value of « in the dingram to the right. =o - 2° 1. Find the walue of each angle marked with a letter: {b)Hi. Calculations based on tne straight angle Ifa straight angle is divided into two or more angles, the sum of the angles must add to 180°. Exampie (1) Find the value of ¢ in the diagram to the right. Solution ¢ = 180° ~ 56° = 124° c [58° Example (2) The angles marked b in the diagram to the right are equal. Find the value of b. Solution b+b = 180°—70° = 110° ? b = 110°+2 = 55° ror\/b Check: 55° + 55° + 70° = 180° Exercise 3 J. Find the value of each anglé marked with a letters,92 New Common Entrance Mathematics (h) |. Calculations based on the circie If a circle is divided into a number of angles, the sum of the angles must add to 360°. Example (1) Find the value of x in the diagram to the right. Solution x = 360°+8 45° Example (2] Find the value of each unknown marked angle in the diagram to the right. Solution ytytdy = 360° - 90° = 270° 5y = 270° oO vo 8 =S I ao 3y Example (3) Find the value of f and h in the diagram to the right. Solution hi h i] 180° +4 = 45° 180° +3 = 60° I i]Angles 93 Exercise 4 11. Find the value of the unknown marked angles: (a) '5 Find the value pf each unknown inarked angle in each disgram: ae Hae | ea ons.a4 New Common Entrance Mathematics w=. Look at the clock to the right and then answer the questions that follow. 11. What is the size of the 11 12 angle between 1 and 2? < 12. What is the size of the 10/ 13. 14. angle between 2 and 5? What is the size of the gl. angle between 6 and 12? Through how many degrees does the hour hand of the clock pass between 3 o'clock and 6 o'clock? Through how many degrees does the hour hand of the clock pass between 7 o’clock and 11 o'clock?Chapter Eleven Plane Figures A. Triangles A triangle has 3 sides and 3 angles. If 2 sides of a triangle measure the same length, we call it an isosceles triangle, Tom, Jem Gem Isosceles triangle If all 3 sides of a triangle measure the same length, we call it an equilateral triangle. Bom 8 om Bem Equilateral triangl If all 3 sides of a triangle measure different lengths, we Sem call it a scalene triangle. sem Scalene triangle on96 New Common Entrance Mathematics A, The triangle to the right is a scalene triangle, but it is also called a right-angled triangle because one angle is a right angle. 4em Right-angled triangle Exercise 1 What, kind of triangle (isosceles, equilateral, scalene, right- 4 angled) is each of the following? ? 120m « ? 150mPlane Figures 97 B. The square and the rectangle The square 1, The 4 angles are equal; A 8 each angle measures 90°. 2. The 4 sides are equal. 3. The opposite sides are parallel. AB is parallel to DC and t c AD is parallel to BC. Square Parallel lines are lines such that, no matter how far you produce them in either direction, they will never meet. For example, the lines in your English exercise book are parallel. Two or more lines can be parallel. Cut out a square from squared paper. Cut it into triangles like the one in the figure to the Tight. What do you notice about the size of each triangle? ‘The rectangle 1. The 4 angles are equal; F o each angle measures 90°. 2. The opposite sides are equal: PQ = SR, PS = QR. i 4 3. The opposite sides are Rectangle parellel. PQ is parallel to SR and PS is parallel to QR. Draw a rectangle on squared | paper. Divide it into triangles like the one in the figure to the right. What do you notice about the area of opposite triangles? Rectangle98 New Common Entrance Mathematics > Exercise 2 1. 2. What properties of the square are also properties of the rectangle? Which is true or false? (a) A rectangle is a square. (b) A square is a rectangle. Draw a square and a rectangle which have the same area. Cc. The parallelogram 1. ‘The opposite angles are equal: angle L = angle N, and angle P = angle M. The opposite sides are equal: LM = PN, and LP = MN. The. opposite sides are parallel: LP is parallel to MN, and LM is parallel to PN. z Look at the parallelogram on squared paper below. What is its area? Can you find out how to calculate the area of a parallelogram?D. The rhombus 1. The opposite angles are P oO equal: angle P = angle R, and angle Q = angle s. The 4 sides are equal. 3. The opposite sides are $ z parallel: PQ is parallel to SR, and PS is parallel to QR. Draw a rhombus on squared paper. Find out the area of it, Divide your rhombus like the one in the figure below. What do you notice about the size of each triangle? Can you find out how to calculate the area of a rhombus? E. The trapezium 1. The trapezium has 4 sides. we z 2. It has only one pair of parallel sides: WZ is parallel to XY.100 New Common Entrance Mathematics Look at the trapeziums below. What is the area of each one? Can you find out how to calculate the area of a trapezium? F. The circle Look at Figs. 1 to 3 and learn Circumference the names of some of the parts. The line which traces out the circle is called the circumference. The point O is called the centre of the circle, Centre of circle Fig.) The line AB in Fig. 2 is called the diameter. The diameter divides the circle into 2 equal parts. Each part is called a a 7 semicircle. One half of a diameter is called a radius,Plane Figures OV a Exercise 3 OB in Fig. 3 is called a radius (the plural of radius is radii) Fig. 3 If diameter (d).= 10cm ©. radius (r) = 5cm If radius (r) = Tem .. diameter (d) = 14cm Complete the following for any circle: 1. 2 G. Miscellaneous questions Exercise 4 Study the diagram below, which is drawn accurately, and then answer the questions that follow: A B E o 4. Name a line parallel to ED. 2. Name a line equal in length to CD 3. Name a horizontal line. 4. Name a perpendicular line 5. How many right angles are there in this figure”Chapter Twelve Solid Figures Introduction Asolid figure is one that takes up space. Some figures that take up space are irregular and others are regular. Examples of irregular solids are a loaf of bread, an electric iron and a telephone. In this chapter, we want to be able to recognise some regular solids and learn more about their properties. All regular figures have three dimensions. The dimensions are either in the form of length, width and height, or area of base and height. Remember that area is equivalent to two dimensions. Here are diagrams of the solids that we want to learn about: <1 YY Cuboid Cube Cylinder Cone Sphere 102A. The cuboid Comer Solid Figures 103 Face Edge The cuboid looks like a box. Look at the diagrams to the right. Fig. 1 shows the following parts of a cubvid: face, edge and corner. The broken lines in Fig. 2 show the edges that you cannot see. oy Fig. 1 bY Fig. 2 Collect articles that have the shape of a cuboid and use them to help you complete the table below: Shape Number of Number of Number of faces edges corners Cuboid ood o What shape does each face of a cuboid have? What do you notice about the opposite faces of each cuboid? B. The cube The cube is a special cuboid. A die (the plural is dice) is a good example of a cube. Cut a cube in two equal halves. What shape does each half make? Can you halve a cube so that each half will form a different shape from the shape above? cl Cube Te 8 oe104. New Common Entrance Mathematics Collect articles that have the shape of a cube and use chem to help you complete the table below: pe Number of | Number of ] Number of sae faces edges corners Cube wee vee a What shape does each face of a cube have? What properties of a cube are also properties of a cuboid? C. The cylinder A cylinder has a curved face and two flat faces. Some cylinders are opened at one or both ends. An orange-juice tin is a good example of a cylinder. Cylinder Collect articles that have the shape of a cylinder and use them to help you complete the table below: Shape aired of Number of Number of laces edges corners Cylinder eet erie erat What shape does the flat face of a cylinder have? What shape do the edges have? In what way is a cylinder similar to a cuboid? For you to do Take the card on which toilet paper is wrapped (this is a cylinder opened at both ends) and cut it in a straight line along its curved face to form a plane figure. What shape does the card now have?Solid Figures 105 Shapes that have a pair of the same flat faces opposite to one another are called prisms. ‘The diagrams below show a number of prisms. oS <1 > Cuboid Prism with a triangle Prism with a as base pentagon as base Centre Straight edge D. The cone To make a cone, draw a circle on a piece of paper. Cut out a piece from the circle (see Fig. 1). Cut out this shaded part Fig. 3 Fold the card remaining to form a cone by putting the two straight edges together and sticking them (see Fig. 2). Edges stuck togetherCommon Entrance Mathematics If the top of a cone is cut off it is called a truncated cone. Truncated cone Give the names of articles that are truncated cones. Collect articles having the shape ofacone and use them to help you complete the table below: Number of corners Number of edges Number of Shape faces The cone belongs to a family of solids called pyramids. ‘The diagrams below show a number of pyramids. Pyramid with a triangle Pyramid with 8 as base square as base Pyramid with a circle as base (cone)Solid Figures 19% E. The sphere A sphere is easy to recognise. Any article that has the shape of a ball is called a sphere. _ Sphere Collect articles that have the shape of a sphere and use them to help vou complete the table below: Shape Number of | Number of | Number of faces edges corners Sphere soe eee eee For you io do Cut an orange in half. Each half of the orange is called a hemi- sphere. What shape does each new face have? Exercise 1 Use aname from thelist (cuboid, cone, cylinder, cube, sphere) which best'describes each of the following articles: 1. A football see 6. A marble 2. Astick of chalk . B. Yourtexthook ..~.. 8. A funnel . . % -Agarden hose + 4. Amatch- box «++ ‘9. Atefrigerator -... pid sarsin iniraadiey 5. A-cigarette eee 10.. An egg oes Exercise 2. 1. Which shape:has only one face? 2. How.many faces does a cuboid have? 3. What shape does the flat face of a cylinder have? 4. How many edges does a cylinder have? 5. How many corners does a cone have? 6. Ifan orange is cut in half, what shape does its new surface have? 2 Which shape has the same number of faces, edges and corners as a cuboid? a —_108 New Common Entrance Mathematics a rr a Write true or false: 8. A cone is a cuboid: «. - 9% A cube is a cuboid: . « 10. A cuboid has all the properties of a cube: 11. A circle i. solid figure “.) Underline, the correct words: 12, If the opposite faces of a solid are the same it is called a ‘ (prism, pyramid). 13. At cone is. an example of a (prism, pyraini). 14, ‘Bach face ‘of a cube is: (rectangular, square, circular). 15. An’ grange is an exdmple of a (cone, circle, sphere). ‘The didgreit ‘shows a 1 drinking ; ‘“glass.. Look: at it:carefully. and cDChapter Thirteen Lines of Symmetry Ifasheet of paper is folded into two equal parts so that one part exactly covers the other part, then the folded line is called a line of symmetry. Fig. 1 Fig. 2 Figs. 1 and 2 show the same sheet of paper folded in two different ways along the dotted lines. Each dotted line is called a line of symmetry. Fig. 4 Fig. 5 Fig. 3 Fig. 6 Figs. 3 to 6 above show a square sheet of paper folded in 4 different ways along the dotted lines. Each dotted line is a line of symmetry. 109110 New Common Entranve Mathematics Exercise 7 Look at the figure to the right Question. Is the dotted line a line of symmetry? Answer: Yes. Why? When folded along the dotted line the plain part will cover exactly the shaded part. Look again at the same figure folded differently. Question: Is the dotted line a line of symmetry? . Answer: No. Why? When folded along the dotted line the plain part will not cover exactly the shaded part. In which diagrams is the dotted line a line of symmetry? 1. i 3. § ch Rhombus i Isosceles triangle 2 ode ’ Rectangle y wes SquareLines oj Symmetry VA A Trapezun | Circle : Hl . \sosceles, \/ Tesiscusm right-angled triangle /é $ Exercise 2 Draw the following figures on squared paper and complete them so that the line AB becomes a line of symmetry. 1 3. Al 5 NY T | A 2. 4. T A =a yt |] H+ - Ned 8 mi od saad112 New Common Entrance Mathematics : Exercise 3 i. Draw the following figures on squared paper: (a) square (b) rectangle (c) rhombus (d) equilateral triangle (e) semicircle 2. Draw in all the lines of symmetry for each of the figures. Here is an example: This figure has two lines of symmetry.Lines of Symmetry 118 Exercise 4 How many lines of symmetry does each of the figures below have? Some figures may have noneChapter Fourteen Squares and Square Roots A. Squares To square a number we multiply it by itself. To square 4, we write it as 4°, The small 2 tells you how many 4s are multiplied together. So #=4x4= 16 And (0.3)? = 0.3 0.3 = 0.09 Examples = Square the following numbers: (a) 16 (b) 2.4 Solutions (a) 16? = 16X16 = 256 16 24 X16 X24 160 480 % = _96 (b) 24 = 24x24 = 5.76 256 5.76 : = ‘Exercise 1..° Square ‘each of the following numbers: eds i Ne By, B10 9S. 2b BR 08. 28, 08 PG Be 6 16. 80" BBY 0.9 © BOL! 0.08 BL te A ame 1B aa a Bae be a BNI IB 25. 0.04.) 32. 26 Be Ts) AR 20 19. 26 11. 33... 40 . 3 1B. 16 2 SRN 26° Bal 13 7.2 1M, 18 i 28.16, 35, 6.1 . ate *: y 14quares and Square Kovts UB B. Square roots Examples Cc Solutions The sign for square 100t is \ When we square a numiber, the square root of its answer is the same number that we square. For example, when we square 4, the answer is 16, Therefore the square root of 16 is 4. Similarly, P=asx3=9 . Yo=3 ‘The square rvot of 256 can be found by a trial and error mathod. That is, choose numbers and multiply them by themselves until you get 256. However, this is not a very powerful method for finding a square root, therefore we can adopt the method of continuous division using prime factors. Method Step 1. Choose prime numbers that can divide the number exactly. Step 2. Divide until the answer is exactly 1. Step 3. The square root is the product of half the factors that are alike. Find the square root of: (a) 256 (b) 324 (a) 256 = 2X2X2X2X2XA2KAX2 2 (256 256 = 2X2XK2X2 2[128 = 16 206+ 21 22 We take 4 twos because there are 8 twos. 2.16 21 08 we (b) 324 = 2X2X3X3X3X3 4 = 2XAX = 18 We take 1 two because there are 2 twos. And we take 2 threes because there ar e 4 threes.fe Ne Common Entrance Mathematics Exercise 2 Find the square roots of the following numbers, either using a trial and error method or using prime factors. . 4 6 49 11. 225, 16. 576 2. 25 7. 121 12.169 17. 900 3. 36 8. 144 13. 100 18. 625 a 1 9 64 14. 441 19. 400 5. 81 10. 196 15. 484 20. 1600 Exercise3. Complete these: Ws 16 =. 2X2X2x2 2 VI6 2. 1225 = BX5XTXT 3. 676 = 2X2X1BXI3, 2 V/ 676 = vee e129 S38 XBXIKIKBKS © i fae ; i i 5. 784 = 2X2X2RX2XTX7T 2 V8 = : 6 1024 = 2X2AKAKWKXWKAKWXWAKWAX 2 ef Y1O2A = cae J6X6 =... 8 Vax8=... 9, What number multiplied by itself gives 81? 70. What number multiplied by itself gives 144?Chapter Fifteen Indices 16 = 2X2x2x2 This can be written as 16 = 2‘, The raised 4 is called an index (the plural of index is indices). 24 is sometimes called 2 to the 4th power. The raised 4 also tells you how many twos are multiplied together. Examples Write the following using index notation: (a) 4xK4x4x4xX4 (b) aXaXa (b) aXaxa =a Solutions (a) 4X4X4xX4x4 = 4 Exercise © Write'the following using index notation: 1 2xX2x2'S 2 3x3X3-= BB KBKSX6 = C&L TRIXTXTRIXT = Be DX OXEXOXB. = ee Example Expand 4°. Solution = 4xX4x4 Expand the following: : : 6 BT 90, By 14,8 Peis BR: Sate ple SBE aes a. ‘age y! 3 2 TAB. 9. 117118 . New Common Entrance Mathematics Examples Find the value of: (a) 2° (b) 8x2 (©) +4 Solutions (a) 2 = 2X2X2x2x2 = 82 (b) 3x2 = 8xX3X2X2K2 = 72 (ce) B+4 = 5X5+4x4x4 = 25 +64 . = 89 * =: Find the value of the following: eres Wo aR BE 26 XD a i eee ae 27, Exe fae ag 8 ae x at Beery eae TS pay i 2 PAs $20. BBB Bi 8 BO B+ BF Examples Express the following in index form: (a) 27 (b) 100 Solutions (a) 27 = 3X3x3 = 3 3(27 308 313 1 (b) 100 = 2X2X5X5 = 2x5 2100 2{050 51 26 505 1 ‘ -: Express the following in index form: Ble 8 86. 64! 282, B28 195 BB 95 Ba? daa 34°40 “39.200. ‘ 8575 ag aaa :Chapter Sixteen Bases Other Than 10 Our counting system is referred to as the base 10 system. In base 10, we use the 10 digits 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9 to form all the numbers that we need to write. There is no single digit to represent ten, eleven or any number greater than 9, therefore we have to use more than one of the above digits to do so. Notice that in base 10 the number of digits we use does not exceed 10. In base 8 there are 8 digits: 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6 and 7 In base 5 there are 5 di; ), 1, 2, 8 and 4 In base 3 there are 3 digits: 0, 1 and 2 In base 2 there are 2 digits: 0 and 1 Base 10 6705 = 6X 10°+7X10+0X10'+5X1 Base 8 6705 = 6X8 +7X8+0xB+5X1 Notice that reading from right to left the first digit (5) stands for units, the second (0) for 8", the third (7) for 8° and the fourth (6) for 8°, Base 5 B41 = 3X8 4+2X5+4X54+1X1 Base 3 10211 = 1X34+OXS+2XH4+1XI'+1X1 Base 2 1101 LX D+ IX A+ OX B+1IX P+ ix A+1 Xd 4190120 New Common Entrance Mathematics A. Changing other bases to base 10 Example (1} Change 476 from base 8 to base 10. Solution 416, = 4X8°+7X8+6X1 = 4X64+7X8+6 or 4 7 6 = 26+ 56+6 +32 +312 = 318 as 318 x8 ‘312 The subscript 8 in 476, shows that the number is a base 8 number. Example (2) Change 431 from base 5 to base 10. Solution 4315 = 4X5°+3X5'4+1X1 = 4XB+3X541 or 4 3 1 = 100+154+1 x5 +20 4115 = 116 ae Fue x65 ne Example (3} Change 11110 from base 2 to base 10. Soiution 11110, = 1x2+1x2 +1x2 +1x2 +0X1 1X16+1X8 +1x4 +1X2400r 1 1 2 16+84+4 X2 42 +6 +14 rae oa miei a0 =. x2 /x2 2/2 30 Wl o 1 4 +3 S$Boxes Other Than 10 La! Exercise 1 Change the following base 8 aumbers to bave 10: 16 3 41S 60 804 LWW 22% 4 13 6 127. 8 112 10, 4206 Change the following base 5 rumbers to base 10: 11, 23 13, 20 15. 42 17) 204-19. 1023 Ta. 14.14, 34 96, 193 18. 143 20, 2134 ‘Change the following base 3 numbers to base 10: 2% Tl 23 22 25, 102 2%. 210° 29. 2110 22, 32 24, 20. Be’ 212 28 1210. 3% 2012 Change the following base 2 numbers to base’ 16: BY. 10 35. 100 BY, 11002 22, 11 36. 101 40, 101111 BB ind are oll, : 34 110 BB Lilt & Changing base 10 numbers te other bases Example (7) Change 79 from base 10 to 8. Solution To do so, we divide 79 by successive & giving the remainder each time. The answer is then obtained from the remainders, starting from the last and reading upwards. 117, ai 79 1 1fy = 1K BF ING TNI 8[09 87 = 1XG4+1X847 8, iR1 = t8+7 loRif = Read upwards122 New Common Entrance Mathematics i Example (2) Change 268 from base 10 to base 5. Solution a Ans = 20335 5 | 268 Check; 2033; = 2% 5°+0X5?+3 x6! , 5 [0533 43X1 { 5| 10R3 = 2X1254+0x 25 5| 02R0 +3X543 OR2t = 250+0415 +3 Read upwards ae Example (3} Change 84 from base 10 to base 3. Solution 2 Ans = 10010; 3 | 84 Check: 10010, = 1X 34+ 0X3°+0x 3% 3/98RO +1X340X1 3/09R1 = 1X81+0X27+0x9 3) 3RO +1X340 3) 1R0 = 8140404340 oRit its Read upwards Example (4) Change 39 from base 10 to base 2. Solution Ans = 100111, 2/3'9 Check: 100111, =1x2P+0x2#+0x2 2|19R1 FixBei xe 2|09R1 +1X%21 2|_4R1 = 1X32+0X 16 ol 2R0 +OXB41K4 a\emae mrorort? Read om " ad upwards = 399 Xr @xercise 2° Change the following base 10 numbers to base 8: how Bk, Bema Me 98, 870 2. 16% 50, 90 B, 209 TO, 486 onanBases Other Than 10 123 rn ee Change the following base 10 numbers to base 5: m 9 13. 26 15. 81 17. 218 19, 483 12. 18 14. 75 16, 106 18 390 20. 627 “Change the following base 10 numbers to base 3. 21.5 28.13 25. 40 27, 89 29. 108 22.07 28.27 26,6728. 100-30. 115 Change the following base 10 numbers to base 2: 31, 3) 33.7 35. 11° 37. 21 3% 47 BZ. 5 34. 9 36. 15 38 34 40. 65Chapter Seventeen Substitution ‘To substitute means ‘to replace’, Ifn = 3, what is the value of 4n? I must replace n by the number 3. Now4n = 4Xn = 4x3 = 12 » Ifn = 3,4n = 4Xn = 4X3 = 12 Ifn = 2,4n =4Xn = 4X2 =8 Ifn =1,4n = 4Xn =4x1=4 Ifn =.0,4n = 4Xn = 4K0=0 alue of the following When : Beda Beta ca Exampies fx = 3 andy = 0 find the value of: (a) xy+6 (b) 5 + 2% @) Solutions = (a) xy +6 (b) 5+ 2x @) » =xXy+6 = 54+2xXx = aXe = 3x0+6 = 54+2x3 = 8x8 = 046 = 5+6 =9 =6 = 11Substitution Aah ———————————— Hip = 3 a0= Sands = Ottud ths value of 6 pid 1. pret 14. por Roped 0 We 6449 We peat Examples Ifm = 3andn = 4 find the value of: (s) 2mn—(b) mn) 8? (a(n)? Solutions (a) 2mn (b) mn = 2xmxXn =mxXmXn = 248X4 =3K2ax4 = 86 Gn)? = 3nX 3n 3XnX38Xn = 14 (c) ii the. value of:Chapter Eighteen Metric Units A. Units of length "The basic unit of length in use today in many countries is the metre. A bigger unit than the metre is the kilometre, which is 1000 metres. Smaller units than the metre are the centimetre, ahich is 7, of a metre, and the millimetre, which is Tw metre. Units of length (smallest Table of length at the bottom) 10 millimetres (mm) = 1 centimetre (cm) _ kilometre 100 centimetres (em) = 1 metre (m) metre 1000 metres (m) = 1 kilometre (km) * centimetre millimetre If you look at your ruler, you will find that it is divided into centimetres. Each centimetre is divided into 10 mm.Metric Units 127 TT Exercise 2 3. Measure these lines and give the answer in millimetres. (a) (b) = (©), —_____ (da) () ——— nn llc ara Changing from one unit to another ‘To change from a large unit to a smaller unit we multiply by 10, 100 or multiples of these. To change centimetres to millimetres, multiply by 10. For example: Sem = 5X 10mm = 50mm. ‘To change metres to centimetres, multiply by 100. For example: 2m = 2X 100cm = 200cm ‘Tochange kilometres to metres, multiply by 1000. For example: 2.5km = 2.5 1000m = 2500m Complete the following: = 1. 4cem 16. 2. 6cem 17. 3. 38cm 18. A om 19. 20. 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30.128 New Common Entrance Mathematics To change from a small unit to a bigger unit we divide by 10, 100 or multiples of these. To change millimetres to centimetres, divide by 10. For example: 60mm = (60+ 10)cm = 6cm To change centimetres to metres, divide by 100. For example: 180 cm = (180+ 100)m = 1.80 m (decimal point moves two places to the left) To change metres to kilometres, divide by 1000. For example: 4200m = (4200+ 1000)km = 4.2km (decimal point moves three places to the left) Exercise-3 '-Complete the fallowing: 1. (000m ockm 4 16 Kola rina 4B. Addition, subtraction, multiplication and division using units of length Examples (a) Add m cm 13 47 + 8 a8806 As 100[143 cm = 1m 43cmMetric Units 129 (a) Subtract 7 ic) Multiply cma iyi im cm 18 3 4 38 ~ a7 x__4 10_ 6 17 62 = re (@) Divide As 100]152 cm130 New Common Entrance Mathematics Multiply |, Divide 13. metres B. Units of mass ‘The popular units of mass in use today are the gram and the kilogram, where 1000 grams (g) = 1 kilogram (kg). There is, however, a bigger unit than the kilogram called the tonne, and a smaller unit than the gram called the milligram. Units of weight (smallest at the bottom) Table of weight tonne 1 tonne (t) = 1000 kilograms (kg) kilogram 1 kilogram (kg) = 1000 grams (g) gram 1 gram (g) = 1000 milligrams (mg) milligram Sanaa ina eae eee eeMeivie Uti toh Changing from a big unit to 2 smailer unit To change from kilograms to graros, raultiply by 1000. For example: ‘ 25kg = 25x 1000g = 25004 To change from tonnes to kilograms, multiply by 1000, For example: 5t = 5X 1000kg = 5000kg To change from grams to milligrams, multiply by 1000. For example: . Sg = 3x1000mg = 3000 mg Exercise S$ Complete tne fellowing: ‘ t 2. 3 te Bas & Changing from a small wait to a larger wit To change graras io kilograms, divide by 1090. For exaraple: 25008 = (3500+ 1000) kg = 2.800kg (decimal point es to the left) moves 3 To change kilograms to tonnes, divide by 1000. For example: 420kz = (480+ 1000) = 0.480% To change milligrams to grams, divide by 1000. For ezaple: 6000 mg = (S000 + 1000) g = 5g132 New Common Entrance Mathematics Exercise 6 Complete the following: A WM. 2 12. 2 2. : 14. 15. 16. , 7, : 18. 19% 20. Cc. Capacity The basic unit of capacity is the litre. A smaller ‘unit of capacity ; nats eee is the millilitre, which is To00 8 litre. 1000 millilitres (mL) = 1 litre (L) To change millilitres to litres, divide by 1000. For example: 3000 mL = (3000+ 1000)L = 3L. To change litres to millilitres, multiply by 1000. For example: 16L = 16x 1000mL = 1600mL Exercise 7 - Complete the following: Exercise 8 Problems involving metric units: 2A bag contains 50 kg of sugar. How many packets each holding 2kg can be filled from it? 2. Thave a piece of string 7.20 m long. If L cut apiece 54 cm fom it, what length of string remain:Metric Units 136 * Be Divide 8 keg ‘of cheese into 4 igi Parts ‘What is the ae weight-in grams. -of Sent part? : a (@\or maity: litres o fil olds 8000 ral? pies Aide sata a” ° Alginl' average step was 40 ém: How many: miétied would! “she walk: in. 200 ster? Mr “Browne ‘the farmer sold. 8 t oe potatoes F Aolding 100kg. How thany’ bags ' were, ‘thete :permarket ordered 12 1e patlests of butter. cath holding 7 02 kg. ‘The butter. wi then Placed | in smnaller packets,” each holding 500'g, fay What v was the wel ght ‘of’ itis ioatter ordered? 4b). How. many smaller packe ‘were there? ‘How many, haif-l Jitres af ‘water would it take to. AD c a container which can ‘hold 8} L when fall?: . How many piecds of wire each 6 mi tong can be cut- from: ; a piece Sem long?Chapter Nineteen Measurement A. Perimeter of closed figures Remember Theperimeter is the distance all round any closed figure. It is measured in long measure, e.g. centimetres and metres. Example Find the perimeter of the figure 16mm, to the right. 8mm 12mm 16mm Solution Perimeter = 16mm + 8mm +8mm+ié6mm + 12mm i 60mmMeasurement 1» z Square em 4 Son Som f éem 5. liem re Sem kan 13cm b Idem 8.5 em 85cm IZ ern136 New Common Entrance Mathematica Example (1) The perimeter of a rectangle is 40 cm. If the length is 12 cm, what is its width? Step 1. Draw a diagram of the rectangle. Step 2, Put the measurements in the figure. Rectangle Step 3. Add the two lengths 1em+ 12cm = 24cm TDom Step 4. The two widths = 40cm - 24cm = 16cm The width = 16cem+2 = 8cm 120m Example (2) The perimeter of a square piece of card is 36 cm. Find the length of each side. Each side = 36cem+4 = 9cm Sem Check: $em + 9cem+9em+9cm = 36cm em) ‘Square 19 cm ‘Sem Exercise 2 Complete the following table for ‘rectangle: che Length: ‘Width: Perimeter : ro AB 3 18cm Ve ‘Bem: ios Re Es ‘Wmm 12mm. eee 2 Be 85mm": 6mm be 4% 715m, én. 5. lcm |) 6em | y 6 Tom ee 24cm ‘ hmm ee, 40 mm 8. aes Sem 26 cm ‘i em res carne enn xMeasurement 137 Exercise 3. Complete the following table for a peiaate: Lengthiof side’ Perimeter Example (1) The length of a rectangle is twice as long as the width. If the width is 7 cm, what is its perimeter? Step 1. Draw a diagram of a 14cm rectangle. Step 2. Put the measurements 7m 7 om in the figure. (The length is 7 cm x 2 = 14cm) 14m Step 3. Perimeter = 14cem+7cm+14em+7cm = 42cm Example (2) The perimeter of the figure below is 35 cm. Find the measurement of the side marked x. Step 1. Add the given measure- item ments: llem+5em+i8em 5em x = 29cm 13cm fe "The patiinéter of a square Iasi is: 2 i ‘What i is the ' length of each side of the lawn? ‘138 New Common Entrance Mathematics 5. Thelength of a rectangle is twice as long as the width. 1¢ the width i ig 8 ¢m, what is its’ perimeter? 6. The length of a rectangle is twice as long as the. width, Ie the width i ig 12 cm, what is‘its Patitneter? 7.- ‘The petimeter of the figure below is 591 mma. Find the +) Teng of the side marked m.. 4 : 8 The perimeter of the figure below is 60 em. ‘The: section ABCDis asquare. The length of the carved parti is 4, cm, What i is ‘the lenge of each ‘side ‘of the equate ee d times: Hheran 200 ma; whee is. the perimeter ofthe race rack! ale 10. The distance all round a ‘clasarooia is 18 m. The twice as long’ as it i wide. Find: (a) “its length: o) its is—— Measurement bs9 B. Area of Irregular shapes Example An irregular shape is one whose dimensions cannot be deter- mined. The two shapes below are irregular There is no method by which we can find the exact area of an irregular shape. However, we can find an approximate area of the shape by placing it on squared paper. Method (1) Count the number of whole squares inside the shape. (2) Count the number of half squares, or squares which are bigger than a half square, inside the shape, (3) Add (1) and (2). This is an approximate area of the shape. Find an approximate area for the two shapes below: r Xe eX x x] 1] Z/X x | “|x «141/417 /* Y [1 x Al) x “4 /| 41 % 2 Fig. 2 Fig. 1140 New Common Enirance Mathematics Area of shape (Fig. 1) Number of whole squares = 11 Number of half squares or bigger = 10 ‘Approximate area of shape (Fig.1) = 11+ 10 = 21cquares. ‘Area of shape (Fig. 2) Number of whole squares = 5 Number of half squares or bigger = 6 ‘Approximate area of shape (Fig. 2) = 11 squares. Exercise 5. ‘Find an approximate area for each of the shapes below in square centimetres. 7 1 4 # Y ‘ 5 3. : Ng: oy ee ce neces enema aeMeasurement 14) ———— r ~ . et [7 ¢. Area of rectangles and squares Remember: Area is measured in square units, e.g. mm’, em?, m?’, Area = Length x Width Length = Area + Width Width = Area + Length Example (1) Find the area of the rectangle. Solution Area = Length X Width ecm = 85cm X6cm = 61.0cm? 8.5m142 New Common Entrance Mathematics Example (2) The area of a rectangle is 108 cm*. Find the width if the length is 12cm. Solution Width Area + Length ’ 108 cm? + 12cm 9cemMeasurement 143 Example (1) Find the area of a square whose sides are 14 cm long. Solution Area of square = (Length)? 14cm X 14cm 196 cm? Example (2) Find the length of each side of a square if the area is 81 cm2. Solution Length of each side of square = v Area (square root of the area) V81 cm? tl i Sem its for a:equate in the’ table Fini the, areae a'ectai ulrahost of paper ‘if ine J th HA is 5. ‘Bind the: ‘area’ of poetanele ‘and,12' ‘cm wide. -The areal ‘of @ rectangle is io ea Trike width i is 5cm," what is the length? ; 'S. The area of a rectangle is 180 on. Thths lengths 20 cm, What is the, width?144 New Common Entrance Mathematics a D. Area of borders and shaded parts of squares and rectangles Example (1) ABCD is a square whose sides are 4 cm long. P, Q, R, S are the mid points of each side of the square. Find the area of the shaded square PQRS. Solution Step i. Divide the shaded A Pp B square as shown in the lower diagram. Step 2. Area of square ABCD = 4emX4em. s a = 16cm? Step 3. Area of each shaded triangle R c (}area of square ABCD) eee Te TI AN CE ST ER ET isnntieniatiinasas tries amtaeteriennailMeasurement 145 Example (2) Find the area of the shaded border in the figure below: : : _ 10 em~ ~~——--——»l Step 1. Area of outer rectangle = 10cm X8cm = 80cm? Step 2. Area of inner rectangle = 6cmX4cm = 24cm? Step 8. Areaofshaded border = 80cm? - 24cm? = 56cm?Measurement 147 E. Area of triangles Look at the rectangle tc the 4 - right. : Area of rectangle ABCD = Length X Width = 6em X4em = 24cm? Azrea of triangle ADC (shaded) = Halfthe area ofthe rectangle 6cm X4em ae yy = 12cm? In the diagram above, DC is called the base of the triangle ADC and AD is called its height. The height is a line perpendicular to the base. That is, the height forme an angle of 90° with the base. Base X Height 2 Gem + 8 The area of any triangle =148 New Common Entrance Mathematics Exampies Find the area of the two triangles below: Solutions bh 2, Base X Height z Tom X6cm 41. Area of triangle = I 21 em? N X Height 2. Area of triangle Base 2 Height aon ie 2 20 crn?Measurement 149150 New Common Entrance Mathematics F. Volume "The volume of a solid figure is the amount of space it occupies. Volume is measured in cubic measure because there are three dimensions. In this section we are only interested in finding the volume of cuboids and cubes. 1. Volume of a cuboid The diagram below shows a cuboid 4 cm long, 2 cm wide and 3m high divided into cubic centimetres. How many cubic centimetres are there in this figure? 2 cm’ rd layer 2nd layer 3em a ‘1st layer 4 om There are 3 layers with 8 cubes in each layer; that is, there are 24 cubes in the figure. 24 cubes or-24 cubic centimetres (24 cm?) is called the volume of the figure. The volume can be found by multiplying length by width by height: Volume = Length x Width x Height Volume = 4cm X2emX3em = 24cm’, Example Ha the volume of a cuboid 6 mm long, 5 mm wide and 2mm Solution Volume = [XwXh 6mm X 5mm X 2mm 60 mm* ee nn eens u. Measurement 151 Fae nnn ERR NED nee centers Exereise 12 Find the volume of each of the following cuboids: Length Width Height. Volume 1. Bom, Som 2em ase Bem Som Zend Tevet Gan” ade dem ee 16min’ 12mm: 10mm: 20 tate =" 12 mm! a a 2. Volame of a cube Since a cube is a cuboid in which all the dimensions are the same, the volume of a cube = (Length)* Example —_—_ Find the volume of a cube of side 5 cm. (Length)? (6 cm) = 5cemX5em X5cm 125 cm* 4) Solution Volume of cube ample How many cubes of vide 2m ‘ould it ako to mn a larger cube of side 4em? " ‘152 New Common Entrance Mathemotice eee oO Solution Step 1. Draw a cube of side 4 cm. Step 2. Divide the cube in cubes of side 2cm. ‘The first layer requires 2X 2 = 4 cubes The second layer requires 2X 2 = 4 cubes. It would take 4+4 = 8 cubes Draw a cubé of side 6« ‘em; How. many © ‘cubes. of side 1 em * would it take.to.filkit?” "? 2 Drawa cube of, ‘side 6 om. How: many jetibes: of side 2.cm would ‘it:take'tofill it’ By. Draw'a, cube of ‘bide 8 ch would it:take to fill. it?’ ifaw a cuboid 6cm by4 oa by. oe om, How’ ‘many cubes of ide ‘em would it take: to fill it? Di \v a cuboid 8 om by'4 emt by ide 2.cm would it take:to fill it?, Fi id. the: volum of a. sectengulan blogk 8 om ong 4 feat low y many ae of side 2em How: saany cubes of ‘How many, cline of side 4em neould beicut from a.cube of vide Sein! A diagram will: Kelp: you. ) Example (1) Find the volume ofa rectangular water tank 5 m long, 4 mwide and 80 cm deep. Give the answer in cubic metres. Solution Volume of tank u 5mX4mX 80cm = 5mxX4mX08m (100cm = 1m) 16.0 m® Example (2) Find the volume of a rectangular piece of lead 6 cm wide, 6cm thick and 1 m long. Give the answer in cubic centimetres. Solution Volume of lead 6cmX6cemX1m 6emX6emX 100em (1m = 100em) 3600 cm?Measurement 153 exercise 15 a he velunie ca che following cuboids, giving your answer in ‘ Length Width Height Volume 1 30mm 20mm 10mm (... cm’) 2. 50mm 40mm 20mm. (... em) ; 3. 80mm | 60mm 30mm .. em?) 4, -500cm 300cem —-300em = (... m’) 5. 600cem | 400em_—.200em_—s. sm) 6. 2m 3m 250em ss (... m) 7 sem 12mm 8mm (.,.mm*) 8. 4em 10 mm 6mm (...mm’) 9% 36cm 5mm 8mm (...mm) 10. 17cm 100mm’ 80mm (... em’) Example (1) The volume of a cuboid is 60 m°. If the length is 5 cm and the width is 4. cm, what is the height? Solution Height = v+ (IX w) 60 cm? + (5 em X 4cm) 60 cra? + 20 cm? scm tl Example {2} The volume of a rectangular block of wood is 600 cm’. i the width is 8 cm and the height is 5 cm, what is the length? Solution | Length = v+(w xh) 600 cm’ + (8 em X 5 cm) 600 cm’ + 40cm? 15cm (xh) Note: Width =154 New Common Entrance Mathematics Exercise 16 Find the missing dimensions for each of the following ciiboids: Length Width Height Volume 1 Bean i 6m ea hem? CO 2 Sa 2m Om? 3 nk oe Bae So 4m) fo 420m? G. Time Remember: @s=imn jmin= 30s fh = 30min 60min =1h }mn= 15s jh = lbmin jm = 455 3h = 45min 180.5. = Hos = pee min “9te) 90min “42. 160 min 113, 5s See 14. 105 min Sings Ymin Ss15 | 10. h minh min (15 min 5 10 16 a) - 4 4 -_3 38 12. ho mn 14 mins 9 40 6 30 - 2 16 - 4 60 ey Ge’ min s 19. h min * 824 40 1136 03 17. min s 20. h min —— F @ 6136° 54 Boe 9) 20 06 (18 imin 5 6126 *00 Example A school lesson began at 9.30 a.m. and lasted for 40 min. At what time did it end? Solution Since the lesson lasted 40 min, it must finish at a later time. Therefore we zaust add 40 rain to 9.30 a.m. The lesson ended at 10.10a.m, h min 9 30 + 0 40 ¢0|70 min 1010 Th 10 min T Exercise 19 (1) A school lesson began at 8.45 a.m. and lasted for 30 min. At what time did it end? 2. Aschool lesson hegan at 9.00 a.m, and ended at 9.45 a.m How conny minutes did it last? Joseph rode his bicycle from Bridgetown to Speightstowe and (ook 25 min. Lf he started the journey at 7.40 a.a. al. what time did he finish?¢Me Our sehool starts at 8.40 a.m. One day a certain boy w a3 25 min Jate for school. At c __~ school? what time did he arrive at “5. /Our school concert started at 2,15 — 15 p.m. TI i Xu waa at the school 25 min earlier At what ue oro choir arrive at the school? e did the 6./ How many ‘minutes are thi 12.90 pan? re there between 11.45 a.m. and ® Paul walks to school in.35 min. At what ti Jeave home to arrive at school at 8.40 ain? mau ( 8. One night Mary spent 2 b studying. She spent 40 min __.“ doing comprehension, 45 min doing mathematics and the rest of the time doing English grammar. How many minutes did she spend doing English grammar? ) John ran the half mile in 3'min. Samuel took 15.s less to run the distance. How long did it take Samuel to run _ __ the distance? /10. Mark ran.the.10 kim race.in L hand 40min. Ann took 25 \<_ min more to run the race. How long did Ann take? H, 24-hour clock You are quite familiar with times such as 1.30 p.m. and a quarter to eight. It is, however, modern practice io represent times by the 24-hour clock. The diagrams below show the relationship between the normal everyday 12-hour clock and the 24-hour clock: ick show! i pI mes after ing ti luring Clock showing times avs Clock showing times di oe ; the morning (a.m.) and at hoon158 New Common Entrance Mathematice Note that each 24-hour time is represented by 4 numbers. Two figures represent the hours and two represent the minutes. The hours are separated from the minutes by a colon(:). Note too that for p.m. times, 12 h arg-added to the ordinary time to get the 24-hour time. Examples Write the following as 24-hour times: (a) (a) (p (b) Solutions (a) (b) () @ (e) ) (e) (h) 8am. (b) 11.26a.m. (ce) 1.30pm. Half past 4 (p.m.) (e)_- A quarter to 9 (a.m.) Five past 11 (p.m.) (g) Ten minutes to 12 midnight. Five minutes past 12 midnight 8 a.m. is 08:00 hours. 11.25 a.m. is 11:25 hours. 1.30 p.m. is 13:30 hours. Half past 4 (p.m.) means 4.30 p.m. which is 16:30 hours. A quarter to9 (a.m.) means 8.45 a.m. which is 08:45 hours. Five past 11 (p.m.) means 11.05 p.m. which is 23:05 hours. Ten minutes to 12 midnight means 11.50 p.m. which is 23:50 hours. Five minutes past 12 midnight means 12.05 a.m. which is 00:05 hours. Exercise 20 Write the following.as 24-hour times: 1, 2 3. 4 5. 6. cA 8. en tt en a 4am. 11. 12.15 p.m, 10a.m. 42. 7.15p.m. 3pm. 13. 10.45 a.m. 1pm 14. 10.45.p.m. 2.30 a.m. 15. 3.10 a.m, 10.30 a.m. 16.. 10:03 a.m, 4.30 p.ta. ! _ 2. 9,05 p.m, 11.20 p.m 18. 11.58 p.m 2.15 a.m. 19. 6:47 a.m, 11.26 a.m, 20, 1143 p.m.Examples Solutions 21. 22. 23. 24. 25. 26. 27. 28. 29. 30. Writ Five thirty. (a.m.) Seven thirty (p.m.) Bight minutes past three (p.m.) Twenty minutes to midnight Three minutes past midnight A quarter past 5 (a.m.) Twenty minutes to eight (a.m.) A quarter past one (p.m.) Half past three (p.m.) Twenty-five minutes past ten (p.m.) ite the following 24-hour times as ordinary 12-hour clock times: (a) (a) ) (e) 03:15 hours (b) 16:25 hours (e) 00:15 hours 03:15 hours is 3.15 a.m. or a quarter past 3 (a.m.). 16:25 hours is 16:25 — 12:00 = 4.25 (p.m.) or twenty-five minutes past 4 (p.m.). 00:15 hours is 15 min past midnight. Exercise 21 Write the following as ordinary 12-hour clock times. Remem- ber to put a.m. or p.m. Example Solution 1 Zz 3. 4. 5. 6. 13:01 Tf. 03:25 96. 01:25 05:10 7. 16:25 #2. 01:04 17. 00:30 07:30 8. 23:20 13. 21:30 18. 00:01 10:06 9 00:20 14. 20:15 19. 12:15 12:40 10. . 00:02 15, 19:20 20. 13:20 09:45 Abus left Holetown at 09:45 hours and arrived at Speightstown at 10:05 hours. How long did it take? The h min, 10:05" © - “O3z 5 bus took 20 min. 00:20160 New Common Entrance Mathematics Exercise 22 The table below shows the times a bus departs and arrives for different trips. Calculg thy: time taken in each case Trip Departuré | BpArrival Time taken 4 1 08:00 08:40 2 06:00 06:35 ° 3 09:30 10:00 id fe 12:00 13:20 tte Se 13:16 14:00 Us 6 16:05, "15:65 I 16:25 17:10 a. 16:45 18:05 % 20:10 21:05 C 10. 23:45 He ede z on e Exercise 23 Write, as 24-hour times, the time each clock is showing: 3. (pm)Measurement 161 tom) I. The calendar Remember T days = 1 week 365 days = 1 ordinary year 366 days = 1 leap year Thirty days has September, April, June and November. All the rest have thirty-one, Excepting February alone, Which has but twenty-eight . days clear And twenty-nine in each leap year. A leap year is one that can be divided exactly by 4.162 New Common Entrance Mathematics Examples Exercise 24 (You need divide only the last two figures by 4) 1 Is the year 1990 a leap year? 4|90 No. Why? It cannot be 2R2 divided exactly by 4. Is the year 2000 a leap year? 4|2000 Yes. Why? It can be divided exactly by 4. With or without the help of a calendar, answer the questions below. 1. How many Saturdays were there in the month of October 1985? 2. Howmany Mondays were there in the month of February 1986? 3. How many weeks were there from Monday 1st April, 1985 until Sunday 5th May, 1985? 4. 1984 was.a leap year, (a) When will be the next leap year? (b), When was the last leap year? 5. How many daya were there in February 1986? How many days will thete be in the year 1992? How. many weeks are there in 273 days? How many dayg will there be in the year 1994? 9. 15th April, 1985 was a Monday. What date will be the next Monday? 10. This Saturday was the 18th May, 1985 What date was last Saturday? 14, Will the year 2006 be a leap year? 12. Today is Monday, Suzie’s birthday is éxactly 2 weeks away. On what day of the week will her birthday come? 13. On 12th June, 1985 Michael was 11 years and 7 months. When was he born? 14. Donna was born on 16th September, 1970. How old was she on 16th April, 1984? Give your answer in years and months, ‘ a) 15. How many days were thore from ‘lst September, 1985 to 31st March, 19867Measuremeni 16" Remember: $1.00 = 100¢ Five dollars and three cents is written $5.03. Five dollars and thirty cents is written $5.20. Exercise 25 Addition ‘ Wo Be Be. ge 5. $e 13.56 14/85: 183.80 7. $36.20 + $5.14 +-986.08 &. $70;75-+ $12.78 + $2, so) Q $79.75-4 $195.40. Exercise 26 Subirdetion. . - 2 4. sie 8.40164 New Common Entrance Mathemottcs 6 $19,60 — $12.40 9% $142.48 - $19.78 7 $110.00 — $27.40 10. $124 00 — $74.72 8. $480.75 — $98.86 Exercise 27 Multiplication 1. $8.40X4 6. $18.09 X 8 2 $6.75 x6 7. $26.48 X 10 3. $8Q4X7 8. $10.74 & 99.67 X8 ‘ 9. $13.76 K6 5. $15.73X9 | 10, $37.45 x9 Exerelse 28 Division ‘ He vide $9.40 +5 Do Ge $808.44 + 6 2 $76. : 7 3. $48. “Be 4... $36.33 +7 9. 5 sus.70 40 0, Exercise 29 1. Fd the ain of ve dollars apd ten cents, sixtgen dollars u sand eight cents, and. ninety’ cents, 2. From elevett dollars and nineteen vents take four dollars and fi Fifty cents. 3. How many. five-cent pieces are 5 Chane i in, twelve dollars sand twenty cents?. i. oe ‘How many Senta five cent: ‘leres ate e there in nnitioteen dollars?“ _B. An eesiteise book ¢ costa 85 ¢anda a pencil costs 16 ¢. What ‘ig the. total Gost of: ". {a) | 4 exercise books and'2'peneils? (b) 6 exorcise books and,3 pencils? (c) 7 exercise books and 1 pencil? (d) 12 exercise books and 4 pencils? (e) 3 exercise books and 7 pencils?Measurement 165 6. Last Saturday Mother Spent $40.00 at the village shop. She spent $10.75 on vegetables, $7.20 on eggs and the rest on other groceries. How much did she spend on other grocories? 7. Mr Jones divided $25.20 equally among his 5 sons. How wuch did each son receive? 8. Which cost more and b: 'y how much: 6 shirts, each costi $25.75, or 4 pairs of pi 838.007 ants, each pair costing $38.05" 9% Six (6) packets of sweet biscuits coat the same as four (4) chocolates. Ifa chocolate costs $4.80, what is the cost of a packet of sweet biscuits? 10. | One quarter (4) of the money in my pocket is $12.00. How much money do Uhave in my pocket? K. Foreign money Example (1) Foreign money is money that is different from our own local money. Money used by foreign countries like the United States of America, Canada and England is foreign to us. Foreign money can be converted (exchanged) into Barbados money and back again. To carry out the conversion we use a figure called the rate of exchange. This figure is not fixed and may vary from day to day. The rate of exchange for changing foreign money into Barbados money is always less than the rate of exchange for changing Barbados money into foreign money. Thisis to enable the bank carrying out the exchange to make a profit on the transaction. In the examples and exercises below, Can. = Canadian, BB = Barbados and £ (pound) = English money. To change foreign currency (money) to Barbados currency we multiply by the rate of exchange. Convert US $5.00 to Barbados currency when the rate of exchangp is 1.98, i.e. US $1.00 = BB $1.98. ‘As US $1.00 = BB $1.98 US $5.00 = BB $1.98 x 5.00 BB $9.90166 New Common Entrance Mathematics Example (2) Change £12 into Barbados currency, given that £1 = BB Solution $2.60. As £1 = BB $2.60 ' £12 = BB $2.60 x 12 = BB $31.20 Exercise 30 Complete the table below: Example (1) 4. 5. 2 % 10. 11. 12. 14, 15, Foreign currency Rate of exchange Barbados currency US $4.00 1.98 oye US $6.00 1.98 cee US $7.00 1.98 US $10.00 1.98 US $20.00 1.98 ee Can. $10.00 1.40 Can. $1200 1.40 Can. $15.00 1.40 san £10° i * 2.60 £40 2.60 Change US $15.00 into Barbados currency, if US $1.00 = BB $1.98. How much Barbados currency is worth US $30.00, given that the rate of exchange is US $1.00 = BB $1.98? Change £15 into Barbados currency when the exchange rate is 2.60. If Can. $1.00 is worth BB $1.40, how much Barbados currency is worth Can. $20.00? Ifa bank pays you BB $2.60 for £1, how much would you get for £20? To change Barbados currency into foreign currency we divide by the rate of exchange. Convert BB $11.60 into Canadian currency if the rate of exchange is Can. $1.00 = BB $1.45.Measurement 167 Solution BB$145 = Can. $1.00 BB$1 = Can, #1. 145 $1.00 1X 11.60 _ 11.60 BB $16.60 = Can, eS $16.60 = Can, St x 11.00 Le ie 2} $11.60 Can. “5 = Can. $8.00 This is equivalent to simply dividing BB $11.60 by the rate of exchange, 1.45: = $11.60 BB $16.60 = Can. 145 = $11.60 AA = Can. (11.60 + 1.45 = 8) = Can. $8.00 Example (2) How much in US currency can you get for BB $24.60 if the rate of exchange is US $1.00 = BB $2.05? . = Con 324.60 12 Solution BB $24.60 = Can, S260 sos lien = Can $24.60 205 = Can. S05 410 = Can. $12.00 410 000 Exercise 31 Complete the table below: \Barbados currency Rate of exchange Foreign currency 1 $7.25 15 Can. $... Ze $14.50 od" Can. $2.4 3. $36.25 va $8.20 ' 5. $20.50, va Be $32.80 6 ; 7 $8180) 0) 205 ‘ 8, $26.50 1 B65 Bsns 9. $106.00 2.65 fo. 10. + $137.80 2.65 Lose168 New Common Enirence Mathematics 11. Change BB $10.25 into US currency if the rate of exchange is US $1.00 = BB $2.05, 12, How much in US currency would you get for BB 330.75, given ‘that the rate of exchange is US $1.00 = BB $2.08? 13, How much Canadian currency is worth BB $17.40 if Can. $1.00 = BB $1.45? 14. Convert BB $43.50 into Canadian currency if the rate of » exchange is Can. $1.00 = BB $1.45. °15, Howniuch in English money would you get for BB $53.00 “0 1ES1 =, BB $2.65? : __Given that BC $1.00 = BB $0.70: ” 16. How much BB currency is equivalent vo. EC $12.00? 172 How much EC, currency is equivalent to BB $14.00? Given that TT'$1,00 = BB $0.30; \ 48 How much BB currency is equivalent to TT $50.00? 19.. How much TT “currency is equivalent to BB $36.00? 20., I US $1.00 = BB’$i.98, how. much BB currency is equivalent to US $60.00?chapter Twenty Coordinates introduction Points or positions in mathematics can be identified if the points or positions are placed on squared paper, as in the diagram below. A. Naming points In the figure to the right, Ox is 6 called the x-axis and Oy is 7 called the y-axis. The point where these two axes meet is 4{—}_4A _| JE called the origin. The name of 32. this point is (0, 0) and we usually put the name in brac- 2, B kets. : Let us now name the point A. al cf. 1 2 3 4 § 6 To do so, we look on the x-axis for the number that is in line with A; that is, 2, Thus, 2 is the first name, or x-coordinate, of A. Then we look on the y-axis for the number that is in line with A; that is, 4. Thus, 4 is the second name, or y-coordinate, of A. Therefore the name of A is, or the coordinates of A are, (2, 4). Note that the x-coordinate always comes first. Similarly, The coordinates of B are (3, 2) The coordinates of C are (6, 0) The coordinates of D are (0, 3) The coordinates of E are (4, 4) 169 bey170 New Common Fatrance Mathematics Exercise 1. Write down the. coordinates of the following points as shown in the figure below: F, G, H, J, K, L, M,N, P, & and R. Begin like this: The coordinates of F are (0, 5). 45 +e a 2. Using coordinates, give the positions on the map below of. (a) ‘Northpoint: = (b)’ Farley Hill (ec) Harrison’s.Cave’ {d) . ‘The Barbados Museum {e) Gun Hill’? (f), Grantley Adams Airport. iP a S. 3 ah Poth — 7 4 5) 4 3 Jd 2 Wd} f al x o 12°34 5 6 7 86 9 1Coordinates 171 The x-coordinate of the point R (8, 2) is 8. 3. Write down the x-coordinates of the following points: A(L7 B(6,4) (0, 5) D(7,0) E(4, 3) The y-coordinate of the point $ (5, 6) is 6. 4. Write down the y-coordinates of the following points: FG,4)..GG,3) H60) J@6 Kk (2, 5) Look at the diagram below and then answer the questions. What. are the coordinates of. t BOP BOQ RP le De 9. Which point has coordinates (2,,8)? : 10. Which point-has coordinates (6;.0)? 12. What is thetared dt triahgle QTR in square centimetres? 12, What is thé area of figure PQRS in square centimetres? 13. What is the area of figure ABCD in square ‘centimetres? Select the name of & plane figure to name: 14 Figure PQRS 15. Figure ABCD.172 New Common Entrance Mathematics eee Oe 16. Using numbers () to 12 on both axes, plot the following points on squared paper: P(2, 8),'Q(7, 3), RCL, 6), 910, 4), TE, 6), V (11, 9. W (8, 12), Z (8, 0). 17. (a) Using numbers 0 to 8 on both axes, plot the following points on squared paper: A (1, 2), B (4.5), € (7, 2) (b) Join these points to form a triangle. (c) What is the’area of this triangle i square centimetres? 18. (a) Copy the diagram below on squared paper and write down the coordinates of D, E, F and G. 0 1 o 4 5. 6 B (b) Join these points in otder, D to E, E to F, F to G and.G to.D to form a 4-sided figure. (c) , Select the ‘name of a plane figure to ‘name fi “DERG. = ee (a). What is the area of figure DEFG? Using numbérs 0 to 16 of both ‘axes, plot the following points on squared paper to form quadrilaterals (4-sided figures): '' q (a) A(2, 9), B(8, 9), C(7, 11), DU, 11) (hb) E(3, 5), FG, 5), G (6, 8), HG, 8) (c) J (8, 5), K (13, 5), L(15, 8), M (10, 8) (d) P10, 9), Q (14, 9), R (14, 12), S (10, 12) etre teen NSCoordinates 173 = ee . (o) TCL, 4),V (2, 2), W 65, 2), Y (5, 4) (f) C(O, 11), D (2, 11), E(2, 14), F (0, 14) (a) K(7, 4), L(7, 0), M (11, 0), N (IL, 4) (h) D5, 14), E(7, 12), F (9, 14), G (7, 16) 20. Select names from the list (rectangle, square, parallelogram, rhombus, trapezium) to name each of the 4-sided ‘figures you have formed. Study the diagram, which is divided into square centimetres, and then answer the questions that follow: 22. What are the coordiiates of E? : 23... Which point has coordinates (0, 2)? Which point has coordinates (5, 4)? “Which side is AF parallel'te? <-- ‘Name’a horizontal line. What is the area of this shape? “Name.a line equal in.Jength to FE, How many right anéles are formed with the six sides of figure ABCDEF? ; :

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