11 General Orders(CHAROT)

1. To take charge of the post and all company property in view and protect/preserve the
same utmost diligence.
(Pangasiwaan ng buong husay ang pangangalaga ng pook o kumpanyang binabantayan,
pati na ang lahat na ari-arian)

2. To walk in an alert manner during my tour of duty and observe everything within sight or
hearing. (Lumakad nang laging handa at magmasid at makinig nang mabuti sa anumang
nangyayari sa paligid.)

3. To report all violations of regulations or orders i am instructed to enforce.

(Gumawa ng report tungkol sa mga katiwalian laban sa mga kautusang itinuro sa aking
dapat ipatupad)

4. To relay all calls from more distant from the guard house where i am station. (Ipaalam
lahat ng tawag mula sa malayo kaysa sa aking bahay-tanod)

5. To quit my post only when properly relieved. (Lisanin ang aking kinatatalagahan
pagkatapos mahalinhan nang maayos)

6. To receive, obey and pass to the relieving guard all orders from the company officials,
officers in the agency, supervisor, post in charge of shift leaders. (Tanggapin, sundin at
ipagbigay-alam sa aking kahaliling tanod ang lahat na utos ng pinuno at opisyal ng
kumpanya, supervisor, post in charge or shift leder)

7. To talk to no one except in the line of duty. (Huwag makipag-usap kanino man habang
nakatalaga maliban lamang hinggil sa tungkulin)

8. To sound or call the alarm in case of fire or disorder. (Magbabala kung may sunog o gulo)

9. To call the superior officer in any case not covered by the instructions. (Ipagbigay alam
sa nakakataas na opisyal kung may anumang bagay na hindi nasasaklaw ng mga tagubilin)

10. To salute all company officials, officers of the agency, ranking public officials and officers
of the AFP and PNP. (Sumaludo sa mga pinuno ng kumpanya, ahensya, gobyerno at opisyal
ng Philippine National Police o PNP)

11. To be especially watchful at night and during the time of challenge all person on or near
my post and to allow no one to pass or loitering without proper authority.
 DIFFERENT TYPES OF ENERGY(MALUPET)

Potential Energy is any type of stored energy. It can be chemical, nuclear, gravitational,
or mechanical.

Kinetic Energy is found in movement. An airplane flying or a meteor plummeting each have kinetic energy. Even
the tiniest things have kinetic energy, like atoms vibrating when they are hot or when they transmit sound waves.
Electricity is the kinetic energy of flowing electrons between atoms.

Energy can shift between forms, but it is never destroyed or created.

A car transforms the potential energy trapped in gasoline into various types of energy that help the wheels turn and get the
car to move. Most of the energy is converted to thermal energy, which is an unorganized form of energy that is difficult to
convert into a useful form.

Power plants transform one form of energy into a very useful form, electricity. Coal and natural gas plants use the
chemical potential energy trapped in fossil fuels. Nuclear power plants change the nuclear potential energy of uranium or
plutonium into electricity too. Wind turbines change the kinetic energy of air molecules in wind into electricity. Hydroelectric
power plants take advantage of the gravitational potential energy of water as it falls from the top of a dam to the bottom.

These transformations are hardly perfect. An efficient fossil fuel power plant loses more than half of the energy it creates to
forms other than electricity, such as heat, light, and sound.

GRAVITATIONAL
Systems can increase gravitational energy as mass moves away from the center of Earth or other objects that are
large enough to generate significant gravity (our sun, the planets and stars).

For example, the farther you lift an anvil away from the ground, the more potential energy it has. Lifting the anvil is
called work, which is an interaction in which energy is transferred from one system (the person) to another (the anvil).
The person has to do more work in order to carry the anvil higher, and the higher the anvil is carried, the more gravitational
potential energy is stored in the anvil. If the anvil is dropped, that potential energy transforms to kinetic energy as the anvil
moves faster and faster toward Earth.

CHEMICAL
Chemical energy is stored in the bonds between the atoms in compounds. This stored energy is transformed when
bonds are broken or formed through chemical reactions. Like letters of the alphabet that can be rearranged to form
new words with very different meanings, atoms move around during chemical reactions, and they form new compounds
with vastly different personalities.

When we burn sugar (a compound made of the elements hydrogen, oxygen, and carbon) in our bodies, the
elements are reorganized into water and carbon dioxide. These reactions both absorb and release energy, but the overall
result is that we get energy from the sugar, and our bodies use that energy to do work.

Chemical reactions that produce net energy are exothermic. When wood is burned, the chemical reactions taking
place are exothermic. Electromagnetic and thermal energy are released. Only some chemical reactions
release energy. Endothermic reactions need energy to start and to continue, such as by adding heat or light.

NUCLEAR

Todays nuclear power plants are fueled by fission. Uranium or plutonium atoms are broken apart, freeing lots of energy.
Hydrogen atoms in the sun experience nuclear fusion, combining to form helium and subsequently releasing large
amounts of energy in the form of electromagnetic radiation and thermal energy.

Nuclear energy is the stored potential of the nucleus of an atom. Most atoms are stable on Earth; they keep their
identities as particular elements, like hydrogen, helium, iron, and carbon, as identified in the Periodic Table of
Elements. The number of protons in the nucleus tells you which element it is. Nuclear reactions change the
fundamental identity of elements by splitting up an atoms nucleus or fusing together more than one nucleus. These
changes are called fission and fusion, respectively.

ELASTIC

Elastic energy can be stored mechanically in a compressed gas or liquid, a coiled spring, or a stretched elastic band.
On an atomic scale, the stored energy is a temporary strain placed on the bonds between atoms, meaning theres no
permanent change to the material. These bonds absorb energy as they are stressed, and release that energy as they
relax.
MOTION

A moving object has kinetic energy. A basketball passed between players shows translational energy. That kinetic
energy is proportional to the balls mass and the square of its velocity. To throw the same ball twice as fast, a player does
more work and transfers four times the energy.

If a player shoots a basketball with backspin or topspin, the basketball will also have rotational energy as it spins.
Rotational energy is proportional to how many times it spins per second, as well as the balls mass, and the size and
shape of the ball.

In shooting a basketball, players often try to add rotational energy as backspin, because it results in the greatest slowdown
in speed when the basketball hits the rim or the backboard, increasing the chance that the ball stays near the basket. The
opposite direction of spin, a topspin, can be used in games like tennis, because it will help speed up a ball after impact and
lowers the angle it travels after the bounce.

THERMAL ENERGY AND TEMPERATURE

Thermal energy is directly related to temperature. We cant see individual atoms vibrating, but we can feel their kinetic
energies as temperature. When theres a difference between the temperature of the environment and a system within it,
thermal energy is transferred between them as heat.

A hot cup of tea loses some of its thermal energy as heat flows from the tea to the air in the room. Over time, the tea cools
to the same temperature as the room air. At the same time, the thermal energy in the room air increases due to heat
transfer from the tea. However, the thermal capacitance of the room air is much larger than the tea, so the temperature of
the air in the room increases by very little so little that a person in the room wouldnt notice it.

Heat flows spontaneously from high temperature objects to nearby low temperature objects, until all objects reach the
same temperature, called thermal equilibrium. Some materials are easier to heat up or cool down than others. The thermal
capacitance, or heat capacity, of a material tells us how much energy it takes to raise that material one degree in
temperature. A pound of water has greater thermal capacitance than the same amount of stainless steel, for example. In
moments, an empty one pound pot on the stove heats to 212 degrees Fahrenheit (the boiling temperature of water). If you
pour a pound of water into the pot, it will take much longer than the empty pot to reach the same temperature, because
water needs more energy to get as hot as steel.

SOUND

Sound waves are made when stuff vibrates like strings on an instrument or gas molecules in the air. Sound waves travel
when the vibrating stuff causes stuff surrounding it to also vibrate. This happens in liquid, solid, or gaseous states. Sound
cannot travel in a vacuum because a vacuum has no atoms to transmit the vibration.

Solids, liquids, and gases transmit sounds as waves, but the atoms that pass along the sound dont travel the way photons
do. The sound wave travels between atoms, like people passing along a wave in a sports stadium. Sounds have
different frequencies and wavelengths (related to pitch) and different magnitudes (related to how loud).

Even though radio waves can transmit information about sound, they are a completely different kind of energy,
called electromagnetic energy.
ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION

Electromagnetic energy is the same as radiation or light. This type of energy can take the form of visible light, like the light
from a candle or a light bulb, or invisible waves, like radio waves, microwaves, x-rays and gamma rays. Radiation
whether its coming from a candle or an x-ray tube can travel in a vacuum. Sometimes physicists describe
electromagnetic radiation as being composed of particles tiny packets of energy called photons. Each photon has a
characteristic frequency, wavelength, and energy, but all photons travel at the same speed, the speed of light, or nearly 1
billion feet per second.

Electromagnetic energy can be converted to the chemical energy stored in plants through photosynthesis,
the process by which plants and algae use the suns radiation to turn carbon dioxide gas into sugar and carbohydrates.

ELECTRIC

Electric energy is to the kinetic energy of moving electrons, the negatively-charged particles in atoms. For more
information about electricity, see Basics of Electricity.