LAB REPORT

Electron Spin Resonance (ESR)

SHIVAM AWASTHI
16510077
M.Sc Physics
IIT GANDHINAGAR
April 7, 2017

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Physics Lab Report IIT GANDHINAGAR

Contents
1 Theory overview 3
1.1 Classical Description of Electron Spin Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Quantum Description of Electron Spin Resonance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3

2 Experimental Setup 5

3 Observation 5
3.0.1 observation Table . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5

4 Error 7

5 Result 7

6 References 7

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Abstract
In this experiment we study about Electron Spin Resonance

1 Theory overview
1.1 Classical Description of Electron Spin Resonance
A system which is paramagnetic in nature posses unpaired electron.By applying external
magnetic field or electromagnetic wave of microwave range can transit that unpaired electron
between spin state. Then corresponding absorption spectra are described by Electron spin
Resonance.
The interaction of electron spin with external magnetic field depend on Magnetic moment
of electron spin and the nature of isolated electron spin.
The magnetic moment is related to angular moment J by the relation.

= j

Where is called the gyromagnetic ratio.

Usually the magnetic moment~is expressed in terms of a dimensionless quantity g known as
Lande G or(g-factor) and dimensionless spin.
Hence
~ can be written as.

~ = B ~s
~j = (h/2)~s
Hence
(h/2) = gB
Where B is the Bohr magneton. The application of the magnetic field provides a magnetic
potential energy which splits the spin states by an amount proportional to the magnetic
field effect is known as Zeeman effect, and then radio frequency radiation of the appropriate
frequency can cause a transition from one spin state to the other.

1.2 Quantum Description of Electron Spin Resonance

We can describe this phenomena by the interaction of magnetic dipole moment with magnetic
~
field. Hamiltonian for time dependent magnetic field B.

H = H0 + H1 (t)
 
eB
H=g Jz + V0 eit + V0 eit
2mc
where V0 represents the interaction of the electromagnetic eld with the electron.
The above time dependent Hamiltonian is written assuming one electron with angular mo-
mentum j, in a magnetic eld B. In addition we have an electromagnetic eld of frequency in
the direction perpendicular to B.

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The electromagnetic eld is supposed to be very weak compared to the applied magnetic eld
B, and so one can use time-dependent perturbation theory to study this problem. The states
that we will use are the eigenstates of Jz .

jz |mi = h
m|mi

where m will take 2j + 1 values, from j to +j. The energy of these levels is given by
eB
g Jz |N i = n |ni
2mc
Where n = gBB n
We know that in time depend perturbation the time-dependent interaction can cause tran-
sition between various |mi states. The transition rate per unit time, from ith level to jth
level is given by
2
Wij = |hj|V0 |ii|2 (9j i h
)
h

assuming that j i . This expression says that transition from state |ii to |ji possible
when the frequency of radiation = (j i )/
h. This is the condition for electron spin
resonance.

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2 Experimental Setup
3 Observation
Q= horizontal separation between peek to peek
P=horizontal separation between end to end

P, Q are measured at a given current I(mA) and fixed frequency in Hz . resonance

magnetic field B0 (in gauss) is given by

KQI
B0 =
2P
Here k=156 103

For g-Factor
h0
g=
B0
Here
h = 6.6271027argsec
B = 9.271021erg/G

3.0.1 observation Table

For Resonance frequency f0 = 14.67HZ

SN I(mA) P (ms) Q(ms) B0 = KQI

2P
h0
g = B 0
1 1
I
A avg. g-Factor
1 98 9.4 4.16 3.382876596 3.099203593 10.20408163
2 126 7.2 3.48 4.7502 2.207111974 7.936507937
3 154 5.88 2.88 5.883428571 1.781992111 6.493506494 1.944639791
4 209 5.12 2.12 6.750046875 1.553207481 4.784688995
5 262 3.5 1.66 9.692502857 1.081683798 3.816793893

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Graph.1

For Resonance frequency f0 = 15.50HZ

SN I(mA) P (ms) Q(ms) B0 = KQI
2P
h0
g = B 0
1 1
I
A avg. g-Factor
1 98 9.2 5.08 4.220817391 2.624468009 10.20408163
2 126 8.16 3.8 4.576764706 2.420356065 7.936507937
3 154 5.8 3 6.213103448 1.782909348 6.493506494 1.980800473
4 208 5.4 2.24 6.729955556 1.645984156 4.807692308
5 261 3.68 1.4 7.744891304 1.430284788 3.831417625

Graph.2

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Now
Avg of g-Factor from both table
 
1.944 + 1.980
g=
2
g = 1.962

4 Error
Average value of lande g factor from different two frequencies(14.67MHz and15.50MHz) is
Since Experimental g=1.962 actual value of lande g factor= 2.002
So
percentage error= 2.0021.962
2
100 = 2.00%

5 Result
We get Experimental g-factor=1.962 + 2.00% from our experiment

6 References
1: http://www.mulab.co.uk/esrnmr.html
2: Lab manual of IITGN
3 : http : //wanda.f iu.edu/teaching/courses/M odernl abm anual/ESR.html
4 : http : //www.physics.usyd.edu.au/ senior lab/3Y L/Expt1 5.pdf

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