Answer 1:

(a) The four categories of engineering materials are:

1. Metallic materials
2. Polymeric materials
3. Ceramic materials
4. Composite materials

Let us discuss about each material in few sentences for clear understanding:

1) Metallic: They are the inorganic, crystalline substances with huge

mechanical as well as physical properties. Generally we do not use pure
metals for most applications. A mixture of two or more metals forms alloys.
Ex: Copper + Zinc = Brass

Metallic materials are of ferrous and non- ferrous types.

Ferrous materials have iron as major constituent. Ex: Steel.
Non-ferrous metals do not have iron as main ingredient. Ex: Copper.

2) Polymeric: A polymer is made of repeated subunits. Polymers (both

synthetic and natural) are formed by polymerization process. Smaller
molecules of polymers are called monomers.
EX: Polystyrene, rubber, Bakelite, Teflon etc.

3) Ceramic: it is a kind of inorganic, non-metallic crystalline material. Ceramic

materials are very hard, brittle, strong in compression and weak in shear and
tension.

Ex: Pottery, glass, brick, cement, tiles etc.

4) Composite: material made of two or more materials to produce a common

characteristic different from individual. Generally we use them in building
construction, bridges, boat hulls etc.
Ex: Fiberglass, carbon nanotube, graphene etc.

(b) Class of materials:

Metallic Polymeric Ceramic Composite

Chromium Wool Aluminium Concrete

Brass Neoprene oxide Cermet
Plain carbon Silicon Carbon fibre
steel carbide Reinforced
Copper Uranium plastic
oxide Fiberglass
Zirconium
oxide
Answer 2:
(a) Young's modulus E, can be calculated by dividing the tensile stress by
the extensional strain in the elastic (initial, linear) portion of the
physical stressstrain curve:

Therefore, E=Stress/Strain

For same stain E depends upon stress. In the given graph, for same strain,
stress produced in A is 200 N/mm2 while stress produced in B is 100 N/mm 2.
Hence material A has higher value of Young's modulus E.

(b) A beam made of stiff material (higher value of E) will deflect to a lesser
extent as compared to another made of resilient material (lower value of)l
under identical loading condition.

Hence, material B will deflect more than A under identical loads.

(c) As the press moves uniformly, the strain produced in both the materials will
be same. Also we know that,

Stress = Young's modulus * Strain.

Hence for same amount of strain, stress produced in material A will be higher
than material B because value of Young's modulus for A is higher than the
value of Young's modulus for B.

Answer 3:
(a) Bulk modulus of elasticity (k) is given as :

K= E/3(1-2n)
Where n is Poissons ratio.

Given: n=0.32, E=250 N/mm2

Therefore,
K=250/3(1-2*0.32) = 231.5 GN/mm2
 (b) Shear modulus (G) is given by:

G=E/2(1+n)
=250/2(1+0.32)
=94.70 GN/mm2

Answer 4:
(a) Polymers can be classified as natural polymers and synthetic polymers
depending upon the source they are obtained from.

On the basis of synthesis polymers can be classified as addition polymers

and condensation polymers.
Intermolecular forces are also used to classify polymers. Depending upon
these forces polymers can classified as:
(1) Fibers
(2) Elastomers
(3) Thermoplastics
(4) Thermosetting plastics.

Based on structure, polymers can be classified as:

(1) Linear polymers

(2) Branched chain polymers
(3) Cross-linked polymers.

(b) Difference between addition polymers and condensation polymers.

Addition polymers Condensation polymers

1. These are formed by repetitive 1. These are formed when two or more
addition of monomers to form long monomers react together.
chains. 2. Simple compounds are formed as by-
2. No elimination of by-products or products.
molecules. 3. These include functional groups.
3. These usually include unsaturated
compounds. 4. Ex: Hexamethylene diamine and
4. Ex: addition of ethylene gives adipic acid gives Nylon(6,6).
polythene. Other examples are PVC,
polypropene etc

Answer 5:
 (a) Two essential constituent elements of plain carbon steel are :

1. Manganese
2. Copper

(b) Cementite can be defined as a compound of iron and carbon or an

intermediate transition metal carbide with chemical formula as Fe 3C. By
weight it is 93% iron and 7% carbon. It is brittle, hard compound which comes
under the ceramic classification.
(c) Brinell hardness for ferrite is 80 [1] and for cementite is 800 [2].

(d)
1. Hardness: When carbon is alloyed with iron , its microstructure changes
into martensite and the retained austenite. Therefore causing an increase
in hardness of iron.
2. Strength: when carbon is alloyed with iron, strength of the iron increases.
3. Ductility: when carbon is alloyed with iron, ductility of the iron decreases.

(e) 0.96% - 2.1% of carbon produces strongest plain carbon steel.

Answer 6:

(a) Total no. of samples, N=10

mean = Sum / Count=7264/10

Mean of 711, 732, 759, 670, 701, 765, 743, 755, 715 and 713 is 726.4

Hence mean of samples is 726.4 N/mm2.

Standard deviation is given by the square root of the Variance.

Variance is Sum of Differences2 / Count.

Now differences (every number mean) are -15.4, 5.6, 32.6, -56.4, -25.4, 38.6,
16.6, 28.6, -11.4 and -13.4.

And dfifferences2 are 237.16, 31.36, 1062.76, 3180.96, 645.16, 1489.96, 275.56,
817.96, 129.96 and 179.56.

Sum of Differences2: 8050.4

Variance:805.04

Hence, Standard Deviation: 28.37322682

Standard deviation of samples is 28.373 N/mm2.

(b)Mean in GPa is 0.7264 GPa

 And standard deviation in GPa is 0.028373 GPa

References

[1] https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ferrite_(iron)
[2] Steel Heat Treatment: Metallurgy and Technologies by George E.
Totten