Proceeding ICG2015

No ISSN : 2443-4078 Volume : 2, September 2015
PROCEEDING
Faculty of Geology Faculty of Science and Natural Resources
Universitas Padjadjaran Universiti Malaysia Sabah
nd
THE 2 INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF FACULTY OF GEOLOGY
and
st
THE 1 JOINT CONFERENCE
FACULTY OF GEOLOGY UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN
FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND NATURAL RESOURCES UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
Geoscience Challenge for Future Energy

and
Environment Sustainability
September 29, 2015

Bandung, West Java - Indonesia
The 2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE
and
st
The 1 JOINT CONFERENCE
FACULTY OF GEOLOGY UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN –

FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND NATURAL RESOURCES
UNIVERSITI MALAYSIA SABAH
“Geoscience Challenge for Future Energy

and
Environment Sustainability”
PROCEEDING
Volume : 2, September 2015
No ISSN : 2443-4078
Bandung, September 29th, 2015
The 2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE And The 1st JOINT CONFERENCE, 2015
The 2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF FACULTY OF GEOLOGY
and
The 1st JOINT CONFERENCE OF FACULTY OF GEOLOGY UNIVERSITAS

PADJADJARAN AND FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND NATURAL RE SOURCES
Theme : “Geoscience Challenge for Future Energy and

Time : September 29, 2015 (Conference)
Adviser : Prof. Dr. Ir. H. Hendarmawan., M.Sc

Dr. Ir.Vijaya Isnaniawardhani, MT
Steering Commitee : Prof. Dr. Ir. H. Adjat Sudradjat., M.Sc

Dr.Ir. H. Edy Sunardi., M.Sc
Dr. Ir. H. Ildrem Syafri., DEA
Dr. Baba Musta (Malaysia)
Prof. Koichiro Watanabe (Japan)
Prof. Khin Zaw (Australia)
Prof. Genden Ukhnaa (Mongolia)
Prof. Victor Okrugin (Russia)
Organizing Committee
Chair : Euis Tintin Yuningsih, ST., MT., Ph.D

Vice Chair : Irvan Sophian, ST., MT
Secretariat : Cipta Endiyana, ST., MT
Reza Mohammad Ganjar Gani, ST., MT.
Pipih Hanapi , SE
Marlina Mustikaningsih, S.Sos
Nanda Natasia, ST., MT.
Muhammad Kurniawan Alfadli S.Si., M.si
Treasure : Leny Tresnaeny
Endang
Totoy M
Seminar : Dr. Yoga Andriana Sendjaja., ST., M.Sc
Dr. Boy Yoseph CSSSA, ST.,MT.
Poster Session : Febriwan Mohamad, S.Si., M.Si
Accommodation, : Adi Hardiono, ST., MT
Equipment and Aji Sasongko, S.Pd., M.Si.
Logistic Sajid
Kusna
Documentation : Faisal Helmi, ST., MT
Sponsorship : Dr. Budi Muljana, ST., MT
Ir.Beny Bensaman, MT.
Ir.M.Riza A, MT.
Publication and : Dr. Lili Fauzielly., ST., MT
Proceeding Abdurrohim, ST., MT., Ph.D
Security and : Yusi Firmansyah, S.Si., MT
Transportation Agus Saepudin
PROCEEDING

and
st

and
Editorial Board :
Dr. Lili Fauzielly, S.T, M.T
Board :
Dr. Ir. Dicky Muslim, M.Sc
Dr. Boy Yoseph CSSSA, S.T, M.T
Dr. Budi Muljana, S.T, M.T
Euis Tintin Yuningsih, S.T, M.T, Ph.D
Address of Secretariat :
Jalan Raya Bandung Sumedang Km. 21 Jatinangor
Telp/Fax : ((+62)-22)7795645 Postal Code : 45363
Email: seminar.geounpad@unpad.ac.id
seminarftg@gmail.com
Website: http://seminar.ftgeologi.unpad.ac.id
http://seminarftg.com
Preface
Thank Almighty God who has give the grace and guidance to complete the process of
proceeding arrangement of the 2nd International Conference and the 1st Joint
Conference of the Faculty of Geology, Padjadjaran University - Faculty of Sciences
and Natural Resources Universiti Malaysia Sabah, titled "Geoscience Challenges of
Future Energy and Environmental Sustainability".
We would like to thank the authors and institutions that support the preparation of the
proceeding. The conference proceeding is supported by fellow authors and institutions
of Padjadjaran University, Kementerian Ristek dan Dikti, Direktorat Riset dan
Pengabdian Kepada Masyarakat Unpad, Dirjen Pembelajaran dan Kemahasiswaan
Unpad, Pusat Studi Sumber Daya Energi – FTG Unpad, Pusat Studi Sumber Daya Air
dan Lingkungan- FTG Unpad, ExxonMobil, Pertamina Hulu Energi (PHE), PT.
Eksplorasi Nusa Jaya, PT. BioFarma, Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Institute Technology
of Bandung, Mentouri University U.S.T.H.B Algiers, Research Center for
Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI), Indonesian Institute of
Sciences (LIPI-UPT LUTPMB, Liwa), Hasanuddin University, Trisakti University,
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Balai Teknologi Survei Kelautan, Badan Pengkajian
dan Penerapan Teknologi, Pertamina, Natural Environmental Research Institute
(NERI), Research Center of Water Resources, Kyushu University, Star Energy
Geothermal Indonesia, Geological Agency, Freeport-Mcmoran Copper and Gold,
Indonesia, Geological Institute of NAS of Kyrgyzstan Republic, Hokkaido University.
Hopefully, this proceeding can help the readers to expand their knowledge about the
Geoscience Challenge for the Future Energy.
Bandung, September 29 , 2015

Editor
TABLE OF CONTENT
Keynote
Oral Presentations
Depositional Characteristics and Petroleum Exploration Potential of the Upper Miocene Sedimentary
Sequence in East Sabah, Malaysia.
Sanudin Tahir, Junaidi Asis and Baba Musta.................................................................................. 1
Coal Clean Technology Policy to Safeguard National Energy Security and Environment Sustainability
Yunus Kusumahbrata ...................................................................................................................... 9
Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineralization Characteristics of Gajah Tidur Prospect, Ertsberg Mining
District, Papua, Indonesia
Benny Bensaman, Reza Al Furqan, Mega F. Rosana, EuisT.Yuningsih ...................................... 17
Pollen Typical of Submontane Forest Zone Mount Bandung - West Java Bukittunggul
Winantris; Lili Fauzielly, Zamzam AJ Tanuwijaya ...................................................................... 27
Integrated GIS based approach in mapping the groundwater potential zones in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah,
Malaysia
Zulherry Isnain and Juhari Mat Akhir ........................................................................................... 37
First Record on the Mineralisation of the Contact Zone in the Great Kabylia Massif (Nothern Algeria)
M. Kacimi& O. Kolli .................................................................................................................... 45
The Morphotectonic Characteristic of Erosion and Flood Zones of Cisangkuy Watershed in Bandung
Basin, West Java
Emi Sukiyah, Agung Mulyo, Pradnya P. Raditya ......................................................................... 51
The Geological and Chemical Characteristic Relating to The Quality of Hampang Coal in Tanjung
Formation, South Kalimantan, Indonesia
Gany, M.U. ,Sulaksana, N , Rosana M.F.and Mursito, A.T.......................................................... 59
The Stability Of Metasedimentary Rock In Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia
Ismail Abd Rahim & Baba Musta ................................................................................................. 69
Development of River Terrace at the Releasing Bend of the Sumatran Fault Zone near Ranau Lake,
Southern Sumatra
Sonny Aribowo, Yudhicara ........................................................................................................... 81
Landslide Vulnerability Assessment (LVAs): Case study from Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Rodeano Roslee, Tajul Anuar Jamaludin and Norbert Simon ...................................................... 87
Relationship between Land Use and Erosion Intensity in Ciwidey Watershed – West Java
Nana Sulaksana, Achmad Sjafrudin and Emi Sukiyah ................................................................. 95
Soil Development of Ultrabasic Rock and its Implication to the Contamination of Paddy Soil in Ranau
Sabah
Baba Musta, Kyoung Woong Kim ,Kihong Park Fatimah Sudirman & Syahmini Mariappan 103
Miocene Planktonic Foraminiferal Biodatum of the Jatiluhur Sections in Northwest Java Basin
Vijaya Isnaniawardhani and Nurdrajat ........................................................................................ 111
Fracture permeability assessment by integration of fracture characterization and in situ state of stress
in Geothermal Field, Case Study of WayangWindu Field
Asrizal1, S. Ildrem and N. A. Agus ............................................................................................ 117
Characteristic of the deep-water channels in the Lower Miocene PulauBalang Formation in Samarinda
Abdurrokhim, Djadjang J Setiadi, Faisal Helmi, Adi Hardiyono, and Yoga A Sendjaja ........... 127
Influence of Quartenary and Tertiary Volcanic Deposit to the Ground Water Characterictic at South
East of Cianjur Ground Water Basin, West Java Province
Triraharja, Wahyu, and M Hadiyan, Sapari ............................................................................... 133
The Urgency of Spatial Planning in Indonesia Based on Georisk Analysis
FikriAbdulah, A Sjafrudin and Pradnya P Raditya Rendra......................................................... 139
Soil bearing capacity for shallow foundations and its relationship with FFD through modification
method in active tectonics region
Zufialdi Zakaria, Hendarmawan, Nana Sulaksana, and Adjat Sudrajat ...................................... 147
An overview on the possibility of scandium and REE occurrence in Sulawesi, Indonesia
Maulana Adi, Sanematsu Kenzo ................................................................................................. 151
Geology of Pasir Malati, West Java, Indonesia
Iyan Haryanto, Edy Sunardi, Adjat Sudradjat, Edi Tri Haryanto, Faisal Helmi, Dody
Firmansyah .................................................................................................................................. 157
Geohazards Awareness And Education For The Society, Case Studies For University And High
School Students In Bandung, Indonesia
Evi Haerani, Fauzan N. Muslim, Ghazi O. Muslim, Dicky Muslim, Naoko Kagawa, Motohiko
Shibayama ................................................................................................................................... 163
Engineering Geologic Mapping Around The Newly Built Higher Education Complex In Jatinangor,
West Java, Indonesia
Dicky Muslim, Evi Haerani, Irvan Sophian, Zufialdi Zakaria, Nur Khoirullah, Yogi Prianda Putra
and MotohikoShibayama............................................................................................................. 169
Seal Caprock And Stratigraphic Trap Identification In Transition Member-Talang Akar Formation At
Limau Area Using Cwt-Seismic Atribute, Integration With Sequence Stratigraphy And
Biostratigraphy Datas
Taat Purwanto,Vijaya Isnaniawardhani,Budi Mulyana,Eko Widianto ....................................... 175
The Tectonic Control on the Formation of Cleats in the Coalbeds of Sajau Formation, Berau Basin,
Northeast Kalimantan
Sudradjat A, A.H. Hamdani , ...................................................................................................... 187
Subsurface Interpretation Approach Gravity Metode In Hidrocarbon Exploration: Study Subsurface
Geology East Java Basin Cepu-Bojonegoro Area for reference study in Jambi Basin at South
Sumatera.
Hidartan, Ildrem.S.,Eko.W, Suci.S. ............................................................................................ 193
Mineralization Characteristics of the Kencana Deposit, Gosowong Mining Area, Halmahera,Indonesia
Takashi Hase, Kotaro Yonezu, Thomas Tindell, Syafriza and Koichiro Watanabe ................... 205
The Liburdinding Miocene Pamaluan Coal Mine, Pasir-Sub Basin, East Kalimantan: Origin and
palaeoenvironmental implications from biomarker studies
A.H. Hamdani ............................................................................................................................. 213
Significant and Correlation of Cretaceous Radiolaria from the Darvel Bay Ophiolite Complex and the
KuamutMelange, Kunak, Sabah
Junaidi Asis and Basir Jasin ....................................................................................................... 219
Ancient Mahakam Delta Documented in the middle Miocene PulauBalang Formation, in Samarinda
City............................................................................................................................................................
Djadjang J Setiadi, Abdurrokhim, Reza M Ganjar Gani, Iyan Haryanto and Edy Sunardi ........ 221
Preliminary Geological Assessment in Wetland Environment for Supporting Indonesia Maritime
Technopark Infrastructures Requirement at PenajamPaser Utara, East Kalimantan
Taufan Wiguna ............................................................................................................................ 223
Geology and Geothermal Assessment of Wayang Windu Area, West Java, Indonesia
Masri.Asrizal, Sudradjat. Adjat and Sulaksana. Nana ................................................................ 225
Evaluation of Anomali Trend of Reservoir Permeability Based on Cleat Properties Quality and
Injectivity Fall Off Test Analysis Case Study at Air MuaraEnim Fm, Benakat Field, South Sumatera
Widiyanto Gathuk, Alfian Usman, Djedi S Widarto, A. Helman Hamdani and EdySunardi ..... 227
Underground Dam Study on Karst Areas, GunungKidul District; A Case Study
Diah Affandi and Pulung A. Pranantya ....................................................................................... 229
Surficial Sediment Characterization and Geological Interpretation Based Side Scan Sonar Data in
Shallow Marine Environment at Eastern Moyo Island
TaufanWiguna ............................................................................................................................. 231
Paleoenvironment of Sinamar Coal Measures in West Jambi Area, Sumatra: An Organic Petrological
Approach
Suwarna Nana, HermiyantoHeri, and Iqbal Muhammad ............................................................ 233
Engineering characteristic of volcanic materials at Jatinangor area, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
Irvan Sophian, Hendarmawan, Abdurokhim, Iyan Haryanto, Zufialdi Zakaria, and Dicky
Muslim .............................................................................................................................................. 235
Posters
Geothermal System of Pariangan, West Sumatera based on Hydrothermal Alteration and Hot Springs
Geochemistry Studies
Herza Nurkusumariani, Euis Tintin Yuningsih , Aton Patonah , Ildrem Syafrie .............................. 239
Characteristic of Fluid Inclusions in Chaarat Gold-Bearing Antimony Deposit in Middle of Tien Shan
Kyrgyzstan
Kubat Kenzhebaev and Lili Fauzielly.............................................................................................. 247
Engineering Geological Mapping in Jatinangor Area
Nur Khoirullah, Yogi Prianda Putra, Gisca Gia Frini, Irvan Sophian and Zufialdi Zakaria ............. 253
Distribution Ostracoda from Measured Section at Cimerang River, Sukabumi, Jawa Barat
Mohamad Solihin, Prasma Feby Rahmadhani, Renanda Sevirajati, Hendy Taufik and Lili ............ 259
Hydrothermal Alteration of SMN-X,Sumani Geothermal Area, West Sumatra, Indonesia
Muhammad Ghassan Jazmi Shalihin, Euis Tintin Yuningsih, Aton Patonah, Ildrem Syafrie and
Yuano Rezky..................................................................................................................................... 265
Evaluation on Characteristics of Soils as Clay Liner in Landfill Site: Originated from Several
Volcanic Rocks in Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia
Hennie Fitria W. Soehady Erfena and Baba Musta........................................................................... 271
Geoelectric Investigation on Distribution of Metal Waste and Its Implication to Groundwater
Condition in Pesarean Village, Adiwena Sub-district, Tegal Regency, Central Java
Damanik, C. T., Karina Meninta, Puspa Khaerani, M. Kurniawan Alfadli, Febriwan Mohamad .... 279
The Culture of Disaster Prevention as an Important Factor of Geohazards Awareness for Young
People
Fauzan N. Muslim, Ghazi O. Muslim, Dicky Muslim Evi Haerani, Naoko Kagawa and Motohiko
Shibayama ......................................................................................................................................... 289
Geology and Tectonics Analysis Ciuyah Mudvolcano, Kuningan, West Java
Faizal Muhamadsyah ........................................................................................................................ 297
Geochemistry Study of Granitoid Basement Rock in Jambi Sub Basin, South Sumatera – Indonesia
Ildrem Syafrie, Euis Tintin Yuningsih and Hiroharu Matsueda ....................................................... 305
Petrology and Alteration of Lari Mountain in Arinem Area, West Java, Indonesia
Fatoni Adyahya*, Euis T. Yuningsih, Ildrem Syafrie , Hiroharu Matsueda and A. Hardiyono ....... 313
Study of Depositional Environment Through Measure Section and Composite Log Profile in
Paguyangan Area, Brebes, West Java Province
Kuat Yogiristanto, Lili Fauzielly and Puspa Khaerani...................................................................... 319
Paleogeomorphology Dynamics Based on Surface Geological Mapping in Bumiayu, Brebes District,
Central Java Province
Dwi Menur Mandriati, Undang Mardiana, Annisa Nur Azizah, and Murni Sulastri ........................ 321
Geo-Electrictal Characterization of Major Fault Zone in Belait Formation to Identify Aquifer
Potential at North Labuan
Sahat Sadikun, Hardianshah Saleh, Baba Musta and Mohamed Ali Yusof Mohd Husin ................. 323
Mineral Characteristics of Black Sand from Pulau Banggi, Kudat, Sabah, Malaysia
Hazerina Pungut and Amirul Farhan Wan Ismail ............................................................................. 325
Water Quality Analysis of Coastal Freshwater Aquifer as Drinking Water Resource in North Labuan
Island, Malaysia
Mohamed Ali Yusof Bin Mohd Husin, Baba Musta, Hardianshah Saleh, and Jaineh Lingi ............ 327
Subsurface Evaluation of Seawater Intrusion at the Coastal Region of West-Coast Sabah Area by
Using Geophysical Analysis
Hardianshah Saleh and Sahat Sadikun .............................................................................................. 329
Source Rock Evaluation : Geochemistry Analysis in Regional of Asri Basin, Northwest Java,
Indonesia
Osman Rinaldi, Meninta Karin, Mochammad Fahmi Ghifarry and Harvey Zakaria........................ 331
An Environmental Impacy Assesment of Shale Gas Development in Indonesia: Associated with
Hydraulic Fracturing Process
Wijaya E., Putra F., Pangaribuan A., Mustafrizal F. and Arrisandy M............................................. 333
Geotechnics for Foundation Planning in Jetty and Conveyor Belt Construction
Ilham P. Budhi, Raden I. Sophian, Febri Hirnawan, and Geni Firuliadhim ..................................... 335
Kinematic Analysis to Predict the Pit Wall Failure at Batu Hijau Mine – PT Newmont Nusa Tenggara
Luthfan Harisan Jihadi, Yan Adriansyah and Zufialdi Zakaria ........................................................ 337
Recharge Anomaly on Transfer Zone of Cikapundung Fluvial System, Bandung, West Java
Zamzam A.J. Tanuwijaya Hendarmawan and Ajat Sudrajat ............................................................ 339
KEYNOTE
Kusumahbrata /ICG 2015
Coal Clean Technology Policy to Safeguard National Energy

Security and Environment Sustainability
Yunus Kusumahbrata
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
Abstract
National Energy Policy (KEN) determine the important role of coal as primary energy for coal-fired power plant
(CFPP) within national energy mix, accounted for 30% in 2025 and 25% in 2050. Improving the electrification ratio
in remote areas, including small isolated islands, villages along border areas, Papua etc. has become the major
concern of government. At the present time, however, the unbalance supply and demand of electricity leads to energy
crisis in at least 9 PLN’s distribution system areas. To keep pace with the ever increasing electricity demand,
Indonesia has no other alternative except to build CFPP and utilize its national coal reserve safeguard national
energy security. As the consequences of using CFPP there would be an increase of green house gas (GHG’s)
emissions. On the other hand, Indonesia has also had a strong international committment to reduce its GHG’s
emissions based on signed Pittsburg G-20 and COP 15 documents, therefore, in order to fulfill both important
objectives, an appropriate policy of CFPP implementation should be delivered accordingly. This paper will discuss
the policy and also briefly about implementation of clean coal technology (CCT) for various types of coal in order to
reduce GHG’s emissions.
Awang Harun Satyana /ICG 2015
Geology of Indonesia: Current Knowledge and

Resources Basis for Future Energy
Awang Harun Satyana
(SKK Migas, Executive Advisor for Geology & Geophysics)
Abstract
Indonesia is an immense archipelago of almost 18,000 islands extending over 5000 km from east to
west between 95° and 141° E, and crossing the equator from 6° N to 11° S. Geologically, Indonesia
occupies a complex region of three major plates convergence comprising Eurasia, India-Australia,
and Pacific-Philippine Sea plates. At the west, Indonesia is situated at the southeastern edge of the
Eurasian continent, at the east it is situated at the northern edge of the Australian continent. In the
middle, a complex region of Eurasian- and Australian-terranes collision exists with rifting and
spreading of deep marginal seas. The Indonesian archipelago formed over the past 300 million
years by subduction accretion and Gondwanan terranes – oceanic island arc collision. The history
of collision was younger eastward from Triassic at Sumatra to Miocene-Pliocene at Banda Arc and
Papua. Presently, Indonesia is bordered by subduction trenches, foredeep troughs of continental-
island arc collision, major strike-slip fault, and sutures of terrane collision. Consequently, It is
surrounded by tectonically active zones characterized by intense seismicity and volcanic activity.
Geologic history and present tectonic setting provide Indonesia with resources of energy which so
far for more than one hundred years have f ueled the activities of people in Indonesia, especially
energy of petroleum, coal, and geothermal. Numerous sedimentary basins formed in various
tectonic setting both in West- and East Indonesia and several basins of which are productive with
petroleum and coal accumulation. Quaternary volcanic arcs in Sumatra, Java and North Sulawesi
award Indonesia with the world’s biggest geothermal energy potential several of which have been
produced. Methane hydrates in deep seas of marginal seas and subduction trenches of Indonesia
are prospective for future energy. Exploring energy resources for the future is more difficult than
the past since all obvious energy accumulations have been discovered and produced, the remaining
are subtle accumulations located in frontier areas which so far have not much been explored.
Geologist’s creative thinking, managerial and financial supports are required. Current knowledge
of the geology of Indonesia will provides and improve the understanding of how to explore and
produce Indonesia’s energy resources for the future.***
Sanudin et al /ICG 2015
Depositional Characteristics and Petroleum Exploration Potential of

the Upper Miocene Sedimentary Sequence in East Sabah, Malaysia.
Sanudin Tahir, Junaidi Asis and Baba Musta
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
tsanudin@ums.edu.my
Abstract
This study is to document facies associations of the Upper Miocene rock units recorded from the various locations in
Sabah, Malaysia, namely; the Belait Formation, the Meligan Formation, the Kapilit Formation, the Sandakan
Formation and the Bongaya Formation. Sections of the rock units were measured in detail to reveal their sequential
variations and depositional environment as well as petrographic analysis to evaluate their reservoir characteristics.
The measured sections are predominantly composed of interbedded sandstone and mudstone with shallow marine
fossils and plant remains. The interbedded sandstone and mudstone regularly show sedimentary structures which are
indicative of wave and tidal processes, such as swaley, hummocky, trough and planar cross stratifications. Bioturbation
is common that include range of inchnofacies Skolithos to Cruziana, indicative of shoreface to inner neritic depositional
environments. The major depositional systems, concluded as storm-dominated near shore package that includes five
depositional facies, namely: tidal inlet facies, lagoon facies, upper to lower shoreface facies and inner shelf facies. This
range setting from high tide level to below storm wave base is located between shoreline to inner shelf framework. The
sequence grades up-section into facies sets of increasing tidal energy and terminate with the deposition within the tidal
inlet setting. The arrangement of the facies suggests a pattern of normal regression of sedimentary successions in this
part of Borneo during Upper Miocene. Petrographic analysis of different sandstone samples from different facies were
used to demonstrate the diagenetic maturity of the rock units. Some selected sandstones for petrograpic analysis gave
evidence of texturally and mineralogically mature quartz arenite with good sorting. However, the presence of unstable
lithic grains and feldspars during diagenetic processes contributed to the reduction of porosity, giving irregular
porosity due to history of sedimentation, and susceptibility to chemical alteration of labile minerals. Most observed
porosity in the sandstone sequence is secondary, developed from dissolution of both carbonate cement and unstable
framework grains. Lithic fragments, feldspars and authigenic cements were altered to form diagenetic mineral suites,
which tend to occlude porosity; besides, dissolution and chemical reactions of some of these rock forming particles also
enhanced secondary porosity development. Reservoir quality was also influenced by the subsequent diagenesis of the
sandstones, which was driven by overburden pressure and could be culminated by continuously increasing temperature
and pressure during the history of proceeding depth of burial. Mean porosity suggested trace of decreasing trend with
increasing depth of burial. However, detailed examination of several localities revealed that the major secondary
porosity development was strongly influenced by local factors. Thus, the Upper Miocene shoreline deposits in Sabah
can be concluded as fair sandstone reservoir potential and could be a potential petroleum system which is very similar
to the proven petroleum system in the adjacent area, the Kutei Basin. It is therefore recommended that further and more
detailed studies to be conducted in this sedimentary sequence.
Keywords: Sabah, Sedimentary facies and Petroleum Potential.
ORAL PRESENTATIONS
Depositional Characteristics and Petroleum Exploration Potential of

the Upper Miocene Sedimentary Sequence in East Sabah, Malaysia.
Sanudin Tahir, Junaidi Asis and Baba Musta
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources
Universiti Malaysia Sabah
tsanudin@ums.edu.my
Abstract
This study is to document facies associations of the Upper Miocene rock units recorded from the various locations in
Sabah, Malaysia, namely; the Belait Formation, the Meligan Formation, the Kapilit Formation, the Sandakan
Formation and the Bongaya Formation. Sections of the rock units were measured in detail to reveal their sequential
variations and depositional environment as well as petrographic analysis to evaluate their reservoir characteristics.
The measured sections are predominantly composed of interbedded sandstone and mudstone with shallow marine
fossils and plant remains. The interbedded sandstone and mudstone regularly show sedimentary structures which are
indicative of wave and tidal processes, such as swaley, hummocky, trough and planar cross stratifications. Bioturbation
is common that include range of inchnofacies Skolithos to Cruziana, indicative of shoreface to inner neritic depositional
environments. The major depositional systems, concluded as storm-dominated near shore package that includes five
depositional facies, namely: tidal inlet facies, lagoon facies, upper to lower shoreface facies and inner shelf facies. This
range setting from high tide level to below storm wave base is located between shoreline to inner shelf framework. The
sequence grades up-section into facies sets of increasing tidal energy and terminate with the deposition within the tidal
inlet setting. The arrangement of the facies suggests a pattern of normal regression of sedimentary successions in this
part of Borneo during Upper Miocene. Petrographic analysis of different sandstone samples from different facies were
used to demonstrate the diagenetic maturity of the rock units. Some selected sandstones for petrograpic analysis gave
evidence of texturally and mineralogically mature quartz arenite with good sorting. However, the presence of unstable
lithic grains and feldspars during diagenetic processes contributed to the reduction of porosity, giving irregular
porosity due to history of sedimentation, and susceptibility to chemical alteration of labile minerals. Most observed
porosity in the sandstone sequence is secondary, developed from dissolution of both carbonate cement and unstable
framework grains. Lithic fragments, feldspars and authigenic cements were altered to form diagenetic mineral suites,
which tend to occlude porosity; besides, dissolution and chemical reactions of some of these rock forming particles also
enhanced secondary porosity development. Reservoir quality was also influenced by the subsequent diagenesis of the
sandstones, which was driven by overburden pressure and could be culminated by continuously increasing temperature
and pressure during the history of proceeding depth of burial. Mean porosity suggested trace of decreasing trend with
increasing depth of burial. However, detailed examination of several localities revealed that the major secondary
porosity development was strongly influenced by local factors. Thus, the Upper Miocene shoreline deposits in Sabah
can be concluded as fair sandstone reservoir potential and could be a potential petroleum system which is very similar
to the proven petroleum system in the adjacent area, the Kutei Basin. It is therefore recommended that further and more
detailed studies to be conducted in this sedimentary sequence.
Keywords: Sabah, Sedimentary facies and Petroleum Potential.
1
Introduction the Sandakan Formation and the Bongaya

Formation. Sections of the rock units were
Upper Miocene sequence is probably an measured in detail to reveal their sequential
attractive frontier for the key area to the variations and depositional environment as well
petroleum exploration potential in Sabah. as petrographic analysis to evaluate their
Previous worked and our recent study suggested reservoir characteristics.
that the area could contain potential petroleum
systems. The area represents the major Neogene
basins as identified onshore, the Sandakan Material and Methods
Basin. Equivalent rock unit is widely exposed in The surface data and literature review of the
Dent Peninsula, Sandakan Peninsula and area were used for this study. Sampling stations
northeast Sabah (Figure 1). and measured sections were located within the
traverse area and were chosen to provide the
data for this study. In every station, field data
support the lithofacies to do interpretation for
every selected outcrop. Among the important
data is the lithology, geometry, grain size,
sedimentary structures, thickness of the rock
layer and trace fossil distributions. The lithology
logs were then analysed and interpreted with
respect to the sedimentary facies and other
characteristics to determine the depositional
environments. Fresh rock samples were
collected for petrographic analysis.
Geologic Setting and Stratigraphy

Extensive fieldwork data has been used to
Figure 1. Geology of eastern Sabah showing the Upper develop palaeogeographic reconstructions of
Miocene to Pliocene clastic sedimentary units.
Sabah (Figure 2), which have in turn been used
to assess the sedimentary sequences of equal
The geology of Sabah was established by setting during the late Middle Miocene to
the Geological Survey of Malaysia (Jabatan Pliocene. The rock units those exposed in Sabah
Mineral dan Geosains Malaysia), and excellent with these equivalent ages, are the Belait
reports with high quality geological maps have Formation, the Meligan Formation, the Kapilit
been published that reveals the Upper Miocene Formation, the Sandakan Formation, the
lithostratigraphic units. Extensive investigations Tanjong Formation and the Bongaya Formation
for oil and minerals have been conducted in the are dominated by clastic shoreline deposits, the
offshore as well as onshore areas by Tabanak Formation, the Sebahat Formation, The
PETRONAS and international oil companies Ganduman Formation and the Togopi Formation
since 1970s to give better views. With those with locally influenced by channel feeding to the
credits, researchers gain excellent baseline data offshore setting. The rock units are sitting on top
for the continuous collection of geological data of the Middle Miocene unconformity that
to improve the understanding of the stratigraphy marked as deep regional unconformity (DRU)
of Sabah. This study is to simplify the revealed by offshore seismic data. This
association of the Upper Miocene rock units unconformity marked the top erosion limit of the
those were recorded from various locations in deep marine Palaeogene sequences of the
Sabah, Malaysia, namely; the Belait Formation, Bornean and wide spread to the neighbouring
the Meligan Formation, the Kapilit Formation, stratigraphy. The Middle Miocene DRU is
2
marked by tremendously thick Mélange and

volcanic facies all over onshore Sabah and none
of the outcrops that differentiating between the
mélange and the volcanic facies show any
hiatus.
Seismic interpretation deduced thick
Tertiary sedimentary sequence and estimated
that the upper section of the stratigraphic units
are interpreted to be hydrocarbon potential. The
potential reservoirs are expected to be within the
structural and stratigraphic traps of the clean
thick sandstone layers.
orogenic belt. This evidence is proven by the
geographical distribution that occupies the tips
of the peninsulas in east Sabah (Figure 3). Figure
4 shows the simplified stratigraphy of the area.
Figure 3. Geological map of Sabah (modified from Yin
1985).
The Upper Miocene Sequence east Sabah

This study documents shallow marine facies
recorded from the Miocene basins in east Sabah.
The rock units identified include; the Sebahat
Formation, the Ganduman Formation, the
Tabanak Formation the Sandakan Formation, the
Bongaya Formation and the Togopi Formation.
Sections of the rock units exposed onshore in
eastern part of Sabah were examined and
measured in detail to reveal their sequential
variations and depositional environment. The
successions of the sequence are exposures of
Figure 2. Paleogeographic reconstruction of northwest major shoreline to deltaic deposits of the region
Borneo during Tertiary (Sanudin and Baba 2007). during the late Miocene. The sections are
predominantly composed of various thicknesses
These post-tectonic sedimentary units of interbedded sandstone and mudstone with
occurred within the remnant of an accretionary indicative sedimentary structures, shallow
prism of the orogenic belt forming shallow marine fauna and trace fossils. The sandstone
marine basins. The post-magmatic sequence was usually shows sedimentary structures which are
marked by the deposition of detritus within the indicative of storm, wave and tidal processes,
Late Neogene circular basins of major areas in such as swaley, hummocky, trough and planar
east Sabah (Figure 3). The sediments of the cross stratifications (Figure 5). Figure 6 reveals
circular basins were unconformably deposited the vertical section of the interpreted shelf
over deformed Palaeogene sequences, which sequence from the selected composite sections.
indicate intra-arc basin. This was followed by Bioturbation is common and include range of
the late Middle Miocene to Pliocene sediments inchnofacies Skolithos to Cruziana that indicate
of which are probably related to fore deep basin shoreface to inner shelf depositional
sedimentation that developed at the front of the environments. The sequence grades up-section
into facies packages of increasing tidal energy
3
and terminate with the deposition within the includes four major depositional facies, namely
upper flow regime shoreline settings deltaic and the tidal inlet sandstone facies, lagoonal mud
tidal inlets. Silty samples collected from one of facies, upper to lower shoreface sandstone facies
the circular basins in the Dent Peninsula area and inner shelf interbedded sandstone and
contains nannofossils of at least Middle to Late mudstone facies.
Miocene age, namely Cyclococcolithus Some depositional events that prevailed during
macintyrei, Helicosphaera carteri, the early stages of the deposition of the shallow
Cyclococcolithus leptoporus, Sphenoliythus marine sequences indicate instability of the area
abies, and Recticulofenestra pseudoumbilica during deposition, as evidenced by numerous
(Rangin et al. 1990). slumps and submarine mass flow deposits
AGE ROCK R S T Hc grading conformably into little deformed
UNIT sediments. The argillaceous is characterized by
PLEISTOCENE dark gray, thickly bedded mudstone intercalated
P Upper with thin beds of siltstone and claystone, with
Togopi
L Fm
ferruginous partings and concretions of
I Lower calcareous argillite and marl. Isolated sandstone,
O marlstone and conglomerate are other rock
. Bongaya type’s equivalent in age. The proportion of the
M Sandakan rock types is variable, but the claystone are the
I Upper dominant type. The sequence is rich in
Tb Gn
O foraminifera, mollusks, plant remains with
………....
C Sebahat amber, coral and algae. From the faunal analysis,
E ....Hiatus…. the depositional environment is between
N Middle
Volc. Fs
intertidal to several meters depth. The
E structureless and thickly bedded or massive
………….
Melange claystone in most section indicates a calm
environment, probably lagoon. This sequence of
Lower Lst. Fs the lower part grades on to the upper section
…………. which is more sandy and grades into sandy
O facies. This part of the sequence comprises of
L Upper thick sandstone with claystone interbeds.
I Throughout the sequence, the lithology is rather
G uniform with common small to large trough and
O Labang hummocky cross-bedding.
Fm Sedimentary characteristics
Lower
The field characteristics of the clastic
E sequence were studied by using facies analysis
O Upper method and interpreted to have formed within
C the shoreface and equivalent environments. Field
E characterisation of sedimentary structures to
N Middle delineate to the depositional environment of the
E shallow marine deposits in Sabah has not been
reported. The sedimentary structures are
Figure 4. Stratigraphy of the East Sabah (Sandakan Basin): relatively recognised feature of storm influenced
R–potential reservoir, S–potential seal, T– potential trap shoreline deposits. The presence of hummocky
system, and HC–potential hydrocarbon.
cross-stratification (HCS), swaley cross-
The major depositional system, reconstructed as
stratification (SCS), deep depositional scours,
partly storm-dominated nearshore package that
4
and intraformational conglomerates indicates The sedimentary structures found can be

that storms were important depositional agent interpreted as a product of a combination of both
during the accumulation of the sedimentary bed load transport and sediment falling off from
suspension. The clastic facies composed of
mainly thick bedded sandstone interlayered with
medium to thin bedded shale and is represented
by well-sorted, fine to coarse grained arenite.
The coarse sandy deposits, mainly upper section
of the sequence are characterised by hummocky
Coarsening upward Fine-grain sandstone, lower
sequence, upper section section and swaley cross stratification. Sandstones are
texturally and mineralogically mature quartz
arenite with good sorting
Physical Characteristics of Selected

Sandstone Samples
Swaley cross bedding Hummocky cross bedding Petrographic analysis of sandstone samples
Figure 5. Typical sedimentary structures indicative of from selected locations were used to
shoreline deposits from selected sections of the Upper demonstrate the diagenetic maturity of the rock
Miocene outcrops. units. Some selected sandstones for petrographic
analysis gave evidence of texturally and
mineralogically mature quartz arenite with good
Environment Sequent
Litholog Facies sorting. However, the presence of unstable lithic
Interpretation Environment
si lt san
d
grains and feldspars during diagenetic processes
ud
m
.......
.......
.. .. .. .. .. .. ..
.......
.......
contributed to the reduction of pore spaces,
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
---------------------
Amalgamated and
.......
.......
.......
-------
.......
.......
low angle planar giving irregular porosity due to history of
.......
.......
.......
....... cross-stratified Upper shoreface
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
coarse grained sedimentation, and susceptibility to chemical
.......
.......
------- sandstone
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
alteration of labile minerals (Figure 7). Most
-------
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
observed porosity in the sandstone sequence is
.......
.......
-------
.......
.......
.......
-------
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
secondary, developed from dissolution of both
.......
.......
.......
.......
-------
.......
.......
.......
....... Hummocky-swaley
carbonate cement and unstable framework labile
-------
.......
.......
....... cross-stratified Shelf grains. Lithic fragments, feldspars and
20m
.......
....... Lower shoreface
-------
....... fine to coarse
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
....... grained sandstone authigenic cements were altered to form
-------
-------
-------
.......... ....
.......
.......
.......
.......
.......
-------
-------
-------
.......
.......
.......
diagenetic mineral suites, which tend to occlude
-------
-------
.......
-------
.......
.......
-.......
.......
-------------
-------
.......
.......
porosity; besides, dissolution and chemical
-------
.......
-------
.......
.......
-------
-------
-------
.......
.......
-------
-------
.......
reactions of some of these rock forming grains
-------
-------
-------
.......
-------
-------
.......
.......
-------
Rare hummocky
cross-stratified Shoreface - shelf also enhanced secondary porosity development.
-------
-------
.......
transition
Reservoir quality was also influenced by the
.......
-------
.......
.......
-------
-------
.......
-------
fine grained
.......
-------
------- sandstone-siltstone
-------
.......
-------
-------
--------
------------------
---------
.......
.......
-------
-------
interbeds subsequent diagenesis of the sandstones, which
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
.......
.......
.......
-------
-------
----------------------------
-- -- -- -- -- -- --
--- --- --- --- --- --- ---
was driven by overburden pressure and could be
.......
.......
-------
----------------------------
.......
....... culminated by continuously increasing
Figure 6. Sequence of the Upper Miocene shallow marine temperature and pressure during the history of
deposits.
proceeding depth of burial (Sanudin Tahir 2003).
sequence (Figure 5). Combining information Mean porosity suggested trace of decreasing
from trace fossils and sedimentary structures trend with increasing depth of burial. However,
allow the subdivision of the sequence into detailed examination of several localities
deposits of the upper shoreface, lower shoreface revealed that themajor secondary porosity
and distal lower shoreface.
5
development was strongly influenced by local

factors. Table 1. Analysed source rocks collected from
some of the rock units exposed onshore.
Sam Proximate Analysis Ultimate Analysis

ple
Moist. Ash Volatile C% H% O%
Total
% % Matter
% Sulph
ur %
ST a 4.00 5.80 29.20

0.23 72.10 3.89 9.47
ST b 6.60 2.80 38.10

0.30 68.30 5.03 12.11
STc 5.30 2.60 38.40

0.35 71.20 5.20 11.25
Figure 7. Photomicrograph of a selected sandstone sample SP1 0.80 4.00 48.00

0.91 78.70 6.14 8.93
showing general components.(Mo – monocrystalline
quartz, Po – polycrystalline quartz, K – altered lithic SP2 2.80 1.70 40.60
0.43 76.80 5.45 9.38
fragments, I – altered feldspar and dark dirty appearance
are voids. Most of the grain contacts are tangential and SP3 2.10 1.60 43.90
longitudinal types). 0.30 79.10 5.91 9.98
SK1 2.0 26.9 33.3

0.44 58.40 4.61 11.17
The organic source rock is matured (Table SK2 1.10 30.80 33.00
1.74 52.60 4.17 11.01
1) and is expected to be an intraformational
mudstone migrated up dip from a source deeper SK3 1.10 28.90 33.70
1.74 53.10 4.02 10.13
in the basin. Potential hydrocarbon kitchen areas KP1 0.99 4.51 37.64
in the basin are expected to be late Middle 0.85 71.58 5.60 11.98
Miocene argillaceous facies. Chemical analysis KP2 1.01 3.95 38.01

1.03 73.22 5.59 12.01
shown that terrestrial to shallow marine are the
KP3 1.87 2.44 37.91
proper anticipated source rocks. Maturity 0.72 46.93 5.56 10.45
window was tested by using ratios of oxygen-
carbon and hydrogen-carbon giving the result of
mature migrated hydrocarbon. Hydrocarbon Play Types
migration from a source to the trap is expected to There are three major petroleum plays, they
be via permeable beds present in various are:
stratigraphic levels and fracture system. Timing – Structural closures stacked with Late
of trap formation is not considered critical in the
Miocene reservoirs;
basin since hydrocarbon generation from
potential source rocks continued up to the – Late Middle Miocene reefs, and;
present day. The regional top seal of the basin is – Late Miocene stratigraphic closures.
anticipated to be the Plio-Pleistocene fine-
grained sequence that is thick andwidespread Conclusions and Recommendations
onshore outcrops. Local top seals would be
provided by intra-formational clay stone Thick sands deposited by delta and
associated with transitional to shallow water shoreline complexes around Borneo during
sequences. The potential traps present were Upper Miocene have proven to be prolific
formed mostly during the Plio-Pleistocene hydrocarbon reservoirs, e.g.Bagram Delta and
compressional phase although additional the Mahakam delta. The Sandakan Basin at the
potential traps were formed during the post-rift. present day is fed by a relatively large river
systems, e.g. Kinabatangan River and Segama
6
River could be the key evidence to the thick

sedimentary sequence of the area. Seismic data
indicates the presence of a large offshore
regressive system and delta equivalent
complexes (could be a combination of both
rivers mentioned).
One of the main challenges for oil and gas References
exploration in the area, part of the Sandakan Rangin,C.; Bellon, H.; Bernard, F.; Letouzey, J.; Muller,C.
Basin, is therefore to understand the provenance, and Sanudin,T. 1990. Neogene arc-continent collision
transport, deposition and distribution of sand in Sabah, North Borneo (Malaysia). Tectonophysics,
within the basin, all of which have implications (183): 305-3190
for reservoir quality. In addition, part of the Rangin, C; Muller, C; Letouzey, J; Stephan, J.F.;
basin has been affected by gravity tectonics, Chorowicz, J; Bernard, F; Butterlin, J.; Bellon, H.;
producing spectacular linked up dip extensional Sanudin, T.; Baladad, D.; and Berrador, A. 1989. Arc-
continent collision in Sabah and Panay Island
structures, all of which are likely to have
(Philippines): Some constraints on the Cenozoic
influenced local depositional transport. evolution of Sulu Sea marginal basin. Proc. Int. Symp.
High resolution seismic data and Geodyn. Evolut. Eastern Eurasian Margin, Paris.
experienced analyst are necessary to map Sanudin Tahir 2003. Geologi Petroleum. Penerbit UMS:
sedimentary systems within the Neogene Basin Kota Kinabalu, 377 p.
of the area to determine their interaction with the Sanudin Tahir and Baba Musta 2007. Pengenalan kepada
formation of sedimentary sequences. The results stratigrafi. Penerbit UMS: Kota Kinabalu, 203 p.
can be linked to onshore parts of the basin to
Yin, E.H. 1985. Geological map of Sabah. Scale,
give better view of the prospects. It may contain 1/500,000. Geol. Surv. Malaysia.
a potential petroleum system that is very similar
to the proven petroleum system in the
neighbouring areas, e.g. Kutei Basin and Baram
Delta. It is therefore recommended that further
and more detailed studies be conducted in the
area the future addition hydrocarbon prospects in
Sabah.
7
8
Coal Clean Technology Policy to Safeguard National Energy

Security and Environment Sustainability
Yunus Kusumahbrata
Ministry of Energy and Mineral Resources
Abstract
National Energy Policy (KEN) determine the important role of coal as primary energy for coal-fired power plant
(CFPP) within national energy mix, accounted for 30% in 2025 and 25% in 2050. Improving the electrification ratio
in remote areas, including small isolated islands, villages along border areas, Papua etc. has become the major
concern of government. At the present time, however, the unbalance supply and demand of electricity leads to energy
crisis in at least 9 PLN’s distribution system areas. To keep pace with the ever increasing electricity demand,
Indonesia has no other alternative except to build CFPP and utilize its national coal reserve safeguard national
energy security. As the consequences of using CFPP there would be an increase of green house gas (GHG’s)
emissions. On the other hand, Indonesia has also had a strong international committment to reduce its GHG’s
emissions based on signed Pittsburg G-20 and COP 15 documents, therefore, in order to fulfill both important
objectives, an appropriate policy of CFPP implementation should be delivered accordingly. This paper will discuss
the policy and also briefly about implementation of clean coal technology (CCT) for various types of coal in order to
reduce GHG’s emissions.
Demand Side of Energy from the energy mixed perspective, in the next
35 years, the total demand of energy will be
Indonesia is endowed with great natural mining- raised more than 5 times, energy consumption
based resources including oil & gas, metalic and per capita will be 4 times higher, power
non metalic minerals, coal, geothermal and generation needed will be more than 8 times,
others. In terms of coal production, Indonesia whereas electricity consumption per capita jump
was the world’s largest exporter of thermal coal extremely to almost 9 times from now.
in 2014. Its tin production was ranked second
globally in 2013, and in the same year it was At the time being with population growth
recorded the world’s top five producers of 1.2%/year, Indonesia’s electricity demand is
copper and nickel and top 10 producers of gold increasing around 7-8% /year concurrent with a
and natural gas. relatively high national economic growth
accounted for 5-6% /year. The sufficient supply
As predicted by McKinsey Global Institute in of electricity is not only needed to increase
2012, Indonesia with its demographic and national electrification ratio, but more
geographic comparative advantages is on the importantly the sustainable supply of energy will
way to become the world's 7th largest economy directly determine economic growth. Therefore,
by 2030. The report cites that the country's sufficent energy supply will guarantee the
young population, growing up of new mid level increase of electrification ratio, attracting
consumer class and the rapid urbanization of investment on industrial development and hance
cities as reasons that will elevate Indonesia's flavour the long term steady state of national
$850 billion economy up nine spots from its economic growth (Fig. 1 & 2). Existing
current place of 16th largest economy globally. condition shows that a relatively low and uneven
As a consequence, demand for energy, materials, distribution of electrification ratio in the Eastern
water and other key resources are likely to Part of Indonesia, especially Papua, has become
increase rapidly. To response such huge demand, major challenge to be solved (Fig. 3 & 4).
9
Fig. 1: Indonesia’s energy mix perspective
Fig. 2: Road Map of Indonesia’s Energy Mix-2050
10
Fig.
3: Growth of national electricity demand
Fig.4: Realization and target of national electrification ratio
ambitious program to produce additional 35 GW

electricity supply up to 2019 to fulfill the need
Supply Side of Energy and safeguard the national energy security. The
project is expected to push annual economic
At the present time, shortage of electricity
growth up to 6.7 percent. In order to make the 35
supply within 9 network distribution systems of
GW usable, however, power demand must grow
State Electricity Company (PLN) has remain a
by 8.8% annually and electrification ratio has to
challenge to be tackled. Concerning the ever
be around 97.4%. Considering the availability of
increasing energy demand, GoI has launched the
national resources and unavailability of other
11
energy alternatives, coal will then be used as coal-fired mine-mouth power plant that requires
primary energy resources for the project. detailed information of coal resource. For
example, several types of coals have been
identified throughout the country with different
Policy for the Utilization of Coal Resources characteristics including rank, calorific value,
According to the road map of energy supply and moisture and ash content, volatile matter and
considering of its resources availability, coal will fixed carbon content. Based on its rank or
be used as the main supplier to national energy. calorific value as the most important measure
In terms of resources and reserve of 2014, there are 4 types of coal are identified, such as
Indonesia possesses 125 BT resources and 33 coal with very high-, high-, medium- and low
BT reserve of coal respectively which mainly calorific values. The medium- and low calorific
discovered in Sumatera (55%) and Kalimantan values of coals are the most abundant coals in
(45%) (Figs. 5 & 6). Its general quality is Indonesia. The medium-, to low rank coals
reflected in their rank distribution: lignite – 58%; usually possesses a significant amount of
sub-bituminous – 27%; bituminous – 14%; and mineral matter that can produce GHG’s during
anthracite <0.5%. combustion if not treated accordingly. In terms
If the use this national coal reserve at the rate of of energy diversification, low rank coal will be
400 MT per year, it will approximately last for prioritized for mine-mouth power plant, gasified
about 85 consecutive years. Holistic and liquified coals, whereas high rank coal will
understanding of Indonesia’s coal characteristics mainly be used to meet the demand of national
is important in order to draw strategic planning power generation backbone.
of the resource, including how to building up
Fig. 5: Distribution of major national coal resources in Sumatera and Kalimantan
12
Fig. 6: Indonesia’s coal resource and reserve and its quality proportion
portofolio of solutions should be done to be able

to achieve this goal. Several most important
Policy on the utilization of Clean Coal programs to combat GHG’s emissions is to
Technology include the effort for improving greater energy
efficiency, a vast increase in renewable energy
The GoI fully aware if coal is going to be used
and CO2 capture and storage by implementing
as primary energy resource for building up
complete CO2 value chain, from the capture of
“coal-fired power plant”, the produced green
CO2, its transportation to storage sites, to its
house gases emission will increase and hence it
injection into geological formations deep
has to be controlled. The Intergovernmental
underground.
Panel on Climate Change (IPCC) has confirmed
and warned that unless the global society GoI has launched regulation for the utilization of
working together to take immediate and drastic coal including its minimum 30% contribution on
action to reduce CO2 emission, average global energy mixed in 2025, and minimum 25% on
temperature is likely to rise by 2,4oC – 6.4oC by energy mixed in the year 2050 but its role will
2100. If we fail to keep it below 2oC devastating also be capped to maximum 50% in the year
and irreversible – climate change will occur. 2050. Coal will be used primarily for energy in
This needs reducing CO2 – equivallent power industry and feed-stock in other
emissions at least 50% by 2020. industries, while liquified coal will be utilized
for transportation sector and more advance CCT
Responding to the global campaign to combat
on CFPP in the future.
GHG emissions, Indonesia will be responsible to
keep the committment of GHG’s emisions as In order to control and reduce GHG’s emission,
stated during G-20 Pittsburg and COP 15 Indonesia has set up a target and strategic
Summits according to the Road Map of National planning to provide sufficient, reliable and
Appropriate Mitigation Actions (NAMA’s) affordable electricity supply to safeguard its
beyond the year 2020 (26% or 967 million relatively high and steady economic growth.
tonnes with national effort or 41% with One of its strategic program is to implement
international support). However, with energy progressive policy for building up coal-fired
demand expected to double by this date and power plant using Clean Coal Technology
renewable energy only capable to make up 30% (CCT) (Fig. 7). During period 2015 - 2024, the
of the energy mix, an introduction of special Ultra Super Critical (USC) combine cycle
13
power plant is promoted as an advance & low GHG’s emission. The IGCC technology
technology of CCT including Sub-Critical- and is undergoing testing with promising result to be
Ultra Super Critical Combine Cycle (USC). The developed beyond 2024, especially on the
more advance CCT known as Integrated utilization of low rank coal with low ash melting
Gasification Combine Cycle (IGCC) has to be point (Fig. 8).
technologically proven becoming
commercialized to achieve low electricity costs
Fig. 7: Advantages of CCT implementation for USC and IGCC
Fig. 8: Road map of CCT for CFPP development in Indonesia
Conclusion to set up Policy and Regulation

1. To meet the rapidly growing energy concerning the utilization of CCT to be
demand and to overcome shortage of able to find a potential solution to
electricity supply, coal-based generation achieve dual goals with respect to power
electricity power plant provides a quick sector development/energy security and
and low-cost solution in Indonesia. environmental sustainability.
However, CFPP contributes to the 3. Holistic understanding of Indonesia’s
increase GHG’s emissions. coal characteristics is important in order
2. Reducing GHG’s emission while to draw a strategic planning of the
keeping expanding power production resource related to expansion of CFPP,
and enhancing energy security has to be including detailed information about
achieved. Government of Indonesia has
14
coal resource to building up mine-mouth

CFPP.
4. USC is commercially matured, already References
proven and well performed in many
countries. It can use low rank coal Belkin, H.E & S.J. Tewalt, 2007. Geochemistry of
having above average ash melting point, Selected Coal Sample from Sumatera,
has economic merit to Sub Critical and Kalimantan, Sulawesi and Papua,
SC CFPP and also produces lower CO2 Indonesia. USGS Open File Report 2007-
emission. 1202, 49 pp.
5. IGCC is a promising technology, yet not Japan Coal Energy Center, 2005. High Efficiency
commercially matured, can use low rank Pulverized Coal-fired Power Generation
coal with low ash melting point, its Technology (Ultra Super Critical Steam
project cost is expected to drop and Condition), Coal-fired Generation
make it economical compared to SC and Technologies, Clean Coal in Japan, p. 23-
USC, lower CO2 emission than SC and 24
USC. JICA Study Team, 2011. The Project for
Promotion of Clean Coal Technology
(CCT) in Indonesia, Interim Report,
Jakarta.
15
16
Bensaman et al/ICG 2015
Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineralization Characteristics of Gajah

Tidur Prospect, Ertsberg Mining District, Papua, Indonesia
Benny Bensaman1,2, Reza Al Furqan1, Mega F. Rosana2, Euis T.Yuningsih2
1
PT Eksplorasi Nusa Jaya/ Affiliate of Freeport-McMoran Copper and Gold, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Geology, Padjadjaran University, Indonesia
Email:Benny_Bensaman@fmi.com
Abstract
Gajah Tidur prospect is the deepest explored part of the Grasberg Igneous Complex (GIC) located at the elevation
between 1,600 – 3,000m, almost 2.5 Km below the pre-mining surface. The Grasberg Porphyry Cu-Au deposit is hosted
by three main monzonitic to dioritic intrusive units, emplaced approximately 3 Ma which consists of the Dalam, the
Main Grasberg Intrusion (MGI) and the Kali. Deep drilling have been carried out and sited at 3,026 m elevation of
Kucing Liar Exploration Drift and drill down to approximately to 2,050m elevation at holes KL98-10-21 and KL98-10-
22. The objective is to explore the vertical extension of Deep Grasberg porphyry Cu-Au deposit. KL98-10-21 drilled
through the center of the Grasberg Intrusive Complex while KL98-10-22 has drilled outward into the carbonate and
sedimentary wall rock and both drilled up to 1,700m in length. The drill section provides important new data on the
evolution of the Grasberg igneous Complex (GIC). The results of study of this drill section are integrated with previous
works to characterize especially on advance argillic –high sulfidation type of silica-sericite-pyrite-covelite-enargite and
alunite-pyrophyllite-andalusite-halloysite alteration and mineralization assemblages which observed in both intrusions
and the wall rock. Based on the drill core logging, petrography and geochemical analysis of selected samples of the two
drill holes mentioned earlier, the bottom of the Grasberg Cu-Au porphyry ore body seems to decreased and terminated
at about 2,750m elevation probably due to overprinted by intense silica-sericite alteration locally approaching 95-
100% by volume and observed phyllic and advanced argillic of high sulfidation alteration in the top 165m of the
underlying Kucing Liar porphyry.The advanced argillic alteration is hypogene and composed of pyrophyllite, kaolinite-
dickite, with sporadic zunyite, diaspore, alunite and svanbergite, and late sulfur, gypsum and anhydrite. Intense silica,
phyllic, advanced argillic and acid-sulfate alterations which are occur beneath the higher level porphyry copper zone is
anomalous compared to other porphyry systems. Some high temperature clay minerals above indicate that the
magmatic hydrothermal fluid is more play significant role than the meteoric fluid.
Keywords :Grasberg Igneous Complex, advance argillic, high sulphidation, Gajah Tidur mineralization.
Introduction extent and volume the GIC is limited, with pre-mine

surficial foot print of less than 3 km². Ore grade
The Gajah Tidur prospect is located in the mineralization extends to a depth of more than 2
Ertsberg Mining District in the Central Range km. Notable about Grasberg is the quantity of
Mobile Belt, western half of the island of the New hypogene ore, both disseminated and vein hosted
Guinea, the Indonesia province of Papua (Figure 1). and lack of significant supergene enrichment
Grasberg Igneous Complex, which formed at (MacDonald and Arnold, 1994). Currently
~3Ma (Figure 2), is host to one of the largest copper producing roughly 6% of the world’s copper supply,
and gold porphyry-type ore deposits discovered in as well as containing significant quantities of gold,
the world. Three main phases of intrusion at the this copper-gold porphyry system is one of the most
level of the open pit mine; the Dalam, subdivided extraordinary mineral system on Earth. Using a non-
into the Dalam Andesite, Dalam Volcanic and economic cutoff grade of 0.1% Cu, the Grasberg-
Dalam Fragmental, the Main Grasberg Intrusion related system contains7.5 billion tonnes (grading
(MGI) and the Kali (Early and Late). In both areal 0.70% Cu and 0.64 ppm Au) in two deposits, the
17
Grasberg porphyrysystemand the Kucing Liar skarn delineate the Cu-Au mineralization extension to
(Leys et al, 2012).Producing since 1989 occurs as deep and below the Deep Grasberg ore body. KL98-
open pit mining with underground operation by 10-21 hole has design to drill the center of
block caving expected to begin at 2016. The theGrasberg intrusive complex and the second hole,
projected mine life is at least 45 years. KL98-10-22 drilled the edge and the wall rock. Both
drill holes have intersected an interesting
hydrothermal alteration and mineralization. Silica-
sericite alteration is the dominant alteration occurs
which hosted at both the intrusives and the
sediments wall rock.
Geological Background
The study area is included in PT Freeport
Indonesia CoW Block "A", located in the southern
part of the Central Range Mobile Belt, Papua.
Regional geology of this area is dominated by a
complex system of subparalel structure
Figure 1. The Grasberg porphyry in the Ertsberg Mining corresponding to the dominant West-Northwest
District, Papua, Western part of New Guinea.
tectonic trending. Stratigraphic unit ranged from
Triassic-Miocene age clastic sedimentary and
carbonates rock unit, dominated by shallow marine
to shelf facies sedimentary rocks, which consists of
shale, siltstone, mudstone, sandstone, limestone and
dolomite(Figure 3).
These sedimentary rocks sequence have
intruded by Plio-Pleistocene age, intermediate
composition of sills and dikes, associated with the
Cu-Au deposits in the region which are now mined
in the Ertsberg and Grasberg Districts within the
CoW Block "A". The Ertsberg mining district is
Figure 2.Looking to the West, Grasberg photo showing located in the axis of the Central Range with Puncak
Yellow Valley Syncline and Marren Valley(PT.FI
Internal Report). Jaya the highest peak in Indonesia at the edge.
Oblique convergence ~12 Ma (Cloos et al, 2005)
subducted the Australian Plate beneath the Pacific
Deep drilling had been successfully discovered Plate. Resulting in thin-skinned folding and
high sulfidation type alteration and mineralization at thrusting and stratigraphic repetition in the Foreland
the bottom part of Deep Grasberg ore body which and a left-stepping en-echelon arranged
shown intense silica-sericite alteration and synclinorium in the Central Range. The initial thin-
stockwork veinsand Cu-Au mineralization. The skinned mechanism developed into a thick-skinned
commitment to keep exploring and discover a new basement involved deformation with deep seated
ore body have play the main reasons to conduct the regional NW-SE thrust and NE-SW strike-slip
deep exploration drilling into deeper part from faults.
existing Grasberg porphyry Cu-Au deposit.
GIC is a product of young intrusive bodies
Two deep holes have been drilled from 3,100m emplaced shallow depths alongthe axis of the
elevation at the edge of the Grasberg ore body to kilometer-scale syncline. Although there are at least
18
sixteen individual intrusions in the district Methodology

(McMahon, 1994a), only the Dalam phase of the
The study is mainly based on the drill core
Grasberg system has clear evidence for
observation of holes KL98-10-21 and KL98-10-22.
contemporaneous volcanic activity. Weiland and
The drill core then photographed and sampled for
Cloos (1996) have shown through apatite fission
detailed petrological analyses. Drill core samples
track studies that unroofing of the GIC was less than
collected from both the intrusive and wall rocks as
2 Km. Structurally, the district contains hundreds of
well as quartz veins which presumably contain the
strike-slip faults (Sapiie, 1998). Most of them have
representative minerals and inclusions to be
only minor offset (cmscale), but five northwest-
analysisto determine intrusive rock types, alteration
trending strike-slip zones are ”major” with at least
zoning and mineralization styles. Thin and polished
tens of meters to perhaps a few hundred meters of
sections have been prepared from selected samples
cummulative offset (Sapiie and Cloos, 2004).The
for petrographic study. The mineralogical data of
CoW Block ”A” regional geology map shown in
the intrusive rock were obtain to determine the type
Figure 3.
and composition as well as secondary data of clay
mineral identification by X-ray Diffraction (XRD),
Stratigraphy Near Infra Red(NIR),and whole rock analysis are
used to determinefor any clay minerals and chemical
Regionally, the stratigraphic sequence consists composition respectively. In addition, sulfides,
of a series of Mesozoic and Cenozoic passive strata oxides and alteration minerals were analyzed in
that were deposited on the northern flank of the polished thin sections by electron microprobe.
Autralian continental shelf (Quarless van Ufford,
1996). Within the Ertsberg District two stratigraphic
succession are exposed: the Kembelangan Group Alteration and Ore Mineralogy
and the New Guinea Limestone Group (Figure 4.).
The research are based from drill core
The Kembelangan Group is a suite of Cretaceous
observation and detailed geological logging of two
silisiclastic units and includes four formations: the
deep holes drilled from Kucing Liar Exploration
Kopai Formation, a argillaceous, glauconitic and
Drift, located at 3,026 m elevation, which consists
pyritic quartz arenite with minor siltstone and
of KL98-10-21 and KL98-10-22 (Figure 5 and 6).
mudstone at the top of the formation; the Piniya
Mudstone, consisting of interlayered carbonaceous KL98-10-22 hole collaring on replacement
siltstones and mudstones; and the Ekmai Sandstone, suphide alteration consist of fine grained pyrite-
a fine grained glauconitic sandstone (Quarles van covellite, locally base metal sphalerite-galena hosted
Ufford, 1996). on dolomitic marble and limestone of Faumai
Formation, overlying Waripi Skarn comprised of
The Kembelangan Group is overlain by the
magnetite-pyrite-chalcopyrite-serpentineand
Tertiary new Guinea Limestone Group. A series of
hornfels-exoskarn altered of Kembelangan shale,
carbonates and sandstone (Quarles van Ufford,
limestone, and sandstone respectively. Skarn
1996). The New Guinea Limestone Group has been
alteration minerals are consists of calc-silicate
divided into four formations: (1) Waripi Formation;
garnet-diospide-epidote-chlorite assemblages with
a Paleocene to Eocene fossiliferous dolostone and
locally K-feldspar association.
sandstone, (2) Faumai Formation; an Eocene
foraminifera-bearing limestone and dolostone, (3)
Sirga Formation; an Oligocene coarse to medium
grained sandstone and siltstone, and (4) Kais
Formation; an Oligocene to Miocene foraminifera-
bearing limestone and marl.
19
Figure 3. Regional geology map of the Ertsberg Mining District, showing the sediments, intusions, and ore deposits have been
discovered (PT Freeport Indonesia).
Figure 4. CoW “A” stratigraphic column section A-B (PT Freeport Indonesia).
20
Kembelangan feldspatic quartz sandstone fine-medium grained monzodiorite which possibly

(Kkes) is mostly strongly altered to quartz-sericite similar to Main Grasberg Intrusion, potassic-
cut by quartz±pyrite-chalcopyrite cross-cutting propylitic alteration and still contain pyrite-
veins-veinlets (Trautman, 2013), pyrite-chalcopyrite chalcopyrite as disseminated and few veinlets and
are occurs as disseminated. The sedimentary units coarse grained monzodiorite, with plagioclase-
above have intruded by 4-25m thickness, fine to hornblende-biotite porphyry, fine needle –shaped
medium grained plagioclase-hornblende porphyry hornblende with weaker potassic and propylitic
Dalam andesitic-dioritic dykes which have alteration and pyrite-chalcopyrite also noted as
undergone silica-pale brown secondary biotite- fractures filling. Based on overall appearance in the
sericite-pyrite (potassic-phyllic), in-places drillcore, there are two main alteration styles or
endoskarn (epidote-phlogopite-chlorite-garnet- groups in theKL98 section intrusions as: (1)
pyrite) alteration cut by minor quartz-anhydrite- Potassic alteration in the core of the Kucing Liar
pyrite veins are observed. Other intrusion were also intrusion (monzonite porphyry), which characterized
mapped at deeper part of the drill hole consists of up
to 500m thickness, coarse grained plagioclase-
hornblende-K-feldspar-biotite phenocrysts, potassic-
phyllic alteration then overprint by up to 60% to
abundant light gray-milky white silica alteration as
well as intense quartz-pyrite stockwork veins and
jigsaw, contain late pyrite-bornite-covellite-
molybdenite as disseminated and blebs, and also
veinlets. Finer grained feldspar-biotite-hornblende
porphyry diorite dikes(2-75m thickness) also
mapped at depth, weakly phyllic-propylitic
alteration. The drill hole ended by Kembelangan
quartz sandstone, strongly silica-brown secondary
biotite-K-feldspar (potassic) and locally brown Figure 5. Deep Grasberg Geology Map (plan view at 3,026 m
elevation)showing projected KL98-10-21 and KL98-10-22 drill
garnet skarn altered which contain pyrite and minor
holes(PT Freeport Indonesia).
chalcopyrite up to the end of hole at 1700.30m
depth.
Phyllic and advanced argillic alteration, and
massive quartz veining, are focussed underneath and
form a floor to copper-gold porphyry mineralization
in the pit and block cave levels. It is not known
whether this extreme telescoping is due to high
erosion rates during the life of themain GIC
hydrothermal system, or to much younger,
overprinting intrusive-hydrothermal activity.
Drill hole KL98-10-21 drilled toward the center
of Grasberg Intrusive Complex (GIC) were
intersectedlesser wall rocks and dioritic intrusions
with almost similar intensity of silica-sericite- Figure 6. KL98-10-21 and KL98-10-22 drill cross section
showing alteration zones by 250m window (PT Freeport
secondary biotite-pyrite-chalcopyrite±covellite- Indonesia).
molybdenite (phyllic-potassic) alteration and
mineralisation. At 1,266m depth, the hole
intersected two others intrusive rock consists of
21
by pale-reddish brown secondary biotite (Figure 7A- In the Kali dyke, chalcopyrite has accompanied
C-E).Primary textures are well preserved, and by anhydrite with no quartz since the intrusion is not
recognizable in the drill core and thin section quartz-veined.Chalcopyrite mineralization therefore
(Figure 8A and 8B), and (2) Phyllic and advanced occurred over a period of time, from potassic
argillic alteration concentrated around the margins alterationand veining,through stockwork quartz
of the Kucing Liar intrusion, which dirty white to veining and ceased after intrusion of the Kali dykes.
yellow in colour, primary texture generally
destructive and not recognizable in the core, but
may be preserved in section by textures in the Discussion
alteration minerals, or in relict primary phase. KL98-10-21 and KL98-10-22 drill holes have
The sedimentary and carbonates wall rocks intersected at least four intrusions of monzonitic to
adjacent to the GIC have been affected by intrusive syenitic composition. Two of three intrusions are
and hydrothermalactivity that occurred over the life unaltered to weakly altered with lack of quartz
of the system (Figure 8E and 8F), and potentially veins. The two other intrusions of coarse hornblende
retain a record of this asdykes, veins and alteration monzonite and syenite appear to be restricted to
of various ages and styles. In contrast, the intrusions intermediate to deep levels of the Grasberg Intrusive
can only hosthydrothermal features that are younger Complex and probably do not extend to the shallow
than themselves. Grasberg levels. The intrusive rocks above then cut
by quartz-anhydrite stockwork vein throughout,
with moderately to strong K-silicate (biotite)
Mineralization alteration and weakly chalcopyrite-molybdenite
The main copper minerals identified in the mineralization which occurs as disseminated and
KL98-10-21 and KL98-10-22 drill sections are fractures filling or veinlets.
consists of chalcopyrite, bornite and covellite
(Figure 9A-F). Their occurrence is associated with
with potassic and phyllic-advanced argillic altered
rocks respectively which could be as a disseminated
and cross cutting veinlets. Covellite in the potassic
zone are occurs in narrow intervals of phyllic
alteration. While chalcopyrite±bornite
mineralization are occurs in potassic altered
KucingLiar porphyry and syenite. They are also
occurs in sandstone-hornfels marginal to the the
Kucing Liarporphyry.
The porphyry Cu-Au mineralization at Deep
Grasberg Lower Prospect area can divided into the
followingtypes: (1) Quartz-biotite veins that
probably predate the quartz vein stockwork, (2)
disseminated in potassic-phyllic altered porphyry
syenite and sandstone-hornfels, (3) in biotite
(potassic) altered porphyry and syenite around
brecciated quartz veins, and (4) in
chalcopyrite±anhydrite veins that cuts the quartz Figure 7. Core samples of altered dioritic intrusions, and also
carbonate and sedimentary wall rocks with quartz vein and
stockwork in the Kucing Liar intrusion. veinlets cross-cutting the phyllic-potassic alterations. Note: Cpy
= chalcopyrite, Py = pyrite, Qz = quartz.
22
Figure 8. Photomicrographsshowing mineralogy developed in altered intrusive rock (A-D) and altered wall
rocks (E-F). Note: amf = amphibole, bio = biotite, car = carbonate, K-f = alkali feldspar, mus = muscovite, pla
= plagioclase, qtz = quartz, ser = sericite.
Figure 9. Photomicrographsshowing association ore minerals from different level of KL98-10-21 and KL98-10-22
drill cores. Note: bn = bornite, cpy = chalcopyrite, cv = covellite, py = pyrite, sp = sphalerite.
23
assemblages. Biotite replaces hornblende, and

pervades the groundmass of K-feldspar
pseudomorphs calcic plagioclase.
The potassic alteration overprinted by quartz
 Early quartz-biotite veins are inferred to have
flooding and stockwork veining and phyllic and
formed during potassic alteration,and are cut by
advanced argillic alteration which formed as a cap
and predate the quartz vein stockwork (Pollard
on the top and southern margin of the intrusions.
and Taylor, 2005) that potassic alteration to
The alteration along with and accompanied by low
biotite closely follows intrusion and
grade high sulfidation type mineralisation consists
crystallization.
of enargite-covellite±molybdenite.Porphyry Cu-Au
mineralization in the Deep Grasbergis effectively  Phyllic alteration is intense within and halo in the
terminated at its base which indicated by quartz quartz veinstockwork at the top of and along the
flooding (massive silica) and advanced argillic southern margin of the Kucing Liar porphyry.
alteration which formed at the top of the hornblende  Hypogene advanced argillic alteration is also
porphyry intrusions (Allen, 2012). mapped sporadic within the phyllic zone which
comprised of alunite-pyrophyllite andkaolinite-
dickite.
Conclusions
 Late gypsum andsulfur occur in veins, fractures
 The porphyry alteration type of the shallow and cavities throughout the phyllic and advanced
Grasberg deposit has extended and remains argillic zone, with anhydrite extending to the
developed through the lower elevation beneath greater depths into the potassic zone.
the Deep Grasberg ore body.
 The Idenberg Fault and tectonic breccia zone are
 Potassic alteration with mostly comprised of pale clearly structurally controlled hydrothermal
brown secondary biotite has overprinted by fluids causing the alterations and intense quartz
intense quartz-sericite (phyllic) and advance veining at Deep Grasberg Lower area. The
argillic alteration, and commonly mapped at both hydrothermal fluid inferred to have flowed up
KL98-10-21 and KL98-10-22 drill hole. through the fault zone, along the southern margin
 The quartz stockwork veining at shallow levels is of the Kucing Liar porphyry and blossomed at
centered in and around the MGI, and decreases the top of the intrusion just below the copper-
in intensity outwards which is not extend to deep gold deposit in the block cave, to form a silica-
Grasberg. phyllic-advanced argillic cap. The hydrothermal
 Kucing Liar porphyry intrusion have fairly fluids have also diverted along Idenberg fault
uniform 10-20% quartz stockwork veins by into the Kucing Liar orebody and been
volume in both potassic and phyllic altered responsible for conversion of chalcopyrite to
zones.The thickest silicic zone at the top of the covellite ore.
porphyry on theKL98 section forms the base to  The zone of most intense quartz veining and
the Deep Grasberg ore body. latephyllic and advanced argillic occurs
 Alteration in deep Grasberg section KL98 has a underneath the copper porphyry ore deposit,
different pattern compared to the alteration at the suggesting extreme telescoping during evolution
shallow level while the youngerphases of of the complex.
alteration are related to the highly quartz-veined
at the top and margins of the Kucing Liar
Acknowledgements
porphyry.
This is in regard with first author Master study
 Potassic alteration of the Kucing Liar porphyry
of economic geology at Faculty of Geology,
comprised of secondary biotite and K-feldspar
Padjadjaran University, Indonesia. The research has
24
supported by PT Freeport Indonesia and PT Mining District, Indonesia. Geological Society of

Eksplorasi Nusa Jaya, affiliated of Freeport American Bulletin, 116, 227-293.
McMoran Inc. We would like to thanks to George Trautman, M. C. (2013) Hidden Intrusions and Molybdenite
MacDonald, Vice President of Freeport McMoran Mineralization beneath the Kucing Liar skarn, Ertsberg-
Exploration, Joseph Macpherson, Managing Grasberg Mining District, Papua, Indonesia. Unpub. MSc
thesis, University of Texas Austin, 336 p.
Director of PT. Eksplorasi Nusa Jaya, and Wahyu
Sunyoto, Senior Vice Precident of Geo&Technical Weiland, R. J., and Cloos, M.(1996) Pliocene-Pleistocene
Services, PT Freeport Indonesia, forpermission to asymmetric unroofing of the Irian fold belt, Irian Jaya,
Indonesia: Apatite fission-track thermochronology.
collect data and makes this paper published.
Geological Society of America Bulletin, 108, 1438-1449.
References
Allen J. M.(2012) Deep Grasberg exploration: The KL98 drill
section and evolution of the GIC. Unpublished internal
report to PT Eksplorasi Nusa Jaya.
Cloos, M., Sapiie, B., Quarles van Ufford, A., Weiland, R. J.,
Warren, P. Q., McMahon, T. P. (2005) Collisional
delamination in New Guinea: The geotectonics of
subducting slab breakoff. Geological Society of America
Special Paper 400, 51 p.
Leys, C. A., Cloos, M., New, B. T. E., MacDonald, G. D.
(2012) Copper-Gold ± Molybdenum Deposits of the
Ertsberg-Grasberg District, Papua, Indonesia. Economic
Geology, Special Publication 16, 215-235.
MacDonald, G. D., and Arnold, L, C. (1994) Geological and
geochemical zoning of the Grasberg Igneous Complex,
Irian Jaya, Indonesia. Journal of Geochemical
Exploration, 50, 143-178.
McMahon, T. P.(1994a) Pliocene intrusions in the Gunung Bijih
(Ertsberg) mining district, Irian Jaya, Indonesia; Major
and trace element chemistry.International Geology
Review, 36, 925-946.
Quarles van Ufford, A. I.(1996) Stratigraphy, structural
geology, and tectonics of a young forearc-continent
collision, western Central Range, Irian Jaya (western
Papua).Unpub.Ph.D thesis, University of Texas Austin,
421 p.
Pollard, P. J., and Taylor, R.G.(1998) Paragenesis, mineralogy
association, sites and characteristics of gold within
selected areas of the Grasberg Cu-Au deposit, Irian Jaya.
Unpub. Report to PT.Freeport Indonesia, 56p.
Sapiie, B.(1998) Strike-slip faulting, breccia formation and
porphyry Cu-Au mineralization in the Gunung Bijih
(Ertsberg) mining district, Irian Jaya, Indonesia.
Unpub.Ph.D thesis, University of Texas Austin, 304 p.
Sapiie, B., and Cloos, M.(2004) Strike-slip faulting in the core
of the Central Range of west New Guinea: Ertsberg
25
26
Winantris et al/ICG 2015
Pollen Typical of Submontane Forest Zone Mount Bukittunggul

Bandung - West Java
Winantris1; Lili Fauzielly1, Zamzam AJ Tanuwijaya2
1
Departement of Geology, Padjadjaran University
2
Department of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering, ITB
E:Mail:win.oncos@gmail.com
Abstract
Recent pollen from Bukittunggul Mountain, Bandung, Indonesia is examined from elevation range 1500-2209m. The
aim of this work is to detailed analysis of pollen composition were deposited in the sub montane forest zone.
Systematically sampling with interval 50m was used for taking soil surface sample. Procedure of pollen extraction to
separate pollen from others material used acid method. Pollen assemblages were identified by transmission light
microscopes, at 400x until 1000x magnification. This study revealed different vertical variation in pollen characteristic.
Podocarpaceae is an important element in lower montane forest zone-I, and Ericaceae is a particular element in
lower montane forest-II. Lower montane forest zona-I is characterized by Podocarpus neriifolius, Biden pilosa and
Siegebeckia orientalis. Lower montane forest zone-II is characterized by Arundinella setosa, Euphorbia, Podocarpus
neriifolius and specifically by Ericaceae. The species composition of pollen at these zone show similarity with structure
of forest vegetation especially lower mountain forest. The pollen that deposited at soil surface in this area came from
local vegetation
Key world: Bandung, Bukittunggul, pollen typical
classification of vegetation zone refer to Stuijts
(1993), especially flora in west Java province (Table
Introduction
1).
Bukittunggul volcano is located in north part of Table 1.Vegetation zone in West Java (Stuijts 1993)
Bandung This mount is remnant of the ancient Vegetation Zone Characteristic
Mount Sunda. The plinian eruption caused collapse Subalpine/ This zone is characterized by
the caldera of Mount Sunda which became the Ericoid Scurb drawft tree from ericoid forest,
precursor of Bukittunggul volcano. Sunda Volcano, 3000-3600 m rushes, sedges and herb
Upper Montane/ Scrub, dominated by Ericaceae.
that existed during Pleistocene age (Wikipedia,
Ericoid Forest Some arboreal species:
2015). Bukitittunggul is the highest peak of the 2400-3000 m Rapanea,Polyosma, Eurya,
Mountains in that that area which reaches about Ericaceae and
2209 m that located around Lembang. (Fig 1.). Myrica
Lower Montane Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Podocarpus,
At least there are four land functions which Forest II neriifolius are abundant. The forest
can be used in Bukittunggul area from bottom to top 1800-2400 m is less diverse than lower montane
as follow: forest II
Lower Montane Very rich ground flora, canopy is
Agriculture, tea garden, forest industry Forest I dominated by Fagaceae i.e:
particularly Pinnus and natural forest. The natural 1400- 1800m Castanopsis and Quercus bisedes it
forest occupies the top of mountain. This research Dacrycarpus imbricatus, Podocarpus
was done in natural forest which included in lower neriifolius are emergents in this zone
montane forest zone, that location at 1500-2209 m Submontane Alitingia exelsa become large
forest emergents tree. Arenga pinnata
altitude. Pollen of that zone was very attractive to
1000-1400 m regularly found in this zone.Celtis
investigate, because the forest condition was really is common in submontane forest
natural. Research focused on knowing diversity and
typical pollen of lower montane forest zone that was
valuable as an indicator of climate changes. The
27
Study Area the ratio of both pollens is very important for

Physically research area stands in Quaternary reconstructing the paleoclimate.
Volcano Zone, northern Bandung Basin Table 2. Samples coordinate
(Brahmantyo, 2005).Physiography of Mount
Sample Latitude Longitude Elevation
Bukittunggul included in Bandung Zone. This zone
is a depression zone which laid between east and (ºS) (º E ) (m)
west mountains. Bandung zone represents the top 1 6º48'39.8'' 107º43'43.6'' 2209
and northern flank of the geanticline of Java and has
broken down after or during its arching up at the end 2 06º 48’ 41,7” 107º 43’ 31,7” 2200
of the Tertiary (Bemmelen,1949). Study area
3 06º48’ 43,6” 107o 43’ 29,2” 2150
composed of tuff, lava tongue, alternating volcanic
brecciaandlava (Silitonga,1973). 4 06o 48’ 45,6” 107o 43’ 26,7” 2100
The tuff which formed Mount Bukittungul consists 5 06º 48’ 48” 107º 43’ 24,3” 2050
of volcanic material that had produced by the
activity of Tangkuban Perahu volcano. Product 6 06º 48’ 51,0” 107º 43’ 22,9” 2000
eruption of it spread to Mount Burangrang, Mount 7 06º 48’ 52” 107º 43’ 20,4” 1950
Canggak, Dago hills until Maribaya. The volcanic
matter had caused the soil to become fertile 8 06º48’ 54,2” 107º 43’ 19,1” 1900
9 06º 48’ 56,7” 107º 43’ 17,1” 1850

Material and Methodology 10 06º 49’ 0,4” 107º 43’ 14,3” 1800
The material of research was the soil surface.
11 06º 49’ 6,8” 107º 43’ 7,9” 1750
The moist of soil condition, friable, dark brown,
there are very fine roots and leaf remnant. The soil 12 06º 49’ 7,7” 107º 43’ 0,6” 1700
was decaying product of volcanic breccia.
13 06º 49’ 42” 107º 42’ 49,8” 1550
Procedure of sampling was vertically follow
mount altitude with 50 m intervals. Fifteen samples 14 06º 49’ 17,6” 107º 42’ 35,5” 1450
have been taken from top area Mount Bukittunggul
15 06º 49’ 5” 107º 42’ 43,4” 1400
(Table 2).Sample preparation for the palynological
analysis that was done using acid treatment method,
a constant weight of each sample is 10 gr. Result and discussion
Twosamples among its barren.
1. Vegetation submontane forest zone-I
Pollen identification used light binocular
Samples of this zone was taken from an altitude
microscope under high magnification x100, 400x
1500-1800 masl. 24 taxa could be identified. In this
and 1000x, depend on pollen size, pollen
area (Fig.1)., that consist of 5 families gymnosperm
observation used LO analysis method. To get a
and 35 families angiosperm.
clear pollen morphology the picture was taken under
magnification 1000x. All pollens in slide were Podocarpusneriifolius is a gymnosperm which
counted for getting level of richness in each sample. dominates in this zone, and followed by
Bidenspilosa,Siegebeckiaorientalis,
Ratio Podocarpaceae to Ericaceae was needed
Epipremnumpinnatum,Wedeliabiflora.
to know the fluctuations of both pollens vertically
Podocarpusneriifolius pollen that was spread evenly
which relates to altitude. Podocarpaceae pollen was
over the surface, which was approved by founded of
generally a marker of montane forest zone-I, and
it in the all sample. Other species found in this zone
Ericaceae a marker montaneforest zone-II, so that
wasPodocarpus spicatus and Podocarpus
dacrydioides. Podocarpus was a Gondwana element
28
thatwas the fisrt apperance in Sunda region at forest-II, which characterize that zone. The
middle/upper Eocene as collision product of Indian Ericaceae pollens is found first times at altitude
and Asian plate( Morley.1998). Podocarps are 1800 masl, gradually the increase began 1900 masl
typically infrequent components of lowland and and reach maximum at the top mount at an altitude
lower montane tropical forests, but may 2209 msal. From graphic Ratio of Podocarpaceae to
stronglydominate in upper montane forests, alpine Ericaceae shows that at an altitude 1800-1900 masl
shrublands, andsome swamp forest associations at is a transition zone from submontane forest-I to
both low and high elevations (Enright and Jaffré, submonante forest-II, the place where occurred
2010).The Existence of Podocarpus in this zone was thedecline of pollen Podocarpaceae quantity and
conformable to fact in West Java vegetation that increase Ericaceae pollen.
was presented by Stuijts (1993), that The value of ratio Podocarpaceae to Ericaceae
Podocarpusneriifolius is typically of submontane illustrate that at an altitude 1800-1900 masl is a
forest-I. Besides it Juniperus, transition zone from submontane forest-I to
Chamaecyparisformosensis and Thuja orientalis are submonante forest-II, that position is the place
importance pollen that characterize this zone. where occurred the decline of pollen Podocarpaceae
Ericaceae pollen was the element of submontane quantity and increase Ericaceae which accordance
forest-II, that pollenwas very few found in this area, with an increase altitude (Fig.5).
it was only found once at sample of 1800 masl, it
approximately coincides with the zone boundaries.
Conclusion
Vaccinium istaxon ofEricaeae which found at this
zone could be derived from the above zone. The Pollens which were found in Bukittunggul area with
result of calculation diversity index Shannon- high altitude 1800-1900 masl came from local
Wiever (H') was low, only around 0,603-0,855,this plant. Those species grew naturally on submontane
value did not include fern and mosses. forest zone.
The species variety of pollen that was found in
2.Vegetation submontane forest zone-II montane zone fores-I and II were different.
Submontane forest-Iare dominated by Podocarpus
Seventy-one taxa was found from this zone that
was taken at an altitude 1800-2209 masl (Fig. 3). neriifolius, Bidens pilosa, Siegebeckia orientalis,
Arundinella setosais was the dominant species in Epipremnum pinnatum. Submontane forest-IIis
this zone of Poaceae family. This species dominated by Arundinella setosa, Euphorbia,
increasedsignificantly from previous zone, and Podocarpus neriifolius, Antidesma bunius.
spread evenly over this zone which indicated all In the transition zone between submontane
samples which can be found.The Enhancement of
forest-I to submontane forest-II was characterize by
Arundinella setosais thereflection of micro climate
in this zone particualy temparature and humidity the increase of Ericaceae pollen and the decrease of
that indicates colder and arid than submontane Podocarpaceae pollen.Rhododendron, Vaccinium
zone-I, that condition has something to do with the were Ericaceae that was a typical of submontane
characteristics of their habitat at an altitude of 1800- forest-II.
2600 masl which is dry and cold.Contrary to Biden
pilosa, this species decreases dramatically, as
cosmopolitan herb it requires moist and hot Acknowledgments
atmosphere, so that this zone is unfavorable Thank you Silmi Avina and the entire crew
conditions for growing. Bukittunggul field for your support in this study.
Podocarpus neriifolius significanly decreases while
simultaneously increases of Rododendron and
Vaccinium taxon of Ericaceae family ( Fig. 3).
Those pollens are important element submontane
29
References Morley, R. J., 1990. Short Course Introduction to Palynology

With Empasis on Southeast Asia. Unpublished Report.
Bartsra, G.J., and Casparie, W.A. 1993. Late Pleistocene And
Holocene Vegetation Of West Java, Indonesia. Balkema: Morley,R.J.,1998. Playnological evidence for Tertiary plant
Rotterdam. dispersal in the SE Asian region in relation to plate tectonic
and climate. Biogeography and geology evolution of SE
Bemmelen, van, R.W., 1949, The Geology of Indonesia,
Asia, PP.211-234,Backhyus Publishers, Leiden, The
Martinus Nyhoff, The Haque, Nederland.
Netherlands
Brahmantyo. B., 2005. Gologi Cekungan Bandung,
Silitonga, P.H., 1973. Peta Geologi Lembar Bandung,
Departemen Teknik Geologi, ITB
Departemen Geologi ITB
Enright and Jaffré, 2010. Ecology and Distribution of the
Stuijts,.I.,1933. Late Pleistocene And Holocene Vegetation Of
Malesian Podocarps. Smithsonian contributions to Botan,no 95 West Java, Indonesia. Modern Quarternary Research in
Southeast Asia, Vol 12, Rotterdam: A.A. Balkema
Erdrtman, G., 1966. An Introduction To Pollen Analysis. The
Chronica Botanica Company, USA.
Faegri, K. and J. Iversen. 1989. Textbook of Pollen Analysis.
Hafner Press, New York.
Huang, Tseng-chieng. 1972. Pollen of Taiwan. Departement of
Botany, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan.
Moore, P. D. and Webb, J. A., 1978. An Illustrated Guide to
Pollen Analysis. Hodden and Stoughton, London.
30
Fig.1 Study area and sample location at Gunung Bukittunggul (Silmi, 2015)
31
Podocarpus neriifolius
Bidens pilosa
Siegebeckia orientalis
Epipremnum pinnatum
Wedelia biflora
Podocarpus spicatus
Smilax perfoliata
Arundinella setosa
Cirsium japanicum
Cephalotaxus wilsoniana
Hedychium spicatum
Chamaecyparis formosensis
Liliaceae
Musa sapientum
Castanopsis
Borreria hispida
Juniperus
Arisaema consanguineum
Pinus merkusii
Schisandra
Eucalyptus globulus
Digitaria microbachne
Antidesma bunius
Petasites formasanus
Emilia sonchifolia
Loranthaceae
Tilia tomentosa
Tilia cordata
Thuja orientalis
Podocarpus dacrydioides
Passiflora violacea
Rhodea watanabei
Heloniopsis umbellata
Disporum shimadai
Homalanthus fastuosus
Quercus accuminatissima
Vaccinium sp
Eclipta postrata
Cyanotis sp
Rhoeo discolor
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fig.2 Pollen taxa of lower montane forest zone-I
32
Arundinella setosa
Euphorbia sp
Podocarpus neriifolius
Antidesma bunius
Cassia glauca
Siegebeckia orientalis
Homalanthus fastuosus
Rhododendron sp
Castanopsis sp
Hedychium spicatum
Vaccinium
Eustigma oblongifolium
Thymelaeceae
Podocarpus spicatus
Casuarina junghuhniana
Smilax perfoliata
Eucalyptus globulus
Grewia rhombifolia
Psidium guajava
Entada koshunensis
Dendrobium moniliforme
Lipocarpha senegalensis
Calocedrus farmosana
Bidens pilosa
Allophylus timorensis
Donax cannaeformis
Crotalaria incana
Cymbopogon tortilis
Petasites formasanus
Podocarpus imbricatus
Tricyrtis formosana
Rhodea watanabei
Liliaceae
Liriope spicata
Moghania lineata
Ricinus communis
Floscopa scandens
Cunninghania lanceolata
Arisaema consanguineum
Trema cannabina
Tilia tomentosa
Schizandra arisanensis
Podocarpus dacrydioides
Desmodium buergeri
Derris laxiflora
Coridalis koidzumiana
Drypetes hieranensis
Juniperus sp
Cucurbitaceae
Artemisia lactiflora
Campanumoea lancifolia
Goniothalamus amunyon
Achyranthes bidentata
Justicia procumbens
Gordonia axillaris
Lysimachia fortunei
Polygonum barbatum
Aeginetia indica
Smilacina formosana
Cassia garambiensis
Scleria parvula
Hernendia ovigera
Codiacum variegatum
Gaultheria cumingiana
Rhyncospora chinensis
Momordica charantia
Gynura formosana
Cacalia subglabrata
Pinella ternata
Achyranthes rubrofusca
Achyranthes longifolia
0 20 40 60 80 100
Fig.3 Pollen taxa of lower montane lower forest zone-II
33
2232 m 0.935
2200 m 0.986
2150 m 1.045
E
2100 m 1.102
L
E 2050 m 1.048
V 2000 m 0.943
A 1950 m 0.689
T 1900 m 0.647
I 1850 m 0.885
O 1800 m 0.855
N 1750 m 0.839
1700 m 0.619
1500 m 0.958
0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

INDEX H'
Fig.4 Diversity index of pollen
2209 m
2200 m
2150 m
2100 m
E
2050 m
L
E 2000 m
V
A 1950 m Podocarpaceae
T Ericaceae
1900 m
I
O 1850 m
N
1800 m
1750 m
1700 m
1500 m
0 20 40
Quantity of Pollen
Fig.5 Podocarpaceae VS Ericaceae

The graphic show alternation of quantity Podocarpaceae
as element lower montane forest-I
to Ericaceae element of lower montane forest-II
34
Fig.6. Pollen of Bukitunggul mountain

1.Podocarpus neriifolius, this pollen dominant in lower montane forest-I 2. Gaultheria cumingiana one of Ericaceae
whic is typical pollen of lower montane forest zone-II 3. Loranthaceae. These picture taking under magnification
1000x
35
36
Zulherry Isnain/ICG 2015
Integrated GIS based approach in mapping the groundwater

potential zones in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Zulherry Isnain1 and Juhari Mat Akhir2

1
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Sabah, Malaysia
2
Faculty of Science and Technology, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia,
Selangor, Malaysia
1
Email: zulherry@gmail.com
Abstract
The shortage of clean water occurs almost everywhere around the world. The demand for water supply
increased from time to time due to various problems such as development, population growth, pollution, global
warming, agriculture activities, logging and so on. This study was conducted in the vicinity of Kota Kinabalu,
Sabah by using the Geographic Information System (GIS) for mapping the groundwater potential zones. The
main objective of this study was to generate the predictive map of groundwater potential zones in the study area
through the integration of various thematic maps by using the GIS. This study includes five stages, namely
collection and preparation of basic data, data analysis, development of space database, spatial analysis and
space integration. There are eleven parameters used in this study, namely rainfall, drainage, soil type, landuse,
lithology, lineament density, topography, slope steepness, the ratio of sand and clay, major fault zones and
syncline zones. By using the Heuristic method, the final map of groundwater potential zones in the study area is
divided into five classes, which are very low, low, moderate, high and very high.
Keywords : Groundwater, GIS, Heuristic method
Introduction known as a very effective method in

groundwater mapping and exploration. Over
Groundwater is defined as water that the last decade, the international scientific
fills the space, cavities, pores and cracks in the community has shown great interest in this
soil, rock or regolitos below the earth's surface study, and many researchers have used this
(Ibrahim & Juhari, 1990). It has become an method in their study (Sabin, 1987 and Sikdar
important and dependable source of water et al., 2004).
supplies in all climatic regions including both The Heuristic method is made by
urban and rural areas of developed and combining all the thematic maps with the
developing countries (Todd & Mays, 2005). assumption any factors or parameters that been
This was further supported by the nature of the studied have their position (ranking), based on
groundwater itself (i.e. consistent its effect in augment of groundwater. Selection
temperatures, widespread and continuous of the position (ranking) is based on a
availability, excellent natural quality, limited questionnaire that had been made to the
vulnerability, low development cost and experts involved or have experience in
drought reliability). Therefore, the groundwater.
groundwater is the best alternative to replace
the surface water as a main source of water Study area
supply for daily consumption.
The integration of GIS techniques The study area, Kota Kinabalu is
followed by the observations in the field has located on the west coast of Sabah, Malaysia.
37
Geographically, the study area is situated the State Department of Survey and Mapping
between the latitude 5⁰55' - 6⁰12' North and (JUPEM), the Malaysian Meteorological
longitude 116⁰01' - 116⁰17' East. The study Service Department and so on. Random field
area consists of Crocker Formation and inspections are also done at this stage to
Quaternary sediments. The age of the Crocker confirm the changes that occur in the study
Formation is estimated from Oligocene to area.
Lower Miocene. There are three main units of The ILWIS 3.3 (Integrated Land and
the Crocker Formation which is sandstone, Water Information System) software is used to
interbedded of sandstone and shale, and shale. perform the all the processes in GIS. Attribute
Among the main reason this study analysis, classification of polygons and
were conducted because this resources has not weightaging value will be done to produce the
been fully explored in Malaysia, especially in thematic maps of rainfall, lithology,
Kota Kinabalu due to the surface water is topographic elevation, slope steepness,
sufficient enough for domestic consumption. drainage density, soil types and sand and clay
However, Kota Kinabalu is a very fast ratio. In theory, spatial analysis used either to
developing area. Therefore, it is not impossible produce additional information using existing
in the very near future it could suffer supply information, or increase the spatial structure or
shortages due to the rapid development, the relationship between the relevant
urbanization and increasing in population geographic information (Murai, 1993).
which can cause pollution to the surface water For this study, the focus is on the
resources. technique or combination of overlapping raster
data model in which all thematic maps that
been given the weights are combined to predict
the groundwater potential zones. Each polygon
for thematic map layers that been given the
weights is vary according to the characteristics
of their remuneration like the annual rainfall
(average annual rainfall in the study area)
lithology (permeability properties and porosity
of rocks) lineament density (remuneration
class and features); drainage density (classes
and attributes of permeability) land use (type
and characteristics of remuneration) and the
type of soils (properties of permeability and
soils porosity). This stage is very important
because the weight value assigned will
determine or influence the accuracy of the final
Figure 1. Map showing the study area results that will integrated later. DRASTIC
method (Aller et al., 1985) and the methods
used by Krishnamurthy et al. (1996 and 1997)
Materials And Method were used as a reference.
By using the Heuristic method, each
All the necessary data for this study, thematic map will be given an index number or
such as topographic map, landuse map, soil weight value, based on their position (ranking)
map series, annual rainfall data and satellite on the groundwater augmentation process. The
images will be collected. All data acquisition grant is based on the weightage of the
will involve departments like the Mineral and questionnaires in Figure 2. This weight value
Geoscience Department (JMG) Malaysia, or index number is given for the ranking based
Malaysian Remote Sensing Agency (ARSM), on the nature of these factors influence the
availability of groundwater or not.
38
Table 1. Position (ranking) and the weight value given to

QUESTIONAIRE FORM FOR THE EXPERTS eleven parameters in the mapping of groundwater
potential zones
The purpose of this survey was to obtain the opinion or view from
the experts (in the groundwater study or related) regarding the
No. Parameter Position Weight value
factors that control the availability of groundwater in the state of
Sabah. 1. Lithology (LI) 1 9
Name : 2. Sand and clay 2 8

Position : ratio (SC)
Organisation : 3. Rainfall density 3 8
Tel. No. : (RD)
Email : 4. Fault (FZ) 4 7
Experience in groundwater study (years) :
5. Bedding (SZ) 5 6
Weightage 1-9 are used for the factors that control the availability 6. Drainage 6 5
of groundwater. Please circle the answer that was deemed the
density (DD)
most appropriate.
7. Lineament 7 4
** 1 – very less influence the groundwater availability density (LD)
** 9 – very influence the groundwater availability 8. Soil type (ST) 8 3
9. Topographic 9 2
No. Control Weightage
Factor
elevation (TO)
1. Lithology 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10. Slope steepness 9 2
2. Lineament 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 (SS)
3. Soil type 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 11. Landuse (LU) 10 1
4. Rainfall 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
5. Drainage 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
density
6. Contour 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Finally, the formula of the Heuristic
7. Landuse 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 method is developed as follows;
8. Fault 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
9. Bedding 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
10. Sand and 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 GWP=(LI)*9+(SC)*8+(RD)*8+(FZ)*7+(SZ)*
clay ratio
6+(DD)*5+(LD)*4+(ST)*3+(TO)*2+(SS)*2+(
Thank you for your cooperation and feedback.
LU)*1] / 55
Figure 2. Questionnaires that was used in this study
Results And Discussion
The weight value that assigned to the
thematic map layers are shown in Table 1. Figures 3 through 13 show all the
thematic maps that have been produced. The
final map after the integration process was
shown as in the Figure 14. The result divided
into five classes or zones which are:
• very low
• low
• moderate
• high
• very high
39
Figure 3. Lithology map of the study area Figure 5. Rainfall density map of the study area
Figure 6. Drainage density map of the study area

Figure 4. Sand and clay ratio map of the study area
40
Figure 7. Lineament density map of the study area Figure 9. Topographic elevation map of the study area
Figure 8. Soil types map of the study area Figure 10. Slope steepness map of the study area
41
Figure 11. Landuse map of the study area Figure 13. Syncline zones map of the study area
Figure 12. Major fault zones map of the study area Figure 14. Groundwater potential zones map of the study
area
42
Conclusion
References
A summary of the relationship
between the parameters studied with Aller, L., Bennett, T., Lehr, J. H. & Petty R. J. 1985.
groundwater potential zones is presented in DRASTIC: A Standard System for Evaluating
Ground Water Pollution Potential Using
Table 2.
Hydrogeologic Settings. EPA/600/2-85/018, R.S.
Kerr Environmental Research Laboratory, U.S.
Table 2. A summary of the results from the final
groundwater potential map of the study area Environmental Protection Agency, Ada,
Oklahoma.
Maps High potential zones Very high potential Ibrahim Abdullah & Juhari Mat Akhir. 1990. Basic
zones
Lithology Alluvium, peat, muddy Alluvium, muddy
Dictionary of Geological Terms. Bangi:
sandstone sandstone Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.
Sand and Very low – very high Very low – very high Krishnamurthy, J., Venkatesa Kumar, N., Jayaraman, V.
Clay Ratio (< 1.34 - > 5.36%) (< 1.34 - > 5.36%) & Manivel, M. 1996. An approach to demarcate
groundwater potential zones through remote
Rainfall Low - moderate Low - moderate
Density (< 2400 – 3200 mm) (< 2400 – 3200 mm) sensing and a geographical information system.
International Journal of Remote Sensing, 7: 1867-
Drainage Very low - moderate Very low - moderate 1884.
Density (< 3333 - 9999 m/m2) (< 3333 - 9999 m/m2)
Krishnamurthy, J., Arul Mani, M., Jayaraman, V. &
Lineament Very low – very high Very low – very high
Density (< 1000 – > 4000 (< 1000 – > 4000 Manivel, M. 1997. Selection of Sites for
m/m2) m/m2) Artificial Recharge Towards Groundwater
Development of Water Resource in India. The
Topographic Very low (< 200 m) Very low (< 200 m)
18th Asian Conference on Remote Sensing,
Elevetion
Kuala Lumpur. 20 – 24 October.
Slope Very low Very low
Steepness (0⁰) (0⁰) Murai, S. 1993 Remote Sensing Note. Tokyo: Japan
Association on Remote Sensing.
Soil Types Weston, Tanjung Aru, Tanjung Aru, Tuaran,
Tuaran, Lokan, Dalit, Brantian, Lokan Sabin, Floyd. F. 1987. Remote Sensing – Principle and
Kinabatangan, Crocker Interpretation Ed. Ke-2. New York: W.H.
Landuse Forest, Resident / Forest, Resident /
Freeman and Company.
Development, Development,
Mangrove Mangrove,
Sikdar, P.K., Chakraborty, S., Enakshi, A. & Paul, P.K.
Agriculture 2004. Land use/land cover changes and
groundwater potential zoning in and around
Major Fault 500 – 1000 m < 500 m Raniganj coal mining area, Bardhaman District,
Zones
West Bengal – a GIS and remote sensing
Syncline 500 – 1000 m < 500 m approach. Journal of Spatial Hydrology, 4: 1–24
Zones
Todd, D.K. and Mays, L.W. 2005. Groundwater
Hydrology. John Wiley & Sons, New York (3rd
From the results obtained, there are
edition).
three main factors that influence the
availability of groundwater potential in the
study area which is the lithology, topographic
elevation and the syncline zones. The higher
groundwater potential zones are located at the
northern part of study area. The area is low-
lying area consisting of alluvium lithology.
43
44
M. Kacimi and O.Kolli/ICG 2015
First Record on the Mineralisation of the Contact Zone in the Great

Kabylia Massif (Nothern Algeria).
M. Kacimi1,2& O. Kolli2
1
Mentouri University, Constantine 1, Algiera
2
Laboratoire de Metallogénie et Magmatisme de l’Algérie, U.S.T.H.B, Algiers, Algeria
Email: okollidz@yahoo.fr
Abstract
The studied mineralizations are located in Great Kabylia Massif that comprises the "DorsaleKabyle" and its basement
called "Soclekabyle". The DorsaleKabyle is a pile of thrust-sheets made of Triasic to Middle Eocene formations
overlying the older basement. During the Alpine orogeny, the DorsaleKabyle and the basement were both thrust
southwards above Cretaceous and Paleocene units which in turn were also thrust southwards above Mesozoic units. In
the "contact zone» were found several mineralized outcrops and showings of barite, chalcopyrite, magnetite and
hematite. They appear in two areas.
1. The BouAdnane area characterized by:
- Sub vertical Cu, Fe veins trending E-W. The veins cut the crystalline basement;
- Barite veins in micaschists trending N75-80°E. They are observed in along several hundred meters in extension;
- Anastomosed hematite veins crosscutting deformed granite
2. The Ait Ouaban area is characterized by:
- Pyrite-chalcopyrite veinlets associated with brecciated zones trending in an E-W direction.
-Stratiform copper mineralization hosted by triasic detrital sediments (argillites, sandstones and conglomerates)
enriched by wood debris and coal.
All these mineralizations are associated with a structural and stratigraphic control. They are probably of a Miocene
age except for the barite mineralization which belongs to an eoalpine age
Keywords: Algeria, Great Kabylia Massif, barite, sulphide mineralization.
Introduction zone along an approximately east-west axis,

characterized by the presence of a cataclastic
The Great Kabylia Massif is the most granite, divides the Great Kabylia Massif into two
significant portion of the internal domain of the distinct geological districts: the basement
Maghrebides chain. This Massif is a long portion of
about 100 km and a width of 20 to 30 km which
extends in an east-west direction (Fig. 1).A contact

Figure 1. Schematic map ofBétic-Maghrebide orogeny (Bouillin et al., 1992)
45
so called “Socle Kabyle” in the north and his cover - The Dorsale Kabyle or limestone Chain
called “the Dorsale Kabyle” in the south. This (Durand-Delga, 1969) is an area that forms the
contact zone is also marked by a tectonic style of boundary of internal domain with external domain
staked slices involving Palaeozoic formations, of the Maghrebides chain (Durang-Delga, 1969).
Eocene-Oligocene terrains and crystalline terrains. It This Dorsale Kabyle is a former passive margin that
is known that: operated along the Kabyle continent. It bangs the
- The basement is formed by metamorphic southern edge of the Great Kabylia Massif and
rocks. It is interpreted as an old gneissic basement consists of stacked units of Mesozoic to Paleogene
unconformably overlain by a schist coverage age that are in stratigraphic contact with the
(Bossière, 1978 and 1980), and as a stack of Paleozoic formations. This Dorsale Kabyle is
tectonic-metamorphic units (Gani, 1988 and divided into internally, median, and external unit
Saadallah, 1992). More recently it has been (Fig. 2).
described as a metamorphic core complex
(Saadallahand Caby, 1996).
Figure 2. Structural scheme of Great Kabylia Massif(Kolli et al., 1993)

1: Basement 2: Dorsale Kabyle 3:External zone 4: Flysch nappes 5: Post-nappes Miocene
In the contact zone exists varied mineralizations The morphological structure of Greater Kabylia
in nature and morphology. They are hosted both in is very complex. It is a region characterized by very
the basement and in the Dorsale Kabyle. Their rugged terrain, with an average altitude of around
morphology is both vein and peneconcordant type 1500 m, with peaks up to 2308 m (LallaKhedidja).
and are divided in two main areas: (i) - the The studied area is a section of the transition
BouAdnane area where outcrop pyrite, chalcopyrite, area between the basement and the Dorsale Kabyle.
magnetite veins, barite, chalcopyrite veins and It is located 25 km south-east of Tizi-Ouzou town,
micaceous hematite veinlets intersecting a and includes the BouAdnane sector and AitOuabane
cataclastic granite and (ii) - the AitOuabane area sector. Geographically it is a slope break zone,
where outcrop pyrite, chalcopyrite and hematite which corresponds to the location of the intra
veins, and a stratiform mineralization of azurite, Kabyle accident which defines the major thrusting
malachite, chrysocolla hosted by white sandstone of the crystalline basement onto the Dorsale Kabyle.
interbedded in a clastic formation of Permian-
Triassic age.
General geological setting and location of the Geological survey of the study area
study area The study area belongs to the transition zone
between the crystalline basement and sedimentary
46
cover (limestone chain). It's a chaotic zone in been sporadically exploitated during the colonial
tectonic style of slices which implies both Paleozoic period that we can not specify the exact date due the
to Tertiary formations and metamorphic terrains lack of documents.
along an approximately east-west axis (N 080°E to In general, they are enclosed both in the
N 090°E). basement and in the sedimentary rocks of the
It constitutes a structural limit underlined by a Dorsale Kabyle. These showings are located in two
deep accident with blastomylonitic zones and main sectors:
marked by a discontinuous rim of cataclastic granite -BouAdnane sector which contains essentially
sometimes extremely deformed. vein mineralizations of different nature. The veins
On the lithological point of view, the study area are exclusively hosted in the basement rocks. This is
comprises the crystalline basement in abnormal pyrite, chalcopyrite, magnetite veins with calcite
contact with the sedimentary rocks of the Dorsale gangue, cutting across augen gneisses and schists;
Kabyle. barite and chalcopyrite veins hosted in schists, and
The crystalline basement includes from south to micaceous hematite veinlets cutting across
north, cataclasticaugen gneisses characterized by the cataclastic granite.
presence of fine white mica underlining the foliation -AitOuabane sector which enclose pyrite,
and gives the rock a leptynitic character. chalcopyrite and hematite veins with quartz gangue
Theseaugen gneisses are cut by centimetric quartz cutting across the Carboniferous schists. Beside the
veinlets and are also crossed by tourmalinites vein mineralization there is a stratiform
veinlets which can be concordant to the foliation. mineralization of azurite, malachite and chrysocolla
They are overlain by a thick schist slice of phyllites. composition hosted by a detrital formation of
These include chlorite schist at the bottom of and Permian-Triassic age.
sericitoschists at the top. These are intensely folded BouAdnaneMineralisation
and show characteristic structures C / S. They are
BouAdnane showings are located in the South
traversed by numerous quartz veins that underline in
East of TiziOuzou town. They are situated in an
some cases the schistosity plans.
east-west direction along the segment of the major
The contactzone between the augen gneisses tectonic zone between the basement in north and the
and schist series is characterized by the presence of DorsaleKabyle in south. They are enclosed in
white-mica granite. metamorphic rocks.
The formations of the Dorsale Kabyle consist of The nature of the mineralization is varied; Ba,
alternating tectonic slides of varied terrains. These Cu, Fe, and it appear in the form of vein filling. We
formations represent the terrains of internal unit. It recognize:
comprises: (i) the Carboniferous schists overlain by
- Stiply copper-bearing veins with pyrite,
(ii) a detrital series of conglomerate, sandstone and
chalcopyrite, magnetite and carbonate gangue (Fig.
silt that would be of Permian-Triassic age and (iii)
3).
of calcareous-dolomitic facies of Mesozoic age.
The mineralizations of the contact zone
Mineralizations of the contact zone are quite
numerous and varied. They constitute showings of
Ba, Cu, Fe, Zn and Pb, which have not been subject
to any gitologic analysis, except some preliminary
works (on some showings) which were made by the
National Geological Survey (Sonarem, 1972-1973)
in a mining goal, in the 1980s. Some showings have Figure 3. Cupriferous vein hosted inschists.
47
They have an east-west direction and are hosted whitish to pinkish barite. Sometimes barite shows a
both in cataclasticorthogneiss and in schists. foliated porcelaneous texture.
Observations show that his veins are discordant on The banded texture (Fig. 6) consists in white
the schistosity of the metamorphic rocks. The veins and dark bands. The dark bands are outlined by
have sharp and regular wall rocks. The vein filling is magnetite. In some cases, barite is cut by micro-
massive. The observation often shows the presence veinlets chalcopyrite and pyrite.
of embeded rock fragments in the vein filling. The
thickness of the ore bodies is metric for a hundred
meters in lateral extension. On the microscopic
point of view, the observation shows a simple
paragenesis consisting of magnetite more or less
martitised, pyrite and chalcopyrite. The chalcopyrite
minerals are much more abundant and magnetite is
mostly related to veins hosted in schists than those
related to orthogneiss. (Fig. 4) Figure 6. Hand specimen of barite banded texture.
Microscopic observation of barite ore shows a

foliated coarse crystalline texture with polygonal
crystal triple point; this texture is characteristic of
thermal annealing textures. The coarse grains
frequently show mechanical twins (Fig. 7).
These barite veins are identical to those already
described elsewhere in BouMahni and Affensou
Figure 4.Microscopicview of Brecciated pyrite with (Kolli, 1997; Saupe et al., (1996). They belong to
chalcopyrite in the space filling (polished section). the barite district of Great Kabylia
- Subvertical veins of barite hosted in schists
(Fig. 5). Observations show that the veins are both
nearly parallel to or cross cutting the schistosity(S1).
Figure 7. Microscopic view of barite texture showing

mechanical twins and triple point junction (crossed polars).
- Millimetric anastomosed veinlets of

micaceous hematite without any apparent direction
Figure 5. Barite metric vein cross cutting schists with schists intersecting the cataclastic granite injected into the
fragments embedded in the vein filling. schists. Microscopic observation shows needles of
The wall rocks are more or less regular and hematite lining the wall rock micro veinlets or
mold often schist fragments. These veins have an clogging of microgeodes (Fig. 8).
East-West direction and have a decimeter to metric This granite itself contains also micro barite
thick for a hectometric lateral extension. The vein veinlets. This observation clearly shows that the
filling is either massive or banded. It consists of barite mineralization postdate the cataclastic granite.
48
The mineralized zone appears to be related to a

substantially east-west direction grinding area, sub-
vertical dip, on a small area and a thick of about one
meter. In the breciated zone, the mineralized quartz
veinlets are anastomosed and contain sandstone
fragments.
- Stratiform mineralization that occurs as
disseminated malachite, azurite and chrysocolla in
white sandstone in a detrital red formation. The
Figure 8. Micaceous hematite hosted in cataclastic granite white sandstones are medium grain and rich in plant
(polished section) fragments and sometimes coal fragments. They
AitOuabaneMineralisation show chennalised structure and cross stratified
structures. Mineralization occurs as small malachite-
The AitOuabane sector belongs to the Dorsale azurite-chrysicolladiseminated clouds or as
Kabyle domain. It is made up by sedimentary replacement of plant debris (Fig. 10). This likely to
formations of Carboniferous age and Permian- themineralization has already been described
Triasic age represented mainly by sedimentary elsewhere in the Ain Séfra region (Kolli, 1983,
schists and sandstone often mottled and sometimes 1984) where it is linked to the red beds type.
rich in mica. This sector is part of the core of the
anticline structure of Tikjda-Ait-Ouabane, oriented
east-west where its south flank is characterized by a
complicated tectonics.
In AiOuabane sector,themineralizations are not
important. We know:
- A vein zone that outcrops on the right bank of
Wadi El Hemmam, at 800 m not far to the southeast
of the AitOuabane village. This zone has already
been exploited in the beginning of the 20th century.
Mineralization occurs as a stockwork hosted in
Figure 10.Hand specimen of mineralized whitesandstone rich in
micaceous sandstones of Carboniferous age. The
plant debris and coal fragments
millimetric to centimetricmicroveinlets contain a
dissemination of pyrite, chalcopyrite, hematite,
malachite and azurite in a quartz gangue (Fig. 9).
Conclusion
Mineralizations of the contact zone are linked
both to the basement rocks and Dorsale Kabyle
sedimentary formations. They are closely related to
tectonics affecting the area. They all have a frankly
epigenetic character.
The barite mineralizations of BouAdnane share
the same geological history as the barite
mineralizations describe in the basement of the
Great Kabylia Massif and therefore are likely post
Figure 9. Hand specimen of mineralized breccia: Py=Pyrite;
Hercynian age (Kolli, 1997). On the other hand,
Ch= Chalcopyrite; Qz = quartz; Sch = Schist fragment
some mineralizations appear to be related to a more
recent event and postdate the tangential tectonics
49
responsible of the stacked unit structure of the Kolli, O.; Cheilletz, A.; Gasquet, D.; Marignac, C.; Tefiani, M.
Dorsale Kabyle; they are probably of Miocene age. (1993).Le conglomérat tertiaire à galets pseudomorphosés
en barytine de la Dorsale Kabyle, région de
Keddara(Algérie du nord). Chron. rech. min., n° 513, 5
References fig., p.19-23.
Kolli, O. (1984). Contribution à l’étude des minéralisations
Bossiere, G. (1980). Uncomplexemétamorphiquepolycyclique
cuprifères des sédiments détritiques mésozoïques de la
et sablastomylonitisation. Etude pétrologique de la
région d’Ain-Sefra (Monts des Ksour- Algérie). Doct.
partieoccidentale du massif de Grande Kabylie.
3eme Cycle, USTHB, Alger.
ThèseDoct.d’Etat, Univ. Nantes, Fr.
Kolli, O. (1983).Copper mineralization in the AïnSefra area,
Bossiere, G. (1978). Etude des paragenèses post-cinématiques
West of Algeria.In: Mineral Deposits of the Alps, ed.
dans les métapélites de la couverture du socle de Grande
Springer-Verlag, Berlin-, Heidelberg, p.291-297.
Kabylie (Algérie). Mise en évidence d’un métamorphisme
de basse pression. Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr., n°3, p. 289-298. Saaballah, A. (1992). Le cristallin de Grande Kabylie
(Algérie):sa place dans la chaîne des Maghrébides.
Bouillin,J.P. ; Dumont, T. ; Olivier, F. (1992).Organisation
Thèsed’Etat, USTHB, Alger.
structurale et sédimentaire de lapaléomarge nord
téthysienne au Jurassique dans les Monts Péloritains Saaballah, A.and Caby, R. (1996).Alpine extensional
(Sicile, Italie). Bull. Soc. Géol. Fr., t. 163, n° 6, p. 761-770. detachment tectonics in the Great Kabylia Metamorphic
Core Complex of the Maghrebides (Northern
Durand-Delga, M. (1969).Mise au point de la structure du Nord-
Algeria).Tectonophysics, 276, 257-274.
Est de la Berbérie. Publ. Serv. Géol. Algérie, Nllesér., n°
39, pp. 89-131. Saupe F. ;Kolli O. ; Jacquier B. ; Cheilletz A. and Marignac Ch.
(1996).Sulfur isotope geochemistry of the barite and
Gani, R. (1988). Etude pétro-structurale des massifs cristallins
sulphide occurences of Greater Kabylia, N. Algeria. In:
de LarbaaNathIratenet de DjamaaSaharidj (Grande
Pasava J.; Kribek B.; and Zak K. (eds). Mineral Deposits:
Kabylie). Thèsemagistère, USTHB, Alger.
From their Origin to Their environmental Impact. A. A.
Kolli, O. (1997). Géologieetgîtologie des minéralisations à Ba, Balkema/Rotterdam/Brookfield pp.319-322.
Pb, Zn (Cu, Fe) du soclecristallin de Grande Kabylie.
Sonarem (1972-1973). Rapport des travaux de recherche
Evolution métallogénique au cours du cycle
del’indice de Cu d’Ait Moussa et de la zone à
Alpin.ThèseDoct. d’Etat, USTHB, Alger.
minéralisation polymetallique sur le versant Nord de la
chaîne du Djurdjura.
50
Emi S., Agung M., Pradnya P. R./ICG 2015
The Morphotectonic Characteristic of Erosion and Flood Zones of

Cisangkuy Watershed in Bandung Basin, West Java
Emi Sukiyah1, AgungMulyo1, Pradnya P. Raditya2
1
Faculty of Geology, Padjadjaran University, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21, 45363, Bandung, Indonesia
emisukiyah@gmail.com
2
Magister Program of Geological Engineering, Padjadjaran University, Jalan Dipati Ukur No. 35 Bandung, Indonesia
E:Mail:Radityarendra90@gmail.com
Abstract
Cisangkuy watershed which is part of the upstream Citarum watershedlocated in the southern part of Bandung
Regency. This area is controlled by active faults trending west – east. Flooding phenomenon always occurs in the
downstream region of Cisangkuy watershed such as residential and industrial area, Dayeuhkolot. The river inability to
accommodate runoff is one of the causes of flooding, particularly when rainfall intensity is quite high.Morphometric
characteristics of watershed may reflect tectonic conditions of a region. Different morphotectonic features will give
different erosion responses. It will have implications for the distribution of flood-prone area.
This research is based on the mindset that past geological events, along with its development produces a distinctive
landform.This response is reflected in the diverse landform dimension ratio. Probabilistic approach is also used in the
data analysis to obtain measurable research results.
Research resultsshows that the aspect ofwatershed morphotectonic, geological feature, and climate play a role in the
determination of areas prone to erosion and flooding. An increase of average erosion in the upstream area will
increase the distribution of flooded areas in the downstream area.Narrowing and silting up of river flow occurs rapidly
due to the uncontrolled erosion and rapid land use conversion. Verification result of the correlation models proved that
the flood-prone areas are generallylocated in downstream of rivers have a high to very high erosion rate.The frequently
flooded areas are Banjaran, Sepen, Baleendah, and Dayeuhkolot. This flood-prone area occupies the depression
landform.
Keywords: Cisangkuy, erosion, flood, morphotectonic, watershed.
Introduction implications for the expansion of land use change

for development of supporting facilities. Land use in
A watershed has limitation in managing water a watershed that does not consider the carrying
balance. Water supply balance will be maintained if capacity ability can lead to environmental
the land uses in a watershed consider natural degradation. This condition can cause erosion that
carrying capacity aspects. Geological featuressuch exceeds the limit. Erosion occurred in an area will
as rocks and tectonic have a role in the assessment cause material deposition in other places that have
of natural carrying capacity. If the water balance is lower elevation. Sedimentation processeswill form a
disturbed between the input and output of water in new land, such as sand bar, point bar, and delta. In
watershed, the negative impact of environmental addition, sedimentation processes can also result in
damage cannot be avoided such as flood. silting of the river channel. This will affect the
Cisangkuy watershed which is a part of inability of river to accommodate runoff resulting in
upstream Citarum watershed is located in the flooding (Ilyas, 1987).
southern part of Bandung regency. This area has A Floodis an incident where the land which is
complex geological aspects. The upstream areas are usually dry becomes submerged due to heavy
plantations, farms, and PLTP Wayang- rainfall. Topographic factor such as lower elevation
Winduinstallation. The extent of cultivation area has
51
to concave area and low soil infiltration ability - Geological map of Garut and Pameungpeuk
which causes the inability to absorb water are other quadrangle (Alzwar et al., 1992).
factors causing floods. In addition, floods can also - Geological map of Bandung quadrangle
be defined as an overflow of river water due to (Silitonga, 2003).
inability river channel to accommodate runoff. - Toporaphic map of Barutunggul, Pangalengan,
Flooding phenomenon always occurs in the Lebaksari, Pakutandang, Soreang, Pasirjambu,
downstream region of Cisangkuy watershed, Cililin, and Bandung (Bakosurtanal, 2000).
Dayeuhkolot area. Flood that occurred in this area is - Landsat imagery ETM+ 2001.
caused by the inability of Cisangkuy river channel - Rainfall data.
accommodate runoff, especially when rainfall - Geological survey and documentation tool.
intensity relatively high. Narrowing and silting of - GIS software.
river channel occur so fast due to the uncontrolled - Image processing software (Earth Resource
erosion as a result of rapid land use conversion. Mapping Ltd, 2003).
This research aims to determine the quantitative Some of the variables that are not measured in
characteristics of landform as a result of geological the field is determined through satellite imagery and
structure can be used to predict erosion and flood topographic map. Variables of landform and
prone area in Cisangkuy watershed (Figure 1). tectonic include slope gradient, subwatershed
Furthermore, this research aims to determine the dimension, river order, and bifurcation ratio (Rb).
characteristics of watershed morphotectonic Secondary data used are from scientific
delineate spectral response through inter-channel publication of some previous researchers equipped
composite on Landsat imagery, delineate erosion with field observation data and analysis in
and flood prone area, and correlate between these laboratory. The data obtained from the field consists
variables. The results are expected to be useful to of geological structure, rocks, morphometry, and
help society and local government in finding landform elements.
solution to erosion and flood problem. Prediction of the material eroded amount can
also use erosion equation. USLE (Universal Soil
Lost Equation) is a calculation formula for
predicting annual sheet erosion (Wischmeier and
Smith, 1962; in El-Swaify et al., 1982), which is
formulated as follows:
A = RKLSCP ..................................................... (1)
with A = the average annual soil loss (tons/acre), R
= run off erosivity index, K = soil erodibility factor,
LS = topographic factor (L = slope length factor, S
= slope steepness factor), C = cropping-management
factor, P = erosion control practice factor.
Zoning of flood prone area is done through
calculation using spatial analysis and GIS software
which is supported by simple grid method (Sukiyah
et al., 2004; Sukiyah et al., 2007). Various aspects
Figure 1. Research area location related to flood are given weight value (0-5)
according to its priority and value (0-5) according to
its condition. Furthermore, the weight value and
Methodology
value are multiplied to get scores in every related
Material and tools used in this research are: aspect. Total score is obtained by adding up all the
52
analyzed aspect scores. Statistical approach used to deformed and unstable area that mostly coincides
obtain significant result. Research framework is with fault zone.
shown in Figure 2.
Table 1. Rocks formation in Cisangkuy watershed
Code Rock Formation Age

Ql Lake deposits Holocene
Qmt Malabar-Tilu volcanic rocks Late Pleistocene
Qtl Mount Tilu lava Late Pleistocene
Ql (k,w) Mount Kendeng lahar and lava Late Pleistocene
Qopu Undifferentiated volcanic rocks Middle
Pleistocene
Qwb Waringin-Bedil andesite of Early Pleistocene
Malabar products
Tmb Beser Formation Late Miocene
Figure 2. Research framework
Result and Discussion

Geology of CisangkuyWatershed
Geology of Cisangkuy watershed is part of the

regional geology of Bandung basin. Landform of
Bandung area is an elongated ellipsoidtrending
northwest-southeast. The basin has a length of 60
km and width 40 km.
Bandung basin can be divided into eastern,
central, and western area (Bronto et al., 2004).
Cisangkuy watershed can be classified into central
part of Bandung basin. Composition of rocks that
exist in the Cisangkuy watershed is dominated by Figure 3.Distribution of erosion in Cisangkuy watershed and the
existence of active faults
Quaternary volcanic rocks. The rock formation
consists of lake deposits (Ql), Malabar-Tilu volcanic
rocks (Qmt), Mount Tilu lava (Qtl), Mount Kendeng Morphotectonic of CisangkuyWatershed
lahar and lava (Ql-kw), undifferentiated volcanic
rocks (Qopu), Waringin-Bedil andesite of Malabar Several active faults control Bandung basin,
products (Qwb), and Beser Formation (Tmb) as the including Cisangkuy watershed (Figure 4 and Figure
oldest rocks (Alzwar et al., 1992 and Silitonga, 5). Ciwidey-Patrol-Wangisegara fault is fault that
2003; Table 1). affects the downstream of Cisangkuy watershed.
The fault plane is contact between Mount Malabar
Lineament and fault pattern generally trending (Qwb) and Mount Malabar-Tilu (Qmt) rocks
northwest-southeast, northeast-southwest, and product. Several smaller active faults are
north-south (Figure 3). Developing faults generally Tanjaknangsi, Cisondari-Cisangkuy, Waringin-
are strike-slip fault and normal fault. These faults Haruman-Barugbug, and Arjasari-Baleendah faults.
are active based on the evidence of landslide area,
53
Those faults control Cisangkuy watershed Ciwidey-Patrol-Wangisagara fault seemed very

particularly in the upstream area. Based on this clear on the composite channel 1, 4, and 7 of
phenomenon, it is indicated that Cisangkuy Landsat imagery (Figure 4). It is because this fault is
watershed deformed complex. This phenomenon quite large and some of its traces recorded on the
also has implication for further geomorphology hard volcanic rocks (lava) from Beser Formation.
processes such as erosion. Based on the imagery analysis result, deformed area
can be identified and land use can be classified so
the erosion and flood prone area can be estimated.
Tectonic condition in an area can be determined
by morphometryor morphotectonic analysis of
watershed. Cisangkuy watershed is divided into
subwatersheds to simplify calculation process, both
in spatial and tabular format. The calculation result
is shown in Table 2 and Table 3. Rivers that flow in
Cisangkuy watershed have order 1 to 6. Spatial
distribution of the rivers is forming patterns which
can reflect the lithology and tectonic condition.
Bifurcation ratio (Rb) distributed in 5 levels.
Completeness of Rb level varies in each
subwatershed. Some watersheds that are not quite
large only have Rb1-2, namely Citanjung,
Figure 4.Bandung basin in Landsat imagery: (1) Forest, (2) Ciparingga, Babakankiara, and
Cultivation area, (3) Paddy field, (4) Residential, Industrial, and Wangunsubwatershed. Rb value is dominated by a
Office area (Sukiyah, 2009)
range of values less than 3 which shows
deformation control due to tectonic activity. Some
subwatersheds have value of Rb 7 in the
downstream, Cibintuni and Cilakisubwatershed.
This phenomenon indicates imbalance of
geomorphology processes in the upstream and
Figure 5.(a) Escarpment in Mount Wayang-Windu
downstream of watershed as a result of tectonic
(Pangalengan), (b) Patrol Valley activity.
Indication of geological structure existence as Table 2. Distribution of river order in Cisangkuy watershed
an indication of fault is difficult to find on the
River Order
Quaternary volcanic rocks that composed Code Subwatershed
1 2 3 4 5 6
dominantly in Cisangkuy watershed. This condition Csky-01 Cibintuni 49 29 11 7 1
is caused by imperfect compacted rocks so the Csky-02 Citalugtug 52 23 21 5
ability to record geological structure traces is lower Csky-03 Citanjung 5 4
than older rocks. In addition, volcanic rocks in this Csky-04 Ciparingga 2 1
area tend to have intermediate to mafic Csky-05 Cigeureuh 27 21 13 3
characteristic that are prone to weathering process. Csky-06 Ciseureuh 6 2 3
Some specific landforms can also be an indicator to Csky-07 Cisangkuy 220 113 52 13 12 14
Csky-08 Cilaki 28 11 14 2
find active fault. Besides, drainage pattern, landform
Csky-09 Ciburuy 7 5 1
lineament, escarpment, and landslide area can also
Csky-10 Babakankiara 3 2
be used to find active fault.
Csky-11 Wangun 2 1
Table 3. Bifurcation ratio (Rb) in Cisangkuy watershed
54
Code Subwatershed Rb1-2 Rb2-3 Rb3-4 Rb4-5 Rb5-6 Total erosion is determined by the amount of
Csky-01 Cibintuni 1.69 2.64 1.57 7.00 - annual average erosion and watershed area, for
Csky-02 Citalugtug 2.26 1.10 4.20 - - example a large subwatershed will indicate a high
Csky-03 Citanjung 1.25 - - - -
amount of annual average erosion.
Csky-04 Ciparingga 2.00 - - - -
Cisangkuysubwatershed has the highest erosion
Csky-05 Cigeureuh 1.76 1.62 4.33 - -
Csky-06 Ciseureuh 3.00 0.67 - - -
total whereas Cilakisubwatershed has lower erosion
Csky-07 Cisangkuy 1.95 2.17 4.00 1.08 0.86 total than Cisangkuysubwatershed. These two
Csky-08 Cilaki 2.55 0.79 7.00 - - subwatersheds have fairly clear differences, where
Csky-09 Ciburuy 1.40 5.00 - - - the size difference of subwatersheds is very high as
Csky-10 Babakankiara 1.50 - - - - well as the annual average erosion. Combination of
Csky-11 Wangun 2.00 - - - - these two variables makes the two subwatersheds as
the contributor of high annual erosiontotal in the
research area.
Erosion Dynamics in CisangkuyWatershed
Erosion calculation is done for each

subwatersheds in Cisangkuy watershed (Table 4,
Figure 6). The areas that have very high annual
average erosion are located in Cilaki, Ciburuy,
Babakankiara, and Wangunsubwatershed (Figure 7).
These subwatersheds are located in the western of
Cisangkuy watershed and occupy a steep slope
forming morphotectonic unit (escarpment). On the Figure 6.Graph of annual average erosion in Cisangkuy
watershed
other hand, the areas that have very low annual
average erosion are located in Citanjung and
Ciparinggasubwatershed. These subwatersheds have
bird feathers shape with low drainage density.
Tectonic activity is almost not identified in these
two subwatersheds.
Table 4. Distribution of erosion in Cisangkuy watershed

Average
Total
Sub Area erosion Erosion
Code Erosion
watershed (ha) (ton/ha/ Prone Class
(ton/yr)
yr)
Csky-01 Cibintuni 2,267.0 186.2 421,993.0 IV (High)
Csky-02 Citalugtug 4,208.0 40.7 171,137.3 II (Low)
Csky-03 Citanjung 721.9 12.3 8,872.1
I (Very Low)
Csky-04 Ciparingga 516.6 10.4 5,381.8

I(Very Low)
Csky-05 Cigeureuh 2,904.0 26.6 77,254.0 II(Low)
Csky-06 Ciseureuh 1,208.0 24.5 29,575.3 II(Low) Figure 7.Erosion prone area in Cisangkuy watershed
Csky-07 Cisangkuy 12,260.0 181.9 2,229,812.0 IV(High)
Csky-08 Cilaki 1,309.0 1,272.0 1,665,061.1
Relationship between erosion and
V(Very High)
morphotectonic is evidenced by correlation between
Csky-09 Ciburuy 393.5 1,993.1 784,296.7 the range of bifurcation ratio as a reflection of
V(Very High)
Csky-10 Babakankiara 192.7 2,272.0 437,822.1 morphotectonic and annual average erosion (Figure
V(Very High)
8). Correlation between tectonic activity level and
Csky-11 Wangun 298.7 1,858.2 555,050.3
V(Very High) average erosion total can be expressed by the linear
regression equation: y = 458.86x + 230.61 with
55
correlation coefficient (r) = 0.25. Tectonic activity is addition, other areas in the research area can be
directly proportional to the increase of erosion total. classified into rarely flooded area and safe area.
The higher of tectonic activity that controls a Verification result to the phenomenon of
watershed, the higher of annual average erosion tectonic-erosion-sedimentation shows that the flood
totalmayoccur. Low correlation coefficient (r = prone areas are located around river downstream
0.25) shows that there are many variables that that has a high to very high erosion rate in upstream.
control the annual average erosion total such as land Based on morphotectonic aspect, flood prone areas
use (CP) and rainfall (R). Impact of tectonic activity occupy the depression landform. The landform
will be reflected in the soil erodibility index (K) and character allows water to stagnate. Flood prone area
geomorphology index (LS). This phenomenon is usually is passed by river segments that have high
proved in Cisangkuy watershed, where the order, more than 3. However, some anomalies can
subwatersheds which have very high average occur, for example on the low order rivers (less than
erosion such as Cilaki, Ciburuy, Babakankiara, and 2) that occupy specific area. Besides, bifurcation
Wangunsubwatershed also have high Rb value. ratio (less than 3 and more than 6) also can reflect
flood prone area, especially in the downstream area
of watershed.
Figure 8.Graph of correlation between tectonic activity level

and annual average erosion
Flood Prone Area in CisangkuyWatershed
Some aspects related to the possibility of flood

in Cisangkuy watershed are lithologies (rock types
and textures), land use, rainfall intensity, slope
gradient, river characteristic (river order),
morphotectonic (land deformation due to tectonic
activity). Based on the result of statistical Figure 9.Flood prone area in Cisangkuy watershed
calculation using normal distribution pattern method
to spatial analysis result, classification of flood
prone area is obtained:
 Frequently flooded area (score 101 - 120)
 Potentially flooded area (score 81 - 100)
 Rarely flooded area (score 61 - 80)
 Safe area (score 0 - 60)
Spatial distribution of flood prone area is shown
in Figure 9. Frequently flooded area occupy Figure 10.(a) Cisangkuy river debouches into Citarum river, (b)
Cisangkuy river valley in the southern of Banjaran The House Located in Frequently Flooded Area
(Cigeureuhriver) to Baleendah and Dayeuhkolot
Distribution of flood area in each subwatershed
(Figure 10). Potentiallyflooded area occupy around
located in Cisangkuy watershed is shown in Table 5.
Cilaki to Ciseureuhriver, and Cisangkuy river valley
The largest flood prone area is in the downstream of
which is above the frequently flooded area. In
56
Citalugtugsubwatershed (209 km2). Flood prone fault scarp of Ciwidey-Patrol-Wangisagara that

areas tend to be decreased to the upstream of crossed the downstream Cisangkuy watershed. This
Cisangkuyriver. It is associated with the phenomenon quantitatively also reflected by
geomorphology conditions that do not allow water bifurcation ratio less than 3 and more than 5.
to stagnate. Existence of active fault can result in deformed
Table 5. Distribution of flood area in Cisangkuy watershed
volcanic rocks and steep slope landform. This
condition has implication for erosion and
Luas (km2)
Code
Sub
Safe Rarely Potenti Prone sedimentation phenomenon in Cisangkuy
watershed
area area al area area watershed. Statistical analysis of morphotectonic
Csky-01 Cibintuni 1,558.0 547.9 114.6 42.8
and erosion variables, and also flood distribution
Csky-02 Citalugtug 3,113.0 704.5 181.7 209.1
shows that these variables interrelated and
Csky-03 Citanjung 607.5 68.5 38.5 7.4
correlated statistically. This correlation is reflected
Csky-04 Ciparingga 406.5 70.7 23.4 16.0
by erosion prone area distribution that coincides
Csky-05 Cigeureuh 2,489.0 342.0 62.3 12.1
with faulted landform. Erosion prone areas are
Csky-06 Ciseureuh 853.4 324.5 30.4 - located in the upstream Cisangkuy watershed which
Csky-07 Cisangkuy 8,615.0 3,574.0 52.7 - coincides with Waringin-Haruman-Barugbug fault
Csky-08 Cilaki 1,064.0 235.5 9.6 - and Gambung-Sadatapa fault, and also in the
Csky-09 Ciburuy 330.7 62.8 - - downstream Cisangkuy watershed which coincides
Csky-10 Babakankiara 177.3 15.4 - - with Ciwidey-Patrol-Wangisagara fault scarp.
Csky-11 Wangun 257.5 32.9 8.3 -
High level of erosion in the upstream watershed
Relationship between the amount of erosion has implication for sedimentation process in the
and distribution of flood prone area is proved by the downstream watershed. This correlation can be used
statistical analysis result on both these variables to predict flood prone area. Verification result of
(Figure 11). The graph shows that the correlation correlation model proved that flood prone area
between the amount of erosion and the flood generally located in downstream of rivers which has
potential area indicates a positive correlation with a high to very high erosion rate. The frequently
the equation: y = 44.321x– 16.161 and r = 0.75 flooded areas are Banjaran, Sepen, Baleendah, and
(Figure 11a). Similarly, the amount of annual Dayeuhkolot. This flood-prone area occupies the
average erosion to the distribution of flood prone depression landform.
area also indicates positive correlation with the
equation: y = 25.441x – 17.343 and r = 0.92 (Figure
11.b) Acknowledgments
We thank Faculty of Geological Engineering,
PadjadjaranUniversity, whichhave helped the
research activity so this scientific article can be
made. In addition, we would like to thank all those
who have helped in this research activity.
Hopefully, this scientific article can be useful both
Figure 11.Graph of correlation between the amount of erosion for the science development and society.
and distribution of flood prone area
Conclusion
Result of the research in Cisangkuy watershed
indicates that some subwatersheds controlled by
active tectonic. This phenomenon is reflected by
57
References
Alzwar, M., Akbar, N. and Bachri, S. 1992. Geological Map of Silitonga, P. H. 2003. Geological Map of Bandung Quadrangle,
Garut and Pameungpeuk Quadrangle, Java.Scale Java.Scale 1:100.000. 3rd edition.Geological Research and
1:100,000. Geological Research and Development Centre, Development Centre, Bandung.
Bandung.
Sukiyah, E., Haryanto, A.D., Zakaria, Z. 2004. Aplikasi Sistem
Bakosurtanal. 2000. Digital Topographic Maps of Barutunggul, Informasi Geografi dalam penetapan kawasan berpotensi
Pangalengan, Lebaksari, Pakutandang, Soreang, Banjir di Kabupaten Bandung bagian selatan. Bulletin of
Pasirjambu, Cililin, and Bandung.Scale 1:25,000, 1st Scientific Contribution, vol.2 no.1:26-37.
edition.
Sukiyah, Emi. 2009. Model erosi bentangalam vulkanik Kuarter
Bronto, S., Hartono, U. 2004.Potensisumberdayageologi di di Cekungan Bandung bagian selatan. Disertasi, Program
Daerah Cekungan Bandung Pascasarjana, Unpad.
dansekitarnya.BukuPanduanLokakaryaCekungan
Bandung: 178-195. Sukiyah, E., Sudradjat, A., Hirnawan, R.F., Muslim, D., &
Rosana, M.F. 2007. The simple grid method in GIS
El-Swaify, S. A., Dangler, E. W. & Armstrong, C. L. 1982.Soil application for delineation of erosion and flood zones:
Erosion by Water in the Tropics.Department of Agronomy Case study at Bandung basin. SKIM X,
and Soil Science, University of Hawaii, Honolulu. UniversitasKebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, Malaysia.
Earth Resource Mapping Ltd. 2003.onlineER Mapper Tutorial
Release 6.4. USA.
Ilyas, MohamadArief. 1987. PemantauanKondisiSuatu Daerah
Aliran Sungai (DAS) BerdasarkanIndikatorErosi/Sedimen.
JurnalPenelitiandanPengembanganPengairan, No. 5 Th. 2:
28-38.
58
Gany,M.U,/ICG 2015
The Geological and Chemical Characteristic Relating to The Quality

of Hampang Coal in Tanjung Formation, South Kalimantan,
Indonesia
Gany, M.U. 1, Sulaksana, N.2, Rosana M.F.2and Mursito, A.T3
1
Post Graduate Program of Geosciences, Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung
Jl. Dipati Ukur No. 35, 40132, Bandung , Indonesia
Email : ulumgany@yahoo.com
2
Faculty of Geological Engineering, Universitas Padjadjaran,
Jl. Dipati Ukur No. 35, 40132, Bandung, Indonesia
3
Research Center for Geotechnology, Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI)
Jl. Sangkuriang, 40135, Bandung, Indonesia
Abstract
To optimizethe utilization of Indonesiancoal, the research had been carried out to Hampang coal in Tanjung Formation
South Kalimantan Indonesia for identifying its quality by methodology consisting of geological observation and to
perform some analysis in laboratory. The observation of geological environment in the field research is bytaking some
samples both rock and coal as well as to identify the geological and sedimentation environment.While the laboratory
research was carried of by analysing with some methods consisting of petrologycal , petrographycal, proximate, X
Ray Diffraction (XRD), FourierTransform Infrared (FTIR), and Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy(AAS) analysis.
Based on the geological observation that the Tanjung Formation on Barito Basin relating to the deposition of Tertiary
sediment (Paleogene-Neogene) due to the collision process of tectonic plate of Indo Australia, Eurasia and Pacific on
Cretaceous period . The deposition of coal in Tanjung Formation is classified as Paleogene Post-Rift Transgression
deposited in Late Eocene until Early Miocene. While based on the result of some analysis in the laboratory relating to
the standard of coal classification (JIS) that the rank of this Hampang coal consisted of i Lignite F1Subbituminous E, D
and bituminoous C rank.
Keywords : coal, quality, analysis, methodology, rank.
Introduction Kalimantan Indonesia for identifying its

Indonesia has a great potency of coal resources characteristic and quality by methodology
and spread out trough of Indonesia and based on the consisting of geological observation and to
data from Indonesian geological survey (2008), that perform some analysis in laboratory.
the Indonesian coal resources are 103 billion tons. The observation of geological environment in
The most of Indonesian coal resources are in the field by taking some samples both rock and coal
Kalimantan island (53%), Sumatera island (47%) as well as. While the laboratory research was
and the others are in Jawa island, Sulawesi island carried out by analysing with some methods
and Papua island. Unfortunately that the most of consisting petrology, petrography, proximate, X Ray
Indonesian coal resources are dominated by low Diffraction (XRD), Fourier Transform Infra Red
rank consisted lignite (56,41%) and sub (FTIR), and Atomic Absorption Spectrograph
bituminous (29,75%), while the high rank ofcoal (AAS) analysis.
consisted of bituminous (13,49%) and anthracite The data both from the field work as well as
(0,35%). from laboratory analysis were evaluated for
To optimize the utilization of these coal identifying the geological and sedimentation
resources, the research had been conducted to environment as well as to determine the quality of
Hampang coal in Tanjung Formation South these coal deposit.
59
Gany, M.U., /ICG 2015
level was relatively dropped during the Mioceneas

Methodology a consequence the uplift of the Schwaner Core and
the Meratus Mountain. The Meratus mountain re-
Regional Geology emerged in the late Miocene, followed by the
Tectonic Setting of Research Area. isostatic subsidence of the basin located in a
The research had been carried out in Hampang, foreland position relating to the uplift of the
South Kalimantan Province, Indonesia. This coal mountain
deposit was occurred in the lower part of Tanjung
Formation in Barito Basin which is located along
the bounder of southeast Schwaner Shield in South
Kalimantan. (Figure 1) and it was formed in the
Early Cenocoic(Witts D, dkk, 2014; Hall
andMourly, 2004, Hamilton, 1979 ; ; Hutchison,
1989; Doustand Sumner, 2007. Based on Darman
and Sidi 2000, that this basin was separated from
Asem-Asem basin to the East by Meratus Mountain
and from Kutai Basin to northby the flexure which
related toAdang Fault. The Barito basin has a
narrow opening to the south towards the Java Sea
and this basin has asymmetric basin, forming a
foredeep in the eastern part as well as a platform
approaching the West Kalimantan Shield towards
the west The older part of this basin is Tanjung
Formation (SiregarandSunaryo, 1980).
In the Late Cretaceous , the Barito Basin
commenced its developmentdue to the
microcontinental collision between the Paternoster
and South West Borneo microcontinents (Metcalfe,
1996; Satyana, 1996). The extensional deformation
formed in the Early-Tertiary as a tectonic
consequence of the oblique convergence produce a
series of North West-SE trending rifts. These rifts
as accommodation space for alluvial fan and
lacustrine deposit in the lower part of Tanjung
Formation which is derived from horst area. As the Figure 1 The Setting Tectonic of Kalimantan
(Modified from DarmandanSidi , 2000)
result of sea transgression , the sediments rift
became more fluviodeltaic in the early of Middle
The rising of the MeratusMountain continued
Eocene and eventually marine
into the Pleistocene and the occurrence of the
Subsequently the marine transgression deposition ofmollasic-deltaic sediments of the
submerged the rifts in the Late Eocene-earliest Pliocene Dahor Formation.
Oligocene time , resulting the deposition of marine Stratigraphy
shale of the Upper Tanjung Formation.
Regionally the location of research area is a
In the Late Oligocene is characterized by the part into Barito Basin (Figure1) and based on
deposition platform carbonate of Berai Formation Geological Map issued by Reserach and
(Figure 2) and continue to Early Miocene The sea Development Center for Geology (P3G) , that this
60
Gany,M.U,/ICG 2015
research area fall into Sampanahan sheet 18130 2. Berai Formation,, thisBerai Formation
(Figure. 3) consisted of limestone, ricch of coral,
foraminefera and algae and inserted of
massive naphal as well as claystone, Berai
Formation was deposited conformity aboce
Tanjung Formation in the Oligocene until
Late Miocene.
Figure 2 Stratigraphy of Barito Basin

(Satyana, A.H, 1994)
The basement rock of Barito basin is Pra-

Tertiary rock consisted the interbedded of igneous
rock , andesite rock as well as metamorphic rock
consisted the interbedded of shale, with fine
sandstone until coarse sandstone inserted with
conglomerate and breccia. On the top of this Pra Figure 3 Geological Map of Barito Basin
(Modified from Heryanto, R.,et. al 19940)
Tertiary rock was deposited Tertiarysedimentary
rock consisted of older to younger rock.Contact 3. Warukin Formation consisted of quart
between Pra-Tertiary rock and Tertiary sedimentary sandstone, claystone, shale, and
rock is unconformity contact of age , but in some conglomerate in the lower part as well as
places was found unconformity contact of tectonic. inserted coal and . The age of Warukin
The age of this Tertiary sis Eocene until Pleistocene Formation is Middle-Miocene until Late-
The formation in Barito Basin consisted of : Miocene. Warukin Formation was deposited
1. Tanjung Formation, this Tanjung Formation conformity in the upper part of Berai
was located unconformity on the top of Formation in the Middle –Miocene until in
basement rock which is consisted of Pra- the Early-Miocene . This Warukin
Tertiary .igneous rock and metamorphic Formation was deposited in paralic
rock and overlain with Berai Formation environment until delta in the regression
This formation consisted of quartz phase. Warukin Formation consisted of
sandstone which is interbedded with quart sandstone, claystone, shale, and
claystone inserted with coal . The conglomerate in the lower part as well as
environmental deposition from land to inserted coal and . The age of Warukin
shallow marine and the age of this Tanjung Formation is Middle-Miocene until Late-
Formation is expected as Eocene. Miocene. Warukin Formation was deposited
conformity in the upper part of Berai
61
Formation in the Middle –Miocene until in relating to the distribution of rock in Tanjung
the Early-Miocene . This Warukin formation. Rock sampling was carried out by taking
Formation was deposited in paralic sample in this research area with the total rock
environment until delta in the regression sampling are 13 rock samples. (Table 1 ).
phase. Coal Sampling
4. Dahor Formation, this formation consisted
of quartz sandstone and conglomerate The purpose of coal sampling is toidentify the
containing quarsite fragment and basalt characteristic and the qualityof coal samples. Coal
interbeded with moderate-coarse, sandstone sampling wascarried out in Central block and
, locally with cross bedding structure northblock of the research area. Coal sampling was
inserted by claystone . Dagor Formation taken by channel method by making test pit and
was deposited un conformity in the upper took the samples by making channel in side of the
part of Warukin Formation in the Mio- test pit and sampling coal was carried out in the
Pliocene. This formation was deposited in channel from the upper to the bottom of channel.
the paralic-laguna environment. The total coal samples were taken in the
5. Alluvium Formation (QA) or Quarter research area consisted of 12 samples (Table 2).
Sediment , this formation consisted of Characterization of Rock and Coal Samples
Alluvium Formation (QA), quarter
sediment; this formation consisted of the To identify the characteristic of rock and coal
result of degradation of the older rock such samples taken from research area, the preparation
as material with gravel-clay particle size of rock and coal samples had been carried out before
which overlay unconformity in the upper analysing these samples in the laboratory.
part of Dahor Formation. Alluvium The rock samples had been analysedin the
material, generally, had been compacted or laboratory by petrographic and proximate analysis
loose and contain a lot of organic material while the coal samples had been analysed with some
and the depth until 25 meters. analysis consisted of proximate, FTIR, XRD,
Geological Structure of The Research Area petrographic and AAS analysis
Based on the result of observation and the
measurement of strike and dip of the rock layer Table 1 Rock Sampling
that the geological structure obtained in this research No Sampling Visually Discription
area can be classifying into three types namely : code
fold, joint and fault structure
Coal Deposit 1 V Yellow colour
2 IX C Dirty white colour
Coal deposit was obtained in the lower part of 3 XI Green white colour
Tanjung Formation . The coal outcrop , generally 4 X2 Brown colour
exposed in the bank of the river with interbedded 5 IX E Gray green colour
with claystone and sandstone. 6 VI A1 Gray colour, bedded layer
7 VIII D Dirty brown colour
Sampling 8 2D Gray colour
9 X3 Brown white colour
Sampling were carried out in Tanjung 10 VIII B Gray white colour
Formation in Barito Basin, South Kalimantan, in 11 IV B Brown white colour
Barito basin which is consisted of Rock sampling 12 XII A Dirty brown colour
13 IX D Gray green colour
and coal sampling.
Rock sampling
The purpose of this rock sampling is to support Result and discussion
geological observation-data in the research area
62
Gany,M.U,/ICG 2015
The research area was carried out in Barito basin of coal deposit deposited in stable platform in Late
Tanjung Formation of, Hampang, Batulicin, Eocene until Early Miocene. The coal deposit in
this environment was deposited laterally
Kalimantan Province. The Barito basin is one of Based on the result of petrologic analysis to
Tertiary basin in Kalimantan which overlay the rock samples taken from research area (Table
unconformity of basement rock and was overlain 1) in Tanjung Formation indicated that rock
sample of XA1 , XB1, IXC1, IX2, VIII B2, VIII
unconformity by Berai Formation. This Tanjung D3, IXE, VA, 2D, and XII A are quartz sandstone
Formation consisted of interbedded with sandstone, serpentinite, quartz wakce, quartz sandstone,
claystone, shale and limestone carboneous shale, clay stone carrbooneus, quartz
sandstone,carboneousclaystone,claystone
Tabel 2 Coal Sampling respectively. These rock samples were dominated
by sandstone, claystone and shale as the rocks of
Tanjung Formation (IX D, XA1, IX 2 , VIII B2,
VIII D3, IX E , 2 D, and XII A ). A part of these
rock samples were inserted by carbon material
(R1XE, RVIII B2, RVIIIB1 and RIX D) based on
proximate analysis (Table 3). This phenomena was
effected by transgression process (Witt, 2013).
Characteristic of Coal Samples
Based on proximate analysis to the coal
samples (Table 7) consisted of moisture content,
volatile matter, ash content and fixed carbon can be
determined the quality of coal samples both low
rank or high rank by calculating caloric value.
Table 3 Proximate Analysis of Rock Samples

Geological Setting
Generally, the coal deposit in Tanjung
Formation relating to the deformation of Tertiary
sedimentary basin (Paleogen-Neogenn) due to the
collision plate tectonic Eurasia, Hindia-Australia
and Pacific in the Cretacious time (Darman, H and
Sidi, F.H, 2000).
Based on the development of Tertiary tectonic
Sudarmono (1997, in Koesoemadinata, 2000) that
the coal deposit in Indonesia can be classified into
: EndapanbatubaraPaleogen (Eosen – Oligosen),
danNeogen coal deposit (Late Oligosen – Miosen);
The coal deposit in Tanjung Formation can be To determine the caloric value of these samples
classified as Paleogen coal deposit or Late Eocene can be calculate based on Cmelin Formula (Katoh,
until Early-Miocene. While in the tectonic- K, 2007) :
Stratigraphy setting , that the deposition in Caloric value (Kcal /kg-ad) =
Tanjung Formation (Koesomadinata, 2000) can be
classified as Paleogene Post–Rift Transgression 80 (100-(Ash+IM)-6 x K x IM
63
Remarks : Compound coal (3369,4; 3841,9 cm-1) and the

Ash (%-ad), lower of absorption value of aromatic C-H
IM (Inherent Moisture-% ad) compound (794,6-752,2 cm-1) , (Table 8,9 and
K – Coefficient (Table 4) Figure 5).
Table 5. Report Basic of Coal Analysis
To determine the quality of coal is to use the
classification of coal rank based on JIS
Classification (M—1002-1979) after having
converted caloric value-adb to caloric value-daf by
using formula (Table 5)
100
=
100- (IM-ad +Ash-ad)
Table4Coefficient Value for Caloric value Calculation
No. Inherent Moisture Coefficient

(%-ad)
1 <3 -4
2 3-4.5 6 Table 6 Coal Classification Based on JIS Standard
3 4.5-8.5 12
4 8.5-12 10
5 12-20 8
6 20-28 6
7 >28 4
Based on the calculation of caloric value

conversion from air dry (ad) to dry ash free (daf) ,
that the caloric value of the coal samples can be
determined ranging from 7.155,77 kcal/kg to
8.121,013 kcal/kg(daf) and can be determined the
quality (rank) of coal by using JIS coal
classification. The rank of coal samples based on the
JIS coal classification ranging from Lignite, Sub
Bituminous D, Sub-Bituminous E and Bituminous C
(Table 6, 7).
Based on the FTIR analysis indicated that the
higher rank of coal (ABH II E) the lower
absorption of OH compound (3841,9 - 3369,4 cm-
1
), and the higher the absorption value of aromatic
C-H compound (700, 1-912,3 cm-1) (Table 8, 9 and
Figure 4). In the other hand the lower rank of
(BMA) the higher absorption value of OH
64
Gany,M.U,/ICG 2015
10 IV 3620.1-3691.5 Weak
11 XIA 3618.2-3691.5 Strong
Based on the analysis of XRD to the coal 12 III 3620.1-3691.5 Moderate
samples indicated that higher coal rank (ABH II E)
the less of mineral content (Figure 6,7) , in the other
Table 9 The Absorption Value of aromatic C-H compound of
hand the lower coal rank (ABH BMA), the higher of Coal By FTIR Analysis
mineral content in the coal. It means that the higher
coal rank the less ash content in the coal and the No Coal sample Absorption value Intensity
lower rank of coal the higher content of ash content (Cm-1)
1 BMA 694.3-796.5 Weak
(Tsai, 1982, Nuroniah, 1997). 2 X 692.4-794.6 Weak
Mineral content in the coal is a source ash content 3 II E 700.1-8.15.8 strong
4 IA 750.3-815.8 Strong
due to mineral content in the coal will become ash 5 II Cek 752.2-914.2 Moderate
as son as the coal is burnt. (Tsai, SC, 1980). 6 VA 692.4-875.6 Strong
7 VIA 690.0-815.6 Moderate
8 VII 694.3-815.8 Moderate
9 IXA 694.3-796.5 Weak
Tabel7 The coal quality and rank in Tanjung 10 IV 692.4-794.6 Weak
Formation 11 XIA 692.4-817.8 Moderate
12 III 692.4-815.8 Moderate
Figure 4 Curve FTIR analysis of Coal

Sample ABH II E
Table 8 The Absorption Value of OH Compound of CoalBy

FTIR Analysis
No Coal sample Absorption value Intensity

(Cm-1)
1 BMA 3406.1 Strong
2 X 3620.1-3691.5 Strrong
3 II E 3841.9 Weak
4 IA 3618.2 Weak
5 II Cek 3618.2-3691.5 Weak
6 VA 3620.1-3691.5 Weak
7 VIA 3620.1-3691.5 Weak
8 VII 3620.1-3691.5 Weak
9 IXA 3622.1-3691.5 Weak
65
Figure5 Curve FTIR analysis of Coal Sample ABH BMA 3. Based on the result of petrological
analysis to the rock samples taken from
research area in Tanjung were
dominated by sandstone, claystone and
shale as the rocks of Tanjung
Formation (IX D, XA1, IX 2 , VIII B2,
VIII D3, IX E , 2 D, and XII A ). A
part of these rock samples were
inserted by carbon material (R1XE,
Figure 6Diffractogram of coal Sample (ABH II E) by XRD RVIII B2, RVIIIB1 and RIX D) based
Analysis on proximate analysis which was
effected by transgression process.
4. Based on the coal classification by JIS
standard, that coal classification in
Tanjung Formation consisted of
Lignite, Sub Bituminous E and D and
Bituminous Rank C.
5. Based on FTIR analysis that the
higher rank of coal the lower
absorption value of OH compound and
Figure 7 Diffractogram of coal Sample (ABH BMA II E) by
XRD Analysis the higher absorption value of
Aromatic CH compound and in the
other hand the lower rank of coal the
Conclusion higher absorption value of OH
Based on previously discussion, some compound and the lower absorption
conclussion can be drawn value of aromatic CH compound.
6. Based on XRD analysis that the higher
1. The research area in Tanjung
the quality of coal the less mineral
Formation) located in Barito basin
content in the coal and in the other
which is one of Tertiary basin in
hand the lower rank of coal the higher
Kalimantan which overlay
content of mineral due to mineral
unconformity of basement rock and
content is a source of ash content which
was overlain unconformity by Berai
is effected the quality of coal.
Formation. This Tanjung Formation
consisted of interbedded with
sandstone, clay stone, shale and Acknowledgments
limestone. We convey the best thank to my colleague who
2. The coal deposit in Tanjung Formation help me during we carried out the research both in
can be classified as Paleogen coal the laboratory and the field especially to Sri Indarto
deposit or Late Eocene until Early- Jaka , Atet, Nita, Eki (the official of Research
Miocene. While in the tectonic- Center for Geotechnology)-Indonesian Institute of
Stratigraphy setting , that the deposition Sciences LIPI Bandung.
in Tanjung Formation can be classified
as Paleogene Post–Rift Transgression
coal deposit deposited in stable
platform in Late Eocene until Early.
66
Gany,M.U,/ICG 2015
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Katoh, K., 2007. Guide Book of Thermal Coal. Indonesian
Siregar, M.S., Sunaryo, R., 1980. Depositional Environment
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and Hydrocarbon Prospect, Tanjung Formation,
Leonard, J.W., 1988. Coal preparation .The American Institute Barito Basin, Kalimantan, Indonesia.Indonesian
of Mining, Metallurgical and Petrolium Engineers, Petrolium Association.In : Proceedings 9th Annual
Inc, New York. Convention.pp 379-400. Depositional Environment
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Nuroniah, N., Komarudin., Kosasih., E., Hernawati, T.,
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68
Ismail Abd Rahim & Baba Musta ICG 2015
THE STABILITY OF METASEDIMENTARY ROCK IN RANAU,

SABAH, MALAYSIA
Ismail Abd Rahim*& Baba Musta
Natural Disasters Research Centre, Faculty of Science &Natural Resources,Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Jalan UMS 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Phone: 088 320000 (5737/5999)
Fax: 088 435324
E:Mail:arismail@ums.edu.my
Abstract
The aim of this paper is to determine the stability of slopes and to propose preliminary rock cut slope protection and
stabilization measures for Paleocene to Middle Eocene Trusmadi Formation along Marakau-Kigiok inRanau, Sabah,
Malaysia. The rock of Trusmadi Formation is slightly metamorphosed and dominated by interbeds of sandstone with
quartz vein (metagreiwacke), metamudstone, shale, slate, sheared sandstone and mudstone. The rock unit can be
divided into four (4) geotechnical unit’s namely arenaceous unit, argillaceous unit, interbedded unit and sheared unit.
Twelve(12) slopes were selected for this study. Geological mapping, discontinuity survey, kinematic analysis and
prescriptive measure were used in this study. Results of this study conclude that the potential modes of failures
areplanar andwedge. Terrace, surface drainage, weep holes, horizontal drain, vegetation cover, wire mesh, slope
reprofiling and retaining structure were proposed protection and stabilization measures for the slope in the study area.
Keywords: Trusmadiformation, Ranau, metasedimentary rock, slope stability, mode of failure
INTRODUCTION
This studyarea is located in southeast of Ranau The study area is underlain by the Trusmadi
town which covering theMarakau-Kinapulidan- Formation andQuaternary alluvium deposit(Figure
Kigiok road alignment (Figure 1). Generally, the 1). The age of the Trusmadi Formation is
topography of the study area can be divided into Palaeocene to Middle Eocene (Jacobson, 1970;
hilly and low land areas with the elevation are above Sanudin & Baba, 2007). Formerly, this formation
500m and below 500m, respectively. Hilly consists of interbeddedmudstone and sandstone
topography is situated at the west, east and south units of sedimentary rock with various thicknesses
parts of the study area. The topography also from thin to very thick. The mudstone is more
represented the northeastern-southwestern ranges in
dominant then sandstone.
Ranau area. The highest elevation is about 900 –
1000 m. The low land area situated at the middle Trusmadi Formation is also experiencing low
part of the study area and mainly controlled by Sg. grade metamorphism into green schist facies. The
Liwagu. This river provides alluvial plain during metamorphismcaused the Trusmadi Formation
flooding event and concentrated at the western part altered into metasedimentary and/or metamorphic
of the study area.This low land area is usually used rock unit. Typical characteristic of Trusmadi
for agricultures activity such as paddy cultivation. formation is the appearances of foliation (slaty
cleavage) and quartz veins.
69
Figure 1Geological map and sampling station of the study area.
The fieldwork observation showed that the alluvium deposit is approximately 50m (Hutchison,
outcrops of metasedimentary rock consist 2005).
ofmudstone, metamudstone, shale and Slope failure is a main factor in causing traffic
metasandstone with quartz vein. The interference, maintance coast to increase, property
metamudstoneof rock is represented by damage as well as lost of lives especially in weak
slate.TrusmadiFormation were faulted and folded by and deformed rock formation such as
moderate to high degree of deformations. These metasedimentary Trusmadi formation. Thereforethe
moderate and high degree deformations are main objective of this study are to assess the
responsible for the formation of metasedimentary stability, to propose protection and stabilization
and metamorphic rock units, respectively. High measures of rock cut slope along the road in the
degree of deformation in soft rock unit was also study area.
contributed to the formation of fault zone and shear
zones. METHODOLOGY
Quaternary depositswith Pleistocene and Geological mapping, discontinuity survey and
Holocene ages aredistributed in low land area along stereographic analysis have been used in this study.
the main rivers and flood plain in study areas. Field Geological mapping includes lithological and
observation shows that Pleistocene alluvium deposit structural identification, measurement and
ischaracterized by unconsolidated and poorly sorted interpretation. Discontinuity survey has been
sedimen. The materialconsist of eroded and conducted using random method.
transported
In stereographic analysis, Dips V5.013
computer program (Rocscience, 2003) of lower
materials such as clay, sand, organic, pebble, hemisphere spherical projection was used to
gravel, boulder etc.Maximum thickness of this perform the pole plot of discontinuity. The result
obtain were used for the clustering of discontinuity
70
and identification of discontinuity set or average five (5) geotechnical units i.e. arenaceous unit,
orientations of discontinuity set. argillaceous unit, interbedded unit, sheared unit and
To assess the relative stability and potential for alluvium unit (Figure 2). The first four (4) units are
future rock failures in the study area, graphical collected from Trusmadi Formation. Arenaceous
stereo net kinematic analysis by Markland (1972) unit consist of sandstone with quartz vein
has been used. This Markland test allows the (metagreiwacke)(Photo 2A & 2B), argillaceous unit
orientation of joints, bedding planes and fractures to of metamudstone and shale (Photo 2C & 2D),
be analysed at numerous stations to discriminate interbedded unit of metagreiwacke and slate (Photo
which discontinuities are likely to provide failure 2E), sheared unit of sheared sandstone and
surfaces for future rock failures. This method mudstone (Photo 2F, 2G & 2H) and alluvial unit of
compares the orientation of the slope with alluvium deposit (Photo 2I). Some slopes are
orientations of rock discontinuities and internal labeled as ‘a’ and ‘b’ due to the occurrence of thick
friction angle (frictional component of shear argillaceous unit in a slope such as S2a and S2b
strength) of the rock mass to see which fractures, (thick argillaceous unit); however for overall
joints or bedding planes render the rock mass slopethe unit were represented by numbers.
theoretically unstable.
Slope orientation, discontinuity sets orientation Slope geometry and geotechnical unit
and friction angle of the Trusmadi Formation are the Summary of slope geometry and geotechnical
main parameters which required in performing unit are shown in Table 1. Slope S2 (55.6m) and
Markland test. Data of the strike and dip values of slope S11 left (3m) are the highest and lowers cut
slope has been obtained from discontinuity survey slopes in the study area, respectively. The thickest
and discontinuity sets from pole plot. The slope face arenaceous unit, argillaceous unit, interbedded unit,
is shown as a great circle and friction angle is sheared unit and alluvial unit were found in slopes
represented by an interior circle. A representative S1 (70m), S4 (55.8m), S4 (111.6m), S3 (81.3m) and
value of 30 degrees was selected for the internal S9 (20m), respectively.
friction angle along discontinuities in the
metasedimentary Trusmadi Formation following
Hoek & Brown (1981).Selections of slope Kinematic analysis
protection and stabilization measures were Discontinuities sets and mode of failuresfor the
conducted by using prescriptive measures (Yu et al., slopes are shown in Table 2 and Figure 3. The
2005) as well kinematic analysis result. slopes consists of three (3) to six (6) sets of
discontinuities but undetermined for sheared unit
(S3 and S5), argillaceous unit (S11 right) and
SLOPE STABILITY ASSESSMENTS
alluvial unit (S9 and S10).
Slope stability assessment were conducted on
It is found that there are potential wedge failure in
twelve (12) slopes along the road (Photo 1A,1B, 1C,
slope S2a, S4a and S6a; but none for S1, S7, S8 and
1D, 1E, 1F, 1G, 1H, 1I, 1J, 1K and 1L). In this slope
S11 left. Circular failures were found to be occurred
stability assessment, the rock unit (Trusmadi
in slope S3, S5, S9, S10 and S11 right
Formation and alluvial deposit) are also divided into
71
Photo1Slope sections. A- slope 1; B- slope 2; C- slope 3; D-slope 4; E-slope 5; F- slope 6; G- slope 7; H- slope 8; I- slope 9; J- slope
10; K- slope 11 left; L- slope 11 right.
72
Figure 2Geotechnical rock units along the road alignment.
Table 1Slopes geometry, geotechnical units and thicknesses.

Slope Geotechnical Unit
Strike (o) Dip (o) Height (m) Type Thick (m)
S1 221 35 23.4 1 70
1; 2; 1; 4; 99.3; 19; 15.4; 22.4;
S2 185 41 55.6
1; 3; 2; 1 43.3; 13; 14.6; ?
S3 186 58 29.8 4 89.3
S4 215 45 24.5 3; 2; 3 111.6; 55.8; 70.9
S5 185 48 11.9 4 155.8
S6 198 37 14.4 1; 2; 1 59; 34; ?
S7 173 40 21.1 1 54.2
S8 206 40 34 3; 1 50.3; 94
S9 208 53 3 5 20
S10 295 50 4 5 10
Left 301 35 10.8 3 50
S11
Right 121 35 3 4 50
Note: Type 1 - arenaceous unit; 2 - argillaceous unit; 3 - interbedded unit; 4 - sheared unit; 5 - alluvium unit
73
Photo 2Geotechnical units. A & B- arenaceous unit; C & D- argillaceous unit; E- interbedded unit; F, G & H- sheared unit; I-
alluvial unit.
Table 2Discontinuities and mode of failures.

Discontinuities Mode of
Slope
Set strike/dip (o) Unfavourable failure
S1 J1; J2; J3; J4 76/50; 244/78; 280/78; 174/69 Nil Nil
S2a J1; J2; J3; J4; J5; J6 60/61; 132/70; 156/44; 227/67; 273/69; 330/72 J3J5 Wedge
S2b Nil Nil Nil Circular
S3 Nil Nil Nil Circular
S6a J1; J2; J3; J4; J5; J6 170/16; 244/50; 272/79; 15/35; 79/83;308/79 J2J3 Wedge
S7 J1; J2; J3; J4; J5; J6 78/64; 283/39; 145/28; 217/42; 199/73; 237/82 Nil Nil
S8 J1; J2; J3; J4 142/41; 264/58; 290/53; 61/84 Nil Nil
S11 L J1; J2; J3 234/50; 83/46; 339/78 Nil Nil
Note: J1- discontinuity 1; J2- discontinuity 2; J3- discontinuity 3; J4- discontinuity 4; J5- discontinuity 5; J6-
discontinuity 6; J3J5- intersection of discontinuity 3 and discontinuity 6.
74
Photo 2Geotechnical units. A & B- arenaceous unit; C & D- argillaceous unit; E- interbedded unit; F, G & H- sheared unit; I-
alluvial unit.
Table 2Discontinuities and mode of failures.

Discontinuities Mode of
Slope
Set strike/dip (o) Unfavourable failure
S1 J1; J2; J3; J4 76/50; 244/78; 280/78; 174/69 Nil Nil
S6a J1; J2; J3; J4; J5; J6 170/16; 244/50; 272/79; 15/35; 79/83;308/79 J2J3 Wedge
S7 J1; J2; J3; J4; J5; J6 78/64; 283/39; 145/28; 217/42; 199/73; 237/82 Nil Nil
S8 J1; J2; J3; J4 142/41; 264/58; 290/53; 61/84 Nil Nil
S11 L J1; J2; J3 234/50; 83/46; 339/78 Nil Nil
Note: J1- discontinuity 1; J2- discontinuity 2; J3- discontinuity 3; J4- discontinuity 4; J5- discontinuity 5; J6-
discontinuity 6; J3J5- intersection of discontinuity 3 and discontinuity 6.
75
Slope stability unit and alluvial unit are suitable for vegetation
The stability of cut slopes in the study area is cover. Weep hole is proposed to argillaceous,
summarized in Table 3. Based on this study, eight sheared and alluvial unitshowever should be added
(8) out of twelve (12) slopes are determine as stable with horizontal drain for higher slopes. Wire mesh
slopes. is suggested to be installed in fails slopes. Finally,
soil nail is suggested for fail and high slope. The
Slope protection and stabilization measures entire fail
The proposed slope protection and stabilization slope must be cuts according to proposed optimum
measures are summarized in Table 4. Most of slope angle but the maintaining for those stable
terraces and surface drainage are suggested for high slopes should be carried on.
slopes. The slopes that are dominated by arenaceous
J K L
M N O
Figure 3bResult of the Markland test. Note: J - slope S7; K -slope S8; L – slope S9; M – slope S10; N - slope S11L; O - slope S11R;
J1- discontinuity 1; J2- discontinuity 2; J3- discontinuity 3; J4- discontinuity 4; J5- discontinuity 5; J6- discontinuity 6; SF- slope
face; mottled area- critical zone.
DISCUSSIONS therefore will not much affectedto the
Based on the result from the field study and data infrastructures. The stability of the slopes in the
analysis, it was found that most of the slopes along road alignmentisinfluenced by the types of
road alignment are potential for the wedge failure geotechnical rock units, geological structures,
and circular failures except for slope S1, S7,S8 weathering, erosion, groundwater and slope
andS11 left. Generally, the slopes are considered geometry.
stable because except three slope has potential for Trusmadi Formation consists of sandstone
wedge failures. The expected circular failure slopes interbedswith quartz vein (metagreiwacke),
of argillaceous and sheared units arehigh but metamudstone, shale, slate, sheared sandstone and
localized in nature, low in height and small volume mudstonecan be divided into four (4) geotechnical
76
units i.e. arenaceous unit, argillaceous unit, deposit as an alluvial unit

interbedded unit and sheared unit, but alluvium
Table 3Slope stability.
Slope Stability
1 Stable due to underlying arenaceous unit, favourable discontinuity and absent of water seepage
2 Unstable due to potential wedge failure, occurrence of thick sheared rock mass unit and water seepage
2a Stable because expected circular failure is localized
3 Unstable due to occurrence of water seepage and thick sheared unit which potential for circular failure
4 Unstable due to the occurrence of potentially wedge failure, water seepage and thick argillaceous unit
4b Stable because expected circular failure is localized
5 Stable because oflow slopealthoughexpected for circular failure but the material (debris) volume is small
6 Unstable due to potential wedge failure and thick argillaceous unit
6b Stable because expected circular failure is localized
7 Stable because no potential failure
8 Stable because no potential failure
9 Stable because of low slope although expected for circular failure but the material (debris) volume is small
10 Stable because of low slope although expected for circular failure but the material (debris) volume is small
11R Stable because no potential failure and the slope is lowalthough expected for circular failure but the material
(debris) volume is too small.
11L Stable because no potential failure and the slope is low.
Table 4Protection and stabilization measures

Protection and stabilization measures
Terrace& Vegetation Weep holes Horizontal Wire Rock optimum
Slope
Surface drainage cover drain mesh bolt slope
angle
1 √ √ 35o
2 √ √ √ √ √ 35o
3 √ √ √ √ 45o
4 √ √ √ √ 45o
5 √ √ √ √ 45o
6 √ √ √ √ 37o
7 √ √ 40o
8 √ √ 40o
9 √ √ 45o
10 √ √ 45o
11R √ √ 35o
11L √ √ √ 35o
Deformation has causing to the formation of failure such as in slope S2a and S6a. These slope
joints in the rock mass of Trusmadi formation. The must be designed by terrace, surface drainage and
joints (discontinuities) that daylight on the slope vegetation cover, weep hole and wire mesh but
face is potential to form planar, wedge or toppling horizontal drainage is vital if seepage activities
failures. Arenaceous units with four (4) to six (6) occurs such as in slope S2b.
discontinuities sets arepotentially toformwedge
77
The occurrence of water seepage on the slope found in slope S2b, S4b and S6b. Discontinuities
shows the infiltration of water from the fractures sets cannot be determined because of sheared and
(joint or fault) in the rock mass. The infiltration has weathered natures of rock mass. Terrace, surface
potential to enlarge the fractures and shortening the drainage, weep hole, wire mesh and horizontal drain
saturation period. High density of fractures and are recommended mitigation measures for high (S2b
occurrence of water will increase the pore pressure and S4b) slopes but without horizontal drain and
as well as unit weight. Therefore, it will reduce the vegetation cover for low (S6) slopes.
stability of slope material especially during the rainy Discontinuities sets are cannot be determined in
session. Interbedded rock unit with three (3) to six alluvial unit due to the loose nature of rock mass
(6) discontinuities sets have potential to form wedge material such as in slope S9 and S10. This will
failure such as in slope section no. 4. The slopes for contribute to small scale of circular failure. Rock
this geotechnical unit must be designed by netting or wire mesh, vegetation cover and weep
considering the terrace, surface drainage, weep hole, hole arerecommended mitigation measures for these
vegetation cover, horizontal drainageand wire mesh. slopes.
The deformation is also caused by the folded, Potential fail slopes are also must be cuts
jointed and faulted of Trusmadi Formation. The according to the optimum slope angle to ensure their
fault zone has been change into shear zone after stabilities. The proposed optimum slope angle
multiple deformation acts especially in argillaceous ranges from 35o to 40o but most of the slopes are
rock unit. In shear zone, the rock unit is found 45o.
broken and fractured which is naturally weak and
unstable.Discontinuities sets cannot be identified in
sheared unit such as in slope S3, S5 and S11R. The CONCLUSION
rock material is loose, weak and highly weathered. 1. Modes of failure are wedge and circular failure.
The characteristics have potentialto be circular
2. Generally the slopes in the study area are stable.
failureonce it highly saturated with groundwater.
Terrace, surface drainage, wire mesh, vegetation 3. Proposed protection and stabilization measures
cover and horizontal drain are recommended for are terrace, surface drainage, vegetation cover,
high slope (S3) but without horizontal drain and weep hole, horizontaldrain, wire mesh and
wire mesh for low slopes(S5 and S11R). optimum slope angle.
Exposed argillaceous rock unit on the earth
surface will break into small particle and produce REFERENCES
thick weathered material or soil layer. The thickness Collenette, P. (1958). The geology and mineral resources of the
of soil and saprolite (weathered material) Jesselton–Kinabalu area, North Borneo. Malaysia
approximately up to 20m. The weathered Geological Survey Borneo Region, Memoir, 6.
argillaceous rock unit will produce clayey material Hoek, E. & Bray, J.W.(1981). Rock slope engineering. 3rd Ed.
which is characterized by low permeability and be Institution of Mining and Metallurgy.
able to hold maximum water content hence rising
Hutchison, S.C. (2005). Geology of North-West Borneo
the total weight. The occurrences of low (Sarawak, Brunei and Sabah). Elsevier, Amsterdam
permeability and heavy weight are become
ISRM. (1981). Rock Characterization, Testing and Monitoring.
triggering factor for slope failure. The potential
In: Brown, E.T. (Ed.). International Society for Rock
mode of failure in this weathered material is circular Mechanics (ISRM) Suggested Methods. Pergamon,
failure. Oxford. 211 pp.
Jacobson, G. (1970). Gunung Kinabalu area, Sabah, Malaysia.
In order to form circular failure, argillaceous Geological Survey of Malaysia, Report, 8.
unit must have more than 10m thick. This has been
78
Markland, J. T. (1972). A Useful technique for estimating the Sanudin, T. and Baba Musta. (2007). Pengenalan Kepada
stability of rock slopes when the rigid wedge slide type of Stratigrafi. Universiti Malaysia Sabah.
failure is expected. Imperial College Rock Mechanics
Tongkul, F. (1991). Tectonic evolution of Sabah, Malaysia.
Research reprint, no. 19.
Journal of Southeast Asian Earth Sciences, 6 (3), pp. 395–
Rocscience (2003). Dips 5.1: Graphical and statistical analysis 405.
of orientation data. http://www.rocscience.com.
Yin, E. H. (1985). Geological map of Sabah, East Malaysia. 3rd
ed. 1:25 000 scale, Geological Survey of Malaysia.
79
80
Aribowo & Yudhicara/ICG 2015
Development of River Terrace at the Releasing Bend of the

Sumatran Fault Zone near Ranau Lake, Southern Sumatra
Sonny Aribowo1,2, Yudhicara2,3
1
Indonesian Institute of Sciences (LIPI-UPT LUTPMB, Liwa),
Pekon Padang Dalom, Balik Bukit, Liwa, West Lampung 34818, Lampung, Indonesia
2
UniversitasPadjadjaran
Jl. DipatiUkur No. 35, Bandung 40132, West Java, Indonesia
3
Geological Agency
Jl. Diponegoro No. 57 Bandung, 40122, West Java, Indonesia
Email: aribowo.son@gmail.com
Abstract
Strike-slip fault system of Sumatran Fault Zone related with the genesa of lakes which growth in some area along
the fault. Ranaulake with its peculiar rectangular shape are controlled by the evolution of the ancient Ranau
releasing stepover. The shape of the lake is elongated to the present trace of Sumatran Fault Zone. One of the
common geomorphic markers at the strike-slip fault system is the releasing bend that indicate the thinning part of
the landforms. We would like to reveal the mechanism in developing the river terraces. In this study we extracting
the DEM-SRTM datasets with 30m resolution into profile that show the elevation changing of river terraces in Way
Rekuk stream near the Ranau Lake. By using the profile of the landforms of the area, there are some information
regarding the processes of the landforms which affected by the tectonic processes either the geomorphic erosion.
The landform affected by the strike-slip fault system that initiate the vertical offset of the river terrace.
Keywords : strike-slip system, extensional, terrace, vertical offset, Ranau, Sumatran Fault Zone.
Introduction earthquake propagation (Barka & Kadinsky-

Cade, 1988; King & Nabelek, 1985) and may be
Strike-slip faultscommonly have extensional as the nucleation sites for major earthquakes
component in their system which show (Shaw, 2006)
depression developed between or within
principal displacement zone (PDZ). The River terraces are commonly used as the
topographic depression which is commonly geomorphic markers example for sloping
called pull apart basin that form at the bends or geomorphic features. The development of river
stepovers in the strike-slip fault systems(Mann, terraces define into two classes which are
2007; Sylvester, 1988). aggradational or constructional or fill and
degradational or erosional or cut or strath
Bends and stepoversaretypically different in (Burbank & Anderson, 2012).
origin of the pull apart basin (Figure 1). The
bends commonly formed from one segment and In order to measure amount of deformation
the stepovers formed by two parallel strike slip which occurred from tectonic processes, the
fault (Bellier & Sébrier, 1994). However, fault geomorphic markers play an important role to
stepovers may evolve into continuous fault identify the records of tectonic signal (Burbank
bends and connected with the splays from the & Anderson, 2012)
fault (McClay & Bonora, 2001). So, the terms We would like to show the vertical
could be used either as stepover or bends deformation in the releasing bend within the
(Cunningham & Mann, 2007) active Sumatran Fault System. The releasing
The releasing bends sometimes prospect for bend located near Ranau Lake in the southern
the mineralization and geothermal(Cunningham part of Sumatran Fault System (Aribowo et. al.,
& Mann, 2007; Natawidjaja & Kesumadharma, 2014).
1993), the valley formed from the bends also

provide fertile agricultural land (Cunningham &
Mann, 2007).Bends also act as barriers to
81
Figure 1. Origin of pull-apart basin (modified after Bellier

and Sebrier, 1994)
Tectonic Setting Figure 2.Location map. The segmentation of

Sumatran Fault based on Sieh&Natawidjaja (2000)
Ranau Lake located in Southern Part of
Sumatra which is across by the right lateral
strike-slip Sumatran Fault (Figure 2) which is
called Kumering Segment (Sieh & Natawidjaja,
2000) The peculiar rectangular shape of Ranau
Lake is believed to be formed by the stepovers
evolution of the Sumatran Fault (Bellier &
Sébrier, 1994, Primastuti et. al., 1994). Thus,
there are two major fault in Ranau Lake with
NW-SE orientation, first is the ancient trace of
Sumatran Fault at the southern part of the lake
which is now inactive and the other one is the
active Sumatran Fault trace (Bellier & Sébrier,
1994).
Bellier and Sebrier (1994) proposed the
evolution of the southern part of The Sumatran
Fault Zone (Figure 3). The first stage show that
Ranaustepover and the normal faults bounding
thefuture location of Ranau caldera. The second
stage characterized by formation of a caldera in
the northwestern of the stepover, and the third
stage show that Ranaustepover is marked by the
development of a new strike-slip fault across the
pull apart basin, through the centre of the basin. Figure 3. Evolution of southern part of Sumatran Fault
Zone (Bellier&Sebrier, 1994)
From the stages above Bellier and Sebrier
(1994) conclude that Ranau caldera formed Data and Methods
within releasing stepover, and the caldera were We use SRTM30 datasets to be extracted into
substituted by pull-apart basin boundary during profile and also 3D view in order to show the
last stage. releasing bend and the pull-apart basin near
Ranau Lake. The imageries could be
82
downloaded from USGS website

(earthexplorer.usgs.gov).
Field investigation on the site also has been

conducted in order to see the geomorphology
around Ranau Lake and identify the proof of
vertical deformation in the strike-slip fault
system. With the Garmin GPS handheld, we
record the longitude, latitude and also the
elevation from the stopsite and plot it into the
map and also into the surface profile.

The hillshadeanalysis of SRTM30 datasets
show that there are pull-apart basin on the east
side of Ranau Lake (Figure 4). This also showed
by the greenish brown color simbology which
define the depression and lake area.
The pull-apart basin located within the
Kumering Segment strike-slip system. In the Figure 4. Lineament and structure interpretation (modified
northwestern side of the basin, as the red dot in from Aribowo, 2014)
the figure located on the map is the location of
river terrace outcrop.
Located on the southwest wall of the Way
Rekuk stream, Sukau Region with elevation 620
m above sea level. The elevation of Way Rekuk
stream is 580 m above sea level, it indicates
approximately 40 m vertical deformation (Figure
5).
The river terrace laterally widespread

northwest-southeast oriented, parallel with the
Sumatran Fault. The river terraces deposits has
grey to greyish black colored with very coarse to
pebble grainsize. This deposits associated with
soil and also tuff which is easily to be eroded
(Figure 6).
The vertical deformation indicates that the Figure 5. 3D surface map and surface profile of Way Rekuk
river terraces near Ranau Lake is the Stream
degradational river terrace. This is also
supported by the condition on the location which
is very easily to be eroded and prone to
landslide.
The vertical deformation also indicates that
this area is the depression are within the strike-
slip system. This condition also supported by
hillshadeanalysis that show peculiar shape of the
pull-apart basin.
83
The strike-slip models produced broadly similar

elongate rhomboidal to sigmoidal basin with
arcuate oblique-extensional sidewall faults
(Aydin & Berryman, 2010; Mann, 2007; Wu
et.al., 2009).
The pull-apart models in 4D mentioned that
the model of pull-apart basins contain two
principle which are pure strike-slip and
transtensional models (Figure 7) (Wu et al.,
2009). Based on imageries interpretation, we
interpret that the strike-slip system on the
Kumering Segment is pure strike-slip model.
This interpretation limited by the water area on
Ranaulake, so we could not interpret the surface
expression clearly. But the lineation from the
west side of the Ranau Lake give fruitful
guidance for the interpretation.
Figure 6. Photograph of river terrace and Way

Rekuk stream
The river terrace vertical deformation is the

product of transtensional site of the strike-slip
fault system where there is normal slip sense
within the system. This site probably seems on
local scale compare to what proposed by
Bellier&Sebrier (1994). But this site provide the
geomorphic marker for Sumatran Fault.
Bellier and Sebrier (1994) mentioned that
based on theoretical origin for pull-apart basin
along strike-slip faults, the term releasing bend
does not seem to occur along the Sumatran
Fault. But we use this term base on the
probability that fault stepovers may evolve into
continuous fault bends and connected with the
splays from the fault (Cunningham & Mann,
2007; McClay & Bonora, 2001). This is also
supported by the term of active pull-apart basins
which are easily recognize along active strike- Figure 7. 3D visualisation of pull-apart basin
slip fault and characterized by low topography, reconstruction (Wu et al., 2009)
fault-bounded depression, inland lakes and
closed topographic depression(Mann, 2007).
Sumatran fault associated with subducting
plate which is the convergence is oblique, and
this obliquity mechanically accommodated to
strike-slip deformation (McCaffrey, 1992, 2009).
84
as a fruitful contribution for mitigatrion

Sumatra, as we know with its Sumatran Fault
concepts.
and also volcanoes along the westernmost part of
the island, so do the Ranau area, economically
there are prospect for geothermal and Acknowledgments
mineralization. There are some geothermal
manifestation surrounding RanauLake and for We would thank the Head of Technical
the mineralization, there are Seminung volcanic Implementation Unit for Mine and Geological
as the heat source. This is also supported by the Disaster (UPT-LUTPMB Liwa-LIPI) and also
existence of the low topographic area which is all the crew for helping us in the field.
interpreted as the pull-apart basin. This pull-
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86
Landslide Vulnerability Assessment (LVAs): Case study from Kota

Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Rodeano Roslee1, Tajul Anuar Jamaludin2 and Norbert Simon2
1
Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Jalan UMS, 88400 Kota
Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
2
Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Malaysia, Faculty of Science and Technology, 43600 UKM, Bangi Selangor,
Malaysia
Email:rodeano@ums.edu.my
Abstract
Topic on Landslide Vulnerability Assessment (LVAs) in Malaysia is relatively new and received little attention from
geoscientists and engineers. This research papers try to formulate the concept of LVAs by taking into account the
science and socio-economic aspects. New approach in vulnerability concept is also introduced herein. To achieve
this goal, a framework was designed for assessing the LVAs. The framework was formulated semi-quantitatively
through the development of database for the risk elements (human & properties) based on informations from the
secondary data, extensive review of literature and field observations. The vulnerability parameters include in
assessing LVAs are 1) physical implication (building structures, internal materials, property damage, infrastructural
facilities and stabilization actions), social status (injury, fatalities, safety, loss of accommodation and public
awareness) and interference on environment (affected period, daily operation & diversity). Each considered
parameters in the vulnerability assessment is allocated with a certain index value ranges from 0 (0 %
damage/victims/period), 0.25 (1-25% damage/victims/period), 0.50 (26-50% damage/victims/period), 0.75 (51-75%
damage/victims/period) and 1.00 (75-100% damage/victims/period). All of these parameters are compiled and
analysed with “Landslide Distribution Map” (LDM) to generate a “Landslide Vulnerability Degree map (LVD)”.
LDM is produced based on the field studies and satellite images interpretation in order to locate the landslide
locations in the study area. Finally, three types of physical, human and environment vulnerabilities then classified
into five classes of vulnerabilities, namely class 1 (< 0.20) (very low vulnerability), class 2 (0.21-0.40) (low
vulnerability), class 3 ( 0.41-0.60) (medium vulnerability), class 4 (0.61-0.80) (high vulnerability) and class 5 (>
0.81) (very high vulnerability). Results from this study indicate that further study is needed to the areas of high to
very high vulnerability only. This LVAs approach is suitable as a guideline for preliminary development planning,
control and manage the landslide hazard / risk in the study area and potentially to be extended with different
background environments.
Keywords: Vulnerability, Risk Elements, Landslide Risk Management & Malaysia
Introduction natures which was triggered by issues of

Vulnerability is defined as the potential dynamic, multi-dimensional and multi-scalar
degree of loss (damage) to a given element such as globalization and climate change or the
or risk elements resulting from the global environment (Rodeano and Tajul, 2012).
occurrence of a natural phenomenon of a Due to the absence of border globalization, the
given magnitude. Vulnerability expressed on a various disciplines which differ in their
numerical scale from 0 (no damage) to 1 (total background have defined some sense of
damage) depends on the intensity of the vulnerability (Cutter, 1996; Aleotti and
landslide that occurred (ISSMGE 2007; UPC Chowdhur, 1999) and as a result there are many
2011). mixed methodology and conceptualization of
vulnerability. Since the early 1980s,
Vulnerability concept was developed in the
Timmerman, (1981) in: Fuchs et al., (2007) have
context of natural disasters research over the last
indicates that the term "vulnerability" which not
30 years; this means that the more days it is
only covers the areas of natural disasters, but
becoming increasingly diverse. The explanation
also applied in other fields such as business,
for this wide diversity also being doubled and
psychology or health society.
takes the relationship between the human and
87
Rodeano et al./ICG 2015
Landslide Vulnerability Assessment (LVAs) Study Area

references can be found in very much quantities. Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia (Fig. 2)
LVAs concept is depends on (a) a runoff; (b) the emerging and growing population. Kota
volume and velocity of slides; (c) risk elements Kinabalu area proposed to be used as a pilot
(properties) such as buildings and other study for Landslide Vulnerability Assessment
infrastructure facilities (nature and proximity (LVAs). The impact of rapid development in the
against slippage); and (d) elements at risk (life) study area had led of slope cutting activities and
as humans (vulnerability to disasters, the increasingly spread to the hilly terrain.
situation and their position in the building / road) Therefore, LVAs research should be developed
(Finlay, 1996; in Dai et al., 2002) (Fig. 1). and implemented for the preliminary
development planning, control and manage
the landslide hazard / risk in the study area.
Figure 1. Vulnerability conceptual distinction with hazard

and risk in the Landslide Risk Management Research
(Source: Varnes and the AEG Commission on Landslide,
1984)
How people perceived LVAs approach is

depends on many factors: social (Blaikie et al.,
Figure 1.Location of the study area
1994; Slovic et al., 2004; Jóhannesdóttir and
Gisladottir, 2010), psychology (Pidgeon et al.,
1992; Blaikie et al., 1994; Jóhannesdóttir and The increment in the population growth rate
Gisladottir, 2010), economy (Jóhannesdóttir and in the Kota Kinabalu is estimated to be increase
Gisladottir, 2010), culture (Boholm, 1998; around 25.6% to 36.6% per 10 years (Jabatan
Sjöberg, 2000) and environment (Mileti, 1994; Perangkaan Malaysia, 2008; 2009). This
Haynes et al., 2008; Jóhannesdóttir and information indicates that the element of risk
Gisladottir, 2010) or a combination from all of (population, vehicles, infrastructure and
those factors (Alexander, 2000; Jóhannesdóttir property) exposed to vulnerability of landslide
and Gisladottir, 2010). Furthermore, residents or were also increased.
other risk element also has a threat of damage The rapid development in the study area is
and losses due to factors mentioned above. In expected to be continued. Development of the
this connection, LVAs can raise awareness in area began to grow southwest of Kota Kinabalu
determining the loss of an area to arrive at a City in 1978, right up to the north in the era of
higher level than the disaster itself. 2010 (Fig. 3). Most of the forest area has been
explored for the purpose of agricultural
development activities. This phenomenan can be
proved by the change of forest or farm land area
88
have incurred a loss of RM 2.55 billion due to

landslide occurrences (New Sabah Times, 2011).
This condition indirectly gives negative impact
on society and socio-economic development
(Fig. 5) (Rodeano et al., 2011).
Figure 3.Different types of land use in three different years

(1978, 1994 & 2010) in the study area
(Sources from Norbert 2012)
Figure 5.Some cases of landslide in Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.

(a) Kg. Lok Bunoq Sepangar; (b) Simpang Karambunai
Resort Sepangar; (c) Jalan Shantung Luyang; (d) Jalan
Bantayan Penampang; (e) Taman Fantasy Likas; (f) Jalan
Bukit Bendera Likas; (g) Jalan Penampang Minitod; and
(h) Taman Winley Kepayan.
Figure 4.Changes in land use and development for three
different years (1978, 1994 & 2010) in Bukit Kepungit,
Kepayan, Kota Kinabalu (digitized from aerial Material and Methods
photographs)
Vulnerability concept is often associated
(Sources from Norbert 2012)
with the magnitude of the landslide depends on
degraded each year from 81% in 1978, 71% in their propagation distance, volume and velocity
1994, 65% in 2010 and 54% in 2012. Fig. 4 of slides, and the risk elements (property and
shows the changing part of the study area (Bukit life) are involved. Loss of property is evaluated
Kepungit, Kepayan) from 1978 to 2010. based on the relative damage to the property
Sabah Public Works Department (JKR value involved. Human vulnerability refers to
2008) has identified a total of 600 slopes is the probability that the number of victims
problematic in Sabah, Malaysia. To address this whether alive or dead.
problem, the government needs funding nearly Landslide Vulnerability Assessment (LVAs)
RM 920 million (New Sabah Times, 2011). involves observation information about the types
From 1973 to 2007, Malaysia is estimated to of landslide and how its impact can cause
89
damage at different levels. In most literature,

LVAs is often associated with expert judgment.
This is because most of the existing information
is usually incomplete due to lack of data or
constraints of data access.
Based on a literature review was conducted,
there has not been any consensus approach that
can be used as appropriate standards and applied
effectively for LVAs in Malaysia. Therefore, a
reasonable workflow and more practical have
been designed to suit the local conditions (Fig.
6).
LVAs taking into account several Figure 6.Landslide Vulnerability Assessment (LVAs)
parameters such Physical Vulnerability (Vp), methods
Social Vulnerability (Vs) and Environment
Vulnerability (Ve). These data are collected Each considered parameters in the
through the field observations, compiling a vulnerability assessment is allocated with a
landslide occurrences record and the secondary certain index value ranges from 0 (0 %
data. Based on Fig. 4, the first step begins with a damage/victims/period), 0.25 (1-25%
literature review and gathering landslide hazard damage/victims/period), 0.50 (26-50%
information based on the secondary data. The damage/victims/period), 0.75 (51-75%
combination of literature information and the damage/victims/period) and 1.00 (75-100%
secondary data is to produce the Landslide Risk damage/victims/period). This step intended to
Element Identification (LREI). generate values for each parameter LVAs
Identification of causal factors of landslide proportions.
was done in areas were identified as having high The next step is to observe the data fields for
of Landslide Hazard Degree (LHD). Based on a each vulnerability parameter sets. These data are
combination of LREI (property and life) with then reanalyzed based on Standardization
vulnerability parameters, a database created and Method introduced by Voogd (1983). This
LVAs parameters were listed (Fig. 6). The method aims to rescale the field data by the
vulnerability parameters includes: Linear Transform Numerical (LTN) approach
a. Physical implication (building structures, which starting from the 0.00 to 1.00 by applying
internal materials, property damage, the following equation:
infrastructural facilities and stabilization
actions); Standardization Method = Raw data / Raw data
b. Social status (injury, fatalities, safety, loss of Maximum
accommodation and public awareness); and (1)
c. Interference on environment (affected
period, daily operation & diversity). Three types of physical, human and
environment vulnerabilities then classified into
five classes of vulnerabilities, namely:
a. Class 1 (< 0.20) (very low vulnerability);
b. Class 2 (0.21-0.40) (low vulnerability);
c. Class 3 ( 0.41-0.60) (moderate
vulnerability);
d. Class 4 (0.61-0.80) (high vulnerability); and
90
e. Class 5 (> 0.81) (very high vulnerability). The proportion Vs involves consideration of the
All of these vulnerability parameters are potential or actual victims as a unit. The results
compiled and analysed with “Landslide of the Kota Kinabalu Vs indicates that 10.39%
Distribution Map” (LDM) in order to generate of the total area classified as Very Low, 17.43%
three types of Landslide Vulnerability Map as Low, 25.47% as Moderate, 8.41% as High,
(LVM), namely: and 38.29% as Very High (Fig. 8).
a. Physical Vulnerability Map;
b. Social Vulnerability Map; and
c. Environment Vulnerability Map.
The generation of all the maps mentioned
above is conducted by the Geostatistical-Kriging
Interpolation Technique (GEOSTAINT-K)
introduced by Rodeano et al. (2012).
GEOSTAINT-K is the characteristic points in
the geostatistical calculations. The goal of this
model is to determine the probability variables
for each location may not be identifiable or no
data. The approach used in GEOSTAINT-K
Figure 7.Physical Vulnerability (Vp) Map
using the geostatistical interpolation.
Finally, Landslide Vulnerability Map
(LVM) for Kota Kinabalu, Sabah were generated
by the combination of the Physical, Social and
Environment Vulnerabilities Map.
Results and Discussion

Physical Vulnerability (Vp) in this study
involves the assessment of damage or
destruction of the building structure, internal
equipment, damage to property, infrastructure
and stabilization measures. The proportion of Vp
depending on the nature of the risk element is Figure 8.SocialVulnerability (Vs) Map
exposed, the mechanism of landslide and the
level of danger, building structure, building Environment Vulnerability (Ve) in this study
materials used, the basic structure of the system, involves the assessment of the duration of the
the size and shape of the elements of risk and repair, diversity and daily operations.
long-life used. Similar damage assessment Vp Environment Vulnerability (Ve) is basically
can be estimated using vulnerability coefficient very difficult to implement. For example, the
varying between 0 (no damage) to 1 (total destruction of part or the whole of the
destruction). The results of the Kota Kinabalu agricultural and forestry sectors cannot be
Vp indicates that 8.49% of the total area measured only in terms of the value of the lost
classified as Very Low, 10.28% as Low, 50.18% timber, but should be evaluated and analyzed in
as Moderate, 29.07% as High and 1.98% as Very the context of the increasing potential damage
High (Fig. 7). generated. The destruction of the natural
environment caused by landslide also involves
Social Vulnerability (Vs) in this study
impairment of plant or animal species habitat.
involves the assessment of the level of injury,
Long-term damage in the agricultural and
death, salvation, homeless and public awareness
forestry sector due to fire could also be
vulnerability population exposed to landslide.
91
contributing to the decline in the productivity. life and property, the level of vulnerability will
The results of the Kota Kinabalu Ve indicates be seen as a threat of a major disaster.
that 6.36% of the total area classified as Very Measurement were taken to reduce the level
Low, 12.10% as Low, 57.60% as Moderate, of landslide vulnerability in the study area is to
23.6% as High, and 2.86% as Very High (Fig. be more complex and difficult for many parties
9). involved have to deal with it. Although the
effects of hazards in the study area can be
overcome, but the impact of large vulnerability
may exist when exposure parameters
vulnerability risk continues to rise and
adaptation capacity continues to decline.
Conclusion
In light of available information, the
following conclusions may be drawn from this
study:
Figure 9.Environmental Vulnerability (Ve) Map 1. Landslide Vulnerability Assessment (LVAs)
for Kota Kinabalu, Sabah indicates that
Landslide Vulnerability Assessment (LVAs)
17.78% of the total area classified as Very
for Kota Kinabalu, Sabah produced by
Low, 6.25% as Low, 28.56% as Moderate,
combining or overlaid of all Vp, Vs and Ve
11.08% as of High, and 17:53% as Very
maps. Fig. 10 proposes 17.78% of the total area
High.
classified as Very Low, 6.25% as Low, 28.56%
as Moderate, 11.08% as of High, and 17:53% as 2. Landslide Vulnerability at a "high" to "very
Very High. high" degree can affect the economy and the
daily activities of the population.
3. Residential, commercial, public and
industrial infrastructure has higher
vulnerability rather than the agricultural and
forestry areas. It is because most of the
population concentrated in the three regions.
4. This Landslide Vulnerability Assessment
(LVAs) approach is suitable as a guideline
for preliminary development planning,
control and manage the landslide hazard /
risk in the study area and potentially to be
extended with different background
Figure 10.Landslide Vulnerability Assessment (LVAs) Map
for Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
environments.
Landslide Vulnerability at a "high" to "very

Acknowledgements
high" degree can leave an impact on individuals
and society. If the vulnerability level received Deep gratitude to Universiti Kebangsaan
only involves with individuals, the level of the Malaysia (UKM) and Universiti Malaysia Sabah
vulnerability is not a great hazard. On the other (UMS) for providing easy access to laboratories
hand, if a society bear landslide vulnerability and research equipment and the Ministry of
level on the big stage and the rate of occurrence Education of Malaysia (MOE) for the award of
happens too often and may be at the expense of the Bumiputera Academic Training Scheme
92
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Nana S., Achmad S., Emi S ./ICG 2015
Relationship between Land Use and Erosion Intensity in Ciwidey

Watershed – West Java
Nana Sulaksana1, Achmad Sjafrudin1 and Emi Sukiyah1
1
Faculty of Geology, Padjadjaran University, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km 21, 45363,
Bandung, Indonesia
Email:nana_s@unpad.ac.id
Abstract
Ciwidey watershed is located in the southern part of Bandung regency. In the upstream area, there are some tourism
places. These tourism places have implications for expansion of land use change for the construction of tourism
support facilities. This research aims to determine the effect of land use in Ciwidey watershed against erosion
intensity. A Landform has various land use. Remote sensing data and topographic map are used for delineating land
use. Based on previous publication data, average erosion intensity and erosion total can be calculated. Probabilistic
approach is also used in analysis. Diversity of rocks and tectonic activity can be reflected by bifurction ratio (Rb).
Most of the watersheds have Rb value less than 3. It shows that variation of rocks and tectonic are complex. Land
use distributions are forests (26%), plantations (18%), fields (11%), shrubs (12%), irrigated paddy fields (10%),
rainfed paddy fields (14%), settlements (9%), and empty land (less than 1%). Amount of total erosion is influenced
by subwatershed area and land use variation. Average erosion intensity in Cimonce subwatershed is higher than
other subwatersheds (2.436,29 tons/ha/year). The lowest erosion intensity is in Cigadog subwatershed (552,51
tons/ha/year). If the ratio of cultivated land increases, the erosion intensity will increase. In contrary, the correlation
between the ratio of forest and erosion intensity is inversely proportional. If the ratio of forest increases, the erosion
intensity will decrease. The balance of land use as cultivation and forest areas should be monitored properly.
Keywords :Ciwidey, erosion, land use, morphotectonic, watershed.
Introduction Ciwidey watershed, Soreang and surrounding

area. The cause of flooding in the downstream
Environmental quality degradation can area is the inability of the Ciwidey river
occur as a result of land use conversion that does accommodate runoff, especially when rainfall
not consider the natural carrying of the land. A intensity relatively high. This is presumably
watershed has limitations to manage water because there is a narrowing and silting of river
resources. In order to maintain the balance of channel that happens so fast, due to the
water supply, land use in the watershed must uncontrolled erosion as a result of rapid land use
also be regulated properly. If the balance is conversion.
disturbed, between the input and output of water
in the watershed, the negative impact of Research activities related to the
catastrophic environmental damage cannot be geomorphology and erosion-floods has been
avoided. done by some previous researchers, Sukiyah et
al. (2006), Sukiyah et al. (2011), Sulaksana et al.
Ciwidey watershed is one of the (2011), and Sulaksana et al. (2013). The result of
subwatershed in upstream Citarum watershed, those researches showed that an association
located in the southern part of Bandung regency. between morphometric, morphotectonic,
There are tourism places in the upstream of erosion, silting of rivers, and floods of
Ciwidey watershed, Patuha crater and Situ watershed. However, detailed research on land
Patenggang. These tourism places have use change and its impact on the increase of
implications for the expansion of land use erosion intensity have not been done before in
change for the construction of hotels and tourism this area.
support facilities. On the other hand, the floods
hazard always occurs in the downstream of This research aims to determine the role of
land use in the Ciwidey watershed can affect the
95
Nana S., Achmad S., Emi S./ICG 2015
erosion intensity. Besides, this research aims to Erosion which passes its limit can cause
determine the existing land use, calculate the deposition of material in the lower elevation
percentage of land use, calculate the erosion areas. This deposition can lead to silting of the
intensity, and determine the role of land use river channel. At a certain time, the river flow
change on the erosion intensity. The results are was not able to accommodate run off so that it
expected to be useful to help the community and will lead to floods in the surrounding area (Ilyas,
local government to solve development issues. 1987).
Erosion, transport, and sedimentation are Floods are an incident where the normally
complex processes and interrelated. Erosion is dry land becomes flooded land due to heavy
an exogenous process that takes place gradually, rainfall. Topographic factor such as lower
caused by water, wind, and snow activity (Field elevation to concave area and low soil
and Engel, 2004). Arnoldus (1974; in Swaify et infiltration ability which causes the inability to
al., 1982) divides erosion into two types, absorb water are other factors causing floods. In
geological erosion and accelerated erosion. addition, floods can also be defined as an
Geological erosion occurs naturally and lasts for overflow of river water due to inability river
geological time ranges from thousands to tens of channel to accommodate runoff.
millions years. This erosion type generally
balances with the natural phenomenon. The
Methodology
accelerated erosion caused by human activity,
generally changes the natural condition Research objects are landform, river, land
drastically such as land use change that are not use, and erosion. These objects can be identified
regulated properly due to the development through various media such as remote sensing
processes. data, topographic map, and field observation.
Erosion caused by water activities can be Research area located in Ciwidey watershed
classified into several types (Thornburry, 1969): (Figure 1) is part of upstream Citarum
 splash erosion watershed. The research area administratively is
 sheet erosion located in Bandung district, West Java.
 rill erosion
 gully erosion
The amount of eroded material can be
measured in the field by placing the measuring
tools in several locations that have been assigned
before. The prediction of the material eroded
amount can also use erosion equation. USLE
(Universal Soil Lost Equation) is a calculation
formula for predicting annual sheet erosion
(Wischmeier and Smith, 1962; in El-Swaify et
al., 1982), which is formulated as follows:
A = RKLSCP
………………………………….(1)
with A = the average annual soil loss (tons/acre), Figure 1. Research area location
R = run off erosivity index, K = soil erodibility
Some of the variables that are not measured
factor, LS = topographic factor (L = slope length
in the field is determined through satellite
factor, S = slope steepness factor), C = cropping-
imagery and topographic map. Methods of the
management factor, P = erosion control practice
interpretation and acquisition of information
factor. Land management factors play an
from remote sensing imagery are:
important role in increasing the erosion intensity.
96
• Visual interpretation based on tone, pattern, Tertiary epiclastic sedimentary rocks and
shape, texture, etc. alluvial deposit (Alzwar dkk., 1992; Koesmono
• Remote sensing data integration with other dkk., 1996; Silitonga, 2003).
data types. Ciwidey watershed shape is fairly complex,
Erosion intensity can be obtained from in the upstream and middle of watershed is
USLE formula (1). Basic data used in this relatively wide whereas in the downstream of
research derived from scientific publications of watershed is relatively narrow. There is the
some researchers equipped with field significant tectonic control, resulting in an
observation data and laboratory analysis. extreme watershed shape change in the
downstream.
Data analysis method used in this research
is using probabilistic approach. This method is
used in order that the research results have Morphometry
particular significance level, for example α =
Ciwidey watershed can be divided into
0,01 to α = 0,20. Before analyzed, the data need
several subwatershed by tributaries that flow
to be determined the level of distribution
toward Ciwidey river. Based on data analysis,
normality using the Liliefors test method. After
the watershed is divided into 11 subwatershed as
the data distribution known to be a normal data
listed in Table 1 and shown in Figure 3. The
that reflects its population, regression-correlation
rivers within each subwatershed are given the
analysis conducted to determine the level of
order to determine the morphometric
relationship between the related parameters.
characteristic. Based on Table 1, river order for
Research framework is shown in Figure 2.
each subwatershed has different distribution.
Cisondari and Cicangkorah subwatershed have
river order more than other subwatershed, ranges
from 1 to 5 whereas the least river order and
river segments are Cimonce and Garung 2
watershed, only have river order ranges from 1
to 2. Variation of river order can reflect the
subwatershed area.
Table 1. Distribution of river order and Bifurcation ratio

(Rb) in Ciwidey watershed
Sub Order Rb
watershed 1 2 3 4 5 1-2 2-3 3-4 4-5
Cimonce 2 1 2,00
Garung-1 3 2 1,50
Figure 2. Research framework Garung-2 2 1 2,00
Cisondari 134 64 45 16 5 2,09 1,42 2,81 3,20
Ciwidey 59 39 14 4 1,51 2,79 3,50
Result and Discussion Cigadog 21 15 5 1,40 3,00
Cicangkorah 75 44 20 3 5 1,70 2,20 6,67 0,60
Geological feature of Ciwidey watershed is Siluman 4 3 1,33
very complex, composed by various volcanic Cinangsi 11 7 3 1,57 2,33
rocks, epiclastic sedimentary rocks, and alluvial Kutawaringin 10 7 1,43
deposits with active tectonic feature. The Cidano 7 3 3 2,33 1,00
upstream and middle of watershed are composed

by Quaternary volcanic rocks whereas the
downstream of watershed is composed by
97
river upstream is forest area whereas shrubs and

farm area on the gentle slope.
Distribution of land use is calculated for 11
subwatershed located in Ciwidey watershed
(Table 2). Variations of land use for each
subwatershed begin to decrease towards
downstream area. Ciwidey upstream area is a
tourism place so that it appears the land use as
cultivation area is growing rapidly (Figure 4).
This phenomenon is also reflected by
distribution of settlements area quite high.
Table 2. Distribution of land use in Ciwidey watershed
Land use (ha)

Sub
watershed Indstr- Irrgtd Rnfd Empty
Shrubs Forest Farms Moors
Stlmnt pdy-fld pdy-fld land
Cimonce 19,5 0,0 0,0 44,6 13,5 0,0 82,7 0,0
Garung-1 6,1 0,0 0,0 41,2 0,0 0,0 15,7 0,0
Garung-2 4,5 0,0 0,0 44,5 2,9 0,0 63,2 0,0
Cisondari 307,1 572,9 2.749,0 643,2 2,4 855,6 983,7 16,5
Ciwidey 398,9 947,3 1.820,0 280,8 0,0 967,6 216,2 0,0
Figure 3. Subwatersheds distribution in Ciwidey watershed
Cigadog 225,5 436,7 744,9 189,3 86,9 769,0 72,5 0,0
Cicangkorah 318,6 318,0 110,3 1.190,0 610,8 203,9 388,4 0,0
Siluman 5,5 17,9 0,0 110,6 1,5 21,4 22,6 0,0
Besides, diversity of rocks and tectonic can Cinangsi 35,1 72,8 0,0 159,6 40,9 18,3 89,0 0,0
Kutawaringin 59,9 70,9 0,0 276,9 71,2 7,7 53,3 0,0
also be reflected by bifurcation ratio (Rb). If
Cidano 39,8 0,0 0,0 160,3 183,0 0,0 51,0 0,0
variations of rocks are quite diverse and tectonic
activity controls subwatershed, the Rb value will
be less than 3 or more than 5. Most of
subwatersheds located in Ciwidey watershed
have a range of Rb value less than 3 (Table 1). It +
indicates that the variations of rocks and tectonic
activity are quite diverse and complex.
Land Use Figure 4. (a) Settlement area in the upstream of Ciwidey

river, (b) River channel in the downstream of Ciwidey river
Distribution of land use in the Ciwidey
watershed are quite varied, forests (26%),
plantations (18%), farms (11%), shrubs (12%), Erosion
irrigated paddy fields (10%), rainfed paddy
fields (14%), settlements (9%), and empty land Total erosion calculation result for each
(less than 1%). Data obtained from topographic subwatershed is shown in Table 3. Total erosion
map, SRTM imagery, and field observation data will depend on the area of each subwatershed.
compilation. Based on the result of calculation, The larger of a subwatershed in an area, the
the distribution of land use proportion is quite greater of total erosion material is produced
good and deserves to be maintained. Ciwidey (Figure 5). Graphic on Figure 5 is obtained after
the data showed that the logarithm data
98
distribution of subwatershed area and logarithm

data of total erosion is normal. This is indicated
by the critical value of calculation result (L) is
always smaller than Ltabel (= 0,2) with 11 data.
In addition to the total erosion, average erosion
intensity for each hectare in each year is also
known. Cimonce subwatershed has the highest
average erosion intensity, reached 2.436,29
tons/ha/year (Figure 6). High intensity of erosion
in this area is caused by land use in Cimonce
subwatershed which is entirely cultivated area. Figure 6. Average erosion distribution in each
Meanwhile, the lowest average erosion intensity subwatersheds for each unit area in each year
in Cigadog subwatershed is 552,51 tons/ha/year.

this phenomenon is associated with more varied Role of Land Use to Erosion Intensity
land use. In addition, the ratio of forest area is
still adequate. Distribution of land use can affect the
erosion intensity. It can be proved by the result
Table 3. Ratio between variation of land use and total of analysis with probabilistic approach. After all
erosion in Ciwidey watershed
data associated with the erosion have normal
Av.ersn distribution, the regression test is conducted to
Sub Area Rat. Rat. Rat. Rat. Tot.erosion Av.ersn
(tons/ha/
watershed (ha) frst cltvtn frms moors (tons/yr) log.
yr) determine the level of the relationship between
Cimonce 160,3 0,0 1,0 0,3 0,5 2436,3 390.537,3 3,4
these variables.
Garung-1 62,9 0,0 1,0 0,7 0,3 1647,2 103.658,3 3,2
Garung-2 115,1 0,0 1,0 0,4 0,6 1892,5 217.821,0 3,3 Ratio between variation of land use and
Cisondari 6.130,0 0,5 0,5 0,1 0,2 749,5 4.594.539,2 2,9 subwatershed area is calculated and compared
Ciwidey 4.636,0 0,4 0,4 0,1 0,1 645,3 2.991.485,6 2,8 with the average erosion intensity for each
Cigadog 2.526,0 0,3 0,5 0,1 0,0 552,5 1.395.640,3 2,7 subwatershed (Table 3). Based on analysis
Cicangkorah 3.140,0 0,0 0,9 0,4 0,1 1216,8 3.820.814,8 3,1 result, the correlation between the moor area
Siluman 179,4 0,0 0,9 0,6 0,1 1868,3 335.174,8 3,3
ratio and average erosion logarithm shows the
Cinangsi 415,3 0,0 0,8 0,4 0,2 1306,9 542.743,1 3,1
equation: y = 0,8482x + 2,9145 with r = 0,66
Kutawaringin 539,8 0,0 0,9 0,5 0,1 1987,2 1.072.685,2 3,3
Cidano 434,1 0,0 1,0 0,4 0,1 746,1 323.893,7 2,9
(Figure 7A) whereas the correlation between the
farm area ratio and average erosion logarithm
shows equation: y = 0,7941x + 2,8105 with r =
0,72 (Figure 7B). If the entire cultivation area
ratio calculated and linked to the average erosion
logarithm, the equation will be: y = 0,7395x +
2,4917 with r = 0,75 (Figure 8). Those three
graphics shows the relationship is directly
proportional to the correlation coefficient ranged
from strong to very strong. The phenomenon
shows that if the ratio of cultivated land use
(settlement, farm, and moor) increases, it will
increase the average erosion intensity in the area.
Figure 5. Correlation between subwatershed area logarithm
and erosion logarithm shows equation: y = 0,7534x +
3,7739 with r=0,96
99
The balance of land use between cultivation

area and forest area should be properly
monitored and carried out continuously. Along
with the increase in population, the demand for
cultivation area would increase as well.
Therefore, engineering technology in the field of
infrastructure development can help to reduce
Figure 7. (A) Correlation between moor ratio and average negative risk of development impacts.
erosion logarithm shows equation: y = 0,8482x + 2,9145
with r= 0,66, (B) Farm ratio and average erosion logarithm
shows equation: y = 0,7941x + 2,8105 with r=0,72 Conclusion
Different from cultivation area, the Ciwidey watershed has potential to be
correlation between the ratio of forest area and developed, such as the tourism places in the
average erosion intensity shows the equation: y upstream of Ciwidey watershed. This condition
= -0,6064x + 3,0556 with r=0,75 (Figure 9). This has an impact on the increase of land use for
phenomenon shows that if the distribution of cultivation area. Monitoring of land use balance
forest area ratio increases, the average erosion between cultivation area and forest area is an
intensity is predicted to decrease. It is based on urgent and important activity. The imbalance
the understanding that there are plants in forest between land uses can disrupt the natural
area have strong roots and is able to withstand balance of watershed. One of the consequences
the rate of surface erosion. Forest area generally of this imbalance is the average erosion intensity
also has lush leaves so it can slow down the that exceeds the limit.
rainwater that fall to soil surface.
Ratio of the increase in cultivation area will
be directly proportional to the increase in erosion
intensity. Otherwise, a relatively high ratio of
forest area would reduce the average erosion
intensity in the area.
Acknowledgments
We thank Faculty of Geological
Engineering, Padjadjaran University, which have
helped the research activity so this scientific
article can be made. In addition, we would like
Figure 8. Correlation between cultivation area ratio and to thank all those who have helped in this
average erosion logarithm shows equation: y = 0,7395x +
2,4917 with r=0,75
research activity. Hopefully, this scientific
article can be useful both for the science
development and society.
References
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of Garut and Pameungpeuk Quadrangle, Java, Scale
1:100.000. Geological Research and Development
Centre, Bandung.
Figure 9. Correlation between forest ratio and average El-Swaify, S. A., Dangler, E. W. & Armstrong, C. L. 1982.
erosion logarithm shows equation: y = -0,6064x + 3,0556 Soil Erosion by Water in the Tropics. Department of
with r=0,75 Agronomy and Soil Science, University of Hawaii.
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Field, Libby Y & Engel, Bernard A. 2004. Best

Management Practices for Soil Erosion. Agricultural
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ecn.purdue.edu> [03/08/2004].
Ilyas, Mohamad Arief. 1987. Pemantauan Kondisi Suatu
Daerah Aliran Sungai (DAS) Berdasarkan Indikator
Erosi/Sedimen. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pengembangan
Pengairan, No. 5 Th. 2: 28-38.
Koesmono, K, Kusnama, & Suwarna, N. 1996. Geological
Map of Sindangbarang and Bandarwaru Quadrangle.
Scale 1:100.000, 2nd edition. Geological Research and
Development Centre, Bandung.
Silitonga, P. H. 2003. Geological Map of Bandung

Quadrangle, Java, Scale 1:100.000. 3rd edition,
Geological Research and Development Centre,
Bandung.
Sudjatmiko. 1972. Geological Map of Cianjur Quadrangle,
Java. Scale 1:100.000. Geological Research and
Development Centre, Bandung.
Sukiyah, Emi, Yuningsih, Euis. 2005. Pengaruh
Morfometri Sungai-Sungai di Sub DAS Citarum Hulu
Terhadap Penyebaran Kawasan Banjir di Wilayah
Kabupaten Bandung Bagian Selatan. LP – UNPAD.
Sukiyah, E., Sudradjat, A., Hirnawan, R. F., & Muslim, D.
2006. Watershed morphometry on Quaternary
volcanic terrain in southern part of the Bandung basin:
it’s implication in distribution of flood area. Map Asia
Conference 2006 in Bangkok, Thailand.
Sukiyah, Emi, Hirnawan, RF, Muslim, Dicky. 2010. The
erosion model based on grain size distribution ratios of
weathering product of Quaternary volcanic deposits.
FIG Congress 11-16 April 2010, Sidney.
Sulaksana, N., Sudradjat, A., Sukiyah, E., Sjafrudin, A.,
Haryanto, ET.,& Yoseph, Boy CSSSA. 2011.
Karakteristik morfotektonik DAS Cimanuk bagian
hulu dan implikasinya terhadap intensitas erosi-
sedimentasi di wilayah pembangunan Waduk Jatigede.
Penelitian KLAB, LPPM, Unpad
Sulaksana, N., Sukiyah, E., Sjafrudin, A., Haryanto, ET.,
Sudradjat, A., Devnita, R. 2013. Kajian Intensitas
Erosi-Sedimentasi DAS Cimanuk Hulu dalam
Pengelolaan Waduk Jatigede. Penelitian KLAB,
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Thornbury, William D. 1969. Principles of
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101
102
ICG
The 2nd International Conference and The 1st Joint Conference
2015
Baba Musta et al.,/ICG 2015 Faculty of Geology Universitas Padjadjaran with
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources University Malaysia Sabah
Soil Development of Ultrabasic Rock and its Implication to the

Contamination of Paddy Soil in Ranau Sabah
Baba Musta1a, Kyoung Woong Kim 2 ,Kihong Park2 Fatimah Sudirman1&Syahmini Mariappan1
1
Programme of Geology, Faculty of Science and Natural Resources,Universiti Malaysia Sabah
Jalan UMS 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, MALAYSIA
2
International Environmental Analysis and Education Center (IEAEC)
Gwangju Institute of Science and Technology (GIST), KOREA
a
corresponden email : babamus09@gmail.com
Abstract
This paper discussed the development of soil from ultrabasic rock situated on the north to the east of
Ranau Sabah and its implication to the contamination of paddy soil. The main objective of this study is to
identify the minerals in soil samples and to determine its structure and texture. The second objective is to
examine the distribution of heavy metals in the ultrabasic profiles and paddy soil. The field observation
shows the thickness of soil developed from weathering processes varies from 0.5m – 10.0m. Sediment
samples which transported from the river and drainage system for the water supply to the villages were
also collected around the river tributary.The soil and sediment samples were air dried and ground into fine
grain before identified the mineralogical content using X-Ray Diffraction (XRD). The micro structural
analysis of soil were observed using Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM). The analysis of heavy metals
was carried out using Inductive Couple Plasma Mass Spectrophotometer (ICP-OES).The geochemical
data obtained from the weathering profile analyses indicated that the concentrations of Ni, Cr, Co in soil
are highest compared to the parent material. X-ray Diffraction (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscope
(SEM) analyse indicate that all ultrabasic soil contain high iron oxide minerals; whereas iron oxide,
kaolinite and quartz appeared in the paddy soil. As a conclusion the high concentration of heavy metals in
river sediment mainly originated from the chemical weathering of ultrabasic rock.
Keywords : geochemistry; heavy metals; ultrabasic rock; paddy soil
Introduction brecciated and serpentinized faulted margins.

Sanudin and Baba (2008) reported the Sabah's
Ultrabasic rock can be found along the main road oldest rock units built by the ophiolite fragment
from Ranau to Telupid. Jacobson(1970) stated also consists of ultrabasic and serpentinite rocks.
geologically Ranau area consists of several major The ultrabasic rock in tropical climate has
rock units of ultramafic rocks, crystalline undergone intensive weathering processes to
basementrocks, adamellite rock, Crocker produced thick soil profiles. Baba Musta &
Formation, Trusmadi Formation, Wariu Mohamad Md. Tan (1996) reported the thickness
Formation, Chert Spilit Formation, andtilloid of soil originated from ultrabasic rock exposed in
deposit. The detailed mapping of the rock Telupid, Sabah was up to 14 meters. Main
distribution included ultrabasic has been done by minerals content in ultrabasic soil was goethite,
Jacobson (1970) as shown in Figure 1. The hematite and maghemite(Sahibin et. al, 1996).
ultrabasic rock is a part of ophiolite complex The development of iron oxide minerals in
originated from oceanic crust with Cretaceous ultrabasic soil is mainly controlled by the type
age. The main ultrabasic rock type is ofparent rock. The development of secondary
serpentinized peridotite, mainly harzbugite, with minerals and distribution of heavy metals in the
less abundant lherzolite (Mohd Rozi Umor et. Al, paddy soil due to the weathering of ultrabasic
2003). Hutchison (2005) described the ultrabasic rock from Ranau, Sabah have been not
rock in Ranau are mostly strongly serpentinized discovered. Therefore the objective of this study
peridotite due to the metamorphism processes. is to identify the mineralogy and distribution of
Hall (2008) state the large ultrabasic bodies heavy metals inpaddy soil around Ranau, Sabah
invariably have steeply dipping, intensely area.
103
Baba Musta et al.,/ICG 2015

Material and Method
Fieldwork has been conducted to study the Fieldwork Observation
geological characteristics of weathered ultrabasic
rock and to identify the suitable soil profiles for The field observation shows the complete
sampling. Most of the ultrabasic profilesshowed weathering profile of ultrabasic with the presence
the appearances of parent rock, saprolite and thick of soil, saprolite and parent rock with varies
soil. Two represented soil profiles which thickness. The field survey shows the thickness
represented ultrabasic soil from the study area of soil developed from weathering processes
namely Kompleks Sukan Ranau (KSR)and Ranau varies from 0.5m – 10.0m. The ultrabasic profiles
Harrison Factory (RHF) (Figure 2) were identified well recognized with red - brownish colour. The
for the detail mineralogical and microstructural colour indicated the high concentration of
study. About 500g samples with different depth secondary mineral especially iron oxide minerals.
were collectedand pun into plastic bag to maintain The type of soil also call as lateritic soil which is
the moisture before brought to laboratory for usually found in tropical climate due to the high
further analysis. A total of 7 soil samples and 1 annual rainfall and high intensity of chemical
rock samples were collected from eachKSR and weathering processes (Beauvais & Colin, 1993).
RSF profiles. A total of 50 surface soil and
sediment samples with 5cm depth were collected The outcrop of fresh rocks shows the
from the paddy field area. grey-greenish colour with highly fractured and
sheared. Talk mineral with white in colour and
The soil and sediment samples were air soft texture can be observed on the surface of
dried and ground into fine grain using agate slickenside. The growth of secondary quartz
mortar before further mineralogical identification. mineral also occurred in the rock fracture or joints
The mineralogical content of the soils were system. The formation of quartz might be due to
determined by X-Ray Diffraction with Philips the silicification process through the
XPERT-PRO (PW3040) instrument. Scanning metamorphism. Highly fractured rock known as
Electron Microscope (SEM) analysis were used serpentinite was easily separated physically to
CARL ZEISS MA10instrumentwere used for the small pieces and high slickenside was common
mineralogical and microstructural analysis. feature in the outcrops. It is found that the soil
Petrography analyses were used Polarizing from the rock profiles produced loose soil and be
Microscope Carl Zeiss Axio Scope and Leica able to be transported to the lowland area.
DM2500. Images of minerals were observed and
captured with 10, 25 and 50 magnifications.
104
ICG
2015
Figure 1. Geological map and location of study area in Ranau Sabah (Source: Jacobson 1970)
105
(A) (A)
O
Px
O
Px
O
Px
1.00
(B)
(B)
Chr
y
0.25
Figure 2 : Soil profiles and sampling stationsat Figure 3: A) Rock forming mineral in peridotite
(A) KSR profile (N 05o59.433' E 116o41.348’) rock. (O = Orthopyroxene,). B) Chrysotile mineral
and (B) RHF profile (N 05o59.236' E 116o in serpentinite rock. (Ch = chrysotile fibre).
41.511'). The X-ray diffractograms pattern of ultrabasic
soils indicates that mainly soil were made up by
Mineralogy and microstructural analysis oxides and hydroxides of iron especially goethite,
maghemite, hematite and magnetite. This result
Both peridotite and serpentinite rocks were shows that most of rock forming minerals namely
prepared for thin section before petrography olivine and pyroxene were changed into oxide and
analysis. Rock samples were classified according hydroxide minerals.The soil collected from paddy
to the classification by Streckeisen, at. al (1978). area shows the appearance of iron oxide, kaolinite
The result of petrography analysis shows the rock and quartz (Figure 4). This indicates
samples rich with olivine and orthopyroxene theadmixture processes of soil originated from the
(Figure 3A), whereaschlorite, chloritoid and surroundings area notably ultrabasic, sandstone
magnetite are present as accessory minerals. and mudstone.
Chrysotile fibre is main mineral composition in
serpentinite rock (Figure 3B).
106
ICG
2015
(A)
(B)
Figure 4. (A) X-ray diffractogram of soil from ultrabasic profile and (B). X-ray diffractogram of soil from
paddy soil showing the identification of minerals.
107
The scanning electron microphotograph of mg/kg, Ni was 1138 – 4389mg/kg and Pb was 4-
ultrabasic soil shows the appearance of iron oxide 8 mg/kgThe comparisons of heavy metals
(Figure 5). The admixture of iron oxide, kaolinite concentration in the study area with the normal
and quartz was observed in paddy soil (Figure 6). range in soil, critical soil total concentration are
given in Table 1. The geochemical distribution
patterns showed that most of heavy metals were
concentrated around the river tributary and around
the irrigation system. There is no significant
critical soil concentration around the paddy soil
located on the other areas. This indicated that the
weathering processes of rock from the
surroundings area has contributed to the
geochemical pattern around paddy soil. High
concentrations of Cr and Ni around the river
tributary and irrigation systemwas due to the
transportation of soil from the nearest ultrabasic
rock outcrops. According to Siebecker, (2010)
Figure 5.SEM image from KSR profile, ultrabasic serpentine originated soil are exceptionally rich in
soil show various structure of iron mineral. heavy metals notably chromium, nickels and
cobalt which can cause an adverse effect on the
environment.
Table1.Concentrations of heavy metals in soils
Element Normal Critical soil Ultrabasic

range total soil in
in soils concentration
# Ranau
(mg/kg) (mg/kg) (mg/kg)
*
Co 0.5 - 65 25 - 50 115 - 448
Cr 5 - 1500 75 - 100 2768 -
4593
Figure 6. SEM image shows the minerals and
microstructural pattern in paddy soil. Ni 2 - 750 100 1138 -
4389
Pb 2 - 300 100 - 400 4-8
Geochemical analysis (Sources: Bowen*, 1979; Kabata-pendias and
Pendias#, 1992)
The result of geochemical analysis and the pattern
of heavy metals concentration namely Co, Cr, Ni
and Pb are shown in Figure 7. The result of
analysis shows that the concentration of Co was at .
the range of 115 -448 mg/kg, Cr was 2768 – 4593
108
ICG
2015
A) (C)
(B)
(D)
Figure 7. Distribution of (A) Co, (B) Cr, (C) Ni and (D) Pb in paddy soil collected around Ranau, Sabah.
109
Conclusion Sanudin Hj. Tahir & Baba Musta. 2007. Pengenalan Kepada
Stratigrafi. Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota
i. Chemical weathering reaction on ultrabasic Kinabalu
rock has altered the primary minerals Sahibin Abdul Rahim, Mohamad Md. Tan dan Baba Musta.,
olivine and pyroxene to produced iron 1996. Heavy Metals Composition of Some Soils
oxide minerals. Developed From Basic and Ultrabasic Rocks in
Malaysia. Borneo Science2: 33-46
ii. The combination of weathering,
transportation and sedimentation processes Streckeisen, A.L, 1978. IUGS Subcommision on the
Systematics of Igneous Rocks. Classification and
has released and redistributed the heavy
Nomenclature of volcanic Rocks. United State. Vol
metals from the soil profiles to the lowland 141
of the paddy field area.
Jacobson, G., 1970. Gunong Kinabalu Area, Sabah, Malaysia
iii. The main sources of high concentration of Geol. Survey Report 8.
Co, Cr and Ni in the paddy soil mainly Kabata-Pendias, A & Pendias, H. 1992. Trace Elements in
originated from the weathering processes of Soils and Plants, 2nd Ed. CRC Press. Boca Raton,
ultrabasic rock. Fla.
Mohd Rozi Umor, Hamzah Mohamad, Osama A. Twaiq,

Mohammad Md. Tan, Anizan Isahak & Baba
Acknowledgement Musta., 2003., Kajian Petografi dan Geokimia
Batuan Ultrabes Sekitar Ranau, Sabah. Gelogical
The authors would like thanks the International Society of Malaysia, Bulletin 46:. 41-45.
Environmental Analysis and Education Center
Hall, R., Cottam, M., Suggate, S., Tongkul, F., Sperber, C.,
(IEAEC), Gwangju Institute of Science and Batt, G.2008. The Geology of Mount Kinabalu. Sabah
Technology (GIST) Republic of Korea for the Park Publication No.13. Kota Kinabalu Sabah.
financial support. Geochemistry analysis, SEM
analysis andXRD analysishave been done at the Siebecker, M., 2010. Nickel Speciation in serpentine soils
using synchrotron radiation techniques,
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources,
Proceedings of the 19th World Congress of Soil
Universiti Malaysia Sabah (UMS), Kota Science, Soil Solutions for a Changing World, Aug,
Kinabalu, Sabah Malaysia. 1-6, DVD, Brisbane Australia, pp:160-162.
References
Bani, A. T. Topi, J. Malltezi, G. Echevarria & S. Sulce.,
2012. Effects of Serpentine Soils on Waters in
Ohrid Region. Agricultural University of Tirana.
Baba Musta. & Mohamad Md. Tan., 1996. Perlakuan

Luluhawa Batuan Ultrabes Di Kawasan Telupid
Sabah: Tafsiran Geokimia. (Weathering behaviour
of ultrabasic rock from Telupid Sabah:
Geochemical interpretation). Borneo Science1: 47-
63.
Beauvis, A. & Colin, F. 1993. Formation and transformation

processes of iron duricrust systems in tropical
humid environment. Gehcical Geology, 106: 77-
101.
Bowen H. J., 1979. Environmental Chemietry of the

Elements. Academic Press, London.
Hutchison, C.S, 2005. Geology of North-West Borneo

Sarawak, Brunei and Sabah.Elsevier B.V.
Netherlands.
110
Isnaniawardhani & Nurdrajat/ ICG2015
Miocene Planktonic Foraminiferal Biodatum of the Jatiluhur Sections

in Northwest Java Basin
Vijaya Isnaniawardhani 1 and Nurdrajat 2
1,2
Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang km. 21 Jatinangor, Sumedang, Indonesia
Email:vijaya_i@unpad.ac.id
Abstract
Planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphic was studied in Jatiluhur area, Northwest Java Basin. The succession of
Jatibarang Volcanics, Cibulakan, Parigi and Cisubuh Formations unconformably overlies the Pre-Tertiary basinal
basement. These are unconformably covered with Quaternary alluvial deposits. Detail mapping and measuring sections
were undertaken in order to acquire relations between outcrop, and for establishing a stratigraphic framework. The
fine grained sediment samples were taken from continuous stratigraphic successions along river-side clifts of the
Ciherang, Cikeo, Cigajah, Cisaray, Cikekep, Cibinbin, Cigaruguy rivers and also outcrops at the Jatiluhur reservoir.
On the basis of laboratory analysis, the five planktonic foraminiferal biodatum were defined: datum planes of Orbulina
suturalis, Globigerinoides subquadratus, Globorotalia acostaensis, Globorotalia plesiotumida, and Globorotalia
margaritae. Based on definition of these five datum planes, four interval zones were established are as follow: Orbulina
suturalis-Globigerinoides subquadratus interval zone, Globigerinoides subquadratus-Globorotalia acostaensis interval
zone, Globorotalia acostaensis-Globotoralia plesiotumida interval zone, and Globotoralia plesiotumida-Globorotalia
margaritae interval zone.
Keywords: Miocene, planktonic foraminifera, datum, Northwest Java Basin
Introduction The Miocene planktonic foraminiferal

biostratigraphy was studied in Jatiluhur area, that
Establishment of planktonic foraminiferal biodatum administratively belongs to Purwakarta Regency,
in the Indonesia basins was first studied by Bolli West Java Province (Figure 1). It was determined
(1966) based on the Bojonegoro well no.1 in East based on selected datum planes that are defined by
Java. This pioneering study gave a new insight into the first appearance or extinction of important
paleontologic and stratigraphic studies of the foraminiferal marker species supported by co-
Indonesia basins, in particular for biostratigraphic appearance of associated taxa.
correlation of the Neogene successions in the basin,
which had mainly been studied on the basis of larger This study will give an important worth to establish
foraminifera. After Bolli’s planktonic foraminiferal correlation level in the surface sections in Northwest
zonation (1966), many paleontologists and Java Basin.
stratigraphers have paid more attention to the study
of planktonic foraminifera for long-distanct
biostratigraphic correlations of the Neogene
succession. The number of scientific reports on the
planktonic foraminiferal biostratigraphy has
increased during the last four decades. Kadar (1986)
noted that Hartono (1960, 1964 and 1969), Bolli
(1966), Pringgoprawiro (1968), Wibisono (1971),
Kadar (1972, 1975, 1978, 1981, 1986),
Pringgoprawiro et al. (1977), Marc & Suminta
(1979), and Purnamaningsih & Pringgoprawiro
(1981) have studied this biostratigraphy in Java
basins. Figure 1. The locality map of the studied area
situated near Jatuluhur reservoir.
111
Stratigraphy
The geology and stratigraphy of the study area have
been reported elsewhere (e.g. Marks, 1957; Bauman
et al., 1972; Sudjatmiko, 1972; Arpandi &
Patmosukismo, 1975; Effendi, 1986; and
Martodjodjo, 2003), and the followings are the brief
summary of stratigraphic framework of the studied
successions.
The Northwest Java Basin is underlain by a complex
of Mesozoic igneous and metamorphic rocks. The
Paleogene Jatibarang Volcanics unconformably
overlies the Pre-Tertiary basement, and consists of
the unfossiliferous continental sediments, which are Figure 2. The geological map of the Jatiluhur area in
Northwest Java Basin (Sudjatmiko, 1972; Effendi,
characterized by varicolored and molted tuffs 1986 with modified)
interbedded with porphyry andesite, basalt, and red
claystone. The Jatibarang Volcanics is Isnaniawardhani and Sunardi (2014) concluded that
unconformably overlain by the Lower Cibulakan on the basis of nannofossils assemblages, the
Formation (syn. Jatiluhur Formation, Sudjatmiko, sediment successions on Ciherang, Cikeo, Cigajah,
1972). The basal part of the formation consists Cisaray, Cikekep, Cibinbin, Cigaruguy rivers and
mainly of paralic carbonaceous shales with minor near the Jatiluhur reservoir were deposited during
sandstones, siltstones, and coal intercalations, and Middle Miocene to Early Pliocene.
passes upward to platform-type limestones Methods
intercalated with glauconitic shale, marl and
dolomitic limestone with coal and fine glauconitic Detailed mapping and measuring stratigraphic
sand lenses in the middle and upper parts. The sections were undertaken in order to acquire
Lower Cibulakan Formation gradationally passes stratigraphic relations between the widely spaced
upward to the Upper Cibulakan Formation, which is outcrop sections in the studied area, for establishing
primarily composed of marine claystone and shale, a stratigraphic framework of key stratigraphic
interbedded with limestone and sandstone. levels, which can be used for defining detailed
Intercalations of fine-grained deposits become stratigraphic positions of paleontologic samples.
frequent in the upper part of the Cibulakan
Formation. The Parigi Formation (syn. Sediment samples for the analyses of foraminifera
Klapanunggal Formation, Effendi, 1986) and calcareous nannofossil floras were taken from
conformably overlies the Upper Cibulakan continuous stratigraphic succession from outcrops
Formation, and is composed reveals detritus and near the Jatiluhur reservoir and along river-side
reefal limestone intervals. The Cisubuh Formation is clifts of the Ciherang, Cikeo, Cigajah, Cisaray,
the youngest Neogene sediments, which outcrop in Cikekep, Cibinbin, Cigaruguy rivers. In total 8
claystone, 5 silt, 25 fine-grained sandstone samples,
the studied area, consist of claystone, sandstone and
limestone. This formation becomes more sandy up which are fresh and contain foraminifera and
section with intercalated coal beds. All basement molluscan shells, were taken.
rocks, Paleogene and Neogene successions are In the laboratory, we adopted a simple residu
unconformably covered with Quaternary alluvial preparation method (Haynes, 1981; and
deposits (Martodjojo, 2003) (Figure 2). Pringgoprawiro et al., 1994) to release foraminifera
from each of 100 gram fine-grained sediment
samples using hydrogen peroxide. We used the
residual sediment of each sample to observe
foraminifera using a binocular microscope. We
adopted some basic methods for the identification of
foraminifera (Postuma, 1971; Stainforth et al., 1975;
112
Bolli & Saunders, 1985: Kennett & Srinivasan, The extinction of Globigerinoides
1983; and Loeblich & Tappan, 1988). subquadratus takes place near the top of the
Cibulakan Formation at Jatiluhur reservoir.
In planktonic foraminifera assemblages, we selected
Blow (1969, 1979) recorded the extinction
the marker species on the basis of several basic
of this species at near the top of N.13 Zone
criteria that selected taxa are distinctive and can
in Middle Miocene age. Pringgoprawiro et
easily distinguished within each sample, and that
al. (1977), Kadar (1986) and van Gorsel
they have a wide distribution within the studied
(1988) documented that the extinction of
area. Moreover, we also selected some species,
this species slightly above the first
which were already used to mark some
appearance of the Sphaeroidinellopsis
biostratigraphic zonas by the previous studies (e.g.
subdehiscens subdehiscens.
Blow, 1969, 1979; Postuma, 1971; Bolli &
Saunders, 1985). On the basis of the first appearance  Globorotalia acostaensis datum plane
and extinction of selected marker species, some The first appearance of Globorotalia
planktonic foraminiferal biodatums can be acostaensis is observed at near the top of
determined. the Parigi Formation exposed at the
Cibinbin River. Blow (1969, 1979) used the
Planktonic Foraminiferal Biodatums Globorotalia acostaensis to marks the base
of N.16 zone, as was done by Bolli (1966)
In these stratigraphic successions, a total of five at Bojonegoro-1 well in East Java.
planktonic foraminiferal marker species have been Pringgoprawiro et al. (1977), Kadar (1986)
selected, i.e: and van Gorsel (1988) evaluated that this
 Orbulina suturalis, datum represents one of the important
 Globigerinoides subquadratus, datum planes near the base of Late
 Globorotalia acostaensis, Miocene. Berggren (1972) dated this datum
at about 10 Ma, and Saito (1977) also made
 Globorotalia plesiotumida, and
the same estimation in Pasific region.
 Globorotalia margaritae
 Globorotalia plesiotumida datum plane
In a stratigraphic ascending order, the following five The first appearance of Globotoralia
planktonic foraminiferal biodatums were defined plesiotumida is observed in the lower part
(Table 1): of Cisubuh Formation, exposed at the Cikeo
 Orbulina suturalis datum plane River. Blow (1969, 1979) used the first
The first appearance of Orbulina suturalis evolutionary appearance of Globorotalia
is observed in the lower part of the Upper plesiotumida from its immediate ancesor
Cibulakan Formation at Jatiluhur reservoir. Globorotalia merotumida to deliniate the
The Orbulina suturalis datum plane has base of N.17 Zone. Pringgoprawiro et al.
been considered take place near the base of (1977), Kadar (1986) and van Gorsel
the Middle Miocene by the previous (1988) documented that the appearance of
studies. For example, Blow (1969, 1979) Globorotalia tumida as a significant datum
used the Orbulina suturalis datum plane to level in Late Miocene. Saito (1977) dated
define N.9 of his zonal scheme. In contrast, this datum at about 7.7 Ma in Pasific
this datum was suggested to define Early- region.
Middle Miocene boundary by  Globorotalia margaritae datum plane
Pringgoprawiro et.al (1977) in the The first appearance of Globorotalia
subsurface of Northwest Java Basinal area margaritae is recorded in the Cisubuh
and Kadar (1986) in South Central Java. In Formation at Cikeo, Cigajah, Cisaray and
his radiometric time-scale, Berggren (1972) Cikekep rivers. Kadar (1989) considered
dated this datum at about 16 Ma, and this that the Globorotalia tumida datum plane is
numerical age suggests that this datum can equivalent to the Globorotalia margaritae
define as Early-Middle Miocene boundary. datum plane of Pringgoprawiro et al.
 Globigerinoides subquadratus datum plane (1977). In this study, Globorotalia
margaritae co-occur with Globorotalia
113
tumida. Berggern (1972) dated this datum suturalis, Globigerinoides subquadratus,

at about 5 Ma, while Saito (1977) estimated Globorotalia acostaensis, Globorotalia
its age at about 4.8 Ma in the Pacific region. plesiotumida, and Globorotalia margaritae).
The first appearance of Globorotalia
In stratigraphic sections at Ciherang, Cikeo,
margaritae has been recognized to be very
Cigajah, Cisaray, Cikekep, Cibinbin, Cigaruguy
close to the Miocene-Pliocene boundary
rivers and Jatiluhur reservoir, five planktonic
(Pringgoprawiro et al., 1977, and van
foraminiferal biodatums were defined, i.e: Orbulina
Gorsel, 1988) or about 5.3 Ma (Salvador,
suturalis datum plane (Early-Middle Miocene
1985).
boundary or N.9); Globigerinoides subquadratus
On the basis of the definition of these five datum
datum plane (Middle Miocene, near the top of N.13
planes, four interval zones were established are as
Zone); Globorotalia acostaensis datum plane (near
follow: Orbulina suturalis-Globigerinoides
the base of Late Miocene or N.16); Globorotalia
subquadratus interval zone, Globigerinoides
plesiotumida datum plane (Late Miocene or N.17);
subquadratus-Globorotalia acostaensis interval
and Globorotalia margaritae datum plane (close to
zone, Globorotalia acostaensis-Globotoralia
Miocene-Pliocene boundary or N.18).
plesiotumida interval zone, and Globotoralia
plesiotumida-Globorotalia margaritae interval Four interval zones were established are as follow:
zone. Orbulina suturalis-Globigerinoides subquadratus
interval zone, Globigerinoides subquadratus-
These datum planes are known as correlation
Globorotalia acostaensis interval zone,
benchmark for local and global as well, thus
Globorotalia acostaensis-Globotoralia plesiotumida
coincide with the established datum in the adjacent
interval zone, and Globotoralia plesiotumida-
region. Broadly speaking, the current
Globorotalia margaritae interval zone.
biostratigraphic study will contribute to provide
basinal correlation with reference to the Northwest Acknowledgments
Java Basin.
The deep appreciation in extended to Rector of
Padjadjaran University for encouragement and
supporting to publish this paper. The field studies
are conducted by funding from Padjadjaran
Ma Chrono- Blow's University research grant; four months of research
Berggren (1972) ; stratigraphic zonation Formation Location Foraminiferal Biodatum Planes
Saito (1977);
Salvador (1985) age (1969, 1979) in Chiba University, Japan collaboration with Prof.
Makoto Ito made possible by the grant from Higher
N.18
Cikekep
Cigajah,
Cisaray,
Cikeo,
Cisubuh Formation
FA Globorotalia margaritae
5.3
L Education Directorate, Ministry of National
a
N.17
t Education to which the authors are grateful. Thanks

Cikeo
7,7 e FA Globorotalia plesiotumida

also to colleagues and staff at the Paleontological
N.16
N.14 - N.15
Cibinbin
10 FA Globorotalia acostaensis Laboratory of Faculty of Geology, Padjadjaran

Formation
Parigi
Miocene
M
i
LA Globigerinoides subquadratus University for assistance during observations.
d
N.9 - N.13
d
References
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Jatiluhur reservoir
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Jatiluhur Sections Bauman, P., Oesterle, H, Suminta, Wibisono (1972),
Cenozoic of Java and Sumatera, Proc.
Conclusions Indonesian Petroleum Association 1st Annual
Convention, 31 – 40
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Paleobiogeography, Lethaia, V.5, 195-215, Postuma, J.A. (1971) Manual of Planktonic

figs. 1 – 9 Foraminifera, Elservier Publishing Company
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of 1st International Conference Planktonic (1994) Foraminifera, Mikrofosil, Laboratorium
Microfossil, Geneva (1967), Proc. Leiden, E.J. Paleontologi, ITB
Brill, V. 1, 199 – 422, plates 1-54, text – figures.
Pringgoprawiro, H., Soeharsono, N., Sujanto, F.X.
1-43
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Brill, 421 p., 54 plates Java Basin, Special Publication no.1, Geological
Research and Development Centre, 125-165
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Helv., V. 59, no. 1, 449 – 465, plate 1, text – Foraminiferal Datum Level: The Present State
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in Plankton Stratigraphy, in Bolli, H.M.,
Saunders, J.B., and Perch-Nielsen, K. (Edt.), Stainforth, R.M., Lamb, J.L., Luterbacher, H.,
Cambridge University Press, 155 – 262 Beard, J.H., Jeffords, R.M. (1975) Cenozoic
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Effendi, A.C. (1986) Geological Map of Bogor
Characteristic of Index Forms, Article 62,
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Indonesia, Special Publication no. 5, Geological
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Kennett, J.P., Srinivasan, M.S (1983) Neogene
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Penerbit ITB, 239 p.
115
116
Asrizal, S. et al/ICG 2015
Fracture permeability assessment by integration of fracture

characterization and in situ state of stress in Geothermal Field, Case
Study of Wayang Windu Field
Asrizal1, S. Ildrem2 and N. A. Agus2

1
Magister Student of Geological Faculty, University of Padjadjaran Bandung and Star Energy Geothermal Indonesia,
Wisma Barito Pasific, Tower A, 11th floor, Jl. Let. Jend. S. Parman, Kav. 62-63 Jakarta 11410, Indonesia
2
University of Padjadjaran Bandung, JalanDipatiUkur 35, Bandung 40132, Indonesia
Email: Asrizal.Masri@starenergy.co.id
Abstract
The Wayang Windu Geothermal Field is interpreted to be transitional between vapour dominated and liquid dominated
reservoir system and believed that fluids are stored within the porosity in the rocks matrix, while faults and or fractures
permeability (and not from the inherent connectivity between pores voids in rocks matric) provide a conduit for fluids to
move in the reservoir, therefore, understanding of an interaction between in situ stress state and the character of
fractures or discontinuities are very important to be defined where the fractures or faults that are currently at a state of
frictional failure (critically stressed) are conductive to fluids flow.
To characterize the natural fracture orientations and intensities at Wayang Windu the available image data were
assessed and subjected to an extensive QC and detailed analysis. 16 wells have been analyzed and interpreted focus on
the natural fractures and stress orientation from induced fractures and breakout shape. The natural fractures in the
northern area were dominated with NE-SW and some E-W directions. While in the southern area were dominated with
NNW- SSW and NE-SW directions.
Geomechanical study is a basis of the study to calculate the in-situ stress trough subsurface data and drilling
parameter. The result for the stress orientation and magnitudes are vary across the Wayang Windu Field. The azimuth
of SHmax vary from N-S and NE-SW in the northern area, and E-W in the southern area of the field. The stress regime
shows the magnitude of SHmax is comparable with Sv and slightly larger than Sv. This state of stress is commonly
referred to as a transitional normal to strike slip faulting (SHmax ≥ Sv>Shmin).
To determine the relationship between fractures and stress to define the orientation of critically stressed fracture, we
have computed the normal and shear stress on all fracture orientations. The shear and normal stress on each fracture is
a function of the fractures orientation with respect to the current stress field and stress magnitude. Fracture with a
calculated high ratio of shear to normal stress that lie above the fractures critical coefficient of sliding friction are
active shear planes or critically stressed. In this study, the critical coefficient of sliding friction was using the range
between 0.45 and 0.6 as baseline for wells. In general the higher s are correlate with higher productivity.
Keywords: Wayang Windu, in situ state of stress, critically stressed fractures.
Introduction Bandung capital city of West Java Province (Figure

The Wayang Windu geothermal field is located 1). The reservoir type of field is transition between
in Pangalengan, West Java, surrounded by other the vapor dominated and liquids dominated (Bogie
geothermal fields such as Patuha, Daradjat, et al., 2008).
Kamojang, etc., and it’s about 45 km south of
117
Understanding of permeability and temperature However, in some areas of the world have different
distribution in the reservoir of geothermal is very current stress field with the existing fault. This is
important starting from exploration until field because the possible structures formed in different
operation. The fluid in the geothermal reservoir is tectonic events in the geological time scale.
stored in the matrix porosity and permeability of The relationship between fracture
rock fracture / fault who is the dominant conduit to permeability with the variation of stresses and
drain the fluid in the reservoir (GeothermEx, 2013). active faults (deformation) in the geological time
Not all fractures and faults contribute to drain fluid scale will affect the distribution of fractures and
(Long, et al., 1991) and fractures that can drain the fluid flow within the reservoir. This makes the
fluid is in a state of critically stressed fractures study of fracture characterization (orientation and
(Barton and Zoback, 2002). distribution), and its relationship with
The movement of the fault can lead to the deformation/current state of stress and other
formation of cracks and disruption to local geomechanics parameters are becoming very
stress(Castillo and Zoback, 1994). Active faults interesting.
acts as a conduit for fluid flow (Zoback, 2007).
Active deformation is manifested by fault structures
can change the horizontal stress regional
Methodology
(Tamagawa and Pollar, 2008). Roughness on the In this study used deterministic methods and
surface of the fault plane are very important role in some assumptions in the geomechanical study and
permeability (Zoback, 2007). characterization of fractures, in this case, fractures
with a calculated high ratio of shear to normal
stress that lie above the fractures critical coefficient
of sliding friction are active shear planes or
critically stressed fractures which is permeable and
can drain the fluid (Barton and Zoback, 2002).
In general, the stages of the study (Figure 19)
is carried out as follows:
1. To study the literature on the basis of
theory, data processing techniques and some case
studies on similar cases.
2. To perform structural analysis by
Figure 1. WayangWindu geothermal field location map. integrating the surface data (lineament, distribution
of hot springs, fumaroles, alteration, slicken slide,
etc.) and the subsurface data (PTS, MEQ, drilling
The relationship among stress, its variation, information, etc.) as an indication of a fault
active faults, and permeability from natural structure in the study area.
fractures in sub-surface have been widely
3. To characterize fractures (orientation and
recognized. Active deformation is manifested by
intensity) both natural fractures or cracks/drilling
the presence of faults can cause stress regional
induced tensile fractures due to the drilling
patterns changed. Active deformation associated
activities from borehole image logs data (FMI /
with the movement of this fault causes the
FMS and XRMI).
formation of fissures and disruption to local stress
(Henning et al, 2012). Formation fracture and 4. To analyze the rock strength (core samples)
disruption to local stress affect the permeability by sending samples to the laboratory of rock
distribution around the fault. This causes difficulty mechanics to get the value of geomechanics rock
in determining the fluid flow inside the fracture. properties (E, To, UCS, υ).
118
5. Geomechanical study, to analyze and properties from the sample as can be seen on the
calculate the magnitude and orientation of the main table below.
principle of stress (stress vertical (Sv), pore
Table 1. Benchmark core test result of mechanical rock
pressure (Pp), the maximum horizontal main stress
properties.
(SHmax) and minimum horizontal principal stress
(Shmin)) and determines the stress regime that
works in each well studied,
6. To determine the relationship between
fractures and stress to define the orientation of
critically stressed fracture, we have computed the
normal and shear stress on all fracture orientations.
The shear and normal stress on each fracture is a
function of the fractures orientation with respect to
the current stress field and stress magnitude.
Fracture with a calculated high ratio of shear to
normal stress that lie above the fractures critical
coefficient of sliding friction are active shear planes Pore Pressure (Pp) Estimation. In this study, the
or critically stressed. The critical coefficient of pore pressure or formation pressure (Pp) for each
sliding friction was using the range between 0.45 well was assumed to include three subdomains: 1)
and 0.6 as baseline for wells. hydrostatic in the rock above the reservoir, 2) a
steam zone within the reservoir, and 3) a brine zone
below the steam zone. Not all wells penetrate to the
In-situ Stress State / Geomechanical depths of the brine zone. The contact between the
Analysis water and the steam was generally assumed to lie at
or near the top of the reservoir (TOR) contact.
Rock Strength and Rock Properties. A
complete geomechanical model includes estimates Static pressure-temperature surveys were
selected for pressure estimation within the
of the rock strength and rock properties. This
reservoir. In most cases, surveys that were
allows estimation and inferences about the
performed within a few weeks after drilling were
magnitude of stresses how the rock materials will used. In general, the pressures observed within the
respond to drilling operations, and to development reservoir are substantially sub-hydrostatic values.
and production operations (including changes in The difference between the pressure at the top of
pore pressure), and in the estimation and simulation the reservoir, and the pressure in the immediately
of fluid flow. For this study, a suite of laboratory overlying overburden is likely to be as large as 30-
tests including triaxial rock strength, unconfined 50 bars. Because there are essentially no
compressive strength, Brazilian tests of tensile measurements which constrain the character and
strength, and measurements of other properties thickness of the transition from hydrostatic to sub-
hydrostatic reservoir pressures, it was assumed that
including density and sonic compressional velocity
a transition zone of 50-200 m thickness lies
were performed. These measurements together
between the hydrostatically pressured water zone
with some of the basic wireline log data (typically and the sub-hydrostatically pressured steam
sonic and density data) were used to estimate key reservoir zone (Figure 2).
rock mechanics parameters, including static
Although the static PT surveys are likely to
Young’s Modulus (E),unconfined compressive measure the pressure within the reservoir with
strength (UCS),and tensile strength (T0). The relatively high accuracy, the detailed distribution of
benchmark core test result of mechanical rock pressures is difficult to determine, particularly if
119
there are lateral variations that are not directly Horizontal Principal Stresses. A full
sampled by the wells. It is also well known that description of the state of stress in three dimensions
there are different compartments or pressure zones requires knowledge of the magnitude and
within the reservoir, particularly within the steam orientation of the three principal, in situ stresses.
dominated upper zones. These three stresses are (by definition) orthogonal
to each another. Tectonic or geological events can
cause changes in the stress field. These events
Vertical Stress (Sv). In areas that are relatively
include earthquakes and tectonic plate motion, or
quiescent tectonically, and that are essentially flat
geological events such as intrusion of magma,
or that have relatively low relief; it is usually found
depressurization resulting from volcanic eruptions,
that one of the principal stresses is orientated
and cooling or heating.
vertically. The most common method of estimating
the vertical principal stress is to use density data to
calculate the weight of the overlying rock, and thus
the stress (force per area) at depth. This is
essentially
Because stresses vary both spatially (with position)

and temporally (with time) it is normal practice in
a process of summi geomechanics to consider the current day state of
Figure 2. Pore pressure calculation from PT survey data. stress rather than other stresses which may have
been present during the geological past. In some
cases the magnitudes and orientations of the
Vertical Stress (Sv). In areas that are relatively stresses do not change substantially between the
quiescent tectonically, and that are essentially flat geological past (typically millions of years) and the
or that have relatively low relief; it is usually found present. Hostate
that one of the principal stresses is orientated
Figure 3. Vertical stress calculation (track at far right) using
vertically. The most common method of estimating
combination of density log data and density estimated from
the vertical principal stress is to use density data to
lithology.
calculate the weight of the overlying rock, and thus
the stress (force per area) at depth. This is
essentially a process of summing the mass of the Because stresses vary both spatially (with
rock above each point, and assuming this weight is position) and temporally (with time) it is normal
equivalent to the vertical principal stress. practice in geomechanics to consider the current
For this study, limited data can be used to constrain day state of stress rather than other stresses which
density. Wireline log density data were only may have been present during the geological past.
available in three wells. A limited number of direct In some cases the magnitudes and orientations of
measurements of density from core were also the stresses do not change substantially between the
available. Because direct measurements of the geological past (typically millions of years) and the
density were not available in all wells, the present. However in many cases the current day
interpreted lithology (which was available for all state of stress can be shown to be substantially
wells) was used to estimate the density. The different than the stress which was present during
available density data (both wireline log values and the development of earlier rock structures.
laboratory measurements) were used to calibrate an For these studies we assume that one of the
average density for the major lithology types as a principal stresses acts essentially vertically, and that
function of depth along each wellbore trace (Figure the other two principal stresses act horizontally. We
3). refer to the most compressive horizontal principal
120
stress as SHmax, and to the least compressive geological structures, or other notable
horizontal principal stress as Shmin. As outlined geomechanical events. The observed wellbore
above, in some cases there will be some departure breakout development in the MBB-2 well was
from strictly vertical Sv and strictly horizontal simulated using the derived geomechanical model
Shmin and SHmax. To obtain initial estimates of for this well.
the stresses, however, we assume that in general, Sv Model Verification and Uncertainties. After
is vertical, and that Shmin and SHmax are Fracture Characterization
horizontal.
To characterize the natural fracture orientations
Analysis of drilling induced wellbore failure, and intensities in this study, the available image
including breakout (BO) and drilling induced data and fracture interpretations from 16 wells
tensile fractures (DITF) has provided the ability to (Figure 5) were assessed. The resulting fracture
constrain the orientation and magnitude of the interpretations provide a summary of the character
horizontal principal stresses (Figure 4). In the 16 and density of the natural fracturing observed in the
wells that have electrical/resistivity image data, reservoir, based on the existing image data.
DITF or tensile regions were identified in 15 wells
and BOs were identified in 2 wells. Detailed
calculation of the interactions between the in situ
stresses (Sv, Shmin, SHmax) the pore pressure
(Pp), the rock strength.
Figure 5. Well with borehole image log data (red well

Figure 4. Shmin and Shmax Calculation constrained by DITFs data courses) Map
Model Verification and Uncertainties. After Fracture Permeability Analysis. Interpretation of

establishing a geomechanical model it is necessary the fractures from the image data, the state of stress
to verify that the model makes predictions that are (geomechanical study) for each well was used with
consistent with the observed drilling events, the orientations of the observed natural fractures to
production data, and with any other relevant data, determine fracture stress- sensitivity. The shear and
such as seismicity, the development of active normal stress on each fracture is a function of the
121
fracture’s orientation with respect to the current across the field have a direct impact on production
stress field and stress magnitudes. Fractures with a from natural fractures in the reservoir as the
calculated high ratio of shear to normal stress that stresses control fracture stress sensitivity.
lie above the fracture’s critical coefficient of sliding Verification of the geomechanical model at the
friction are active shear planes. Natural fractures wellbore scale was achieved through breakout
and faults that are close to frictional failure are simulation that predicts that some breakouts will
termed “critically stressed”. develop, in the same general location as they are
observed in the image data. At the more regional
Result and Discussion scale microseismicity implies that both normal and
strike slip events occur with stimulation which is
In-Situ State Stress Orientations and
consistent with the geomechanical model. This
Magnitudes. The principal stress orientations and
verification indicates the current geomechanical
magnitudes vary across the Wayang Windu
model is broadly consistent with the observed
Field. The azimuth of SHmax is variable, from
events at Wayang Windu.
nearly N-S (000°N) to E-W (090°N) in both the
northern and southern regions of the field (Figure Rock Mechanical Properties. The rock
6). mechanics parameters that are most critical for this
study include the static Young’s modulus (E), the
unconfined compressive strength (UCS), and the
tensile strength (T0). E and UCS vary substantially,
probably depending strongly on lithology and
alteration state. Likely E values range from ~2-
10GPa, and UCS values range from ~40-100 MPa.
Available measurements suggest that T0 ranges
from 0-10 MPa, which is approximately consistent
with the UCS values (for many rock materialsT0 is
approximately equal to 8-12% of the UCS value).
Other important values include the coefficient of
thermal expansion, Poisson’s ratio, the angle of
internal friction, and the coefficient of sliding
friction.
Figure 6. Maximum Principle Stress orientation and regime in

Wayang Windu.
SHmax magnitude is generally comparable in

magnitude to Sv or somewhat larger than Sv. This
state of stress is commonly referred to as a
transitional “normal faulting to strike-slip faulting”
stress state. All 1D geomechanical models derived
for wells in the southern part of the reservoir show
SHmax = Sv whereas wells in the northern part of Figure 7. Stress magnitude of the wells in Wayang Windu
the field indicate SHmax>Sv (Figure 7). These (SHmax>Sv>Shmin)
variations in stress magnitude and orientation
122
these wells are very sparse and not all fracture

Uncertainties in the Geomechanical Model. sets may be represented in the available fracture
The appropriate general uncertainties that apply to data. The critical coefficient of sliding friction, µs
the input parameters of the geomechanical model at is computed using the 1D geomechanical model
the approximate depth of the reservoir are as and interpreted fractures for each well. Critical µs
follows: values range between 0.45 and 0.6 for all study
wells (Figure 8). Higher µs values generally
Sv ± 3-4 MPa (~10-15%)
correlate with higher productivity, however, wells
Pp ± 0.4-0.6 MPa (~5-15%) WWD-2 and MBB-6 do not follow this trend
Shmin ±3.0 MPa (~10-15%) (Figure 9).
SHmax Azimuth ±10-15°
SHmax Magnitude ±3-8 MPa (~10-20%)
T0 ±1-2 MPa (~10-20%)
UCS ±10-25 MPa (~25%)
Fracture Character and Orientation. Steep

fractures with variable strike dominate the observed
fractures. The strikes of the vertical fractures do not
appear to have strong orientation trends, although
there may be local zones that are preferentially
orientated. Sub-horizontal to moderately dipping Figure 8. Correlation between critically stressed fractures and
fractures are subordinate in number in the well permeability using sµ 0.5 in MBB-2 well
observations. These moderately dipping fractures
may be important, but they are sometimes difficult
to evaluate because they may be parallel to
primary lithological contacts such as flow tops,
flow banding, and layering in pyroclastic materials.
Although the observations from some of the wells
show relatively low fracture densities, these lower
observed densities probably do not accurately
represent the true density of fractures. The reason
for this under sampling is related to image quality
and image type. With all of the image data, there
are also blind zones, which occur because it is
difficult to observe and interpret fractures that are
approximately parallel to the wellbore axis. Figure 9. Correlation between critically stressed fractures and
well permeability using sµ 0.5 in MBB-6 well
Fracture Permeability Analysis. All of the

MBA, MBB and MBE platform wells have at least Conclusion and Suggestion
some critically stressed fractures at ambient stresses
The study has provided the groundwork for the
using the modeled parameters. Many wells in the
more integrated work. The 3D structural geologic
southern part of field, the WW wells, also have
model will provide the framework for the 3D
modeled critically stressed fractures at ambient
geomechanical modeling. The 1D stress
conditions however several of the fracture sets in
orientations and magnitudes determined for the 17
123
wells will be used to populate the 3D static model wireline data given the high reservoir temperatures
in preparation for 3D finite element dynamic of this field. The wireline suite should nominally
geomechanical modeling. include sonic velocity, density as well as gamma
The critical components of the 3D dynamic logging. Open-hole wellbore image logging should
modeling that could not be addressed with1D continue to be a critical component of logging for
geomechanical modeling are the topographic any newly drilled well.
effects on the vertical stress (and thereby the two
horizontal stresses) and the continuity of the Natural Fracture and Fault
stresses across faults. With a better resolved 3D Characterization. The measured fracture
geomechanical model of the vertical stress and populations have been carefully classified in the
lateral stress variability we will be able to refine the image analysis summaries with regard to image
geomechanical model to be used for the next work. quality (image interpretability) in preparation for
We conclude that the variations in SHmax the creation of the DFN in the next work.
azimuth are one of the more robust results of this Additional evaluation of the fractures set statistics
study. Variability in SHmax orientations at will be performed in next work. This additional
shallower reservoir depths may relate to work should investigate the contribution to flow of
topographic stress effects, however, variation in the larger-scale faults which was not conducted as part
deeper SHmax orientation measurements are likely of the Phase A 1D analysis. This additional analysis
influenced by the proximity of the well to faults and should also include the possible influence on
imply reservoir compartmentalization. Variability permeability of primary lithological layering such
in stress magnitude across the field is also as flow boundaries, formation boundaries, and
consistent with reservoir compartmentalization. In primary pyroclastic flow layering.
contrast, conclusions about the Pp magnitudes are
less certain.
Microseismic and Injectivity tests.
Variability in fracture set orientations across Additional micro-seismicity data recorded during
the field may reflect faulting of compartmentalized extended stimulation would be extremely valuable,
blocks. However, trends in the fracture orientations particularly if it can be collected with additional,
could depend on lithology or proximity to major preferably downhole geophones to improve
faults. These possibilities will be explored as part of positional accuracy and enable the observation of
the next work of fracture analysis for the Discrete smaller events. The low flow rate, extended
Fracture Network (DFN) development. injection tests are essential for calibration of the
predicted production and flow from the model
Recommendations including the DFN generated fracture network.
Geomechanical Modeling. Uncertainty in the

geomechanical models could be reduced with Least principal stress measurements:
additional laboratory measurements of rock XLOTs (extended leak-off tests) can yield
physical properties on core recovered from important information about the least principal
intervals where standard geophysical logs have stress. For new Wayang Windu well completions
been recorded. The rock mechanical testing should the preferable procedure for this test is to conducted
be concentrated on E, α, and T0, the most sensitive it after casing has been cemented in place and the
geomechanical modeling input parameters that can casing shoe is drilled out a short distance
be constrained through laboratory measurement. (usually10’- 20’). It is always preferable to measure
The BHI Nautilus suite of wireline logs beside pressure downhole during such tests. For a detailed
XRMI are an appropriate choice for acquiring discussion of this test procedure see Zoback et al.,
ISRM, 2003.
124
Acknowledgement
We thank the Management of Star Energy Militzer, H., and Stoll, R., 1973, Einige Beitrageder geophysics
Geothermal Indonesia for their support of the work zur primadatenerfassung im Bergbau: Neue
and permission to present this paper. Special thanks Bergbautechnik, Lipzig 3, 21-25.
go to the many colleagues in Star Energy, Baker Robertson, E. C., 1988. Thermal properties of rocks, USGS
Hughes GMI and Magister Program of Geological Open-File Report 88-441,106 pps.
Faculty at Padjadjaran University for their
Terzhagi, K., 1923. Theoretical Soil Mechanics, John Wiley,
assistance.
New York.
Zoback, M. D., 2007. “Reservoir Geomechanics”, first edition,

References Cambridge University Press (2007).
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dynamic Young’s moduli of rocks, International Journal Finkbeiner, B.R. Grollimund, D.B. Moos, P. Peska, C.D.
of Rock Mechanics, 25, 479-482. Ward, D.J. Wiprut. 2007. Determination of stress
Fjaer, E., Holt, R. M., Horsrud, P., Raaen, A. M., and Risnes, orientation and magnitude in deep wells. International
R., 2008. Petroleum Related Rock Mechanics, 2nd Journal of Rock Mechanics & Mining Sciences 40 (2003)
Edition, Elsevier, Amsterdam, The Netherlands, 491 p. 1049–1076.
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rocks from the Canadian
Shield, International Journal of Rock Mechanics, 20, 237-241.
Masri, A., Barton, C., Hartley, L., and Ramadhan, Y.,

Structural permeability asessement using geological
structural model integrated with 3D geomechanical study
and discrete fracture network model in WayangWindu
Geothermal, fourtieth workshop on geothermal reservoir
engineering Stanford University, 2015.
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Physics Handbook, Second Edition, Cambridge
University Press, 511 pps.
125
126
Abdurrokhim et al./ICG 2015
Characteristic of the deep-water channels in the Lower Miocene Pulau

Balang Formation in Samarinda
Abdurrokhim*, Djadjang J Setiadi, Faisal Helmi, Adi Hardiyono, and Yoga A Sendjaja
Faculty of Geology, Padjadjaran University
*Corresponding author: abdurrokhim_syubi@yahoo.com
Abstract
A composite succession of total more than 2000 m thick deposits of lower–middle Miocene Pulau Balang Formation is
well exposed. In general, the formation represents shallowing-up succession, typified by deep-water deposits in the
lower part and shallow-water–paralic deposits in the upper part. Thick-bedded limestone that exposed in the Batu Putih
area is occurred in between those lower and upper successions. This limestone developed during latest lower Miocene
or earliest middle Miocene.
The deep-water deposits of the Pulau Balang Formation typically are represented by mudstone dominated facies
intercalated with thin- to medium-bedded sandstones, with local associations of channel-fill deposits, slump deposits,
bioclastic grainstone, and thin- to thick-bedded gravelly sandstones. The simple parameters of channel-fill deposits in
the outcrops of the Pulau Balang Formation are typified by lenticular geometry and erosional basal contacts. There are
three characteristics of channel-fill deposits that observed near Samarinda City: (1) interbedded sandstones and
siltstones, (2) thick-bedded sandstone, and (3) interbedded gravelly sandstones.
Keywords : Deep-water channel, Pulau Balang Formation, Samarinda.
1. Introduction water deposits, especially from outcrop evidence are

Land clearing activities for housing complex rarely reported. In this paper, we document facies
provides new exposures of Miocene deposits in and characteristic of deep-water channel from Pulau
Samarinda City. In general, the exposures can be Balang Formation in Samarinda City on basis of
grouped into two settings; the deep-water deposits outcrop description at 3 locations: (1) Green Palm
from the lower stratigraphic succession and shelf Housing Complex, (2) Km-18, and (3) Pinang Raya
into fluvio-deltaic facies that represent the upper Housing Complex II (Fig. 1).
stratigraphic succession. The boundary of the deep-
and shallow-water deposits is characterized by 2. Stratigraphic Setting
thick-bedded limestone as exposed in the Batuputih
Pulau Balang Formation is Miocene sediments
area. Supriatna et al. (1995) named those deposits as
infill of the Lower Kutei Basin that exposed in
Pulau Balang Formation, one of stratigraphic units
Samarinda City (Supriatna et al., 1995, Moss and
in the Lower Kutei Basin.
Chambers, 1999). The formation is developed
Kutei Basin infilled by various lithology of during latest Early Miocene–earliest Middle
sedimentary rocks from the deep-water through the Miocene in the deep-water setting (Moss and
fluvio-deltaic deposits during Paleogene to present Chambers, 1999) (Fig. 2), and characterized by
(Moss and Chambers, 1999). Intense discussion of alternating greywacke and quartz sandstone
the ancient and modern delta Mahakam have been intercalations with limestone, claystone, coal and
reported in many ways (e.g. Allen, G.P. and dacitic tuff (Supriatna et al., 1995).
Chambers, 1998; Hook et al., 2001), but the deep-
127
corals and some scattered massive corals floating

within carbonate mud. The middle and upper parts
are composed mainly of wackestone and mudstone
that contain branching and massive corals with
fragments of molluscs, echinoids, and larger forams,
while head corals have been observed at several
stratigraphic levels. The upper part of the Batuputih
limestone exhibit intense burrowing, possibly of the
ichnofacies Thalassinoides or Spongeliomorpha.
Fig. 1. Observation stop site at Samarinda City (blue

circle)
Fig. 3. Limestone outcrop at Batu putih
Thick-bedded limestone (Batuputih Limestone,

Moss and Chambers, 1999) is overlain by shelf
deposits, which are progressively changes into
fluvio-deltaic deposits of Balikpapan Formation.
The best exposures of succession from shelf into
fluvio-deltaic of the ancient Mahakam Delta can be
observed near SMC Hospital in Jalan Pangeran
Fig. 2. Lithostratigraphy of the Kutei Basin (Moss & Suryanata and near Rumah PAN in Jalan MT
Chamber, 1999) Haryono.
In the study area, the Pulau Balang Formation is

a siltstone-dominated succession with locally 3. Deep-water channel of the Pulau Balang
interbedded with thin- to very thin-bedded fine- Formation
grained sandstones, thick- to very thick coarse- Pulau Balang Formation shows various
grained sandstones, thick-bedded gravelly lithofacies as presented from 4 outcrop locations.
sandstones, conglomerate and slump deposits. The formation is typically represented by siltstone
Pulau Balang Formation is overlaid intercalated with thin- to very thin-bedded fine-
conformable by thick-bedded limestone. The grained sandstones, thick-bedded sandstone, with
limestone is approximately 47 m in thickness local association with channel-fill deposits, and
(Batuputih quarry) (Fig. 3), characterized by gradual slump and mass transport deposits.
both on top and basal contact. In lower part, it is Simple recognizing of channel-fill deposits of
irregularly stratified packstone, wackestone, and the Pulau Balang Formation in the field commonly
mudstone, composed mainly of platy and branching characterized by a lenticular geometry bed or bedset
128
with sharp erosional basal contact into the The mudstones (siltstone and claystone) are
underlying deposits. In general, there are three interpreted to represent background sedimentation
lithofacies of deep-water channel-fill deposits in this in a bathyal environment, and to have developed as
area: (1) interbedded sandstones and siltstones, (2) hemipelagites, although some possibly formed as
thick-bedded sandstone, and (3) Interbedded turbiditic mudstones (e.g., Piper and Stow, 1991).
gravelly sandstone. The massive conglomeratic sandstones and thin-
bedded sandstones with parallel and cross ripple
lamination sedimentary structure are interpreted as
A. Interbedded sandstones and siltstones
deposits from turbidity currents.
Best exposure of this facies in this area study
can be found at Green Palm Housing Complex.
Outcrop dimension about 10 m x 60 m2 represent B. Thick-bedded sandstone
complete three packages of lenticular geometry Thick-bedded coarse-grained sandstone of the
deposit of interbedded sandstone and siltstone (Fig. channel-fill deposits can be observed at Pinang
4) Raya Housing Complex II. The outcrop is
In general, each channel-fill deposits is a fining- characterized by siltstone dominated with locally
upward sequence that consists mainly of the interbedded with thick-bedded sandstone and thin-
conglomeratic sandstone in the bottom part to very thin-bedded sandstone. There are four sandy
succeeded by the alternating of medium- and fine- units separated by thick laminated-siltstone and
grained sandstone, siltstone, and shale beds in the claystone with locally exhibit a highly bioturbated
middle and upper parts (Fig. 5). The lower layer.
conglomeratic sandstones are mostly massive, while The channel-fill deposit at Pinang Raya consists
the middle sandstones are either parallel laminated of interbedded thick-bedded sandstones with
or cross-ripple laminated. Contorted and convolute maximum thickness is 13.5 m. The sandstones
lamination, small-scale load cast, and flame characterized by well sorted coarse- to very coarse-
structures also locally found, especially in the lower grained sandstone, cross bedding sedimentary
part. Laminated siltstones separate the sandstones structure, with mud clasts common found in the
beds. lower part of sandstone beds.
Fig. 4. Lenticular geometry of channel-fill deposits at Green Palm Housing Complex
129
intervals of sandstone-dominated facies and

alternating laminated siltstones and sandstones.
Overall, the outcrop exhibit soft sedimentary
deformation (Fig. 9).
Fig. 5. Fining-upward pattern.
This interbedded sandstones shows erosional

basal contact into interbedded sandstones and
siltstones (Figs. 6 & 7) and sharp top contact. Fig. 7. Cross-bedding sedimentary structure.
Overall, it shows fining-upward in most upper part
before overlaid by a thick-bedded limestone. The thick interval of sandstone consists mainly
The interbedded thick-bedded sandstones facies of alternating gravelly medium- and coarse-grained
with erosional basal contact and fining-upward sandstone beds with thin shale intercalations. They
pattern in the upper part suggest a channel-fill are grey, grain-supported, composed mainly by rock
deposit (e.g., Mutti and Normark, 1991). Cross fragments and quartz with minor coal fragments.
bedding sedimentary structure may represent lateral Many of the coarse-grained sandstone also contain
accretion surfaces in sinuous channel (e.g., Hein and mud clasts. Gravelly sandstones locally show sharp
Walker, 1982). erosional basal contact and sharp upper contact.
Graded bedding, parallel lamination, and sole marks
are sedimentary structures that are common found in
several sandstone beds (Fig. 10). Sandstone laminae
within alternating siltstones and sandstones show
parallel- and cross-rippled lamination sedimentary
structures.
The lenticular geometry of composite gravelly
sandstone beds and erosional basal surface indicate
that the deposits as channel-infill. The gravelly
sandstones are product of mass transport
mechanism, which then deformed in slope setting.
Fig. 6. Interbedded thick-bedded coarse-grained
sandstones with erosional basal contact. 4. Discussion
Although the channel-fill deposits of the Pulau
C. Interbedded gravelly sandstone Balang Formation have similar characteristic:
fining-upward pattern, erosional basal contact, and
The outcrop of interbedded gravelly sandstone
encased in siltstone-dominated facies, however
is located in Km. 18 of the Samarinda-Tenggarong
characteristic of both the channel-fill facies and
Bypass Road (Fig. 8). It composed by two thick
encompass siltstone-dominated facies are vary.
130
Fig. 8. The outcrop of gravelly coarse-grained sandstones at KM 18
Those facies variations are most likely

controlled by sediment supply and processes.
Channel-fill deposits that characterized by
interbedded sandstones and siltstones possibly
developed, where turbidity current and suspension
interplay each other’s. This situation possibly
developed in slope setting with minor sediment
discharge. In contrast, thick-bedded coarse-grained
sandstone with cross-bedding sedimentary structure
indicates that the sediments infilled into the sinuous
channel in very gently slope in the basin. The
interbedded gravelly sandstone of channel-fill
Fig. 10. Graded bedding, parallel lamination and
together with soft sedimentary structure indicates
flute cast sedimentary structures.
the deposits developed in the slope setting
5. Conclusions
1. The Pulau Balang Formation have been
developed in deep-water setting, and it is
typically represented by siltstones intercalated
with thin- to very thin-bedded fine-grained
sandstones, thick-bedded sandstone, with local
association with channel-fill deposits, and
slump and mass transport deposits.
2. There are three lithofacies of deep-water
channel-fill deposits in this area: (1)
Fig. 9. Soft sedimentary deformation interbedded sandstones and siltstones, (2)
thick-bedded sandstone, and (3) Interbedded
gravelly sandstone
3. The channel-fill deposits of the Pulau Balang
Formation have been developed in slope
settings.
131
6. Acknowledgments
This study was conducted as a part of
Mahakam-Kutei Basin Reservoir Characterization
Field Work Project donated by BP Berau Ltd. We
would like to thank Peter Butterworth, Arief
Maulana and Erick Yudhanto for intense discussions
on sedimentology and Kutei Basin.
7. References
Allen, G.P. and Chambers, J.L.C., 1998, Allen, G.P. and
Chambers, J.L.C., 1998. Sedimentation in the
modern and Miocene Mahakam Delta. IPA, p. 236.:
IPA.
Hein, F.J., and Walker, R.G., 1982, The Cambro-
Ordovician Cap Enrage Formation, Queebec,
Canada: conglomeratic deposits of a braided
submarine channel with terraces: Sedimentology, v.
29, no. 3, p. 309–352, doi: 10.1111/j.1365-
3091.1982.tb01798.x.
Hook, J.A., Butterworth, P.J., and Ferguson, A., 2001,
Contrasting Miocene Fluvio-Deltaic Channel Types
from Perjuangan Quarry, East Kalimantan,
Indonesia: Implications for Subsurface Reservoir
Correlation, in Indonesian Petroleum Association,
Proceeding Twenty Eight Annual Convention,.
Moss, S.J., and Chambers, J.L.C., 1999, Tertiary facies
architecture in the Kutai Basin, Kalimantan,
Indonesia: Journal of Asian Earth Sciences, v. 17,
no. 1-2, p. 157–181, doi: 10.1016/S0743-
9547(98)00035-X.
Mutti, E., and Normark, W.R., 1991, An integrated
approach to the study of turbidite systems, in
Weimer, P. and Link, M. eds., Seismic facies and
sedimentary processes of submarine fans and
turbidite systems, Springer-Verlag New York, p.
75–106.
Piper, D.J.W., and Stow, D.A. V, 1991, Fine-grained
turbidites, in Einsele, G., Ricken, W., and Seilacher,
A. eds., Cycles and Events in Stratigraphy, Berlin
and Heidelberg, Springer-Verlag, p. 360–376.
Supriatna, S., Sukardi, and Rustandi, E., 1995, Peta
Geologi Lembar Samarinda, Kalimantan: Pusat
Penelitian dan Pengembangan Geologi, Bandung.
132
Triraharja, Wahyu/ICG 2015
Influence of Quartenary and Tertiary Volcanic Deposit to the Ground

Water Chracterictic at South East of Cianjur Ground Water Basin,
West Java Province
Triraharja, Wahyu1, and M Hadiyan, Sapari2
1
Post Graduated, Geological Department, Padjajaran University, Dipati Ukur Street No. 35, 40132, Bandung,
Indonesia
2
Geological Department, Padjajaran University, Dipati Ukur Street No. 35, 40132, Bandung, Indonesia
Email:wtriraharja@gmail.com
Abstract
The movement of the subduction zone in the Southern Part of Java Islands, is impacted to the movement of Volcanic Arc
in the West Java land. There are sign of a series of Tertiary Volcanic Craters observe in the South of Cianjur Regency
(Kencana Mount (+1200 masl) and Gambong Mount (+675 masl). Samples of lavas flow taken from both those
mountain shown that the lava types is basaltic. Based on the petrographic analysis this lava is a Porphyry Basalt. This
Porphyry Basalt has been very high altered, means had been deformed several times during tectonic era. This
discovery data then compared with the variation of lithology, product of Gede Mountain (Quartery Volcanic). The
variation of lithology are dominantly by tuff, lapilli tuff, volcanic breccia and lava flow. Based on the petrographic
analysis on this lava flow, the type of the lava is Porphyry Andesite (Intermediate Type). The correlation analysis
between 2 (two) deep bore hole in the Lower Zone of research area, shown that there is barrier that separated these
two of volcanic succession deposit era. It is interpreted that there is a big basin in between teritary volcanic and
quartery volcanic. This basin then filled by eruption material of Gede Mountain.
Result of the hydrogeology mapping on the Upper Area shown that ranges of Temperature are 20o – 22oC, pH : 6,2 –
7,2 and Electric Conductivity : 90 – 280 S/cm. This physical parameter is associated with the interaction of the
quartery volcanic deposit. It is also confirmed by the Piper analysis, that shown the groundwater chemical facies in the
upper area is dominated by Ca HCO3 (calcium bicarbonate), Ca Mg HCO3, (Calcium-Magnesium bicarbonate), Mg Ca
HCO3 (Magnesium bicarbonate) and Na HCO3 (Sodium bicarbonate). While the measurement on the Lower Area
shown the result of physical parameter ranges has more wide variation. The measurement of Temperature are 24o –
28oC, pH : 5 - > 9 and Electric Conductivity :300 - > 1000 S/cm. Result from Piper analysis shown that ground water
chemical facies is also varied, from Mg, Ca, HCO3 and existence of Mg, SO4 ,Cl, HCO3 . Based on this data result, it is
confirmed that there is an interaction between ground water with old volcanic deposit. The existance of Sulphate and
Chloride is also interpreted as the contact of ground water with the basement rock.
Keywords :volcanic deposit, water chemical facies, ground water basin.
Introduction In Indonesia, issues on the ground water

Understanding of ground water facies, based on management is mainly caused by the lack of
the geochemical analysis will give an important understanding of hydrogeology system. The
result for the ground water management. The research is focus on the influences of volcanic
definition of ground water facies is an identification deposit (quartery & tertiary) to the characteristic of
type of ground water based on the genetically water the avalailabe ground water.
that influences by system and rock formation. The objectives of the research are focus on the
Ground water hydro chemical facies is also define understanding of geological setting on the volcanic
as a zone with different cation and anion in a system, and the influence of this volcanic deposit to
different category. the hydro chemical and ground water facies.
Research are located on the South Cianjur Ground
133
Water Basin, focus on Kecamatan Cilaku, Spreading of the wide area on the research area is
Kabupaten Cianjur, West Java Province. The area is form by breccia and lahar product of Gede
located from 6o49’00” S – 6o53’00” S and Mountain (Qyg).
106o59’00” T – 107o08’00” T as shown on the The area is actively de formatted by tectonic
picture 1 & 2 activity. It is recorded from tertiary era. In the Plio –
Pleistocene era, the tectonic is re-activated the
faulting system from the tertiary era. It is created
faulting system with lineament to the North East
(NE) – South West (SW) and North West (NW) –
South East (SE) direction. In the area of research, it
can be identified by the image analysis. This weak
area on the fracture system is use by the new
volcanic activity to deform the new mountain.
Figure 1. Research Location
Regional Geology
Based on Regional Geology Map of Cianjur
(Sudjatmiko, 1972), the research area is consist of
volcanic area deposit. The oldest volcanic product
(Qot) is consist of breccia and lava is observe in the
South East of research area. This formation is
isolated, that was predicted as old mountain
Figure 3. DEM Maps of Research Area
Kencana crater. The height of this mountain is about
550 masl.
The condition of hydrogeology on the research
area is based on the regional hydrogeology map of
Indonesia, Cianjur Sheet, which is compiled by
Manaris Pasaribu, Wayan Mudiana and Yaya
Sunarya (1998). Ground water basin can be divide
by 3 (three) types, (a). Basin with discharge water
between 5 – 25 l/s, (b). Basin with discharge water
less than 5 l/s, and (c). Basin with rare water (non-
aquifer).
In the basin with discharge 5 – 25 l/s, ground
Figure 2. Regional Geological Map (Sudjatmiko, 1972) water flow is dominated by void flow system, in
some area is through fracture system, mainly on the
East part of Gede Mountain. Lithology mainly
The conical hill (Qyc) is observed spreading in consist of young volcanic deposit. Aquifer system is
the downstream of the research area, mainly form by multi system, by means more than 1 aquifer system,
basaltic lava. It is the old lava product of the old 2 – 50 meter thickness, deep of well between 70 –
eruption. In the North West of the area, consists of 200 mbgl. Specific capacity reach 329,18 m2/day,
Lava from Mount Gede eruption (Qyl). This area is transsmisivity > 659 m2/day, and static water level
located on the South East slope of Gede mountain.
134
(SWL) varied from 1 – 30 mbgl, and in some area is Result and Discussion
above ground level (artesian water). For the area
A. Geomorphology and Flow Pattern
which have discharge < 5 l/s, the flow system is
void system, fracture and also from dilution Analysis of geomorphology in the volcanic area
channel. Lithology is consist of young volcanic are consist of relief (flow pattern and elevation),
deposits, such as tuffaceous sand stone and breccia, stratovolcanic facies and forming lithology (Bogie
some tertiary rock deposit. Thickness are about 1 – and M.K. Mackenzie (1998). Based on the above
15 meter, transmissivity between 0,8 – 94 m2/day, factor, the geomorphology in the research area can
deep of the well between 70 – 150 mbgl, specific classified as follow :
capacity 5.11 – 35.20 m2/day. Static water level 1. Stratovolcanic body (Satuan Tubuh Gunung
(SWL) between 28 – 0.8 m bgl. Api)
This is a morphology of Gede mountain,
located at North West of the research area.
Methodology of Research
It is cover about 10% of the research area.
A. Field Mapping and Sampling Flow pattern in the river system is sub
Field mapping has been conducted on February, pararel and dendrito-pararel, elevated about
2015, which are consist of geological and 850 – 1600 masl, and classified in the
hydrogeological mapping. In the geology mapping, proximal zone. Lithology is dominantly by
traverse mapping method is applied. Rock andesitic lava and volcanic breccia.
description is observing by megascopic approach, 2. Strato volcano foot hill (Satuan Kaki
by using loop. Some joint are measure for the Gunung Api)
position (strike/dip) on site. For the hydrogeology
Elevation between 460 – 600 masl, with
mapping, sampling of water from springs and dug
radial flow pattern. In the stratovolcanic
wells are collected. On site measurement are also
facies is in the distal facies. Lithology is
taken during the field mapping, focus on pH,
dominated by tuff lappili, as the product of
Conductivity, Total Dissolve Solid (TDS), and
quartery deposit (Gede mountain deposit).
Temperature. Total 19 samples has been analysis for
major element in the laboratory of Badan Tenaga Tabel 1. Geomorphology characteristic in the
Atom Nasional (BATAN). research area.
B. Sample Analysis
Rock sample has been analysis and describe
with loop (10 x and 25 x zoom) to understand the
mineral composition of each lithology. From this
analysis will focus on the percentage of mafic and
felsic minerals, and texture of the mineral itself. For
the structure analysis, the measurement of joint will There are 2 types of flow pattern has been
be used as basic data to define the fault types. Also observed in the research area:
the lineament analysis from image (DEM) is use for 1. Sub Pararel Type
structure analysis
This flow pattern has been observed in most of
Water sample is use mainly for cation – anion research area. The directional of the flow is North
analysis. Types of cation and anion analysis is for West (NW) – South East (SE). This flow pattern
the major element such as Na, K, Ca, Mg, HCO3, system is figuring that the area has homogeneous
SO4 and Cl. The definition of ground water facies lithology. This area is consist of lahar and volcanic
will be done by apply the cation-anion on the piper breccia as product of Gede Mountain. Hardness of
diagram. the lithology is in range between medium – weak.
135
2. Sub Dendritik Type andesitic/basaltic fragment, rounded, size 1 – 150

cm, bas shortage, matrixes by tuff.
This types is observes in the South – South East
of research area. Mainly the flow pattern is located 3. Young Gede Volcanic Deposit (Qvgm)
on the old volcanic deposits area. Characteristik of Form by young Lava, from recent Gede mount
this types is have a lot of small river chanel, in the activity. Has been observe on the east slope of Gede
relatively low slope of area. General flow direction mount. Lava, black, andesitic, crystalline, very hard,
for this types is to East, which is to biggest river massive, has flow textures, vesicular structure,
(Citarum river). Litology of the area is consist of thickness 0.5 – 150 meter.
breccia and some lava, with the medium hardness.
Figure 6. Geological Map of Research Area
Figure 5. Flow Pattern Map

C. Lithostratigraphy based on borehole data
The petrography analysis is based on the core
B. Stratigraphy sample from 2 borehole in the research area. The
bore hole has been develop for an exploration of
Stratigraphy of the research area can be divide
ground water.
in to 3 rock formation, (a) Old Volcanic Deposit
(Qtv), (b) Old Gede Volcanic Deposit (Qvgt), (c), The coordinate of these boreholes are as follow:
Young Gede Volcanic Deposit (Qvgm).  BH 1 : 06º 53’ 25,86’’ LS – 107º 7’ 19,5’’ BT
 BH 2 : 06º 53’ 25,14’’ LS – 107º 7’ 13,38’’
1. Old Volcanic Deposit (Qtv) BT
Formed by lava and breccia; andesitic – basaltic The variation of lithology based on these 2
breccia, in some area phrophylitic andesitic lava is boreholes are as follow:
observed. Breccia, brown, compact, massive, First layer: Tuff lapilli, brown, compacted, low
angular fragment, size > 6 cm (pebble), bad permeability, thickness 5 – 10 meter.
shortage, matrixes by fine to medium tuff. Based on Second layer: Laharic sand, black, loose, high
the regional map, this formation has Early permeability, thickness 10 – 25 meter.
Pleistocene age. Third layer: Mixing laharic sand and basaltic lava,
2. Old Gede Volcanic Deposit (Qvgt) compacted, thickness 20 – 50 meter. Lava, grey to
Consists of Tuff, Tuff breccia, breccia and black, very hard, thickness varied from 10 cm – 100
agglomerate. This formation is dominantly cm.
spreading in the research area. Tuff breccia, highly Forth layer: Mixing of laharic lava, tuff lapilli and
weathered, brown – reddish brown. Breccia, lava. Thickness of this layer 25 - >50 meter,
andesitic/basaltic fragment, size 0.5 – 20 cm, compacted, very hard, non-permeable layer.
matrixes by tuff, good permeability. Agglomerate,
136
Aquifer system in the area is volcanic aquifer

system, formed by lapilli tuff, volcanic breccia,
lahar / volcanic sand. As the characteristic of
volcanic aquifer system, then the vertical connection
between aquifer layers is observed. It is quite
difficult to find a wide spreading of confining layer
in the volcanic deposit aquifer.
Ground water physical parameter data was
collect on site, in the wells. It is shown the
heterogenic types of ground water characteristic.
Generally, the electric conductivity (EC) in between
Figure 7. Correlation between 2 boreholes 240 – >1000 S/cm, Total dissolve solid (TDS)
between 110 – 260 mg/L, pH 5.2 – 8.4, water
temperature between 24.9oC – 27.2oC.
D. Hydrogeology
In the upstream of the research area, springs are
E. Hydro Geochemical
often observed with varied flow capacity. Based on
the report of “Kajian aquifer daerah Gekbrong dan Refer to Domenico (1990), the major ion are
sekitarnya” by Reisa Anugerah (2014), the spring implemented in the chemical zone in the ground
can be observed in two different elevation. The water flow system. Shallow water will be dominated
spring on the elevation range between 700 – 900 by anion HCO3- with low concentration, while in the
masl, and in between 1000 – 1200 masl. It is middle deep water will dominated by SO42- ion, and
interpreted that these two “spring belt” are form in the deepest water will dominated by Cl- ion with
with different geological types. The first belt (1000 quite high concentration.
– 1200 masl) mainly is a contact spring, in the Based on Piper analysis, there are 3 types of
lithology contact between young deposit and old ground water types in the research area :
deposit of Gede Mounting. While in the second belt 1. Ca, Mg, HCO3 (Calcium, magnesium,
(700 – 900 masl) mostly is fracture spring, bicarbonate) : SMR 2,3,4,8,9,12,13. The
controlled by geological structure (faulting system). presence of Ca and Mg cation is the result of
The focus are of mapping is in the downstream the alteration of Ca Plagioclas (Porphyry
part, at Kecamatan Cilaku and surrounding. Since Andesite), and dominantly HCO3 is shown the
the area is in Distal Part, then the hydrogeology mixing with precipitation water (rain water).
mapping is focus on data collection on deep wells, 2. Mg, SO4, HCO3 (Magnesium, Sulphate,
and dug wells. Static water table in the area are bicarbonate) : SMR 5. Dominantly of
between 0.5 – 7.5 mbgl, while depth of the well Magnesium shown that the water is altered the
between 4 – 12 mbgl. It is interpreted as the static anion from pyroxene minerals. While the
water level for unconfined aquifer. presence of SO4, interpreted that the water is
The ground water flow direction for the mixing with medium to deep water. An
unconfined aquifer is to the East – South East, interference between shallow water and
follow to the slope of the areas. While, for deep medium water (longer travel time) is shown by
aquifer the water table is varied. From the borehole the presence of SO4
1 data, SWL is 1.5 mbgl and BH 2 is 2.8 mbgl. The 3. Ca, Mg, SO4, Cl, HCO3 (Calcium, Magnesium,
area has multi aquifer system, with the existence of Sulphate, Chorite, bicarbonat) : SMR 1 & 7.
confined layer (see correlation at figures 7). The presence of Cl is shown that the ground
water in the area is also interfere with the
137
deepest water. It is assumed that the deepest connection between shallow and deep aquifer, based
water is in contact with basement rock, which on hydro geochemical analysis. Based on the ground
is old volcanic and sedimentary formation water physical and chemical parameter, shown some
(Citarum Formation). samples has electric conductivity > 300 S/cm, with
anion dominantly by bicarbonate (HCO3). It is
conclude that the ground water flow in the research
area is mix with local water. In the other hand, the
presence of SO4 and Cl, is also proofing that there is
some interference a deep water (from regional flow)
in to the shallow water. It is interpreted that the
geological structure (faulting system) is also be part
of the aquifer system in the research area. It is
important to continue the research with detail
geological structure mapping and modelling, to get
the proven of the inter – aquifer connection.
Conclusion
1. Refer to volcanic facies, research area is
located on the distal zone, in the volcanic flat
area.
2. Aquifer system has consist of several lithology
Figure 8. Piper Analysis of Ground Water Samples such as tuff, lapilli tuff, volcanic breccia and
volcanic sand (lahar deposit).
3. From physical parameter, value of electric
Discussion conductivity are quite high (>300 S/cm),
means that the ground water is from the
Research area is formed from quartery volcanic
intermediate flow system.
and tertiary volcanic deposit. This inference
4. There is mixing of ground water in the area of
between this is creating complex ground water
research, shown from the presence of SO4 and
characteristic. Even the lithology between those
Cl in some samples. It is proven that water
deposits are similar, but the different permeability
from deep aquifer is vertically connect with the
and mineral types created a different hydro chemical
shallow aquifer.
content.
Ground water flow direction mostly follow to
the slope, which is to North West (NW) – South
East (SE). Mount Gede deposit as volcanic aquifer
References
had been covered the old volcanic deposit. The Manaris Pasaribuan, Wayan Mudiana & Yaya Sunarya, 1998,
typical of the old volcanic deposit is already altered Peta Hidrogeologi Regional Lembar Cianjur.
(phrophylytic), so the aquifer is less permeable. It is Sudjatmiko, 1972, Peta Geologi Lembar Cianjur, Jawa Barat,
giving a big gap of hydrogeology parameter Skala 1 : 100.000, Pusat Penelitian dan Pengembangan
between young aquifer system above and old Geologi, Bandung.
aquifer system in the below. Piper, AM, 1944, A Graphic Procedure in the geochemical
interpretation of water analysis, Trans Am Gephysis
Beside the permeability factor, the geological
Union, Washington DC.
structure is also play a key role to control the aquifer
system. It is already proven that there is a vertical Domenico, PA and Schwartz, WF, 1990, Physical and chemical
hydrogeology, John Wiley and Sons. Inc, Canada, 824p.
138
Fikri Abdulah/ICG 2015
The Urgency of Spatial Planning in Indonesia Based on Georisk

Analysis
Fikri Abdulah1, A Sjafrudin1 and Pradnya P Raditya Rendra1
1
, Faculty of Geology, University of Padjadjaran, St. Bandung-Sumedang No 21, 45363, Sumedang, Indonesia
fikriabdulah1@gmail.com
Abstract
Spatial planning is a system of cities planning, space utilization and control as well as the factors that
influence it. Such as Population growth, demand for regional development, economic interests and disaster.
Overlapping sectoral needs into problems of spatial Indonesia now. So, it’s necessary to make analysis how that factor
can influenced the pattern of spatial planning. The results of the analysis can be made Geo-risk the contents of the
spatial reference stipulated in the UU and Local Regulations. This paper written using decriptive method to recognition
and analysis the spatial planning and theirs pattern. Enduring physical development of geological disasters in
Indonesia can be used as a reflection to make the planning, institutional and national geology research to minimize
disasters caused by any of the spatial as floods, landslides, earthquakes and premature destruction of the building
structure. Analysis of spatial Georisk recommends placement to maintain balance on the slope and water supply as a
step in a sustainable spatial planning. Based on that analysis, at least there are five patterns to create model of spatial
planning such as in the landslide potential area, earthquake potential area, volcanoes area, coastal area and
overlapping area. Those patterns become reccommendation to different pattern of spatial plan. Spatial planning
become a very important thing to do in the city that has developed and emerging as spatial done not only in the initial
planning of urban development, but also can improve the layout of the city so as to produce a sustainable spatial
planning.
Keywords :Earthquake, Georisk, Landslide, Overlapping, Spatial Planning, Volcano
I. Introduction negative influence is the presence of disaster in

Population growth, the demands of regional response to non-compliance with the spatial plan.
development and economic interests as well as Floods, landslides, erosion and subsidence are
natural disasters factor into spatial planning factors multiple responses
now Indonesia. According Dardak (2015) states that Based on the explanation, its necessary
a growing population and a variety of other interests studies on the geological risk considerations as the
should form the basis for the preparation of the basis in determining the new layout in order to
National Spatial Plan (Rencana Tata Ruang Wilayah maintain sustainability. This study gives a concept
Nasional/RTRWN) which can form the basis for the of how Georisk analysis can be used as a reference
optimization of resources and disaster. to make recommendations in terms of spatial and
One case is in planning, coastal areas of technical regulations.
overlap with other land use or non-compliance with
regulations. This conflict is similar to the spatial II. Geoscience Framework
conflict on forests in various regions as well as the
2.1 Indonesia Spatial Planning and Their
port development plan Cilamaya, Karawang, West
Regulation Conflict
Java, which has a policy of
conflict. Noncompliance with regulations and use of Based on Law No. 26/2007 on Spatial
spatial layout will result in unsustainable. Another Planning, the spatial planning Indonesia has three
139
levels of spatial planning, there are national, 2.2 Geo-Risk of Indonesia

provincial and district levels. Spatial plans made by
the three levels of the Indonesian government Indonesia is a country that has a high
should correspond to one another. The central potential natural disaster. If viewed as
government developed a National Spatial Plan geographically Indonesia is an archipelago located
delineate the first protected area for protected areas at the meeting of four tectonic plates, the Australian
and for the development and cultivation followed by continental plate, the continent of Asia, the Pacific
government level below it. and Indian Ocean plates. In addition to the east and
south of Indonesia there is a volcanic belt that
Due to the overlap of various sectoral policies extends from the island of Sumatra and then Java,
related to space planning, space conflicts in various Nusa Tenggara and ends in the South, where the
regions have the potential to create. Currently, the side of this mountain is old volcanic mountains and
existing Law No. 26 of 2007 on Spatial Planning, lowlands were largely dominated by swamps.
Law No. 27 Year 2007 on Coastal Planning, Law 25
of 2004 on National Development Planning, Law With these characteristics, Indonesia has the
No. 12 of 2008 (Second Amendment of Law No. 32 potential and proneness to disasters such as the
of 2004), and various policies other sectoral related eruption of earthquakes, tsunamis, volcanoes, floods
to space. The impact on the ground, there is a and landslides. The earthquake that occurred
because of the interaction of tectonic plates can
conflict planning and space utilization in the various
regions are the result of the overlapping of the cause a tidal wave or tsunami in the event in the
policy, both in substance and institutional. ocean. With the region is strongly influenced by the
movement of tectonic plates, and Indonesia often
Examples of cases that occur are in planning, experiences tsunamis. During the period 1600 -
coastal areas of overlap regarding land conversion 2000 there were 105 tsunami where 90% of which
and damaging. This conflict is similar to the spatial are caused by tectonic earthquake, 9% by volcanic
conflict on forests in many regions. eruptions and 1% by landslides (Latif in RAN PB,
The government plans to make port 2006).
development Cilamaya, Karawang in West Java In
order to deal with the limitations of cargo at the Port
of Tanjung Priok and equitable development plans.
This development project has great benefits.
According to the Minister of Industry (2015)
Cilamaya port development will bring down costs
and add 30% charge for the electronics and
automotive sectors with revenues of 78 billion USD
in the period of 30 years. In addition, the
construction of this port has problems in
development. Figure 2.1 Distribution of Earthquake Potention of Indonesia
The development is not in accordance with Law Coastal areas in Indonesia are vulnerable to
No. 32 Year 2014 concerning the Marine, AMDAL tsunami include the west coast of Sumatra, south
and Regional Regulation (Peraturan Daerah/Perda) coast of Java Island, the north and south islands of
No. 2 of 2012 on Spatial Karawang, West Java, the Nusa Tenggara, Maluku islands, the north coast of
District of Tempuran and its surroundings, is an Irian Jaya and almost the entire coast of Sulawesi.
agricultural area and local regulations Article 38 (RAN PB, 2006).
about the area of fisheries Kab. Karawang. In Indonesia has a tropical climate with two
addition, port development pipeline Cilamaya seasons, wet and dry seasons, besides Indonesia also
overlap with PT Pertamina. has high rainfall. Such climatic conditions coupled
140
with the condition toporaphy surface and rock are plate movement reaches 12 cm per year can
relatively diverse, can lead to hydro-meteorological endanger the lives of an estimated 240 million
disasters such as floods, landslides, forest fires and people who inhabit Indonesia.
drought. Along with the increase in human All analyzes spatial conditions must be
activities, environmental degradation is becoming based Geo-risk that will produce specific spatial
increasingly severe. The environmental damage will maps based on various aspects, disasters, economic,
eventually trigger an increase in intensity and social and cultural. A reflection of the history of the
number of disastrous events hidrometeorology in flood disaster, volcanoes, land movements,
many areas in Indonesia. earthquakes and tsunamis that have occurred in
Based on data BAKORNAS PB known Indonesia have had to really be a lesson, that
between the years 2003 - 2005 there have been 1429 disaster will never take place again in almost the
disasters. From these data, hydro-meteorological same location with a different intensity strength
disasters are most common, with a total of 53.3% of with time events not definitely. In the absence of
the total disasters in Indonesia. Hydro- good planning area, it is prone occurrence of
meteorological disasters are more frequent floods improper use of the area or disturbed the
(34.1%) followed by landslides (16%). environment. To that end, studies Geo-risk note and
be a key input in the planning of an area. Thus, the
region will be able to orderly planning of land
III. Methodology allotment while maintaining environmental
In this study we were use the descriptive sustainability. An example is the use of land on the
analysis. According to Sugiono (2009), descriptive banks of the river, causing the overflow of the river
analysis is a method that is used to describe or give at a time when the rainy season. Geologically, the
a picture of the object under study through data or river naturally will experience flooding phase, so it
samples that have been collected as without doing requires adequate flood plains so that the
analysis and making conclusions apply to the public. overflowing river is not intrusive. This flood plain
In other words, the writing of this paper in relation should not be earmarked for residential or industrial,
to the descriptive, analytical research is tacking but can be used as a green open space.
problems or focus on issues as presently conducted
research, the results are then processed and analyzed
for the conclusions drawn, said descriptive because 3.2 Management of Indonesia’s Spatial Planning
it aims to obtain an objective presentation of the based on Geo-Risk
analysis of the influence Georisk in spatial planning. a. Consept
Based on spatial Geo-risk a spatial concept
IV. Disscusion which bases its geological potential risks in its
design. With complex geology in Indonesia
3.1 Geo-Risk as Spatial Planning Consideration
becomes an important thing to implement and take
Physical construction of enduring into account the geological risks. The spatial
geological disasters in Indonesia should be a concept based Geo-risk are follows:
reflection for building integration spatial planning, 1. Design the spatial planning in the Landslide
institutions and national Geoscience research that area
found the harmonization of authority primarily
relating to the problem of geological disaster. In Housing dominance in Indonesia is located
Reflection disaster, the government must anticipate on a steep slope areas. Handling in the design of this
the destruction of the cities in Indonesia by area is necessary to reduce landslides. In the spatial
movement activities and meeting the world's three planning area are stabilizing slopes of water
major plates are very active due to the activity of saturation and loading on the slopes. Figure 3.1
141
shows the minimum parameters that must be met in high potential for landslides
order to establish a stable and secure slope for 2. Design of Spatial Planning in Flood Potential
housing. The parameters of a reference to build Area
residential or other functions. Some simple
Flood occurred in various regions in
components are like a tree, retaining wall and the
Indonesia such as Jakarta, Bandung, and some city
pipe line. The component serves as a counterweight
areas in Indonesia. Flood became the foundation for
to control parameters relevant in the context of the
creating spatial created to avoid it. The concept of
slope stabilization. Here is an animation as a
spatial planning to solve flood problems related to
recommendation slope engineering for residential
spatial future.
areas.
In essence, the incidence of flooding due to
the overflowing river water contained in a city
beyond its capacity. Setting the amount of water to
get into the city is the key word in this concept.
Neither set jetting flow in the upstream and
(a) (b) downstream. To make recommendations in the area
of spatial flood is on the body of the river and cities
structure.
(c) (d)
Figure 3.1 Layout Design Safe Slope Avalanche (a) the slope
with retaining wall, forests and gardens, (b) retaining wall,
plumbing and pool, (c) the tree and field (d) (Kentucki,2015)
On top of the slope area can be used for

housing with consideration for the construction of
retaining wall, plumbing and trees as a deterrent in
Figure 3.3 Spatial Planning in Flood Potential Area
the areas of water saturation slope. If the above (Kentucki,2015)
parameters are not met, then that will happen is as
follows: There are several methods that can be used
to overcome this problem such as creating
floodways, dams and flood embankments.
Figure 3.2 Landslide (Kentucki, 2015)
The above recommendations form the basis Figure 3.4 Flood in City (Kentucki,2015)
for the construction of housing or other land
uses. Especially the Lembang, Pangalengan,
sumedang and several other areas that have a
142
3. Design of Spatial Planning in the Region several methods of doing reclamation,

Potential Earthquake spatial planning is still needed in this area,
In the area of the spatial planning given the reclamation method still has a
quake, some things to consider is the secondary effect. Reclamation of coastal
activity of the fault and the concept of home areas which serve to address this need to
or room that was built. The active faulting minimize abrasion, tsunami or other
associated with the point and the magnitude secondary effects of the economic, social
of the earthquake epicenter. While the and cultural. Their abrasion will certainly
concept of harm related to the mitigation lead to erosion of the shoreline and the
measures in response to the earthquake with beach is not likely to be exhausted. In
the concept of earthquake resistant houses. addition, the intensive development of
In the area of spatial planning quake, coastal areas will also cause tidal flooding.
Georisk analysis recommends the concept Based on these exposures, the placement of
of home and earthquake-resistant buildings land on the right lithology indispensable.
in order to avoid premature damage to 6. Design of Spatial Planning in the Regional
buildings. Spatial Overlapping
4. Design of Spatial Planning in the Regional In the spatial arrangement of
Spatial Volcano overlapping, some things that must be
With Indonesia lay the Ring of Fire in considered are the level of urgency, the
the World, the spatial planning volcanic secondary effects and legal parameters. The
region becomes indispensable. In the area of degree of urgency reflects whether
spatial planning is attention to geological development was necessary or not.
conditions, the distance to the peak of the Secondary effect describes the influence of
volcano, the placement of space, design the building or other special. A case in point
houses and accessibility. Geological is in the planning Cilamaya port, which has
conditions can be included in the an influence on the pipe of Pertamina and
classification of secure placement within the that function. While the parameters of the
home region of volcanoes would law are compliance with laws and
recommend the area that can be used as regulations spatial regions within the
residential or other functions in terms of the parameters of the AMDAL and land
direction of the eruption of the volcano. In conversion. In this case required the
the response, the area housing the volcano relocation of the manufacture of the port to
should pay attention to the design of the avoid losses Pertamina. Recommendations
house. One design right house volcano area geology is required in this case.
is home whose roof has a slope of more than
450 as mitigation measures against volcanic b. Application Strategy of Spatial Planning
ash. Consept in Indonesia
5. Spatial Layout Design in Coastal Regions Geo-risk analysis forms the basis for spatial
With a long coastline and the magnitude planning Indonesia. Based on the above concepts,
of potential beneficiaries Indonesian owned, required the cooperation of all parties to implement
then the arrangement of space in this area is these concepts, and in this case the government,
needed. In the arrangement of space in stakeholders and society. Government geological
coastal areas, a few things that must be factors enter into the content of the laws of spatial
considered is the place, the secondary and local regulations regarding the layout.
effects and hazards. Although there are Government regulators are expected to be made.
143
Overlapping policies as is now happening is not appropriate spatial and performed with a variety of
expected to recur for the achievement of a considerations to be paramount to do
sustainable national spatial planning. In addition, the Conclusions
presence of Georisk in the spatial plan will provide
a. Consideration Geo-risk analysis will
a reference for stakeholders to think again if you
provide recommendations in the pattern and
have an interest in development in areas prone to
spatial system in Indonesia, especially for
geological risks are great. The government can
the determination of the location, structure
make the Georisk analysis to be combined with
and other materials related to the
other regulations as a condition for a project to be
construction of the building.
executed.
b. Recommendations Geo-risk analysis can be
In addition, to the holders of the project and included in the content of both the Law of
stakeholders recommended to take into account the spatial regulation, and other local
Georisk. The results of this analysis will provide a regulations.
reference direction of the development of a project c. Cooperation between the various related
and the methods used in the project. The advantage fields is necessary to operate a sustainable
to stakeholders is extend the life of the building, spatial concept for the future of spatial
adding profits and add to the functionality of the Indonesia.
buildings under construction. In addition, adding the
To build a sustainable spatial planning,
image of environmentally friendly is also one of its
takes the role of all parties to cooperate in
advantages.
controlling development in accordance with the
layout in Indonesia. The concept and design of the
3.3 The Urgency of Spatial Planning of Indonesia proposed layout will not run anything as perfect as
Spatial become a very important thing to do. if cooperation is not established. Reforming the
Some cities in Indonesia such as Jakarta, Bandung Indonesian space early it, is the first step to organize
and other cities are an example of a city that has a the future of Indonesia.
poor layout. This is evidenced by the well-organized Acknowledgments
layout of the city, slums, flooding, pollution of The authors are grateful to all those who have
rivers and some other implications. Spatial is not helped in the process of drafting and publication of
only done in the initial planning of urban this paper, especially the father A. Sjafrudin that has
development, but also can improve it by several guided the writing of this paper
methods such as relocation. Population growth,
investment interests and various other sectoral
interests will trigger the uncontrolled growth of the References
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conflict of interest will be even greater. Knowingly for Natural Hazards, Systematic and
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Undip. Semarang
145
146
Zakaria et al./ICG 2015
Soil bearing capacity for shallow foundations and its relationship with
FFD through modification method in active tectonics region
Studies of Morphotectonics and geotechnics in Majalengka, West Java
Zufialdi Zakaria, Hendarmawan, Nana Sulaksana, and Adjat Sudrajat
Universitas Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang, KM-21,
Jatinangor, Sumedang-453636
Email:zufialdi_z@unpad.ac.id
Abstract
Keywords : morphology, tectonics, lineament, soil bearing
The study area is located in the district of Majalengka , West Java, Indonesia (Fig. 1). This area is growing
rapidly, especially for development Kertajati International Airport. Whereas, this rapidly growing region has
geological weaknesses. Based on Zakaria et al. (2011, 2014), Majalengka region is part of the tectonic
earthquake Baribis Zone (Fig. 2). Based on The Geological Regional Maps of Java Sheets (Djuri, 1996;
Kastowo & Suwarna, 1996), in mainland West Java, there are many active faults that could potentially
produce devastating earthquake. Some major faults are well known at western part of Java. At eastern of
West Java, knowed Baribis Fault. This fault strike direction is NorthWest-SouthEast, which is located in the
eastern part of West Java.
Majalengka Distruct
Figure 1. Location of studi
Research areas included in the Eastern zone Bogor lineament; 2) soil bearing capacity. Lineament
Basin. In this study discussed the extent to which density analysis using FFD (Fracture and Fault
the role of tectonics in the area of research that have Density) modified. FFD is commonly used in
shaped the current morphology configuration, with studies of geothermal. Benefits of the research : 1)
the strength of the soil bearing capacity for shallow Provide contribute ideas with new methods in the
foundations. study of tectonic characteristics of the area. 2)
Provide important information related to: a)
The method used is a probabilistic analysis that
involves a variety of variables: 1) drainage
147
Land development; b) Arrangement of settlements, F = 3, is safety factor. Usually F = 2 or 3

c) Development of urban infrastructure, d)
Information for hydrogeological resource In accordance with the purposes of regional
development in the area of research, and e) development (in general), this FFD method can be
Information for disaster mitigation modified for application engineering geology. In the
study of engineering geology, engineering geology
Soil bearing capacity of shallow foundation map is required to supported a disaster maps and
associated with the design in the geotechnical field. hazard maps.
Based on Bowles (1984, 1997). Calculation of soil
bearing capacity for shallow foundation can be done FFD Methods will produce as maps. The purpose
by adjusting the shape of footing and its depth. In can be used to some necessary. FFD methods is
calculating the soil bearing capacity, can be used the done in some of geothermal study in New Zealand,
calculation as follows Terzaghi Method: such as the Te Kopia and Mokai geothermal fields
in the Taupo Volcanic Zone (Soengkono, 1999),
Footing Type Bearing capacity equations Mokai (Soengkono, 2000), Rotorua (Sengkono,
2002), Rotokawa (Suryantini, 1999), and Alid &
Continuous: qult = c.Nc + q.Nq + 0.5  B N Nabro-Dubbi fields (Yohannes 2009). The FFD
Square: qult = 1,3 c.Nc + q.Nq + 0.4  B N have proven to be a simple but powerful method for
Round: qult = 1,3 c.Nc + q.Nq + 0.3  B N delineating permeable zones. Density of lineament
qult = ultimate soil bearing capacity (T/M2); based on FFD Methods can be calculated.
c = cohesion (T/M2);
q =  x D, this is unit weight x depth; Conclusion: The relationship of lineament density
B = width (or diameter);  and the results showed that the lineament density
 = unit weight (T/M3); associated with the strength of the soil bearing
capacity. The strength of the soil bearing capacity
Nc, Nq, N, are Factors of bearing capacity, the
(qa) decreases with increasing density lineament (k)
variables are based on angle of internal friction φ;
with equations: qa = 21,289e-0,08k with R = -0,75
q(a) = q(ult)/F,
(Fig. 2)
q(a) = allowable bearing capacity;
Figure 2. Relationship of soil bearing capacity (qa) with a density of straightness (Zakaria, 2015)
Acknowledgements: Director of the Institute for Research and

Acknowledgements is given to the Dean of Community Service, and Rector of Universitas
the Faculty of Engineering Geology at Universitas Padjadjaran, for supporting this research, so this
Padjadjaran, Director of Post Graduate Program, study can be completed properly.
148
Zakaria, Z., Sulaksana, N., Sudradjat, A., Hendarmawan,

Muslim, D., Mulyo, A., 2014, Soil Activity and Its
References Relationship to Decreasing of Soil Bearing Capacity at
Bowles J. E. 1997, Foundation Analysis and Design, McGraw- Majalengka, West Java, Indonesia, Proceedings of 1st
Hill. 624 p. International Conference “Geoscience for Energy, Mineral
Resources, and Environment applieds”. 28 October 2014
Bowles, J.E., 1984, Physical and geotechnical properties of
soils, McGraw-Hill, Inc., 2nd ed., International student ed., Zakaria, Z., 2015, Implication of tectonics at Majalengka
578 p. region and relationship with rock quality designation,
Disertation, 179p.
Bujung, C.A.N., Singarimbun, A., Muslim, A., Hirnawan, F.,
and Sudradjat, A., 2011, Identification geothermal prospect *) in Bahasa
based on Fault and Fracture Density (FFD): Case Study at
Gunung Patuha, West Java, Jurnal Lingkungan dan
Bencana Geologi, Vol. 2 No. 1 April 2011 2011: 67 – 75*)
Djuri, 1996, Geology of Arjawinangun, Regional Geological
Map, Arjawinangun sheet, Java, Scale 1:100.000 2nd
edition, Geological Survey Center, Indonesian Geological
Survey *)
Kastowo, Suwarna, N., 1996, Geology of Majenang sheet,

Regional Geology, Majenang sheet, Java, Scale 1:100.000
2nd edition, Geological Survey Center, Indonesian
Geological Survey *)
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and Basin Development at Thrust-Fold Zone in Java
Island,, Proceeding of Geology and Geotectonics at Java
Island, Nafiri, Yogyakarta, hal. 51-71. *)
Soengkono, S., 1999, Analysis of digital topographic data for

exploration and assessment of geothermal systems, The
21st New Zaland Geothermal Workshop, pp. 163-167
Soengkono, S., 2000, Assessment of Fault and Fractures at the

Mokai Geothermal Field, Taupo Volcanic Zone, New
Zealand, Proceedings Worls Geothermal Congress 200,
Kyushu-Tohuku, Japan, May 28-June 10, 2000, pp. 1171-
1176
Soengkono, S., 2002, Assessment of topographic lineament
across Rotorua Geothermal Field, New Zealand,
Proceedings 24th New Zealand Geothermal Workshop
2002, pp 79-83
Suryantini, & Wibowo. H.H., 2010, Application of Fault and
Fracture Density (FFD) Method for Geothermal
Exploration in Non-Volcanic Geothermal System; a Case
Study in Sulawesi-Indonesia, Jurnal Geoaplika, Vol. 5, No.
1, pp. 027 – 037
Yohannes, E., 2009, Geothermal exploration in Eritrea - status
report, Short Course IV on Exploration for Geothermas
Resources, Kenya, November 1-22, 2009, pp. 1-15
Zakaria, Z., 2011, SIGAP Gerakan Tanah, Geographical
Information System for Landslide, Bulletin of Scientific
Contribution, Volume 9, Nomor 1, April 2011, pp. 49-60*)
149
150
Adi Maulana/ICG 2015
An overview on the possibility of scandium and REE occurrence in

Sulawesi, Indonesia
Maulana Adi1, Sanematsu Kenzo 2
1
Hasanuddin University, Geology Engineering, Jl. Perintis Kemerdekaan KM 10, 90245, Makassar, Indonesia
2
Advanced Institute of Science and Technology, Japan
Email:adi-maulana@unhas.ac.id
Abstract
This manuscript reports an overview on the possibility of scandium and rare earth element occurrence in Sulawesi.
Development in modern-high technology application is growing rapidly, resulting constant supply of critical metal and
rare earth elements (REE). Currently, resources of these elements are restricted and new source of these elements need
to be discovered accordingly. Scandium (Sc) as one of the critical metals is an important metal for electrolyte of solid
oxide fuel cells and others advance technology. In addition, REE is an important element in the use of permanent
magnets and rechargeable batteries. Recent work reported that scandium can be extracted from weathering crust of
highly weathered nickel-contained ultramafic rock. Scandium will be concentrated in limonite and saprolite layer, but
the volume of enrichment is still unknown. REE found in granitic rocks particularly in zircon, monazite and xenotime
and it has been reported that rare earth ore were extracted from heavily weathered granitic rocks. Sulawesi is one of
the islands where lateritic deposits from heavily weathered ultramafic and granitic rocks are widely distributed. The
lateritic soil of the ultramafic rocks can be potential source of scandium and the granitic rocks could be the potential
source of rare earth element.
Keywords :Scandium, rare earth element, Sulawesi, Indonesia.
Introduction order to balance supply and demand of them.

However, little attention has been paid to the
Rare metals, including scandium and REE, genesis of Sc-bearing deposits and REE in the
have become a critical issue due to their dramatic world, particularly in Indonesia. In this study, we
increase in industrial use as well as their rarity. report an overview of potential distribution of Sc
Scandium (Sc) is an important metal for electrolyte and REE in Indonesia, particularly in Sulawesi.
of solid oxide fuel cells and the demand is likely to As Sc is a compatible element, mafic rocks
increase in the near future. In addition, REE is an generally have higher Sc contents. Scandium is
important element in the use of permanent magnets incorporated into pyroxene (or amphibole) but is
and rechargeable batteries. rarely contained in olivine. Thus, pyroxenite has
Scandium is usually found only in two higher Sc contents than peridotite. In the process of
different kinds of ores. Thortveitite is the primary chemical weathering, Sc is immobile and other
source of scandium with uranium mill tailings by- mobile elements are leached away. As a result,
products also being an important source. World laterite becomes enriched in Sc. Whole-rock
productions amount to only 50 kg per year. There is compositions indicate that Sc is likely to substitute
no estimate of how much is potentially available. Fe3+, Al3+, Ti3+ and other sites in laterites. The
REE is heavily dependent on some Peridotite as a host of Sc-bearing mineral is largely
weathered crust deposits in China (ex. Bayan Obo distributed in Sulawesi. However, study in the Sc
Deposit and highly weathered granitic rock from occurrence in Sulawesi has never been conducted.
Southern China). These conditions have led to the Meanwhile, one of the most promising sources of
growing concern that the world may soon face a REE is granitic rocks as reported by previous
shortage of scandium and rare earth elements studies (Murakami & Ishihara, 2008). This rock is
resources. Therefore, other sources of scandium and widely distributed in Sulawesi Island, covering
rare earth elements are expected to be developed in
151
almost 20% of the island (Maulana, 2013). Rare earth element

However, report on the occurrence of rare earth
elements from this rock is still lacking despite its Rare earth elements mineralization occur in
important economic value. some deposit types; e.g. carbonatite rock formation,
granitic rocks, manganese deposit, hydrothermal
iron-ore deposit, placer deposit, lateritic soil, ion
Scandium adsorption weathering crust and uranium deposit
(Murakami & Ishihara, 2008). One of the most
Scandium is used as additives to alloys and promising sources of these elements is granitic
electrolytes of a certain fuel cell. A very small rocks as reported by previous studies (Murakami &
amount of Sc has been produced from a variety of Ishihara, 2008). Source of REE is heavily dependent
ore deposits in the world as a by-product, and few on some weathered crust deposits in China (ex.
previous studies discussed the economic Sc Bayan Obo Deposit and highly weathered granitic
mineralization except for pegmatite. In recent years, rock from Southern China) which has recently
Sc is expected to be produced from lateritic Ni imposed restrictions on their import.
deposits in some countries. Ultramafic rocks form REEs have been produced in increasing
nickel laterites by weathering in the high-latitude quantities in recent years from surficial clay
region (e.g., Indonesia), because numerous previous deposits in southern China, and Orris and Grauch
study data indicated that Ni2+ is generally (2002) list 18 Chinese occurrences of such material.
incorporated into mafic minerals in magma and that In 1992, REEs from these deposits comprised 14%
they are easily altered by soil or ground water. The of Chinese production (Wu, Yuan, and Bai 1996),
previous studies indicate that Sc3+ is also contained and this source has had a strong impact on yttrium
in mafic minerals such as pyroxene, amphibole and supplies since 1988. The deposits reportedly form
magnetite, but significantly less Sc is contained in weathering crusts over granite (Wu, Yuan, and Bai
olivine. 1996). The ore, referred to as REE-bearing ionic
Nickel laterites can be divided into saprolite absorption clay, mostly comes from two sites in
ores and limonite ores. The saprolite ores with Jiangxi Province Longnan and Xunwu, the former
economic grade of Ni are characterized by garnierite yielding HREE- and yttrium-rich material and the
and smectite, whereas the limonite ores rich in Fe other, LREE-rich material (O’Driscoll 2003). Ore
oxyhydroxides contain less Ni. Scandium is more or from Longnan has an HREE-dominated distribution
less rich in saprolite and limonite ores, however Sc- pattern very similar to that of xenotime, whereas ore
bearing minerals in these laterites are not well from Xunwu is relatively enriched in lanthanum
understood. Whole-rock geochemical data of the (Hedrick 1992). Both ores have relatively low
laterites suggest that Sc is likely to exist in Fe cerium content, suggesting deposition from REE-
oxides, Fe oxyhydroxides, Ti oxide, Al hydroxides bearing groundwater with depleted cerium that
and serpentine. Scandium is unlikely to be adsorbed results from the element’s insolubility in the
on minerals and amorphous materials in the oxidized (Ce+4) state. The ore bodies are 3 to 10 m
laterites. Scandium is more distributed in pyroxene thick and occur mainly in a wholly weathered zone
and amphibole than in olivine in mafic magma since composed of halloysite and kaolinite with residual
coefficient value of scandium is hosted in quartz and feldspar; grades are reported at 0.05% to
orthopyroxene and clinopyroxene as listed in Table 0.2% REOs (Wu, Yuan, and Bai 1996). The
1. It is very likely that low-grade Ni laterite maybe deposits are considered to be laterites and show
rich in Sc. similarities to a number of other lateritic deposits
formed over alkaline igneous rocks and carbonatite
Table 1.Partition coefficient value of some minerals (Morteani and Preinfalk 1996).
REE deposit from lateritic deposit

REE deposit from lateritic deposit is well
known as ionic type deposit or ion adsorption type
deposit. Following are the typical characteristic of
152
ionic type deposit from well-known REE deposit in Table 2 Chemical compositions (%) of some clay minerals and
southern China, particularly Jiangxi Province rock-forming minerals in the weathering crust of granites,
Gannan, Jiangxi Province (Zhang et al., 1996)
(Zhang et al, 1996).
1. Geologic Setting of ionic type REE Deposit.
The deposits occur in the weathering crust of
granites which supply the REE source for
mineralization. The moisture and rainy climate in
near subtropic zone provide a suitable condition for
REE to be transferred and concentrated in the
weathering crust of granites which are rich in REE
2. Mineralizing characteristic of ionic type REE
deposits.
The so-called ionic type deposits are the weathering
crust of granitoid. After weathering and
decomposition of granitoids, REE are released from
them and hosted in the weathering crust as ionic
form. From the top to bottom the weathering crust
can be divided into: (a) humus layer which are
several centimeter thick; (b) eluvium and slide rock
which are 1 – 2 meter thick; (c) completely
weathered layer whose thickness is usually about 5
– 10 meters and the thickest is about 20 meters; (d)
Table 3 Primary RE and rare elements minerals in ionic type
semi-weathered layer which is 3 – 5 m thick; (e)
REE deposits from Southern Jiangxi
bedrock granitoids.
3. Mineral compositions of ionic type REE
deposits
(1) Supporter minerals for REE ions in the
weathering crust of granitoids.
At present, studies show that all supporter
minerals for REE ions are clay minerals, most
of which are kaolinite and halloysite. Both of
them are polymorph of Al2SiO5 (OH4) (Table
2). Two kind of halloysite exist; with and
without water in the structural layer. The other
clay mineral in the weathered crust of granitoids
are montmorillonite, gibbsite, hydrobiotite
which is mixture of biotite and vermiculite.
(2) Primary RE minerals
The primary RE minerals (Table 3) are hosted in
granitoids. Under weathering conditions, some
of them are resistant to weathering, some semi-
weathered and some completely weathered and
Discussion
disappear. Distribution and possible occurrence
1. Scandium
Sulawesi Island is located in the central part
of the Indonesian archipelago, which consists of
four tectonic provinces (Kadarusman et al., 2004;
Maulana, 2009): (1) the West and North Sulawesi
153
Pluto-Volcanic Arc in the south and north arms of

the island, (2) the Central Sulawesi Metamorphic
Belt, extending from the centre of the island to the
southeastern arm, (3) the East Sulawesi Ophiolite
Belt in the eastern arm, and (4) the Banggai-Sula
and Tukang Besi continental fragments (Fig.1).
Each tectonic province has occurrences of pre-
Tertiary rocks containing metamorphic and mafic-
ultramafic suites. The mafic-ultramafic sequences
have been variously interpreted as members of
ophiolites from different tectonic settings (Fig. 2).
Based on this widely distributed, large potential of
Sc resources is expected in Indonesia because of
large Ni-resources. It is reported that Sc will be
enriched in limonite or saprolite since Sc is
relatively mobile (soluble) in a limonite zone
although it is an immobile element. In acidic
limonite zone Sc3+ is not likely to adsorbed on
hematite and goethite. In neutral-alkaline saprolite
zone Sc3+ may be partially adsorbed in saprolite
zone (if Sc3+ is dissolved in solution). Sc3+ is
mostly incorporated in mineral structures in Ni
laterite.
2. Rare earth elements
The granitic rocks are widely distributed in
Sulawesi Island in the central part of Indonesian
Archipelago (Sukamto, 1979; Maulana, 2013). They
occupy the western part to the northern part of the
island, encompassing for more than 400 km. The
Fig. 1. Geological map and tectonic setting of Sulawesi Island
island is situated in the equatorial line and hence is (modified after Kadarusman et al., 2004; Maulana, 2009).
located in tropical climate, causing the surface of the
rocks is susceptible to weathering and alteration
process. It has been reported that REE are mobile
and tend to be enriched during weathering of
granitic rocks in some sub tropic areas (Bao and
Zhao, 2008). In addition, enrichments of REE in
weathered granitic crusts from tropic areas were also
reported (Sanematsu et al. 2009; Sanematsu et al.
2011). Generally, the granitic rocks in Sulawesi are
heavily weathered for example Polewali and
Mamasa area (Fig. 3). The enrichment of REE in the
weathered granitic rocks can be found in two types,
namely; placer deposit and ion-adsoprtion type
deposit (Fig. 4). The typical of the granitic rocks
which enriched in REE is predominantly I-type
granitic rocks. REE are adsorbed on clay (e.g.
kaolinite, halloysite) and can be extracted by ion-
exchangeable electrolyte solution (Fig. 5). Fig. 2. Ultramafic rocks and lateritic Ni deposit distribution in
Sulawesi Island. Inset figure show ultramafic and lateritic Ni
deposit distribution in Philippines which have been exploited
for Sc.
154
Conclusion
1. Sc-bearing laterite Ni deposit in Sulawesi could
be a dominant source of Sc resources in near
future. Sc is likely to substitute Fe3+ site of
mafic minerals (pyroxene, amphibole, etc) but
further studied are required. Metallurgical
process has an important role to extract Sc
economically from Ni laterite.
2. REE resources in Sulawesi can be extracted
from ion-adsorption type deposit from heavily
weathered I-type granitic rocks in Sulawesi.
REE-sourced minerals are predominantly
allanite, titanite and REE flourocarbonate.
Depletion of Ce (negative Ce-anomaly) in
weathered granite is a good indicator of ion-
adsorption ores.
3. Further detail study on the occurrence of critical
metal (Scandium) and rare earth element
therefore should be conducted intensively in
order to maximize the potential of these
materials for better development.
Fig. 3 Distribution of granitic rocks in Sulawesi Acknowledgments

We would like to express our sincere gratitude
to MEXT Scholarship for financial support. PT Vale
Indonesia is greatly acknowledged for their facility
and permit.
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exchangeable REY in the weathering crusts of granitic
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Fig. 5. Simplified flowsheet of REE extraction using National University.
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Vilayhack, S. (2009). Enrichment of rare earth
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(2011). Geochemical and mineralogical characteristic
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156
Haryanto et al. /ICG2015
Geology Of Pasir Malati, West Java, Indonesia

Iyan Haryanto1, Edy Sunardi1, Adjat Sudradjat1, Edi Tri Haryanto1, Faisal Helmi1, Dody Firmansyah2
UniversitasPadjadjaran
2
PT.Puriska
iyanharyanto41@yahoo.com, ododyfirmansyah@gmail.com
Abstract
There is a striking difference between the Pasir Malati hill complex with the other hills in the surrounding areas. The
morphology of Pasir Malati is a circular shape with diameter about 5 km, whereas the hills around are elongate with a
east-west direction. The differences between them are also found in the composition and age of the rocks, where Pasir
Malati composed of continental sediment from Citalang Formation with Plio-Pleistocene age, while the east-west
flanking hills east-west trending are composed by Oligocene-Late - Pliocene marine sedimentary rocks. Based on these
geological conditions, the origin of the formation of the hills is still debated. This study was conducted based on the field
activities, which include the mapping of geological structure and stratigraphy and supported by the interpretation of
geological structures utilizing remote sensing image.
Keywords: Geological structure, Sedimentology, Stratigraphy, continental sediment, Morphology, Remote Sensing.
Introduction N
Paregreg hill N
Pasir Malati hill complex located on the Cilutung
river
border between Sumedang and Majalengka
regencies, West Java Province, Indonesia. From
the remote sensing image, the hill shape is circular.
It composed by Citalang Formation with Upper
Pliocene-Pleistocene age, consisting of breccias,
Cisaar river Malati hill Mal
ati
hill
conglomeratic sandstones and tuffaceous N Mal
ati
hill
sandstones (Djuri, 1975). The distribution of rock Cisa
ar
river Cilut
ungri
ver
is restricted by an elongated hill with east-west Pare
greg
hill
direction, which is composed by marine
sedimentary rock with Oligocene-Pliocene
age.(Picture 1 u/t 3).
Pasir Malati received much attention in the

geological aspect because of the formation Figure 1.Pasir Malati circular shape which is interpreted by
some geologists as (1) collision of meteors, (2) Ancient
mechanism still unclear. This area has been volcano crater and (3) as a normal fault circular (not to scale)
studied by Tjia (1975), Djuri (1975) and
Martodjojo (1984), as well as through discussions Furthermore, Djuri (1975) and Martodjojo
with Zaim and Koesoemadinata (2013; Personal (1984; picture 4) conclude that the boundary
communication with result is each of them contact between sedimentary tocks of Pasir Malati
providing a different conclusion. with the surrounding sedimentary rocks are
structural contact like reverse fault (Picture 5).
Tjia (1975) concluded that Pasir Malati Unlike the two authors above, Zaim (2009) stated
hill was formed by a large avalanche process that the sedimentation process of Pasir Malati
(olistostrom) that derived from the northern occurred in ancient volcanic caldera. His opinion
heights. This author also linked the hill with the based on the distribution of sedimentary rocks of
presence of Gunung Congkang volcanic breccias, Pasir Malati that relatively circular and the
which lies between claystone, member of Subang discovery of andesitic igneous rock on the outer
Formation.
157
boundary of Pasir Malati hill, which is concluded

as the remaining walls of an ancient volcanic
caldera. The last opinion about the geology of this
area proposed by Koesoemadinata (2013),
mentioning that the sedimentation process took
place in a basin that was formed by meteor impact.
His opinion based on the circular morphology
centered in the middle of Pasir Malati hill.
Figure 3. Correlation of map unit (Djuri, 1975)
Research Methodology
Figure 2. Pasir Malati hills arranged by Citalang Formation in This research includes field observation,
Plio-Pleistocen, consists of breccia, conglomerate and
description and rock measurementacross Tertiary
tuffaceous sandstones. The surrounding hills extending with
direction is east-west, composed by marine sedimentary rock rocks to Citalang Formation with Plio-Pleistocene
of Oligocen-Late (Djuri, 1975; modified). age. The measurement of structural elements was
conducted to determine the contact and
relationship between two groups of rock, whether
as a stratigraphic or structural contact.
Petrographic analysis was conducted to determine
the composition of the rocks, with the intention to
determine the source rock of Citalang Formation,
whether directly related to volcanic system, traces
of a meteorite or derived from marine sedimentary
rocks with Oligocene-Late-Pliocene age.
158
Kaliwangu Formation. The oldest layer of this

traverse is Subang Formation, composed of
dominated gray shale with many nodules. The
measurement of rock position in several locations
generally resulted in east-west trending, with
N270oE/30o, N250oE/30o and N280oE/30o.The
trace of fault in this formation was not found, but it
shows a relatively high intensity of joint
measurement.
S Mal
ati
Hill Bari
bis
fault U
Figure5.Dilapsi (gliding tectonic) causes the formation

of Pasir Malati hill as proposed by Djuri (1995) and
Martodjojo (1984).
In the western part, where Paregreg hill

exists, the distribution of Subang Formation is
restricted by breccia from Citalang formation, but
contact between them cannot be found because it
is covered by vegetation. In this location, Citalang
Formation breccia is massive consists of andesitic
Figure 4.Geology of Pasir Malati and surrounding Area igneous rock with tuffaceoussandstone matrix,
(Martodjojo, 1984; modified) poorly sorted, open fabric and fining upward.
From the aspect of geological structure, there is no
trace fault in the breccia and it has less joint. The
precious researcher concluded that Paregreg hill
Geological Complex of Pasir Malati composed by Subang Formation (Djuri, 1975;
Martodjojo, 1984).
The result of observation showed that
there are three traverses in Pasir Malati. There are The next unit is molluscan claystone that
Cadasngampar, Cirendang and Majalengka belong to Kaliwangu Formation. This rock is well
traverses (Fig. 6 to 8). The result is: exposed in Cisaar River up to lower slope of Pasir
Malati hill. This unit is easy to identify in the field
 Cirendang Traverse because of molluscan fossil. This unit consists of
Based on the physical properties and interbedded-claystone with sandy mudstone and
stratigraphic position, there are three units of rock sandstone, gray-black color, flake, brittle and
in Cirendang traverse Claystone from Subang easily shattered. The position of the rock layers
Formation in bottom part, Claystone from was measured at three locations N260oE/40o,
Kaliwangu Formation in the middle and the upper N280oE/30o and N270oE/40o. These rock units are
part is breccia and conglomeratic sandstone from among the breccia unit and sandstone unit of
Citalang Formation and andesitic intrusion. On this Citalang Formation, but the contact between them
traverse, Citalang Formation is the main covered thick vegetation and strongly-weathered
constituent of Pasir Malati hill, the distribution of rocks (soils). There is a fault structure in
rocks is bounded by Subang Formation and molluscan claystone unit, found on the walls of the
159
Cisaar valley, namely duplex fault as normal fault Cisaar traverse was started from the
type. Joint intensity in this location is relatively exposed intrusion of Malati Hill along CisaarRiver
high, indicated that the rocks has been strongly to its upstream. In this traverse there are sequence
deformed. of rock units that consist of andesitic intrusion,
sandstone of Halang Formation and tuffaceous
sandstone of Citalang Formation.
Sandstone of Halang Formation consists of
Pr. Paregreg
interlaminated sandstone, silt and shale. In general,
(VolacanicKuarter; Qob)
intrusi
the physical characteristic of sandstone is good
(ha)
laminated, hard, grey, calcareous, and tuffaceous.
CinamboFm
Moreover, the sedimentary structure of sandtone in
(Tomcu)
Halang Formation consist of graded bedding,
parallel lamination, convolute and slump structure
Strike and dip measured in several locations
N70°E/50°, N250°E/75° and N290°E/50°.
In Malati Village, andesitic intrusion in the
form of dyke intruded therock units. The intrusion
formed a solitary hill called PasirHoream. Halang
Formation of sandstone unit had been deformed
strongly, which is characterized by high intensity
BreksiCitalangFm
(Tpc) fracture and the discovery of trace folds from drag
folds, fault breccia and slicken side.
All data indicates that there is strike slip
fault called Cisaar Fault. The existence of Cisaar
Fault related to intrusion on Malati Hill.
 Cinunuk (Cilutung?) Traverse
This traverse is in the eastern part of Pasir

Malati.Most of the traverse is located along
Cilutung River. Sequences of this formation are
started from claystone unit of Cinambo Formation,
sandstone unit of Halang Formation, breccias and
Figure 6. Outcrops along Cirendang and Cisaar tuffaceous sandstones units of Citalang Formation
traverses in the west of Pasir Malati and andesitic intrusion.
The youngest unit is tuffaceous sandstone The age of claystoneCinambo Formationis

and breccia unit of Citalang Formation. Tuffaceous Upper Oligocene-Lower Miocene, while
sandstone unit is widely exposed from the lower sandstones of Halang Formation is Lower
slope to the peak of Pasir Malati. This unit consists Miocene-Middle Miocene (Djuri, 1975). Both of
of tuffaceous sandstone interbedded with these stratigraphic unitsare conformity.
tuffaceous siltstone and conglomeratic sandstone. Sedimentary structures consist of graded bedding,
Thickness of the layers is ranging from a few parallel lamination, convolute and landslides
centimeters up to 1.5 m. The position of the rocks deposition (sediment gravity flow) which shows
was measured at three locations relatively the deep sea turbidite sediments. The two rock
horizontal with N170°E/10°, N170°E/15° and layers are relatively similar with east-west strike
N230°E/8°. There is no trace of fault found in this direction and dip values ranging from 30° - 90°.
unitand it has less joint structure. There is an Rock layers with vertical position associated with
intrusion at the peak of Pasir Malati hill that reverse fault zone, some of them are at the
formed sill with the physical characteristics of boundary of rock units, because that the spreading
gray, porphyritic, contains a lot minerals of surface (geological map) gives interspersed each
plagioclase and hornblende. other.
 Cisaar Traverse
160
Pliocene andUpper Pliocene Citalang Formation,

butit is alsofound in the block ofMalati Hill which
is entirely composed by tuffaceous sandstones of
Citalang Formation.
Vertical bedding of Halang Fm, associated thrust Vertical bedding of Cinambo Fm,
system associated thrust system
Convolute, parallel,
Slump structure di Sungai Cilutung
garadedbedingHalangFm
Moderate beding of Cinambo Fm breccia of Citalang Fm
Strike slip fault di Cilutungriver
Thrust faultdiCilutung river
Dyke of andetitic
Conglomerate of CitalangFm
Figure 7. Outcrop along Cinunuk (Cilutung?) traverse, sinistral fault di Cilutung river
in the east of Pasir Malati. Drag fold and trust system
diCilutungriver
On top of these unitsoverlaid Figure 8. Sediment structures and geology structures at

theunconformity ofbreccia formation. In the field, Cinunuk traverse
there is no obvious contact between the two rock
units, but the position of strike and dip Discussion
hasdifferentdirection and angle. Citalang
Formation generally has strike with the direction Based on regional geology, Citalang
north-south anddip values below 20°, while on formation is fluviatil sediment that widespread
theCinamboand Halang Formationusually have along the northern hills of West Java or in the
high value and vertical dip, with east-west trending northern of the physiographic Bogor zones
strike. Based on the position, it can be concluded (Bemmelen, 1949). This formation is actually
that both of them have angular unconformity constantly up to the Central Java, but with a
relationship. The Deformationof this formation is different formations name.
relatively low. It was indicated by low intensity of
rock fracture there was not any indication of Specifically in Pasir Malati Hill area, the
neither slicken side nor drag fold, as well as the distribution of rocks on top of relative arching
structure of sloping folds (open fold) with a north- formed a circular morphology hills. The origin of
south direction. Different with pattern ofstructures its formation begins with the presence of a
on Citalang Formation, structural patterns that sedimentation basin which geometrically relative
develop inCinamboand Halang Formationhave circular and local sized. Basin with that size can be
high intensity of fracture. There were found formed by various causes, such as by collision of
slicken side, drag fold, offset of lithology, meteors, volcanoes crater or by landslide results.
verticaldip directionand it had been reversed in The discovery of andesitic intrusions breaking
some places.Andesitic intrusion was found in through Citalang Formation in the complex Malati
several locations forming both small and Hill, can lead into a conclusion that it is not as
solitaryhills. It seems that the dyke intrusion was traces of ancient volcanic crater. This reinforced
found to break through Cinambo, Citalang and with a field data in the northern area, which is not
Halang Formations. This intrusion is not only found in the breccia Citalang Formation as
found in the distribution of the boundary between proximal facies of the ancient volcanic crater
old sedimentary rocks of the Lower Oligocene-
161
scarp. With the same analogy, then it is likely a Formation, the rock layer position relatively flat
meteor collision is also doubtful. and has a low fracture intensity, otherwise the
Cinambo, Halang, Subang and Kaliwangu
Malati Hill Formations in the surrounding areas had been
strongly deformed, shown by the discovery of fault
traces, high sloping and has a high fracture
intensity. Based on that, it can be explained that
the formation of Pasir Malati, starting with the
normal faults that form the local sedimentary
basins. The basin was then filled by sediments
derived from the source landline footwall block. In
this case, normal fault was anantithetic fault from
Plio-Plistosen the reverse fault in the northern area (Figure 9).
The next tectonic event occurred after the
sediments accumulated in the basin, namely the
Early Pleistocene. At this tectonic phase, the older
geological structures were reactivated, while
sediments in the basin at the top began to be lifted
and folded to form Pasir Malati hill. Different
Plistosen intensity and patterns of structure between
Citalang Formation with older rock formations,
becomes clues to explain that phenomenon.
Conclusion
The Geology of Pasir Malati is concluded

Figure 9. Genetic Models that formed of Malati hill as the result of tectonic activity that causes
compression of the sediment in the local basin,
Djuri (1975) describes the structural which are lifted and folded to form Pasir Malati
boundary between Citalang Formation with older hills today. That local basin is controlled by
rock formations are reverse fault. Reverse fault normal faults that are antithetic to the reverse fault
structure symbolized in the regional geological in the north that has been formed previously.
maps made by Djuri, not as a result of tectonic
compression, but as the result of a massive Reference
landslide events which comes from the rock mass
is in the northern area. Furthermore, the Djuri, 1995. Geologic Map of the Arajawinangun
quadrangles, Java Scale 1: 100,000, Geological
composition of the rocks in the Pasir Malati hill Research and Development Centre, Bandung.
derived from Subang and Kaliwangu Formations
of sedimentary rocks. This opinion was the same Martodjojo S. 1984. Evolusi Cekungan Bogor, Jawa Barat,
as that proposed by Tjia (1975), when explaining Doctoral Thesis, ITB. (Unpublished).
the presence of brecciaing Gunung Congkang in Tjia, H.D. and Tjioe, V., 1964. Origin of Tjongkang near
claystone unit of Subang Formation, which Tomo, West Java. Bulletin of the Geological Survey
concludes as a result of gliding tectonic events. of Indonesia 1(2): 25-33
The result of strike dip measurement VanBemmelen, R. W. 1949. The Geology of

Indonesia vol. IA: General Geology of Indonesia and
around the contact boundary, showing there is Adjacent Archipelagoes, (second edition 1970 – reprint),
difference levels of deformation. On Citalang Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague
162
Haerani et. al/ ICG 2015
Geohazards Awareness And Education For The Society, Case Studies

For University And High School Students In Bandung, Indonesia
Evi Haerani1*), Fauzan N. Muslim1), Ghazi O. Muslim2), Dicky Muslim1), Naoko Kagawa3), Motohiko
Shibayama3)
1*)
Universitas Padjadjaran (UNPAD), Bandung, Indonesia
2)
The 2nd Public High School of Cimahi, Indonesia
3)
Natural Environmental Research Institute (NERI), Osaka, Japan
*)
Corresponding email: daiuniv@ymail.com
ABSTRACT
Since the great 2004 Aceh’s tsunami and earthquake, geohazards awareness among communities in Indonesia has
significantly increased. It is due to the fact that massive information is spread out through many kinds of media, though
in some cases, stakeholders have limited understanding on disaster response. Students in secondary and tertiary
education level generally have limited geohazards education opportunities and knowledge, which could imply a low
level of awareness. This paper aims to elaborate the knowledge on geohazards of university and high school students as
a basis to improve earth science education in the future.
The methodology of this study includes examination of curriculum, level of knowledge and awareness for geohazards.
Pamphlets were distributed among students and presentation was performed in the classroom to measure
understanding of the contents.
Result showed that geohazards subjects were generally out of curriculum in high school or basic level in the university,
except for faculties or departments related to earth science. This might be due to limited knowledge of the curriculum
development. For the awareness to disaster event, most of participants are unaware what to do when disaster happens.
School visit or campus activities had increased the curiosity of student communities to learn more about geohazards
awareness. These results suggest that dissemination of entry level of geology or earth science is deeply needed, since
there is no such subject introduced in the secondary level school in Indonesia. While in the introductory level of
university, the geohazard subjects is proposed to be integrated in the curriculum.
Keywords: Geohazards, awareness, education, curriculum, students, Bandung
I. INTRODUCTION disaster events had become sad stories in the

Background humanitarian context. In the aftermath of each
event, massive information is spread out through
Since the great 2004 Aceh’s tsunami and many kinds of media, not only in Indonesia but
earthquake, geohazards awareness among also in the world.
communities in Indonesia has significantly
increased. This geological disaster had caused Stakeholders for disaster issues consist of
huge destruction and large victims in Southeast government, private sectors and communities. In
Asia. It was then followed by major earthquake some cases, stakeholders have limited
around Bantul, Yogyakarta in 2006; tsunami in understanding on disaster response such as school
Pangandaran, West Java in 2006; mud-volcano community. Teachers and students in secondary
eruption in Sidoarjo, East Java in 2006; major and tertiary education level generally have limited
earthquake in Padang, West Sumatera in 2010 as geohazards education opportunities and
well as 2010 volcanic eruption of Merapi around knowledge, which could imply a low level of
Central Java and Yogyakarta. These series of awareness for them (Muslim et al., 2015). This
might happen that earth science education needs
163
to be improved as part of effort in disaster school children & their teachers) living in disaster
mitigation activity. In this study, school prone areas by helping to create a more prepared
community is defined as teachers/lecturers, and confidence for schools environment.
students in all level and officers who spent most Mussachio et al. (2014) mentioned that
of their daily time in the school or campus based on detailed comparative study in 4 countries
premises. in Europe shows that compulsory school is greatly
unprepared with regard to hazard education, and
Purpose of Study these results are in line with worldwide studies.
Moreover, when hazards are addressed, this is not
Based on the background above, there are
done at an early age, which results in a missed
needs of knowledge for disaster prevention or
chance to intervene in the non-cognitive side of
efforts to disaster risk reduction in school
awareness, which decreases at later ages. It
community (Shibayama et al., 2012). This
requires more knowledge on psychology when
necessary knowledge is very important for school
this communication is aimed toward young people
community to enhance the disaster resilient when
such as students in their school community.
the event is coming in the future. Therefore this
paper aims to elaborate the knowledge on Peppoloni and Di Capua (2012) in their
geohazards of university and high school students paper about geoethics emphasis the situation
as a basis to improve earth science education in where lacking ability of geoscientists to use
the future. simple language for common people in
communicating the disaster could imply to
misunderstanding or even uninteresting
II. LITERATURE REVIEW information especially for young people.
Muslim et al. (2011) in their research of Eventhough the information is very important to
disaster prevention for school children in save their life in facing the event of disaster.
Indonesia mentioned that it is not uncommon to All the above reviews are actually in-line
witness the victims of a disaster event involve with the effort of national program of disaster
many young people or youth communities in the mitigation that should be performed by all
school. It has become a public concern that stakeholders in Indonesia. Public concern on this
students and school community are very issue should be supported by national and local
vulnerable to disaster. They could be entrapped in government.
a hopeless situation when an event of geohazard
occurs around their vicinity. It is understandable
since they are powerless in terms of knowledge to III. METHODOLOGY
escape, communication tools as well as life-saving The methodology of this study includes
infrastructure or equipment within their premises. examination of curriculum, level of knowledge
Shibayama et al., (2012) in their study and awareness for geohazards. These research
about comparison of disaster awareness between activities were conducted in campus or schools
students in Indonesia and Japan mentioned that involving students and teacher/lecturers.
there is a need for appropriate disaster education Brochures of disaster education as well as
and training for stakeholders such as school pamphlets were distributed among students and
communities, where there is positive correlation presentation was performed in the classroom to
between willingness to respond or escape from a measure understanding of the contents. Brochures
particular disaster and knowledge of the disaster or pamphlets were prepared and printed in Osaka-
event. Public should concern to save the Japan by several group of volunteers under
population (all type of stakeholders, including coordination of Natural Environmental Institute
from Osaka (Figure 1 & 2), which then brought to
164
Indonesia for this study. The posters are then Muslim et al. (2011) mentioned that
posted in announcement board of each school, and based on the discussions with school principal,
the pamphlets are distributed to students and teachers & students as well as local education
teachers in their classroom. Discussion session section office, it is interesting to note that based
and short drama were performed in the classroom on national curriculum, earth science is included
to measure understanding of the contents. The aim in the subject of Geography instead of Geology
of discussion was to explore students & teachers’ course in all level of elementary to high school.
perceptions and knowledge of disaster education Even in a region where previous geological
& response through a series of questions and disaster had occurred, local content of curriculum
answers (Shibayama et al, 2006). for disaster is not developed yet so far. Although
Due to the knowledge limitation of this most of participants stated they know about
topic, the authors thought that a survey research disaster events but many stated they have no ideas
would be more appropriate as it would generate a about kinds of natural disaster in their area or
basic understanding of the phenomenon as well as current vicinity. It is possible that the majority of
reaching a larger proportion of the population. participants answered since they have read
Polit and Beck (2008) mentioned that the greatest newspaper or watch TV about the recent disaster
advantage of survey research for disaster issue is events in Indonesia and elsewhere but
its flexibility and broadness of scope. A mixed unfortunately they don’t have idea for their own
method of descriptive and exploratory research is area. It is worthy to note that pamphlets adopted
carried out in this research. from Japanese comic, created and produced in
Japan along with the appearance of foreign
researcher in the school or classroom seemed to
IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION increase psychologically the enthusiastic attention
For the purpose of this study the term from students and teachers to the disaster topic in
‘education’ refers to any didactic formal each school (See Figure 3 and 4).
education included in curriculum, where ‘training’ While in the observation of early grade of
refers to practical hands on approach to disaster university students, subjects related to disaster
knowledge. Both of terms constitute activities issues are rare to be found, except for some
such as lectures, desk top exercises, real-time departments or faculties which specifically related
exercises, etc. Many of participants had never to earth or natural sciences. This finding suggests
attended specific disaster training or education that the distribution of disaster knowledge is still a
outside their schools. Only a small amount of long way to go further, even for the lecturers (see
participants stated they had attended minor Figure 5 & 6). There is a huge necessity to
disaster specific courses in an extra-curricular campaign the public concern on disaster
activity such as “boy scout”. Meanwhile, ‘disaster awareness and education to a wider audience.
specific courses’ were considered as those that
have been created specifically with the purpose of
training common people in any aspects of disaster V. CONCLUSION
preparedness and response. Based on the analysis and discussion
Result showed that geohazards subjects above, it can be concluded that dissemination of
were generally out of curriculum in high school or entry level for geology or earth science’s subject
basic level in the university, except for faculties or is deeply needed, since there is no such subject
departments related to earth science. This might introduced in the secondary level school in
be due to limited knowledge of the curriculum Indonesia. While in the introductory level of
development. university, the geohazard subjects is proposed to
be integrated in the curriculum.
165
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The first author would like to convey best
appreciation to Principal of Garuda Nusantara
Vocational High School in Cimahi for providing
opportunity to write this paper. Thanks are also
addressed to the committee of this International
conference.
REFERENCES
Musacchio, G., Bernhardsdottir, AE., M.A. Ferreira MA.,
Falsaperla S., and UPStrat-MAFA Outreach Working
Group (2014) Long-Term Disaster-Prevention Strategies
Based on Education, in Lollino et al., (Ed) Engineering Figure 1. Preparation for brochures of disaster education
Geology for Society and Territory, Vol 7, Springer Publ.
and awareness by volunteers in Japan
Co., Switzerland, pp.77-80
managed by NERI
Muslim D, Haerani E, Shibayama M, Kagawa N (2011)
Disaster Awareness Education in School as a Model for
Corporate Social Responsibility, Full Paper (IPA11-O-
139) and Technical Program of Annual Convention of
Indonesian Petroleum Association, Jakarta.
Muslim D, Haerani E, Shibayama M, Ueshima M, Kagawa N
(2015) Disaster Education in Schools around Geological
Hazards Prone in Indonesia, in Lollino et al., (Ed)
Engineering Geology for Society and Territory, Vol. 6,
Springer Publ. Co., Switzerland, pp 107-112.
Peppoloni S. and Di Capua G. (Eds) (2012) Geoethics and
Geological Culture. In: Reflections from the Geoitalia
Conference 2011. Annals of Geophysics, vol. 55(3).
ISSN 2037-416X
Polit, D.F and Beck, C.T. (2008) Nursing Research:
Generating and Assessing Evidence for Nursing Practice.
8th ed., Philadelphia, USA: Lippincott, Williams &
Williams.
Shibayama M, Kagawa N, Ueshima M, and Muslim D (2012)
Earthquake and Tsunami Disaster Prevention Education
for Children in Indonesia, Abstract and Technical
Program of the 34th International Geological Congress
(IGC), Brisbane, Australia, p. 103, Paper #1560.
Shibayama M., Muslim D., Kagawa N., Shibakawa A.,
Hiraoka Y., Ueshima M., Kawamura D., and Ota K.
(2006) Making of Tsunami Pamphlet for School Children Figure 2. Newspaper in Japan mentioning preparation of
in Indonesia and Japan, and Disaster Prevention
disaster pamphlets in Bahasa to be used in Indonesian
Education. GeoSciEd V (Bayreuth, Germany), IGEO
schools.
Poster Session Abstracts, page 8.
166
Figure 5. Disaster awareness campaign in the campus of

Faculty of Geology UNPAD
Figure 3. School community and classroom situation in

disaster awareness campaign. Note that brochures are the
tools for this activity.
Figure 4. Enthusiastic school community to attend workshop

on disaster education in their premises.
Figure 6. Posters and brochures for disaster
awareness campaign in the university level
involving students and lecturer.
167
168
Muslim et. al/ ICG 2015
Engineering Geologic Mapping Around The Newly Built Higher

Education Complex In Jatinangor, West Java, Indonesia
Dicky Muslim1), Evi Haerani2), Irvan Sophian1), Zufialdi Zakaria1), Nur Khoirullah1), Yogi Prianda Putra2)
and Motohiko Shibayama3)
1)
Postgraduate Program of Geosciences, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
2)
Faculty of Geological Engineering, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
3)
*)
Corresponding email: dicky.muslim@unpad.ac.id
ABSTRACT
The government of Indonesia had developed new campuses for several higher education institutions in the
mountainous Jatinangor area, West Java, Indonesia. Major earthquake in this region due to active faulting was
recorded about 2000 years ago with magnitude of 6.77 Mw scale, which has potential to have major earthquake in the
future. Several infrastructures of facilities and high rise buildings are newly built, including apartments, malls,
highway, etc. This means to support the life of more than 75,000 students and local populations. This research is aimed
to uncover the engineering geological condition of this area as a basis to analyse the potential of disaster occurrence in
the future.
The methodology of engineering geologic mapping consists of morphometric analyses using geomorphic indices,
disturbed and undisturbed soil samplings, shallow trenching and laboratory analyses of phisical and mechanical soil
properties.
Result of this study shows that this region is configured by subdendritic to parallel drainage pattern. The surface
materials composed of mainly fine size and high plasticity soils such as clay (CH), silt/mud (MH) and organic (OH)
types based on the USCS classification. These types of soil are weathering product of Quaternary volcanic materials,
which may contain swelling & shrinking type of clay minerals. This can cause failures of foundation of buildings and
slope instability due to excessive pore water pressure in the rainy season combined with earthquake event. Earthquake
amplification values belong to middle to very high zone, which is potential to become disaster in the future when a
major earthquake occur combined with heavy rainfall.
Keywords: Engineering geology, earthquake, soil classification, Jatinangor
I. INTRODUCTION Bandung highland is the capital of West Java

Background Province, inhabited by more than 3 million people
with a number of modern infrastructures such as
The government of Indonesia had developed
skyscrappers, toll road, etc. As part of regional
new campuses for several higher education
development, the government has relocated
institutions in the mountainous Jatinangor area,
several higher education institutions from central
West Java, Indonesia. The western part of Java
Bandung City to Jatinangor area of Sumedang
Island is part of active margin of Eurasian
Regency within about 21 km distance to the east.
Continental Plate due to its geological location
closed to subduction zone beneath the Indian Jatinangor used to be a rural area located in
Ocean. This region is categorized as active Cikeruh District of Sumedang Regency. Decision
tectonic area and resulted in high occurrence of to develop this area into an education city had
active faults. Soehaimi (2011) explained that been started since 1980s suitable with the
within this area there are several major active development program of greater Bandung. This
faults in E-W and N-S directions. decision had change the status of this area from
rural type dominated by agricukture and
169
\Muslim et. al/ ICG 2015
plantation into urban type dominated by 2.1. Geological Setting

infrastructures and increasing population. Silitonga (2003) in his Bandung regional
(Anonymous, 2009) geological map reported that the study area is
Major physical development was seen from composed of undifferentiated Quaternary volcanic
the end of 1980s to 1990s by widening the rock unit (Qyu). This young rock unit consists of
activities related to trading, industry, government tuffaceous sand, lapilli, lava, breccia and
and education. 4 major campuses of higher agglomerate, which was the product of
education institutions were built and relocated in Tangkubanparahu or Tampomas volcanoes
this area, namely IKOPIN, UNPAD, STPDN and nearby.
UNWIM (which then to be acquired by ITB). Geomorphologically the study area consists
Since then, the physical environment of of hilly to mountainous landform, with medium to
Jatinangor is drastically change and undergoing relatively steep slope. As part of southeastern toe
quality degradation. This might be due to of Manglayang Mountain, Jatinangor area is
incomprehensive plan of area development from located on the NW-SE directions of elongated
the beginning. This condition can be seen from hills and valleys. Several buildings and
irregularity and highly dense of residence and skyscrapers (even up to 40 floors of apartment)
building development, traffic jam and garbage are built on the top or toe of hills.
problems. Unsuitable land development had
caused Jatinangor area to become uncomfortable
to reside and vulnerable to geological hazards
2.2. Active Fault
such as landslide, flood, earthquake, etc. Based on the catalogue of destructive
(Anonymous, 2009). earthquake in Indonesia, Supartoyo and Surono
(2008) mentioned that there was a destructive
Jatinangor as an education city currently has
earthquake in Cihideung area of Lembang on July
more than 100,000 inhabitants with only 26 km2
11, 2003. It tremors was felt until the eastern part
wide. It has several skyscrapers served as
of Bandung. The epicenter was suspected on the
apartment for students, shopping mall,
Lembang Fault.
supermarket, residential area as well as buildings
of faculties and departments in the university Syahbana et al. (2010) in their earthquake
premises. With the increasing population along vulnerability map of West Java explained that
with limited developable area it seems that Jatinangor and surrounding area belongs to highly
geological resources including land resource in vulnerable zone. There had been major earthquake
this area need to be managed well, to avoid any epicentered in Tanjungsari area in 1972 and
problems in the future. Land resource is classified Cicalengka area in 2000. The study area is also
as non-renewable therefore it is necessary to closed to the well-known Lembang Fault on its
develop a good and manageable plan to support eastern edge near Manglayang Mt. Several surface
the space for living in the future. lineaments are also easily recognized trending
NW-SE, which probably representing faults in
this area. These lineaments are thought as part of
1.2. Objective Lembang Fault.
Due to rapid development of Jatinangor area Yulianto (2011) based on his research on
as explained above, this research is aimed to sagpond sediment and trenching analysis in
uncover the engineering geological condition of Lembang explained that major earthquake in the
this area as a basis to analyse the potential of north Bandung region due to active faulting was
disaster occurrence in the future. recorded since 2000 years ago with predicted
II. LITERATURE REVIEW maximum magnitude of 6.77 Mw scale. There had
170
been recorded 4 events of major earthquake,

which their hypocenter taking place along the III. METHODOLOGY
fault line. It is concluded that Lembang Fault is
In this study, methodology of engineering
categorized as active fault and has potential to
geologic mapping is carried based on Dearman
have major earthquake in the future.
(1991). It will map the surface materials mainly as
Sulaeman and Hidayati (2011) explained that weathering product of the young volcanic rocks
on July 2, 2011 at 05.45 AM there was an appeared on the outcrops. Field description and
earthquake on the eastern part of Bandung City shallow trenching were conducted to unearth soil
with magnitude of 3.4 Richter scale and intensity horison. Disturbed as well as undisturbed soil
II-III of MMI scale. Based on data from 6 seismic samplings sampling were carried out for physical
stations run by the Meteorological Agency and mechanical analysis of soils in the laboratory.
(BMKG), it was concluded that the epicenter was Geomorphological analysis was carried out to
located at coordinate 107.72° E and 6.84°S at 6 map the morphometry of rivers and their
km depth. This epicenter was measured about tributaries in the study area. Drainage pattern
12.5 km east of Lembang and about 16 km analysis is used to approach the indication of
northeast of Bandung. This location is on the track structural geology.
of Lembang Fault line and shows focal
Secondary data and results from previous
mechanism of normal faulting.
researchers were utilized to analyze the
Eventhough the recent earthquakes (events of distribution of earthquake epicenter around the
1972, 2000, 2003, 2011) affecting the study area study area. These data, mainly from USGS and
are not categorized as major and destructive but Geological Agency of Indonesia (Center for
there is potential to happen again in the future due Volacnology and Geological Hazard Mitigation,
to its relation with faulting mechanism of CVGHM), were used as basis for early disaster
Lembang Fault. In the study area, several planning to implement mitigation effort in the
infrastructures of facilities and high rise buildings study area. It is necessary to implement this effort
are newly built, including apartments, malls, in order to avoid major destruction and large
highway, etc. This means to support the life of victims when certain disaster happens in the
more than 100,000 students and local populations. future.
It is deeply concern that when an earthquake
happens in the future, there could be more
destructed buildings or facilities are reported due IV. RESULT AND DISCUSSION
to physical rapid development. Result of this study shows that this region is
Syahbana et al. (2010) explained that the spatially located on the south - southeastern flank
study area, which is in the high vulnerable of Manglayang Mountain, which is closed to the
earthquake zone, has potential to undergo soil eastern end of Lembang Fault (see Figure 1). 3D
cracks, liquefaction, landslide on steep slope, configuration of the study area shows elongated
subsidence, etc., when an earthquake happens. hills and valleys with altitude from 700 to 1000
Theoritically these geological hazards are possible masl to the north (see Figure 2).
to occur on certain surface deposit. Jatinangor Geomorphologically the study area is
and surrounding area is covered by semi- configured by subdendritic to parallel drainage
consolidated young volcanic product, alluvium, pattern, especially from Cileles River and its
loose coarse soils of volcanic weathered. These tributaries. The occurrence of parallel drainage
materials are predicted to amplify the effect of pattern combined with several surface lineaments
tremor when an earthquake occur. Therefore it indicate the possibility of faulting or joints.
could be seen that geohazards potential in the Direction of lineaments and river segments is
study area is classified as high.
171
\Muslim et. al/ ICG 2015
generally within N-S to NW-SE (see Figure 3). It

is necessary to carry out geophysical
measurement to analyse subsurface condition,
especially to trace the occurrence of fault that
possibly relate to the active Lembang Fault on the
north of study area.
The surface materials composed of mainly
fine size and high plasticity soils such as clay
(CH), silt/mud (MH) and organic (OH) types
based on the USCS classification. There are also
sand soils ywith medium to poor graded size (SM-
SP). These types of soil are weathering product Figure 1. Location of the study area and its relationship
of Quaternary volcanic materials, which may to Lembang Fault.
contain swelling & shrinking type of clay
minerals. This content of “problem clay minerals”
could impact to the stability of land (see Figure
4).
The combination of clayey and sandy soils
can cause failures of foundation of buildings and
slope instability due to excessive pore water
pressure in the rainy season combined with
earthquake event. According to Syahbana et al.
(2010) earthquake amplification values of Figure 2. 3D configuration of morphology in the south
Jatinangor area belong to middle to very high flank of Manglayang Mt.
zone, which is potential to become disaster in the
future when a major earthquake.
Due to the explanation above, it is
understandable that the physical and mechanical
conditions of soils as weathered materials from
young volcanic product in the study area bear
critical condition when earthquake happens. The
development of high rise building without proper
analysis of foundation could impact to its failure
followed by catastrophic situation because of
amplification of tremor and other geological
hazards. More over when it happens in the heavy
rainfall, which is common in the rainy season.
Mitigation could also be carried out to
communities in terms of preparedness and disaster
awareness (Muslim et al., 2015). This low cost
effort seems to be yet conducted in the study area,
despite rapid growth of population and
infrastructure development in the study area.
Figure 3. Lineaments in study area and possible
occurrence of fault.
172
Low cost mitigation effort such as disaster

awareness education and preparedness for the
communities are necessary to avoid major disaster
in the future. This is in line with the eco-campus
program of the Universitas Padjadjaran.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
The first author would like to thank Faculty
of Geological Engineering UNPAD for the
financial support for this study. Special thanks are
due to student assistants in the Laboratory of
Engineering Geology.
REFERENCES
Anonymous (2009) Final Report of the Feasibility Study of
Figure 4. Skeletal engineering geologic map and sampling Jatinangor as Education City, Unpublished Report of
locations in Jatinangor Bappeda Kabupaten Sumedang. (in Bahasa Indonesia)
Dearman W.R. (1991), Engineering Geological Mapping,
Butterworth-Heinemann Ltd., Berlin. 387 h.
Muslim D, Haerani E, Shibayama M, Ueshima M, Kagawa N

(2015) Disaster Education in Schools around
Geological Hazards Prone in Indonesia, in Lollino et
al., (Ed) Engineering Geology for Society and
Territory, Vol. 6, Springer Publ. Co., Switzerland, pp
107-112.
Soehaimi A (2011) Seismotectonic of the Western Part of
Java, Special Publication of Geological Agency,
Bandung (in Bahasa Indonesia with English abstract).
Supartoyo and Surono (2008) Catalogue of Destructive

Earthquake in Indonesia, Center for Volcanology and
Geological Hazard Mitigation (CVGHM), Bandung.
Figure 5. Engineering geologic map of the study area Sulaeman C and Hidayati S (2012) Earthquake of Bandung 2
July 2011, Journal of Environment and Geological
Disaster, Vol. 2 No. 3, December 2011, pp 185 – 190
V. CONCLUSION (in Bahasa Indonesia with English abstract).
From this study, it can be concluded that Silitonga P.H. (2003) Geological Map of Bandung
proper investigation of soil behavior for the Quadrangle, scale 1:100,000, 2nd Edition, Geological
construction of foundation is necessary. Research & Development Center (GRDC), Bandung.
Engineering geological properties of soils and
Syahbana DK., Suantika G. dan Solikhin A. (2010)
Quaternary volcanic rocks are the main
Earthquake Vulnerability Map of the Western Part of
supporting materials for any infrastructures in the
Java, Geological Agency, Bandung
study area. They have certain mineral contents
that could behave improperly when a major Yulianto, E. (2011) Understanding the Earthquake Threat to
earthquake happens combined with heavy rainfall. Bandung from the Lembang Fault. Abstract on
Earthquake Hazard Workshop, Surabaya.
173
174
Taat et al /ICG 2015
Seal Caprock And Stratigraphic Trap Identification In Transition

Member-Talang Akar Formation At Limau Area Using Cwt-Seismic
Atribute, Integration With Sequence Stratigraphy And
Biostratigraphy Datas
Taat Purwanto,Vijaya Isnaniawardhani,Budi Mulyana,Eko Widianto
Universitas Padjadjaran,Program Pasca Sarjana Teknik Geologi Bandung Indonesia
e-mail: taat_purwanto@yahoo.co.id , vijaya djatmico@yahoo.com,
budimuljana@yahoo.co.id,ewidianto@ymail.com
Abstract
Limau area is an old field in the first drill by BPM in 1951 with the drilling of TL - 01 and on January 1, 2005 in return
to PT.Pertamina ( Persero ) from JOB - PSEL . There currently are 8 blocks , 7 blocks already done waterflood in
several layers . Original Oil In Place ( OOIP ) throughout Limau status in January 2005 amounted to 823 MMbbl ,
cumulative production is estimated to have reached 265.40 MMbbl with Recovery Factor = 32.24 % . But the fact until
now Limau-Niru Field still production on the flank anticline northeast , therefore, need to be studied in more detail to
determine the resulting production of conventional structural or stratigraphic traps .
In this study the 9 data Biostratigraphy, 78 well logs in Limau-Niru and 3D seismic were examinated . The method
Consist of Several steps : 1 ) , Integration eletrofacies well logs and biostratigraphic data is to identify the marker
sequences as MFS , SB and FS . 2 ) . Correlation of stratigraphic sequences in detail to identify each reservoir and
distribution of inserts shale position within the time frame and the same genesis . 3 ) . Picking seismic horizons
corresponding to the marker sequences for identification of the type of reservoir distribution and shale , which might be
as a seal Caprock . 4). Facies mapping for reservoir and shale distributioan using CWT - attribute extract Gamp 10-55
Hz . 5 ) . Direct Hydrocarbon identification using CWT - Gamp - 15 Hz for HC prone identification and validation than
to be with Test Production . 6 ) . Stuctural using 3D seismic mapping integration with well log data . 7). Analysis of
potential reservoir and supporting data integration for determining the presence of the seal cap rock and stratigraphic
trap.
From correlation in existing wells ( TL - 260 and TG-79 ) has determined there are at least 11 sequences in Limau
area . The lowest limit of identification as MFS - 0 ( TG - 79 ) allegedly Oligocene ( base on pollen : Langiopollis sp1 )
with transition-shallow marine depositional environment ( base on 6 ditch cuttings from the interval 2966 -3400 ms )
and is a member of the Lemat Formation the upper limit is SB - 1 . Of SB - 1 to SB - 8 is thought to be lower Talang
Akar Formation which is the Great Sand Member ( GRM ) and of the SB - 8 to bottom BRF ( Top TAF ) is Talang Akar
Formation upper part which is Transition member ( TRM ) . Correlation of stratigraphic sequences can be validated by
the data biostratigraphy is only of the SB - 8 to Top TAF , where SB - 8 is bottom of Late Oligocene, MFS - 8 is
Oligocene NP - 25 , SB - 9 is Oligocene - Te , MFS – 9 is Oligo - Miocene and MFS - 10 is the Top Miocene N4 of the
Outer Neritic depositional environment.
The Talang Akar Formation / TRM in Limau can be divided into three sequences with the lower limit specified in SB - 8
. Above SB - 8 is a pile of alternating sandstone with shale that some of them containing HC , ie Y2 , y1 , X0 , X1 . MFS
- 8 is the position of the fine fraction which is quite extensive distribution Late Oligocene NP24 - NP25 ( base on top
appearance Dyctyococcites bisectus and Coccolithus eopelagicus ) and can serve as a seal Caprock . SB - 9 position on
the MFS - 8 is the basis of the pile reservoir consisting of W3 , W2 and W1 . The next position is above the MFS - 9 is
the position of the fine fraction that broad distribution and can serve as a seal Caprock . Likewise MFS - 10 is a fine
fraction with a fairly wide spreading of Early Miocene N4 and can serve as a seal Caprock . Facies mapping using
CWT attribute - Gamp 10-55 Hz and Gamp -15 Hz can identification of position the reservoir as traps HC which serves
175
Taat et al/ICG 2015
as a stratigraphic trap and seal the spreading of Caprock with control position of the Top structure and production test
data .
Keyword : Stratigraphic trap, Seal caprock, marker sequence, MFS,SB
Introduction thick sediments that have not been identified (at

least from a depth of 1800 m to 3400 m) and
Limau field in South Sumatra Basin, located in allegedly still enough potential with fluvial
the city Prabumulih approximately 90 km west of depositional environment-transition to a shallow
Palembang. These areas are included in the marine. Starting from the condition described above,
operating area EP.Pertamina (Figure 1). in this study wanted to examine in detail the seal cap
Limau area is an old field that was first drilled rock and stratigraphic traps are allegedly still quite a
by BPM in 1951 with the drilling of wells L5A-01 lot of presence and enough potential in the Limau
and on January 1, 2005 in return to PT.Pertamina area of South Sumatra. The existence of seal cap
(Persero) from JOB-PSEL. At the moment there are rock distribution is quite wide insulation is one of
8 blocks, 7 blocks already done waterflood in the key discovery that position stratigraphic traps
several layers. Original Oil In Place (OOIP) are below it, but until now there has been much
throughout Limau status in January 2005 amounted studied and examined in more detail.
to 823 MMbbl, cumulative production is estimated
to have reached 265.40 MMbbl with Recoveri
Tectonic
Factor = 32.24%. From a production history that is
reflected as an oil producer Limau Field History of tectonic development in South
considerable potential is still relying on structural Sumatra basin in particular is inseparable from the
traps and current production has decreased naturally. basic tectonic framework of the island of Sumatra
which began in the Late Triassic Period, which
But the fact until now Limau Niru field still
began the formation of the continental shelf in the
production on the flank northeast of anticline,
western part of Indonesia ("Sunda Land") from
therefore, need to be studied in more detail to find
amalgamation micro plates Mergui and Malacca.
out the results from conventional production of
Based on seismic data and deep drilling had been
structural or stratigraphic trap. Along with the above
detected of strike slip fault growing up until
mentioned conditions, the oil and gas industry has
bedrock with a steep dip and have a WNW-ESE
been promoting searches stratigraphic oil trap or a
direction (N300E), known as fault Lematang
combination of structural-stratigraphic, to replace or
(Pulunggono, 1986.1992). From the results of
maintain production have declined. Around the year
reconstruction of linear patterns and distribution of
2009 until in 2013 have been found and suspected
the granite intrusion in the southern Sumatra area, it
oil produced from stratigraphic traps are among
can be presumed that at the end of the Mesozoic era
others in the Limau Niru field. Judging from
known there are at least two series of oblique
historical production drilling generally average in
subduction between oceanic plates Indian and
the Limau region reached a depth of 1800 m, while
southeast Asian continental plate with the direction
drilling in Gunung Kemala (north Limau) already
of convergence of N30W, ie at the end of the
exists, which reached a depth of 3400 m and has not
Jurassic period and early Cretaceous is the
penetrated basement. So stratigraphically still quite
compression phase. This subduction fault movement
formed sliding Late Jurassic and early
176
Cretaceous fault sliding a suspected fault and fault sharpness vector, ie slip vectors are almost
shear sliding Musi Lematang. Oblique subduction perpendicular to
process in Sumatra Island has resulted in tectonic
the direction of subduction zone ("trench") is bottom, while F.Baturaja and F.Talang Akar have
accommodated by the mechanism of upthrust fault not penetrated by drilling, but suspected its
systems especially in the prism accretion and slip existence relatively thin. Whereas in wells Limau
vectors are parallel to the subduction zone that and Talang Akar, partly F.Muara Enim been
accommodated the main mechanism Sumatra fault exposed, and impenetrable approximately 100 m,
system at the time, according to Pulunggono, F.Air Benakat impregnable approximately 150 m,
1986.1992 are faults with WNW-ESE direction F.Gumai reached thickness approximately 300 m
(direction Lematang). Then fault NS-trending faults and F. Talang Akar impregnable until it reaches a
and NNE-SSW such as faults and fault Kikim in the thickness more than 1000 m.
south to the north Lagan-Lenggaran develop into
antithetic faults and tensional normal fault that cuts
Regional Stratigraphy
the fault Lematang are heading to and will form a
complex graben called "Benakat Gulley. "(Figure The stratigraphic sequence in South Palembang
2). Tectonic and sedimentation development in the Sub-Basin has been done by Tobler, 1908 in Spruyt,
area around the Lematang fault the Jura-Cretaceous 1956 in Pulunggono 1986. Subsequent research in
compression phase occurs fault shear Lematang, the mid-twenties determine the existence of
where the Early Cretaceous keep moving heading to unconformity between sedimentary Tertiary and
be followed by the formation of antithetic NNE- pre-Tertiary rocks beneath it. Since then the
SSW faults and normal faults which N-S direction discussion and review of Tertiary stratigraphy of
(Pulunggono, 1986.1992). Compression phase sedimentary deposition has been documented in the
which produce faults in the direction N300E, N-S reports of petroleum geology. The division
and NNE-SSW, then at the end of the Cretaceous - lithostratigraphy South Palembang Sub-basin begins
Eocene-Oligocene transformed into strain phase, with sequences transgression with sedimentation of
where the phase strain it is thought to be caused by non-marine volcanic deposits (Lahat Formation or
the collision tilted "Wharton spreading centers" with lemat Formation), sediment paralik (Talang Akar
the Asian Plate in the east "Investigator Fracture Formation lowe part) is often referred to as GRM
zone" which reduces the speed of subduction (John (Great sand members), shallow marine sediment
Clure, 1991). (Talang Akar Formation above or often referred to
as TRM / Transition Member and Formation
So that this strain phase will lead to the formation of
Baturaja), and deep-sea sediment (Formation
a graben or half-graben formed by fault-normal
Gumai). Sequent transgression at the top followed
fault or previously existing growth faults and
by a sequence of regression with sedimentation of
further is a Tertiary sediments accumulated. Then in
Air Benakat Formation, Muara Enim Formation and
the Middle Miocene epoch plate convergence rate
Kasai Formation. Overall sedimentation sequences
increases again and the case which led to the
are generally known as megacycle, where at the
compression phase inversion tectonics. From the
bottom of the form facies transgression (Telisa
geological cross-section of Figure 3, clearly visible
Group), which is mainly composed of coarse until
differences in the composition of litho-stratigraphic
fine clastic material, and on top form regression
penetrated by drilling on the north and south block
facies (Palembang Group), which consists of coarse
of fault Lematang . The Kampung minyak oil wells
clastic material. From bottom to top of the
and Suban Jerigi vertically penetrate F.Kasai,
stratigraphic sequence in South Palembang Sub
F.Muara Enim (average 400-500 m thick), F.Air
Basin illustrated in (Figure.4).
Benakat (about 150-250 m), F.Gumai only about
100m and supposedly impregnable very thick to
177
Taat et al/ICG 2015
Methodology MFS- 7, SB-8, MFS-8, SB-9, MFS-9, SB-10 and

In this study consisted of 9 Biostratigraphy of MFS-10. Interval of bottom BRF (Top TAF), MFS-
data, 78 well logs and 3D seismic were examinated. 10 to SB-8 is interval sediments representing
The method consist of Several steps as follow: 1). Transition Member (Member of the upper part of
Eletrofacies integration of well log and F.Talang Akar) and the interval of the SB-8 to SB-1
biostratigraphy of data to identify marker sequences is a group that represents sediment of Grid Sand
as MFS, SB and FS. 2). Correlation of stratigraphic Member (Member of the bottom of F.Talang Akar)
sequences in detail to identify each reservoir and and SB-1 until SB-0 thought to be the Lemat
distribution of inserts shale positions within the time Formation that are unconformable above the
frame and the same genesis. 3). Picking seismic basement rocks. The lowest limit of identification as
horizons corresponding to marker sequences to MFS-0 (GNK-79) allegedly Oligocene (base on
identify the type of reservoir distribution and shale pollen: Langiopollis sp1) with a transition - shallow
are likely to be seal Caprock. 4). Facies mapping for marine depositional environment (base on 6 ditch
each reservoir and shale distributioan extract using cuttings from the interval 2966 -3400 md) and is a
CWT-attribute Gamp 10-55 Hz. 5). Direct member of the Formation lemat the upper limit is
Hydrocarbon identification using CWT-Gamp-15 SB-1. (Figure 5).
Hz for HC prone identification and validation than
to be with Test Production. 6). Stuctural using 3D Determination of the Maximum Floading
seismic mapping integration with the well log data. Surface and Sequence Boundary with
7). Analysis of potential reservoir and supporting biostratigraphic data integration
data integration to determine the presence of the seal
Traditional techniques stratigraphic sequence
cap rock and stratigraphic trap.
(Posamentier and Vail, 1988) Subdivide the rock
record is based on a sequence boundary, not on
Sequence stratigraphic of Talang Akar flooding surfaces as suggested by Galloway (1989).
Formation in Limau area But to facilitate analysis of two ways Posamentier
To determine of the marker sequence, the and Vail and Gelloway we use an integrated
sequences stratigraphic correlation has been done manner, the initial phase is going to be easier to
with the data integrated biostratigraphy through determine the Maximum Flooding Surface (MFS)
wells TB-33A, TB-32, TL-237, TL-227, TL-8A, with the characteristics of the TST and HST meeting
TLm-49, TL-233, TL-221st and TL-229, and with at maximum GR controlled by the abundance of
reference wells in L5A-260, L5A-261 and GNK-79 fossils in the MFS. Then determine the next MFS in
towards vertical down marker sequences will try to the same way after that the new determine the
determine under SB-8 with the approach of using position of Sequence Boundary (SB), which is
the data elektrofasies. The markers sequence will be between MFS-1 and MFS-2 or between MFS-2 and
very useful in conducting seismic correlation MFS-3 and so on. Sequence Boundary usually
horizon picking through existing wells chek shot. As characterized by erosional base on the bottom of the
a key wells are wells that have data chek shot that is bell-shaped layer or tabular or in the fields marked
well L5A-240, L5A-260 and GNK-79. From the by the presence of a stepping depositional
results of these correlations have been able to set the environment, for example from the HST to LST or
marker sequence from the oldest to the relatively HST to TST or from terrestrial sediment directly
younger and still resides in the sediment column into Nertik or vice versa (Kendal, 2005).
included in Talang Akar Formation, namely: SB-0 is The sequence stratigraphic correlations Limau
estimated as the surface of the bedrock (basement), regions that can be controlled by the data
MFS-0, SB- 1, MFS-1, SB-2, MFS-2, SB-3, MFS-3, biostratigraphy is only of SB-8 to the Top TAF,
SB-4, MFS-4, SB5, MFS-5, SB-6, MFS-6, SB-7, where SB-8 (lower of Late Oligocene), MFS-8 (Late
178
Oligocene / NP-25), SB-9 (Late Oligocene/Te), Manufacture of several attributes that are based on
MFS-9 (Oligo-Miocene aged) and MFS-10 (upper the analysis of continuous wavelet transform
pat of Miocene-N4) to environmental conditions (CWT), such as time-frequency gradient at 15Hz
Outer Neritic deposition (Figure 6 and Figure 7) . and gradient on the frequency range 10-55Hz. Both
of these attributes are used as secondary data to help
identify the fluid content and identification of sand-
Sequence Stratigraphic Correlation prone.
For Talang Akar Formation / TRM in Limau
area can be divided into three sequences with the
lower limit specified in SB-8. Above the SB-8 is the Extract attribute to support the
base of sandstone layers alternating with shale that determination of seal caprock and trap
some of them containing hydrocarbon, ie Y2, Y1, stratigraphy
X0, X1. MFS-8 is the position of the fine fraction is The main picking horizon in this study is the
quite extensive distribution with aged Late use of marker sequences and top formation that is
Oligocene / NP24-NP25 (base on top appearance well-known marker: BRF, Top TAF, MFS-10, SB-
Dyctyococcites bisectus and Coccolithus 10, MFS-9, SB-9, MFS-8 and SB-8. To extract
eopelagicus) and can serve as a seal Caprock. SB-9 certain layers are considered sufficient prospect is
position above the MFS-8 is the base of the the time domain, and then with the guide from
reservoir consisting of W3, W2 and W1. The next markers sequences that have been operated in
position is above the MFS-9 is the position of the accordance with the position of the prospects layer,
fine fraction are spread widely and can serve as a above or below how milli second against a known
seal Caprock. Similarly, the MFS-10 is a fine marker, after the extract in this case using CWT
fraction with a fairly wide spreading of Early attribute Gamp-10-55 Hz to determine the
Miocene/N4 and can serve as a seal Caprock distribution of sand-prone and Gamp 15 Hz to
(Figure 8). indicate the existence of hydrocarbons in place
(Nurcahya et al, 2004).
Correlation horizon picking the marker Attribute Spetral decomposition perform
sequence and subsurface mapping frequency decomposition of seismic data into three
sections: low, medium, and high. Low frequency
Interpretation horizon picking begins on
(bright color) will be associated with a layer of thick
seismic cross section that passes through key wells
and high frequency (dark color) will be associated
that have data chek shot, where the seismic
with a thin layer or shale (frequency = 1 / time). The
trajectories through wells GNK-79, GNK-81, L5a-
third of these frequencies can be combined to obtain
260 and L5A-240. After that then carried
subsurface images with a thin layer of expectation
throughout the track seismic interpretation provided
will be better identified. In addition relates to the
(Figure 9). The conversion process from the time
thickness of the layers, spectral decomposition also
structure map to the depth domain using velocity
linked to the seismic wave attenuation. The
data obtained from seismic data that has been
existence of hydrocarbons will make attenuation
corrected with the data as well as data marker
seismic waves such that low-frequency effects
check-shot. This process is done keeping in mind
shadow. To improve the ability of identification,
that in the study area Top-BRF, MFS-10, SB-10,
then the calculation of time-frequency gradient in
MFS-9, SB-9, MFS-8 and SB-8 penetrated almost
the low frequency 15Hz. Results that have been
all the wells, so it can be used as a validator depth
made is to extract attributes on the position W3
regionally and as the main reference in conducting
layer just above the SB-9 in sequence stratigraphy.
time-to-depth conversion to other layers underneath.
(See Figure 10).
179
Taat et al/ICG 2015
Cut off the determination of reservoir data core, the layer is sedimentation result of
properties distributary channel facies models and in some
Data core, log and production are used to places is deposited as sediment bars, spread almost
determine the cutoff value vclay, porosity and evenly in the area Limau-Niru, from the slice
permeability (Figure 11 and 12) of each channel attribute CWT- Gamp-10-55 Hz layers W3 (Figure
and sand bars facies. Cut off value obtained from 14a) looks like distribution of sand prone (bright
the data cores compared to the cutoff obtained from yellow-red) and in some places as a lateral facies
log data in order to obtain a realistic cutoff value. changes into shally (dark blue), but in terms of
Value cut off for water saturation relative production data at the top of this anticline structure
permeability obtained by the transformation of the ( area E) it did not result in the production or
data into a fraction of the flow of water from special already into water, whereas production resulting
core analysis / water cut (Figure 13). Cut off value from the flank of the anticline at northeast area
used for each facies as follows: (area A), the north (area B) and the area southwest
(area D) (See Figure 14b). Zone MFS-9 is the
Channel Sand
maximum flooding surface which is a position of
Vclay Cutoff: 0:38 condent-section impermeable shale section, so it is a
Porosity Cutoff: 0:13 fairly effective lateral cover and serves as a cap rock
for prospect-layer coating which are below it. MFS
Cutoff permeability: 15 md
zone of the slice-9 (Figure 15) appears distribution
Water saturation Cutoff: 0:58 of shale (in blue) with bright yellow spots, the spots
of bright yellow color is alleged is an area that is
Sand Bar leaking and can leak. CWT Horizon slice with
attribute-Gamp-15 Hz in layers W3 (Figure 16), it
Vclay Cutoff: 0.4
seems clear distribution of hydrocarbon prone at
Porosity Cutoff: 0:12 flank of anticline spread in the region in the
Cutoff permeability: 10 md northeast and southwest.
Water saturation Cutoff: 0.64 From the structural cross-section A-B passing
through the area-A and structural cross-sectional C-
D whice are passing through the area-D, it appears
Reservoir summary / lumping obtained by applying that the wells in the area and has a value of
the cutoff with the following restrictions: a gross production HC pretty good reservoir properties Por.
sand thickness of a top up with sand bottom, net = 0.20 – 0.23, VCL = 0.08 to 0.15 and SW = 0.27 to
sand is clean sand thickness to be cutoff with vclay, 0.31, while in the area E which is the top structure
net reservoir sand is sand that to be cutoff net with of its wells are not producing and when viewed
porosity and permeability and a net netpay sand from the value of its reservoir properties Por = 0.05
reservoir which to be cutoff with Sw which is the to 0.09, VCL = 0.47 to 0.55, SW = 0.67 - 0.98, so
thickness of the hydrocarbon column. For layer has the quality of the reservoir which is below the
sandstone has data quality below the cut-off value of cut-off by the cut off reservoir (Por = 0.12,
the above, it is classified as a non reservoir Vcl=0.39 and k = 15 md), thereby W3 layer at top
lithology, lithology means can not pass fluids (non- structure a facies changes so that changing the value
permeable). of properties into a zone that is impermeable
reservoir (Figure 17). Likewise, the conditions for
Analysis determination of stratigraphic trap X1 in the down flank coating reservoir properties
and seal caprock (Por = 0.18 to 0.20, VCL = 0.10 to 0.12, Sw = 0.18
to 0.29), while at the top of the structure of reservoir
As an example a case in this regard have been
choise W3 and X1 layers, Based on log data and
180
properties (Por = 0.05 to 0.09, VCL = 0.55 - 0.67 For Bar sand Vclay cutoff = 0.40, Porosity cutoff
and Sw = 0.67 - 0.99). = 0.12, (k) cutoff = 10 md, Sw cutoff = 0.64.
To layer X1 is suspected as the sealing layer is a 5. As an example the case of layers W3 , X1 and R7
shale zone of MFS-8. Facies changes to layer W3 of the integration of existing data can be summed
also occurs in the southwest region, where the down up as a stratigraphic trap because of the wedge
flank has a value of reservoir properties (Por = 0.18 shape , channeling or any change facies . As the
to 0.20, VCL = 0.16 to 0.19 and Sw = 0.29 to 0.38), seal cap rock is main MFS-8 and MFS-9 which
while towards the top of the structure to be (Por = has a spread widely.
0:04 to 0.07 , VCL = 0.38 - 0.75 and Sw = 0.65 -
0.99). From examples such cases it can be
concluded that the multiple layers that exist in the
Acknowledgments
Limau area is a stratigraphic trap with cap rock is The authors wish to thank the management of
shale layer zone which is intraformational in MFS-8 Direktur Jenderal Minyak Dan Gas Bumi,
and in the MFS-9. While the types of stratigraphic Pertamina EP for their permission to publish this
traps can be is wedge layer, channeling or any paper, whice are a part from data for disertasion S3
facies changes (see Figure 17). in Universitas Padjadjaran Bandung. Special thanks
are extended to VP Information & Communication
Technology Pertamina EP have permission to make
Conclusion use of data for study disertasion S3 in UNPAD.
1. In Limau area the sequence stratigraphic
correlation can be controlled by the data
biostratigraphy is only of SB - 8 to the Top TAF ,
References
where SB – 8( Late Oligocene bottom) , MFS - 8 BATM-UNIV.TRISAKTI, 2012,. Studi Modeling Geologi dan
(Oligocene NP – 25) , SB - 9 (Oligocene - Te ), Simulasi Lapangan Limau Barat-Tengah PT.Pertamina-
MFS-9 (Oligo - Miocene ) and MFS - 10 upper UBEB-LIMAU (Pertamina Intern Report- Tidak
Miocene N4to the Outer Neritic depositional dipublikasi)
environment ( Figure 6 and Figure 7) Duncan S.Macgregor ., 1995 , The Exploration Significance of
2. Horizon slicing using seismic attribute Gamp - surface seepage : An Indonesian Perspective , IPA 24th
10-55 Hz can identify the distribution of the Annual Convention Proceeding,1995.
sandstone layer (Sand prone ) (Figure 14 and Kendal,C., 2005. Sequence stratigraphy: A framework of
Figure 16). genetically related stratigraphic facies geometries and
3. Horizon slicing using seismic attribute Gamp - their bounding surface used to determine depositional
15 Hz can identify indications of hydrocarbon setting. kendall@sc.edu 803-7772410.
content in a layer (HC prone) (Figure 14 and John Clure,.1991. Spreading Centre and their effect on oil
Figure 16). generation in the Sunda Region, Proceeding 20 th IP
4. Based on the data core , the data log and Convention,
production test data could have been made value Nurcahya, B.E., Sudarmaji, Eddy, H., Nukman, M., Dewi, S.,
of cut off reservoir properties to limit or Rosi, SBY., 2004. “Time-Frequency Analysis of 3D
distinguish the rock reservoir and non - reservoir Seismic Reflection Data Using Continuous Wavelet
rock or shale rock that spread widely as Transform (CWT) And their Application for G&G
insulation. The value of cut off reservoir Study”.
properties as follow :
Osipov, V.I., Sokolov, V.N., Eremeev, V.V., 2004 ,. Clay seals
For Channel sand Vclay cutoff = 0.38, Porosity of oil and gas Deposits , A.A. BALKEMA
cutoff = 0.12, (k) cutoff = 15 md, Sw = 0.58. PUBLISHERS/ LISSE/ABNGDON/EXTON (PA)/
TOKYO.
181
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Posamentier, H.W., and Vail, P.R., 1988. Eustatic Controls on

Clastic Deposition I – Conseptual framework,Wilgus et
al., eds., Sea Level Changes – an Integrated Approach,
SEPM Spec.Publ.42,p.109-124.
Posamentier H.W. & Vail P.R.,1988. Eustatic control on clastic

deposition-II Sequence and System Tract models. SEPM,
Special Publication,no.42,h.125-154.
Pulunggono, A, 1986.Tertiary Structural Features Related to

Extentional and Compressive Tectonic in the Palembang Figure 2. Tectonic South Sumatra Basin and subdivision of
Basin, South Sumatera, Proceeding15th IPA Convention, sub-basin at South Sumatra Basin (Jastek Pertamina,2003)
pp. 187 – 213.
Pulunggono, A. ,Haryo, A.S and Kusuma, C.G, 1992. Pre–

Tertiary and Tertiary Fault System as a Frame Work of
The South Sumatra Basin : A Study of SAR –MAPS,
Proceeding 21st IPA Convention, pp. 339 – 360.
Ratna Asharina Rudd, Suraya Tulot, Darius Siahaan, 2013,.

Rejuvenating Play Based Exploration Concept In South
Sumatera Basin., Proceeding IPA.37th,May 2013.
Van Wagoner J.C., Mitchum R.M., Campion K.M., Rahmanian
V.D.,1990. Silisiclastic sequence stratigraphy in well log,
core and outcrops : Concepts for high resolution
correlation of time and facies, AAPG Metods in
Exploration series, no.7,Tulsa, Oklahoma,55h.
Valeri A. Korneev, Gennady M. Goloshubinz, Thomas M.

Daley, and Dmitry B. Silin, 2004, ”Seismic low-
frequency effects in monitoring fluid-saturated
reservoirs”, Geophysics 69; p. 522–532.
Walker,R.G.,James,N.P.1992. Facies model response to sea

level change, second edition. Geological Association of Figure 3. Inversion structure at surrounding Lematang fault in
Canada. Canada. Limau Anticlinorium (Duncan S, Macgregor,1995
LOCATION OF STUDY
Figure.1 Location of study
182
Figure 6. Sequence Stratigraphic Correlation in Limau Niru

area, defined of SB-1 up to SB-10
Figure 4. Stratigraphic succession at South Palembang

Sub-basin (Pertamina,2003,modification Taat.P,2015)
Figure 7. Identification of marker sequence SB-8, MFS-8,

SB-9, MFS-9, SB-10 and MFS-10 (well TL-237)
Figure 8. Correlation of Sequence Stratigraphic from west to

east pass through TB-33A, TB-32,TL-227, TL-237, TL-240,
TL-8A, TLm-49, TL-221, TL23
Figure 5. Identification of marker MFS-8, MFS-9 and
MFS-10 (well TL-227).
183
Taat et al/ICG 2015
Figure 9. Horizon picking at section Inline-2196 with

chek shot LT-240
Figure 13. Cut off Sw for Facies Channel sand and Bar sand
Figure 14. Extract attribute seismic CWT Gamp 10-55 Hz and

Figure 10. Extract slice CWT- Gamp-15Hz on W3 with HC Gamp-15 Hz for Sand prone and HC prone indication on W3
prone indication ( color yellow-red bright)
Figure 11. Cut off Facies Channel Sand base on core data Figure 15. Extract attribute seismic CWT Gamp 10-55 Hz on
MFS-9 ( dark blue color is shale distribution)
Figure 12. Cut off Facies Bar Sand base on core data
184
Figure 16. Extract attribute seismic CWT Gamp 10-55 Hz on

W3 (dark blue color is shale or water and bright yellow-red is
HC)
Figure 17. Section A-B and C-D show of facies change from
difference value reservoir properties laterally ( Reservoir W3,
X1 for example as Stratigraphic trap )
185
186
Sudradjat A., A.H. Hamdani/ICG 2015
The Tectonic Control on the Formation of Cleats in the Coalbeds of

Sajau Formation, Berau Basin, Northeast Kalimantan
Sudradjat A.1, A.H. Hamdani 2,
1, 2
University of Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km.21, 10560, Jatinangor, Indonesia
Email: asudradjat@yahoo.com; ahmad_helman_pgp@yahoo.com
Abstract
Some Pliocene lignite-sub bituminous seams are characterized by the presence of natural discontinuities, so-called
cleats. Most often they are opening-mode fractures, consisting of two orthogonal sets (face and butt), both almost
perpendicular to the bedding. This paper determines distributions of cleat orientation, spacing, and aperture from the
Sajau lignite seams. All observations and measurements were conducted at macroscopic, mesoscopic and microscopic
scale. The butt cleats' mean orientations are NE–SW, NW-SE; whereas mean orientation of face cleats NNE-SSW and
NE–SE, dipping at a high angle N75°. The angle between strikes of cleat sets is nearly 90°. The spacing of macro face
cleats is from 9.52 to 14.46 cm (averaging 11.61 cm) and the spacing of butt cleats is from 2.3 to 11.3 cm (averaging
5.35 cm), and the aperture has a mean 0, 54 cm On the other hand, the mean spacing of microcleats 1.58 mm and
aperture measurements of these cleats range from 0.021 to 0.029 mm (averaging 0.026 mm), respectively. The obtained
results from outcrop and micro CT Scan Tomography clearly indicate that face cleat orientations NNE–SSW are strictly
parallel to the elongation of the main tectonic structures in the study area. Their origin may be explained in at least
there was relationship with local tectonic (the maximum principal stress, σ1, was horizontal). The Partial Least Square
analysis, of cleat and faults data in this area indicate that a power-law distribution exists between cleats characteristics
(spacing, density and aperture) with the distance of faults ( R2 = 0.56). The cleat formation in Sajau Formation was
mainly controlled by mechanical in response to tectonic. Based on SEM photography; the origin of cleats in Sajau
Formation area endogenic process and tectonic activity which indicated by change the shape of the cleats; from the
straight line cleats to curved shape and branching.
Keywords :Pliocene, coal, Sajau Formation, cleat, Berau Basin..
Introduction 2002), Surat Basin and Bowen Basin in Australia

(Scott et al, 2007 ) and Ordos Basin in China (Xu, et
In coalbed methane (CBM) exploration and
al., 2012; Songhang et al., 2010). Therefore,
production, the cleats was play an important role.
research cleat on lignite becomes very important.
Due to old paradigm that a high rank coal and hard
coal was an exploration target in CBM, mostly the The cleat origin is still debatable and
cleat study was done in bituminous coal (McCulloch controversial; there are two streams associated with
et al., 1974, 1976; Laubach et al., 1992, 1998, the process of cleat formation; namely endogenic
Karacan and Okandan, 2000, Solano-Acosta et al., and exogenic (Ammosov and Eremin, 1963;
2007, Moore, 2012, Flores, 2013; Mardon et al., McCulloch et al., 1976; Ting, 1977; Laubach et al.,
2014). The successes of developing a CBM obtained 1998; Paul and Chatterjee, 2011). Su et al. (2001),
from low rank coal (lignite subbituminous coal) in mentioned that a single hypothesis on the cleat
various basins in different parts of the world have formation is probably incorrect.
been well documented. The huge reserves of Berau basin is one of the sedimentary basins in
coalbed methane have been founded, followed by Indonesia that have huge coal reserves. Based on a
their production in low rank coal; such as in the San study by ARI the basin has CBM reserves of about
Juan Basin, Powder River Basin, and the Uinta 8, 4 Tcf. However, there are still insufficient studies
Basin Raton Basin in the United States (Ayers, of fracture/cleats in coals formation. One of the coal
187
bearing formation in Berau basin which have a good

prospect for CBM development is Sajau Formation
(Figure 1).
The aim of the current study are, firstly cleat
attributes such as the orientation, spacing, and
aperture of cleats. The variation in spacing and
aperture will be discussed in terms of the relatively
distance of the lignite seam from the nearest fault.
The second goal is the origin of cleat network.
Figure 2. The tectonic setting in Berau basin with two deep-

seated faults (Salahuddin et al., 2011)
Stratigraphically, Berau Basin was consists

into Pre-Tertiary, Tertiary, and Quartenary deposits
(Figure 3). The oldest age rocks of Tertiary period is
Danau Formation, consist of strong tectonics rocks
and metamorf with highly significance thickness in
the age of Permian-Carbon or Jurassic Cretaceous.
Figure 1. The geological map of Tanjungredeb Sheet and
samples location in Berau Basin
Geological Setting
The Berau Basin encompasses a wide variety of
faults, structural elements and trends. Tectonics of
the basin was initiated by extension and subsidence
during the Middle to Late Eocene formed wrench
faults and resulted in the formation of major NW-SE
oriented arches and has stopped by the end of Early
Miocene. Two deep-seated NE-SW sinistral
Mangkalihat and Maratua. Were influenced the
structural trends in Berau Basin. These faults play
an important role not only in the arrangement of
NW-SE, NNW-SSE fold; but also in cleats
direction. The main stress (σ1) of cleats in Berau
basin is NW-SE (Figure 2). Figure 3. Stratigraphy of Berau basin and surrounding area
(Achmad and Samuel, 1984)
The sedimentary succession in the Berau Basin

can be grouped into 5 major cycles of sedimentation
(Achmad, Z. and Samuel, L., 1984); cycle 1 (Late
188
Eocene – Oligocene), cycle 2 (Early Miocene – this paper we use basic division of cleat into face
Middle Miocene), cycle 3 (Middle Miocene – Late cleat and butt cleats (Nelson, 1983; Laubach et al.,
Miocene), cycle 4 (Pliocene) and cycle 5 1998).
(Quartenary). The tectonics and relative sea level The term of cleats orientation is apply of strike
changes were influence the lithological variation. The and dip angle. The cleats spacing is the distance
oldest sedimentary cycle is a syn-rift volcanic bearing between two cleats which measured perpendicular
si-liciclastic-rich unit of the Middle to Upper Eocene to the cleats.
which called Sekatak Group consisting of
Sembakung Formation and the unconformibly
overlying Sujau and Malio Formations. This group Result
were deposited unconformably overlies pre-rift, Cleats Characterization
Triassic to Cretaceous Sundaland basement rocks,
The outcrop cleat characterization were taken in
also underlies the post-rift unconformity below the
ten locations from three coalmine site; e.g. three
younger group sediments. The youngest which called
measurement in Kasai Block, four in Mangkupadi
Simenggaris Group is divided into five
Block and three in Tanah Kuning. The cleat
lithostratigraphic units, Meliat/Latih (oldest),
outcrops were near the fault zones and folds, some
Tabul/Domaring, Tarakan/ Sajau, and Bunyu
were close to the fault.(Figure 4)
(youngest) Formation.
The outcrops of Sajau coal measures in Tanah
Kuning, Mangkupadi in northern part and in the
Kasai, Batu-Batu area southern part of the basin
typically consist of siliciclastic rocks and coals.. This
formation consisting claystone, shale, sandstone,
conglomerates with interlaminated coal, also
containing molluscs, quartzite, and mica. The
lithological structure which can be found are cross
and parallel lamination. The coal thickness in this
Figure 4. Photographs showing well developed face and but
formation is 0.5 – 6 m, black and brownish yellow.
cleats in the Kasai opencast mine (Location : C1)
The sedimentation process begin on the fluvial and
deltaic system over Pliocene – Pleistocene period
which conformably overlying Waru Formation. The measurements of strike/dip of cleats in
Kasai Block were taken in C2, C3 and C4; which
were located near the E-W faults zone. The
Methods and data orientation of face cleat was N 2430 E – N 2520 E
The research methods based on field study and and butt cleat was N 620 E – 3370 E . The
laboratory measurements. During field research; orientation of face cleat in Mangkupadi Block were
cleats were measured (spacing, aperture, orientation) measured in C5, C6, C7 and C8 which influenced
and classified. From the oriented core samples from by NW-SE fault direction; has shown the orientation
coal exploration ; the mesocleat was identified by CT of face cleat at N 2430 E dan N 2460 E and butt
scan method and the microcleat was determined by cleat at N 3270 E – N 3300E. In Tanah Kuning Block
SEM technique.. The relationship between cleat the cleat orientation were measured near the NW-SE
attributes and the nearest fault distance were analyzed fault zone in location of C9, C10 and C11; the
by Partial Least Square (PLS) method. strike/dip of face cleat were at N 2420 E and butt
Definition and Classification cleat at N 3260 E (Table 1).
The cleats is defined a fracture set which have
an angle between strikes of cleats sets nearly 900. In
189
These faults play an important role not only in the

arrangement of NW-SE, NNW-SSE fold; but also in
cleats direction. The main stress (σ1) of cleats in
Berau basin is NW-SE (see figure 6). Based on the
Table 1. The macrocleat orientation from Sajau Coal
reconstruction of the structural elements; the relative
Location Face cleat Butt cleat compression stress of structural geology (fold, fault)
Kasai SP AP Strike SP AP Strike
(cm) (cm) (N0E ) (cm) (cm) (N0E )
also approximately has an approximately NE-SW
C2 9.5 0.8 243 2.5 0.1 337 direction too (Figure. 5). Therefore, the
C3 14.2 0.6 243 8.5 0.2 335 compressional stress (σ1) of fold, faults and cleats
Mangkupadi
C4 11.4 0.8 62 11.3 0.1 162
have a similar direction.
C5 14.5 0.5 70 4.3 0.2 133
C6 8.7 0.6 328 6.2 0.2 58
C7 8.2 0.6 246 8.2 0.1 118
Tanah Kuning
C8 12.4 0.4 318 2.4 0.2 48
C9 13.2 0.5 324 3.6 0.1 56
C10 10.4 0.2 74 2.4 0.1 174
C11 12..1 0.4 65 3.2 0.2 65
Average 11.46 0.54 5.35 0.15
SP : Cleat spacing; AP : Cleat aperture.
The integrated study of field measurement and

CT scan tomography have done for analyzed the
microcleat (Figure. 5).
Figure 6. Structural geology (folds, faults and cleats)

arrangements in Berau Basin and CT scan image of
representative coal samples
Table 2. The mesocleat attributed from Sajau Coal
Location Face cleat Butt cleat

Kasai DF FC DFC SP AP
(m) (N/cm) (mm) (mm)
SH-101 306 4.77 12 1.43 0.0248
Figure 5. The slice image of SH-101A (Z-axis direction); SH-106 302 5.25 12 1.50 0.0273
llustrating the CT cleat image (right) ) , cleat interpretation and Mangkupadi
orientation (upper left) and Schmidt lower hemisphere equal CH-102 1176 2.58 7 1.82 0.0219
projection net of cleats orientation (lower left) CH-34 70 8.78 5 1.10 0.0291
CH-54 180 7.54 6 1.15 0.0289
CH-53 250 7.2 4 1.18 0.0291
Tanah Kuning
The figure showing that σ1 has NE-SW direction. MNH-1 4280 3.91 7 1.80 0.0257
There are two cleat orientations has have been MNH-2 4390 3.08 5 1.60 0.0258
KAH-1 1064 3.12 5 1.55 0.0228
identified i.e. NNE-SSW direction (face cleat ,red NH-15 760 6.31 6 1.24 0.0280
color), and NW-SE direction (butt cleat, blue color).
The cleats with NW-SW direction were are abutting DF : Distance of fault (m); FC : cleats frequency
in the NE-SW cleats (Hamdani, A.H., 2015). (N/cm); DFC : cleat cross cutting density; SP : cleat
Tectonically, the structural geology in Berau Basin spacin (mm)g; AP : cleat aperture (mm)
were is influenced by deep-seated NE- SW sinistral
Mangkalihat and Maratua (Salahuddin, 2011).
190
The Partial Least Square analysis, of cleat and faults

data in this area indicate that a power-law
distribution exists between cleats characteristics
(spacing, density and aperture) with the distance of
faults ( R2 = 0.56).
By the SEM techniques of coal samples should
be identified that there is a possibility of an
endogenous process (matrix swelling) and
exogenous (tectonic) are working together in
the presence of distributing coal cleats. The
structural deformation in the study area consists
of cataclastic deformation; which is relatively
weak tectonic has been found in coal from CH-
102, CH-122.; while the type of stronger Figure 7. The type of coal cleat deformation in Sajau Coal based
tectonic deformation type; such as brittle on SEM investigation
deformation and wrinkle deformation was
occured relatively near the core zone fault
structure. The pararelism of cleats orientation with other
structural type (fault and fold); it clear that the
The endogenc cleats as a result of the tectonic was influenced in the cleat formation in
swelling matrix, fracture dilatation and Sajau Formation at Berau basin.
compacting that occurs in coal cause a
reduction in the volume of water; it will form a
cleat with a thin line shape that looks Acknowledgments
intersection between the face cleat and butt The author is deeply grateful to Equator
cleat as shown in Figure 7 A; whereas cataclatic Energy Group for the permission to use the
deformation is characterized by the presence of exploration data..
two or more intersection between cleats or with
other micro fracture (Figure 7B). With the Conclusion
increasing intensity of the tectonic deformation  Two sets of cleat system; face and butt cleat were
in the coal cleat formed will form early identified macroscoscopically in Berau basin.
intensive will change its shape can cause the These cleat sets are perpendicular to each other,
curved cleat (curvature shape) or secondary and face cleat directions are NE–SW and butt
cleats formed concentrated around the main cleat NW–SE, respectively. The angle between
cleats (Figure 7 C) and is referred to as brittle two cleats is nearly to 90°.
deformation.
 The cleat formation in Sajau Formation was
mainly controlled by mechanical in response to
tectonic; both regional or locally.
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192
Hidartan, Ildrem, Eko .W, Suci. S/ICG 2015
Subsurface Interpretation Approach Gravity Metode In

Hidrocarbon Exploration:
Study Subsurface Geology East Java Basin Cepu-Bojonegoro Area for reference
study in Jambi Basin at South Sumatera.
1,2 1 2 2
1
Hidartan , Ildrem.S. , Eko.W , Suci.S .
Padjadjaran2 University, Dipati Ukur Street Bandung Indonesia,Phone: +62 811160573,
Trisakti University , Kiyai Tapa Street Jakarta 11440 Indonesia
Email: hidartan@yahoo.com
Abstract
Survey of subsurface geology at Bojonegoro area has been done with gravity method. This study will
contributes to obtain a picture of the possibility of a new hydrocarbon exploration targets in the
central part of East Java.
This study show that Bouguer anomalies can be divided into two groups, the first anomaly between 26
to 30 mGal as high anomaly at South- Central area. The second anomaly, is between 26 to 20.5mGal
as lows anomaly at Central-Northern part. Analysis was done by spectral analysis, stage filtering to
separate the residual anomaly and regional anomalies from the Complete Bouguer Anomaly .
Two-dimensional modeling of the “Bojonegoro” area has a trend of the structural configuration
from North - South shows the normal fault relative trending northeast - southwest, which is formed as
a result of extensional forces during the Tertiary to Early Oligocene.
Residual anomalies ,at eastern of Kasiman area shows the contour pattern of protruding to the south
the possibility of hydrocarbon trap. The picture that illustrated in the 2-D subsurface model, showing
bedrock in the study area is relatively shallow, so that the target of exploration for the Kujung or
Ngimbang Formation is still possible.
Integrated of the geological data, seismic models , suggesting that appears on the Kujung Formation
assumed or suspected to be carbonate build-up results from the major transgressive at Oligo –
Miocene and Ngimbang Formation as anticline.
Keywords: Bouguer anomaly, residual anomaly, 2-D Subsurface model, Carbonat Build up,
hydrocarbon trap.
Preface province( Fig 1.). It is also supported by the

The Central East Java Basin has been proven fact that a number of seismic acquisition has
to be a hydrocarbon basin-rich area, since the been conducted in almost this entire area in
late 19th century began the production of order to enhance the hydrocarbon exploration
petroleum at the oil fields around Cepu area activity. Nonetheless, the eastern part of Cepu
(Kawengan, Ledok, Nglobo, etc.), as well as with an approximately 50 km square width
regions around Surabaya (Lidah, Kruka, etc.). which covered by the carbonate sediments.
The discoveries of new oil fields are still This can cause difficulties in conventional
ongoing, as the discovery of new fields in the seismic method, either in the operational
end of 1990 and early 2000; Mudi section or the interpretation. Despite of the
(Petrochina), Sukowati, Banyuurip, and difficulties, considering this area is a potential
Jambaran (Exxon), Kedungtuban and area for hydrocarbon prospect, it is necessary
Randublatung (Pertamina). The exploration to attempt an alternative geophysical method
targets in Central East Java Basin including in order to get the subsurface information i.e.
Ngimbang Formation, Kujung Formation and gravity method.
Tuban Formation. The area of Central East Java Basin is a
Considering the distribution of the oil fields, it hydrocarbon prospective area. In the Oligo-
can be inferred that the whole area of the Miocene, the central part of East Java was an
Central East Java Basin, including the central open marine, and the carbonates of which
part of the Island of Java, between the Central become nowadays exploration target grow at
Java and East Java is the area of petroleum the high. There are several recognizable highs
193
i.e. West Cepu High, East Cepu High, and On the top of this formation lies conformably
Kemandung Ridges. The Carbonate Reef in the Pleistocene of Lidah Formation (Qtl) and
the Kedung Tuban Field, Banyuurip Field, Kabuh Formation (Qpk) . The youngest
Mudi Field, Sukowati Field, and stratigraphic unit is the alluvium which consist
Kembangbaru Field which located at the East of pebbles, gravels, sand, silt, and mud which
Cepu high area the examples of that form in the fluvial and swamp environment
hydrocarbon generally occurred at the highs (figure 4).
(Satyana, 2005). East Java Basin, including those in the land
Again, considering this is a hydrocarbon part there is microcontinent (East Java
prospective area, it is necessary to conduct a microcontinent) of which dynamics
study of subsurface geology in order to considerably affects the formation of East Java
understand the subsurface structural Basin configuration. There are two different
characteristic and its relationship with the trend of basin configuration in the East Java
presence of hydrocarbon trap. The information Basin, i.e. Luk Ulo – Meratus trending
about subsurface configuration is an configuration (SW-NE) and West – East
advantageous data in order to determine the trending configuration which is a pull apart
presence of hydrocarbon trap, which often basin, where the Eocene Ngimbang Formation
exhibited by the presence of high structure in was found in the EJ-1 well, and now become
the subsurface. the exploration target in the East Java Basin.
The West – East trending structures are the
II.Geology microcontinent basement structure which
Physiographically the studied area is included reactivated into transform fault along the
into the Rembang Zone at the central part, Sakala Fault (Sribudiyani, et al., 2003). The
which is predominantly composed of Sakala Fault Zone develops to the West
carbonates, and into the Randublatung in the through the Kangean, Madura, as far as
southern part which is mostly covered by the Rembang area (RMKS fault zone) this fault
alluvial sediments. zone form at the age of Upper Early Miocene-
Elongated ridges occupy the northern part of Middle Miocene, marked by the presence of
the area which characterized by the appearance flower structure, indicating a very strong
of rough morphology, whereas in the southern inversion deformation (Satyana, A. H., 2004).
part which occupied by the lowland
morphology, a number of swampy and wet III.Methodology Study
area can be found(Fig.2). (Bemmelen, 1949).
According to the map (Fig.3), the stratigraphic The contribution of the earth crust mass
unit order found in the studied area in density in the surface only as much as 0,3% of
ascending order (oldest – youngest) are as the earth gravitational field and the mass
follows: the oldest rock unit is the Kujung density as below as 5 km or in the places
Formation (Oligo-Miocene in age) which where geological phenomenon contribute
consist of four member i.e. Marl member about 0,5% of the earth gravitational field.
(Tomkm), Prupuh limestone member (Tomp), This small amount of contribution holds an
Claystone member (Tomkc), and the Siltstone important role because the variation of the
member (Tomks). The Kujung Formation gravitational field can be mapped. The
conformably overlain by Early-Middle variation of the gravitational field is basically
Miocene Tuban Formation (Tmtl), which is a variation of mass density, then by knowing
consist of siltstone with intercalated sandy the variation of mass density in the subsurface
marly limestone. The Mundu Formation and as measured by the gravity method, the
the Paciran Formation unconformably subsurface setting can be interpreted (Grant &
overlies the Tuban Formation, with the age of West, 1965). (figure 5).
Pliocene. Mundu Formation (Tpm) consist of
The principle of the gravity method is to
sandy marl and chalky limestone, whereas the
obtain the anomaly value which caused by the
Paciran Formation
consist of limestone which composed by a difference of mass density of the objects that
number of fragments, such as algae, corals, causing the anomaly. The calculation of
large forams and molluscs, dolomitic complete Bouguer Anomaly (gB) done by
limestone and dolostone. using the equation (Telford et al, 1990)
194
gB = gobs - gn + dgFA - dgB + dgT data filtering process. Filtering process is done
…………………………………….(1) by using Moving Average method, which
separate the regional anomaly and the residual
where gB is the Bouguer gravity anomaly,
anomaly, where the residual anomaly is
gobs is measurement result after tidal and drift
derived from Bouguer anomaly minus regional
correction, gn is the normal force at the
anomaly.
measuring point, dgFA is the free air
correction, 0,3086 mGal/meter, dgB is The The next step, author conducted a modeling
Bouguer correction and dgT is the terrain process based on the geological information or
correction. data (lithological distribution and
stratigraphy). From the Nettleton profile the
Residual anomaly map derived from the
mass density value obtained around 2,5
separation of Bouguer Anomaly and Regional
gr/cm3.
Anomaly by using Moving Average, while 2D
subsurface modeling is done by using Grav 2 Wavenumbers (k) and gravity anomaly
D software. amplitude (ln A) relationship chart:
Using quantitative and qualitative analysis of 3. Anomalies Depth Estimation and
gravity data and assumes that a hydrocarbon Filter Window
trap occurred somewhere in the highs, then the
By calculating the average of window from the
possibility of the trap position can be expected
anomaly separation above resulting filter
based on its lithological orientation. Field
window as much as 19 or 19 x 19 km2 with the
studies conducted are the measurement of
grid spacing 250 (Figure 7,8,9), (Table 1).
gravity and rock sampling. Laboratory analysis
Filter window 19 will be used to separate the
is done in order to determine the the mass
regional and residual anomaly which later used
density of the rock which represent the rock in
in 2D modeling
the gravity measurement point. The gravity
data processing includes: Workstation study The result of spectral analysis used to
activity includes data processing, the estimated the depth of the anomaly and the
construction of Bouguer anomaly map, filter window calculation:
residual anomaly map, and study of 2D
subsurface model approach.
IV. Field Work and Data Processing Table 1 The Result of Spectral Analysis
calculation
1. Mass Density
To determine the mass density of the rock

from the study area the Nettleton method is
apllied, by minimize the correlation between
topography and gravity anomaly.
2. Gravity Anomaly
The data used to construct the Bouguer
Anomaly map is the complete Bouguer
anomaly. From the CBA map (Fig10) author
derives appearances as follows:
In this study, author conducted a spectral
analysis to ascertain the approximate depth of
the Regional Anomaly and Residual Anomaly,
and estimate the width of the window used for
195
V.Mapping and The Separation of contour pattern and higher anomaly

Bouguer,Regional and Residual occupied the southern part with a small,
Anomaly closed contour pattern (short wavelength)
in the center part, and slightly spread in
High frequency wave anomaly can be removed
the southern part.
using the Moving Average method. This
Technique is basically done by averaging the  In the center part of the map, with the
gravity anomaly data (CBA) where the result anticlinal pattern and yellow-red color
of this method is the value of regional index (1-3,2 mgal) indicates that the area
anomaly. The residual anomaly is calculated is a high which expectedly contained
by lessen the value of CBA with the regional carbonate buildup structure. Therefore it
anomaly (Figure 10). is necessary to perform a 2D Talwani
modeling.
VI.Result / Discussion
 From the South-Southwest towards
Quantitative interpretation
North-Northeast is towards the deeper
The interpretation is done quantitatively, aim area with dominant green color index (-
to recognize the geological model of 0,2 to – 0,8 mgal) up to blue color index
subsurface which comprises dimension of the (-0,8 to -1 mgal)
model, the type of the composer lithology
VII.Forward Modeling
which made based on the physical parameter
of rock density on the model. From this 2-Dimension modeling in gravity, one of its
quantitative interpretation, it is expected to direction is defined as infinite. The modeling
obtained the subsurface geological structure. method that used is forward modeling, where
To perform such quantitative interpretation a the model is determined along with its density
2D Talwani forward modeling is conducted value, which then its gravity field is calculated
using the Grav-2 DC software. using the Grav2-DC software.
1. Bouguer, Regional and Residual Gravity value from the calculation result
Anomaly Map (calculated gravity) is compared with the one
derived from the field measurement. The
Based on the spectrum analysis result from the
modeling is done by varying the parameter
three track line, it is shown that the average
(trial and error), such as its density, its depth,
depth of the regional anomaly source in the
and the shape of the structure to obtain the
study area located at the depth of
similarity of gravity observed and gravity
approximately 3,2 km. Regional anomaly map
calculated value in the profile. This way
derived from the filtering process shown in
shows that the result of field measurements
figure 6.
gravity is used as a comparator in interpreting
Overall, the value of the Bouguer anomaly in the subsurface structure geometry. This
the regional anomaly map ranges between 21- method allows the obtainment of similar
28 mgal (purple – red color index) where it gravity responses. The result earned by
becomes more deep to northeast. inserting the geological interpretation inside.
Forward modeling of residual anomaly with
Bouguer Anomaly is a total amount of 19x19 km2 filter used to model what is
Regional Anomaly and Residual Anomaly, so expected to be a carbonate buildup. The
the residual anomaly value is derived by the modeling process needs the information about
substraction between Bouguer Anomaly value geological condition in that area and other
and the Regional Anomaly. supporting data that is references from seismic
 Lower anomaly occupied the northern data, along with the interpretation (source:
part of the study area map, with an open Pertamina, 2007). Density background that is
196
applied in the construction of the model is as Tabel 3 Section B Interpretation

much 2.67 gr/cc, while the amount of density
is expected by comparing the lithology and
laboratory result with the density table from
Telford et al, 1976 (Table 2). The amount of
estimated density can be seen as follows:
Table 2. Rocks Mass Density(Telford et al.,
1976), Lab Analysis
a. Carbonate buildup assumptions

1. This model is formed by the distribution of
density (using gravity method and
geological survey) which develops the
subsurface geological structures. The G-
calculated value corresponds well with the
3 cross section are made (A, B, and C) from G-observed value at 2,06 % of error point.
the residual map for the 2D subsurface (Figure 11).
structure modeling, by using the Grav 2-DC In this model, all gravity anomalies
software (figure 10). This 3 cross sections is happen because of the anomalous things
selected based on the variation of density contribution at ± 3400 m depth up until the
contrast fluctuation which is very prominent, surface. The deepest bed that resides at depth
perpendicular to the strike, and assumed to be of 3400 m is a Pre-Tertiary basement which
at different types of lithology become the base of all sedimentary basins in
Java, that later on, was filled by density
The cross section B modeling is chosen and distribution from Ngimbang Formation (2.30
considered as the best model and can be used gr/cc) that is dominated by sandstone which
to represent the subsurface structural and is relatively thin-distributed. On top of that
lithological condition in this study, because its was distributed a density value of 2.49 gr/cc
center part exhibits the anticlinal pattern with or so called Kujung Formation which is
yellow – red color index (1 – 3,2 mgal), dominated by limestone, where selectively
indicates that the area constitutes a high area, thickening to form an undulation structures
which expected to be a carbonate buildup with a thickness of 1000-1250meters. This
structure. Another modeling process also thickening of the Kujung Formation is
carried on in this study which can be used as assumed as carbonate buildup which
one means to validate that model by creating a geologically grew and distributed very well at
comparison where there is another assumption basement high. This thing happened because
to be considered that the structure can be of the basement’s own configuration from
expected as a carbonate build up, horst, tectonics activities (basement which is
magma intrusion, or shale diapir. dominated by both Late Cretaceous
The Modeling of Subsurface Structure for metamorphic rocks {such as Slate and
Studied Area. Phylite} and igneous rocks) and a relatively
major transgressive environment at Oligo -
1 Section B Interpretation Miocene. On top of that was distributed a
density value from Tuban Formation,
Ngrayong Formation and a thinner and
younger Wonocolo Formation.
197
2. Based on 2-D Seismic Model bigger than the previous assumptions.

Interpretation, it is seen that the pattern of the .(figure 13)
seismic data intensively varies; therefore a 2. Based on geological survey, the model that
proper distinguishing technique between data show an undulation structure as intrusion
and its noises is vital. In this case such is not possible because there are no such
problem can surely be solved by well data to intrusions in the regional geology of
predict the response of the lithologies or the studied studied area.
fluid contents. Below is a figure that shows a d. Shale diapir assumptions
2-D seismic model from the PT. Pertamina 1. Based on gravity value , the model from
final report, 2007. this assumptions has an error value of 3,14
Based on that reference, it is concluded that % which is the highest of all previous
there is an undulation structure (red box area, assumptions.(figure 14)
Figure 16) which is indicating a carbonate
Cross section A and C interpretation model
buildup.
Based on the cross section A and C modeling
From Figure 16, it can be seen that the
it appears that there is a an undulation / mound
structures pattern in the studied area are thrust
structure which relatively similar to the one in
faults, with a relatively reside at southwest –
cross section B, where the structure is assumed
northeast and southeast – northwest. From the
to be a carbonate buildup. Formasi Kujung
oldest to youngest formations are Kujung,
Formation was precipitated on the highs
Tuban, Ngrayong, Wonocolo and Ledok
(basement highs). This is because there are
Formation. In Kujung Formation there is an
basement configuration effects as a
undulation structure as seen at
consequence of tectonic activity (the basement
b. Horst assumptions is dominated by Late Cretaceous Metamorphic
1. Based on gravity method, the curves matching rock, such as slate, and phyllite, and also
method shows a model that holds a 2.38 % igneous rocks) and the sea level setting was
value of error, which is bigger than the tend to be transgressive relatively in that time.
carbonate buildup. This result convinces that
This cross section modeling (A and C) is
the horst assumption is not well-matched in
shown to emphasize assumption about the
approaching the subsurface of geological
presence of carbonate buildup. Kujung
conditions in section B.
Formation in the study area Kasiman which
has been shown in the cross section B
2. Based on geological survey, there was tectonic
modeling ( Figure 17, 18)
activities in the first phase (Tertiary – early
Oligocene) of the studied area, basement is at Cross Section A, B, and C Model and
Pre – Tertiary which shows accretion pattern Interpretation
in northeast – southwest, that is clearly shown
by the fault orientations in the basement and Gravity model interpretation in the form of
horst or graben in control of the extensional lithological distribution, the structure that
force. formed in the study area Kasiman which is the
3. Based on Seismic model shows a negative manifestation of the quantitative interpretation
value. which is done by constructing the 2D model,
c. Intrusion assumptions in this case the cross section A, B, and C.
1. Based on gravity method, the intrusion Modeling result of the cross section A, B, and
assumptions model can’t show a more C exhibits a similarity, that is the presence of
representative result in approaching the mounded structure which appears in the
subsurface geological condition, because Kujung Formation assumed as carbonate
of its error count which is 2,89 %, even buildup which occupied the depth of ± 2.5 km
with the density value of ± 2.49 gr/cc and is
198
the result of major transgressive during Oligo- Based on the discussion above, there are
Miocene, and distribute very well at the high several conclusion as follows;
area (basement high) 1. Low anomaly Complete Bouguer Analysis
map distributed in the northern part of the
By the presence of carbonate buildup it is study with an open contour pattern and the
stated that at the North East Java Offshore, high anomaly distributed along the
especially at the west Madura working area the southern part with a small, closed contour
hydrocarbon found in the carbonate reefs pattern (short wave length), in the center
(carbonate buildup) of Kujung Formation, this part and slightly spread in the southern
reefs are relatively small, but intensely part. Gravity anomaly in the cross section
A, B, and C indicates a sloping anomaly
productive and contain hydrocarbon almost
from the south towards the north, with an
entirely. At the same reef complex at the anticlinal pattern in the center part.
region of Cepu (including the study area 2. Spectral Analysis results in the depth of
Kasiman), a huge amount of hydrocarbon has the anomaly zone and the wavenumbers
been found. This evidence reinforce the (k) which derived by Fourier-
assumption of the presence of the Kujung transforming the gravity anomaly using
Formation carbonate reef (carbonate buildup) the Numeri software which generates 19
in the study area yang distributes from the NW filter with spacing of 250 m. This 19 filter
– SE at the center part of the map. window is used to split the regional and
residual anomaly Based on the filtering
Meanwhile, the Pre-Tertiary basement
result it is known that the regional
showing NE-SW trending accretional pattern, anomaly located at the depth of ± 3.2 km
which is shown by the orientation of the faults and residual anomaly located at the depth
in the basement, horst or thrust faults and of ± 183 m
graben or step fault. This evidence match with 3. Residual anomaly map in the center part
the order of regional structure of the North with the anticlinal pattern and (1 mgal –
East Java Basin at the first tectonic phase 32 mgal) indicates the area as a high area.
which occurred during the Early Tertiary until 4. Normal fault structure with NE-SW
Early Oligocene when the organic-rich relative trending which formed as the
result of extensional force during the
Ngimbang Formation and Kujung Formation
Tertiary until the Late Oligocene, is the
precipitated on the basement (syn rift – post
pathway of hydrocarbon migration from
rift) with the dominant force that occurred is the Ngimbang Formation below.
extensional force. The diapir itself is an 5. Integration of geological data, seismic
intrusion caused by the difference of pressure model assumes that the mound that appear
and buoyancy (gases that trapped inside the in the Kujung Formation was a carbonate
shale). The term diapir is used more often at buildup (Kujung Reef) as a result of major
the sedimentary rock, although in some transgressive during the Oligo-Miocene, at
occasion used in igneous rock. It is called the depth ± 2.5 km, which is a good
shale diapir if the material that intrude is shale. reservoir.
During the intrusion process, the intrusion will References
cause the formation of folds (anticline) or
Blakely, R.J, 1996, Potential Theory in
dome at the top. This Diapir gives affect to the
Gravity and Magnetic Application,
formation of a number of reservoir trap at its Cambridge University Press,
top or its side. Because of its massive nature Cambridge.
and it incapability to pass through fluids, it
acts as the seal. The diapir formation can be Hall, R., 2005, Cenozoic Tectonics of
caused by the tectonic process or rapid Indonesia Problem and Models, Short
Course Indonesian Petroleum
deposition, or both
Association.
CONCLUSION
Reynolds, J.M., 1997, An Introduction to
Applied and Environmental
199
Geophysics, John Wiley & Sons.,

England.
Robinson, E, and Cruch C., 1988, Basic
ExplorationGeophysic, John Wiley
and Sons Inc., Canada
Satyana, A.H., Erwanto, E., and Prasetyadi, C.,
2004. Rembang-Madura-Kangean-
Sakala (RMKS) Fault Zone, East Java
Basin : The Origin and Nature of a
Geologic Border, Proc. IAGI, 33rd.
Ann. Conv. And Exh., Bandung.
Satyana, A.H., 2005, Oligocene Carbonates of
Java, Indonesia : Tectonic – Volcanic
setting and petroleum implications.
Indonesian Petroleum Association and
Exhibition, Jakarta.
Telford, M.W., Geldart, L.P. Sheriff, R.E. and
Keys, D.A., 1976, Applied
Geophysics, Cambridge Univ. Press,
Cambridge.
Van Bemmelen, R.W., 1949, The Geology of
Indonesia, Vol. 1A, Govt. Print. Off.
Martinus Nijhoff, The Hague.
Widianto, E., 2008, Penentuan Konfigurasi
Struktur Batuan Dasar dan Jenis
Cekungan Dengan Data Gayaberat Serta
Implikasinya Pada Target Eksplorasi
Minyak dan Gas Bumi di Pulau Jawa.
Disertasi ITB Bandung.
Yudantoro, R.P., 2005, Review G&G terhadap

Formasi Ngimbang, Sembulan
karbonat Kujung-Tuban dan batupasir
Ngrayong, Laporan task force DOH-
JBT daerah rendahan Kening trough
dan tinggian Cepu Cekungan Jawa
Timur, Pertamina Internal Report.
200
STUDIED AREA
Figure 1 The Location of Study Area and The

Tectonic Zone of North East Java (Van Figure 4.Stratigraphic coloumn of Northeast
Bammelen, 1949). Java.( Pertamina 2005)
Figure 5 Regional gravity of studied area

Figure 2 The Physiography of Java and (Eko.W. 2005)
Madura (Bemmelen, V., 1949 modified by
Satyana, A. H., 2005) CBA
(Complete BouguerAnomaly)
Gridding- Contouring
Spektral Analysis
Spreding Anomaly
Regional Residual
Anomaly Anomaly
Regional geology data
2-D(Forward
and, seismic data
Modeling)
Interpretation
Figure 3 Geological Map of study area

(Hartono dan Suharsono, 1997) Figure 6 Flow Chart Gravity Analysis
201
Figure 7 The determination of wavenumber

(k) value in section A
Figure 10 a.Bouguer, b.regional and

c.residual anomaly window 19x19 km2,Tracks
measurement L5, L7, and L9 Residual
Anomaly map with the contour intervals of 0,2
mgal along with the cross sections A, B, and C
a.
Figure 8 The determination of wavenumber

(k) value in section B
Figure 11 Forward modeling of cross section

B, assumed to be a carbonate build up
b.
Figure 9The determination of wavenumber (k)

value in section C

B, assumed to be a Horst and Graben
c.
202

B, assumed to be an intrusion
d.
Figure 16 Section B model interpretation

based on gravity and seismic data.

B, assumed to be a shale diapir

A
S
Note: R
1. Early Miocene Carbonate buildups of the
Kujung and Tuban Formation
2. Middle Miocene to Pleistocene clastic
reservoirs within late Miocene to
Pleistocene inversion anticlines
3. Eocene Lower Ngimbang Formation
sandstone drape and pinchout onto
basement highs/horst bloks
C
4. Eocene to Early Oligocene Ngimbang
Carbonate buildups
Figure 15 Subsurface geological model from
East Java exploration( Pertamina 1998).
203
Figure 19 Cross Section A, B, and C Model

Interpretation
204
Hase et.al./ICG 2015
Mineralization Characteristics of the Kencana deposit,

Gosowong mining area, Halmahera, Indonesia
Takashi Hase1, Kotaro Yonezu1, Thomas Tindell1, Syafrizal2 and Koichiro Watanabe1
1
Department of Earth Resources Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
2Earth Resources Exploration Research Groups, Faculty of Mining and Petroleum Engineering, Institut Teknologi Bandung, 40116, Indonesia
Email:hase-takashi@mine.kyushu-u.ac.jp
Abstract
The Gosowong gold mining area is located in the north central part of Halmahera Island, Indonesia. There are three
deposits in Gosowong mining area; Gosowong deposit, Togurachi deposit and Kencana deposit. Kencana deposit is
located in the southeast part of the Gosowong mining area. Gosowong deposit was discovered in 1994, followed by
Togurachi in 2000, and Kencana deposit in 2003. Kencana deposit is composed of three veins (K1, K2 K-Link). The
Kencana deposit is situated within Neogene magmatic-volcanic rocks associated with the Halmahera volcanic arc. The
host rock of the Gosowong mining area is composed of andesite and basalt. There are four Formations; the Bacan
Formation, the Gosowong Formation, the Kayasa Formation and the Quaternary Volcanic Formation. Gosowong
Formation is composed of Tabobo Sandstone and Gosowong volcaniclastics, in which Gosowong volcaniclastics are
composed of coherent volcanic and volcaniclastic rocks. The deposit is classified as a low-sulfidation Au-Ag epithermal
deposit. In Kencana deposit, ore minerals observed are charcopyrite, electrum, Au-Ag-Te minerals, galena and Cd
bearing sphalerite.
Keywords : gold, silver, tellurides, epithermal, Halmahera.
Introduction the Gosowong mining area was open pit and

underground in the Gosowong deposit, but Kencana
Au and Ag are important precious metal and Au
was completely underground. (Figure 1) Ore is
is crucial to electronic equipment, such as mobile
processed using the cyanide leaching method .
phones, and is an essential base of the industry. In
recent years, as seen in the Chinese economic boom,
the acquisition of precious metals has intensified all
over the world. The geological research does not
advance very much in the Au-Ag Gosowong mining
which is the biggest source of Au supply of
Southeastern Asia. The objective of this research is
to understand the mechanism of gold, telluride and
exotic minerals formation processes. The Gosowong
gold mining area is located on the north of
Halmahera Island, North Maluku, Indonesia.
According to previous study, this style of
mineralization is low or intermediate sulphidation
epithermal.(Bruce 2007) PT NUSA Halmahera
Minerals operates the Gosowong field and is
composed of Newcrest Mining Limited (75%) and
Figure 1. Location map of Kencana deposit
PT Aneka Tambang (25%). The mining method of
205
(modified from PT. Nusa Halmahera Minerals)
Sample collection
Fieldwork was carried out in July 2014. The
samples were taken from 5 spots in Kencana deposit
(3 spots in K1, 1 spot in K2 and 1 spot from K-
Link). In K-1 vein, the samples were collected at -
260m level (called as K1 sub13), -240m level
(called as K1 sub12) and -150m level (called as K1
sub8). In K-2 vein and K-Link, the samples were
collected at -150m and -280m level, respectively
Figure 2 shows the spot at K1 sub13 and the Figure 3. The sapmle of Kencana1 sub 13
sample collected there is shown in Figure 3. In the (K1 sub13 1-1)
samples from this spot, there are 2 types of quartz
banding. Figure 4 shows the spot of Kencana1sub
12, the samples were collected along the K1 vein.
The sample from sub 12 contains many metallic
minerals (Figure 5). Figure 6 shows the spot of
Kencana1 sub 8. In this spot, there are three small
quartz veins. Samples were collected from each vein
and one vein includes amethyst (Figure 7). The
samples were taken from K2 and K-Link vein.
Figure 8 shows one sample of K2. This sample has
ginguro banding and colloform banding around
brecciated part. Figures 9 and 10 are samples of K-
Figure 4. Photograph of Kencana1 sub 12
Link. Those samples have colloform banding..
The samples are investigated by XRD, SEM-
EDS and EPMA for understanding mineralogy.
Figure 5. The sample of Kencana1 sub 12

(K1 sub 12 2-3)
206
Figure 6. Photograph of Kencana1 sub 8 Figure 9. The sample of K-Link (K-Link 6a)
9
Figure 10. The sample of K-Link (K-Link 6e)

(K1 sub 8 3-3)
Figure 8. The sample of K2 (K2 5b)
207
Geological Setting
Indonesia is composed of an archiopelego of
several major islands, such as; Sumatra, Jawa,
Kalimantan, Sulawesi, Papua and Halmahera Island.
Indonesia is located between two continental plates
(the Eurasian Plate and Austrarian Plate), and
between two oceanic plates (the Indian Plate and
Pacific Plate). Halmahera Island is located on the
eastern part of Indonesia, on the Maluku Sea. The
Maluku Sea is a zone of collision between the
opposing Sangihe and Halmahera volcanic arcs
(Figure 11). Halmahera Island can be separated two
groups, eastern and western domains. The eastern
domain is composed of clastic sediment, limestone
and ultramafic rocks, whilst the western domain is
composed of volcanic rocks, such as flows, tuffs,
ignimbrite, andesite, dacite and ryolite. The
Gosowong mining is situated within the western
domain and within Neogene magmatic-volcanic
rocks, associated with the Halmahera volcanic arc.
The Maluku Sea plate is actively being subducted
since the Paleogene. There are four superimposed
volcanic arcs in west Halmahera (the Bacan
Formation, the Gosowong Formation, the Kayasa Figure 11. Location map of the Gosowong mining
Formation, and the Quaternary Volcanic Formation).
(modified from PT. Nusa Halmahera Minerals)
Maluku Sea plate remains active to this day
(Marjoribanks, 1997). Gosowong Formation is
composed of the Tabobo Sandstone and Gosowong Kencana Deposit
Volcaniclastics, in which Gosowong Volcaniclastics
are composed of coherent volcanic and Kencana deposit has the highest gold potential
volcaniclastic rocks. The volcaniclastics is separated in the Gosowong mining area. The total resource of
into two package; Basaltic Package and Andesitic Kencana deposit may be around 4moz.
Package. The Gosowong and Kencana vein systems
are hosted within the Andesitic Package and Structure
Togurachi vein is in Basaltic vein. The Kayasa
There are two major fault zones within the
Formation is unconformably overlaid by the
Kencana area, the Gosowong fault and T-fault
Gosowong Formation. The Quaternary Volcanic
Gosowong fault is orientated north-south and east-
Formation is unconformably overlain by Kayasa
dipping. T-fault is northwest to southwest and east-
Formation.
dipping. The faults cross-cut one another to the west
of the Kencana deposit.
Veining
K1 vein was discovered in 2003 and started
production in 2006. K2 and K-Link veins were
found in 2005 and started production in 2008.
208
Ore Mineralogy and Gangue Figure 13. stutzite and galena

Main ore minerals observed in the area are
chalcopyrite, galena, electrum, Au-Ag-Te minerals
and Cd-bearing sphalerite.
K1 sub13
K1 sub13 samples has 2 types of quartz band.
The first quartz band contains Au-Ag-Te minerals.
Figures 12 to 16 are Au-Ag-Te minerals band.
Most ore mineral observed is charcopyrite.
Electrum sometimes coexists with charcopyrite. In
Figure 12, petzite is surrounding electrum. In
addition, hessite are surrounding petzite. In Figure
13, stutzite neighbours to galena. Most Te bearing Figure 14. Petzite and hessite
minerals are hessite and petzite. Those minerals are
rarely observed in K1 sub13. In Figure 14, hessite
exists around petzite. In Figure 15, spharelerite and
charcopyrite are mainly observed. In Figure 16, Cd-
bearing spharelite neighbours to galena and hessite.
Figure 15. spharerite (Cd 0~5%)
Figure 12. Electrum and Au-Ag-Te minerals
Figure 16. Cd bearing sphalerite
K1 sub12
K1 sub12 samples also contain Au-Ag-Te
minerals and Cd bearing sphalerite. Figure 17 shows
Au-Ag-Te minerals. In Figure 18, electrum and
209
petzite are coexisting next to charcopyrite. In Figure elctrum and charcopyrite. The size of charcopyrite is
19, Cd bearing sphalerite coexists with hessite and smaller than Kencana1 sub 12.
petzite.
K-Link
This sample has colloform band. In colloform
band, much electrum can be observed. In K-Link 6e
sample, the presence of metallic mineral is small,
however Au contents in electrum is very high (about
80 atomic%).
Figure 17. Hessite and petzite Mineral Geochemistry
Chalcopyrite
Chalcopyrite is the most abundant sulfide in all
veins of the Kencana deposit. It is typically,
anhedral and banded and disseminated in the
presence mode.
Electrum
Electrum can be divided into 2 groups, based on
ratio of Au and Ag. Group 1; Au: 70%~80% and
Figure 18. Electrum and petzite Ag: 20%~30%. Group 2; Au: 55%~65% and Ag:
35%~45%. Electrum can be present as grains
surrounded by petzite in K1 and further surrounded
by hessite and/or stutzite.
Au-Ag-Te minerals
Chemical composition of petzite and hessite in
the samples can be claasified as follows.
Petzite : Au: 10~20％, Ag: 50~60％ and Te: 30％;
Hessite : Ag : 60~70％, Te 30~40％
Hessite is much more contained than petzite,
Figure 19. Cd bearing sphalerite Petzit is often associated with electrum.
Cd bearing sphalerite
K2
Sphalerite has three types. First type contains
Ginguro band can be observed in the K2
Cd 0~5%, second type contains Cd 26~28 ％ and
samples. In the ginguro band, there are a lot of
third type is 35~40%. First type is usual sphalerite,
210
however second type and third types is wurtzite.

The unusually high Cd in sphalerite was also
reported in low supfidation epithermal gold-silver
deposit, Kushikino Mine (Takeuchi, 1988).
Adularia checking
In order to estimate the formation environment,
Ar/Ar age dating will be carried out by adularia. It is
important of existing of adularia. In the Kencana
samples, adularia is found in each vein.
K1
In Figure 20, adularia is identified in banding
quartz vein of K1 sub 13 samples. In Kencana sub
12, the quantity of quartz is very small, so that the
sample are not suitable for checking adularia.
Figure 21. Adularia is contained in stockwork

quartz vein in K2 vein (K2 5a)
Figure 20. Adularia band in K1 sub 13

(K1 sub13 1-1)
K2
Adularia is identified in stockwork quartz vein
amd banding quartz vein. This vein contains much
adularia. In Figure 21, adularia is present as
stockwork. Figure 22 shows where adularia exists in Figure 22. Adularia band in K2 vein (K2 5b)
the sample of K2 5b. Adularia is in central part of
quartz vein.
211
K-Link activities were occurred several times in Kencana

deposit due to the different of the Au atomic% in
In Figure 23, adularia is identified in banded
electrum.
quartz vein next to other quartz banding containing
breccia. The contents of Cd bearing sphalerite is
changed. Of the thing which might change by
generation environment do not understand it in
detail
Conclusion
Kencana is Te type low-sulfidation epithermal
gold deposit, however principal ore mineral is
charcopyrite. Electrum is closely associated with
charcopyrite and Au-Ag-Te minerals. In Kencana
deposit, Cd bearing sphalerite is remarkably
recognized. This mineral is rarely present in the
epithermal system.
Acknowledgments
I am thankful to PT Nusa Halmahera Minerals
for allowing and helping me to collect the samples
essential to this study. I greatly appreciate
Mr.Ishikawa and Assoc. Prof. Dr. Otake of
Hokkaido University for their assistance of EPMA
analysis.
References
J. BRUCE GEMMELL. (2007) Hydrothermal
Figure 23. Adularia band in K-Link vein Alteration Associated with the Gosowong
(K-Link 6e) Epithermal Au-Ag Deposit, Halmahera,
Indonesia: Mineralogy, Geochemistry, and
Exploration Implication. Economic Geology
Discussion v.102 893-922
The principal ore mineral is charcopyrite even Nakata, M., Honma, H., and Fujii, T. (1980)
Syntheses for Minerals of the System of Au-Ag-
though Kencana deposit is epithermal gold deposit. Te. 鉱物学雑誌., 14(5), 347-358.
In Kencana deposit, there are many Au-Ag-Te
minerals, so that it can be reasonably interpreted that Marjoribanks, R, (1997) Geological interpretation of
the Gosowong region, Halmahera Island,
Kencana deposit is Te type low-Sulfidation Indonesia, Unpublished report for PT Nusa
epithermal gold deposit. The content of Au in Halmahera Minerals.
electrum is characterized by its relatively high value
Takeuchi, K. (1988) Mode of occurrence of the
(60%~80%). In Au-Ag-Te minerals, the ratio of Au Arakawa No.5 vein, tellurium-bearing silver-
is also relatively high. The value of Au in Au-Ag-Te gold deposit of the Kushikino mine, Kagoshima
minerals is related to a change of the temperature of Prefecture. Mining geol., spec. Issue, 38(1), 49-
the ore formation. It might gradually cool off that a 56.
value of Au is big (Nakata, 1980)
The ratio of Au in electrum can be separated
into 2 groups. It is considered that hydrothermal
212
A.H. Hamdani/ICG 2015
The Liburdinding Miocene Pamaluan Coal Mine, Pasir-Sub Basin,

East Kalimantan:
Origin and palaeoenvironmental implications
from biomarker studies
A.H. Hamdani 1,
1
University of Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km.21, 10560, Jatinangor, Indonesia
Email: ahmad_helman_pgp@yahoo.com
Abstract
The coals from the Liburdinding coal mine in Paser regency, Pasir Sub-Basin, East Kalimantan, Indonesia were inves-
tigated with respect to organic geochemistry to determine their origin and to reconstruction the depositional environ-
ment. For this purpose, biomarker analyses have been done. The distribution of saturated and aromatic hydrocarbons
of organic matter in a series of Miocene Pamaluan coal formation were identified. The rank of the Pamaluan coals
ranged from sub-bituminous to bituminous coals (0.46–0.55% Ro), based on measurements of huminite/vitrinite reflec-
tance. The predominance of diterpenoids in both the saturated and aromatic fractions indicated that the main sources
of organic matter were gymnosperms (conifers). The presence of hopanoid biomarkers indicates the contribution of
prokaryotic organisms, such as bacteria and fungi, whereas the identification of non-hopanoid triterpenoids implies a
contribution of angiosperms to the coal organic matter. The variations in compositions of biomarkers indicate changes
in the water level, due to seasonal drying of the mire, which caused vegetation differences in the palaeoplant communi-
ties and changes in the dysaerobic onditions during peatification.
Key word: Miocene, Pamaluan, coal, Sub-Pasir basin, biomarker.

.
Introduction tal of coal in Liburdinding Coal Mine are the ob-

jective of this study.
In the past few decades, molecular organic geo-
chemistry has played an important role in the explo-
ration of coals and fossil fuels generally. It involves Geological Setting
the analysis of the soluble organic matter and identi-
fication of organic compounds with hydrocarbon The Liburdinding coal mine is located in the vi-
skeletons related to biological molecules present in cinity of the Paser Regency, East Kalimantan Prov-
the tissues of living organisms (K. E. Peters, C.C. ince (Fig. 1) and is situated S. 000 33’34.9”/E.1170
Walters, J. M. Moldowan,2005; MacKenzie, A.S., 12’15.5”. There are seven (7) coal seams in the Li-
Patience, R.L., Maxwell, J.R., 1981). These bi- burdinding coal mine are present within Pemaluan
omarkers allow for the recognition of the main input Formation of Lower to Middle Miocene age. Geo-
of organic matter (OM), identification of coal ma- logically, the Liburdinding coal mine was situated in
turity, an indicator of the palaeoenvironment in Pasir Basin. This basin is one of the Tertiary basin
which they were deposited. and well known as an area of major resources of oil,
gas and coal in western Indonesia. The Pasir Basin
Although the coal deposits are widespread in
is situated along the northwestern margin of the Pat-
Pasir Regency, organic geochemical data are lim-
ernoster Platform Shield in South Kalimantan.
ited. The determine of origin and paleoenvironmen-
213
Ahmad Helman Hamdani/ICG 2015
oblique convergence. In Liburdinding Coal Mine,

the Late Cretaceous uplifted caused displacement of
Haruyan Formation which contains of ultrabasic
rocks which were then intruded by granite, granodi-
orite and diorite; a NE-SW horst-graben structural
was developed and became accomodation space for
lacustrine sediment of the Tanjung and Pamaluan
Formations. The Pasir Basin is underlain by Juras-
sic Cretaceous ultrabasic rocks and the Jurassic
Pitap Formation. These are overlain by the Tanjung,
Berai, Pamaluan, and covered by Quaternary alluvi-
um. Research indicates that coal is formed mainly in
the Tanjung, Pamaluan Formations within the ba-
Figure 1. Liburdinding coal mine location, Paser sins. A generalised stratigraphic column is shown in
Regency, East Kalimantan. Figure 3.
The basin is defined by the Meratus Ophiolitic

Complex to the west and separated from the Kutei
Basin to the north by a flexure related to the Adang
Fault. The basin has a narrow opening to the south
towards the Asem-Asem basin. The Barito Basin is
an asymmetric basin, forming a foredeep in the east-
ern part and a platform approaching the Meratus
Mountains towards the west (Fig. 2).
Figure 3. Geological Map and general stratigraphic

column in Liburdinding and surrounding area.
The Pamaluan Formation consists of quartz
sandstone intercalation with claystone, shale, lime-
stone and siltstone, well bedded quartz Sandstone is
the major constituent of rock, blackish grey to
brownish, fine to medium grained, well sorted, sub-
rounded to rounded, compact, carbonaceous or cal-
careous. Locally, contains cross bedded and parallel
laminated. Thickness of layer between 1 -2 m. Clay-
stone, thickness 45 cm in average. Shale, brownish
Figure 2. A geological summary map of Pasir Basin grey to dark grey, compact, thickness of layers
(Darman H., 2014) about 10 – 20 cm. Grey Limestone, massive, medi-
um – coarse grained, locally bedded, contains of
large foraminifera. Siltstone, blackish to dark grey is
The Pasir Basin commenced its development in no blank line between sections and continue as
the Late Cretaceous, following a micro-continental shown.
collision between the Paternoster and SW Borneo
Experimental
microcontinents. Early Tertiary extensional defor-
mation occurred as a tectonic consequence of that The coal samples has been examined in geo-
chemistry laboratory test. Firstly, solid coal samples
214
were extracted during 24 hours until its change their drocarbons, NSO compounds and asphaltenes of the
phase into liquid. This concentrate liquids then fil- SOM.
tered by HPLC process to separate fractions includ-
ing saturated, aromatic, NSO, and asphaltenes. Fur- Table 1.Bulk organic geochemical of EOM & n-alkane
thermore, saturated and aromatics fractions were No. Sat. Aro. NSO Asph. CPI Pr/Ph
PM-4 17 3 12 68 3.1 0.9
tested in GC instrument so that the chromatograph PM-8 12 7 14 76 3.6 1,2
pattern could be identified. The GC instrument that PM-18 26 5 25 44 4.1 1.4
PM-21 15 9 20 56 5.9 1.7
used in this research is Varian Series 3400 Gas
Chromatograph under standard conditions with T0 =
70⁰C, hold time I = 2 min, Rate I = 8⁰C/min, Tf I =
From the Table 1; the EOM yield vary between
280⁰C, hold time II = 45 min, Rate II = 10⁰C/min,
11.5 and 38.2 mg/g C org . The average proportion of
Tf II = 300⁰C, hold time III = 10 min.
hydrocarbons (saturate and aromatic fractions) 23%
The saturated and aromatics fractions were pre- (with min 19% and max 31%), it is supported that
pared in Mole Sieve Analysis for GCMS test on the the coal were immature to early mature stage (0.46–
next stage. The specific biomarkers were investigat- 0.55% Ro; with average Ro = 0.48%). The NSO
ed from saturated and aromatics fractions through and asphaltenes were dominated in the EOM (more
GC/MS method. The GC/MS instruments used in than 50%).
this experiment is Shimadzu GCMS-QP2010 with
n-Alkanes, isoprenoids
Shimadzu GC-2010 in standard conditions with T0
= 120⁰C, hold time I = 2 min, Rate I = 5⁰C/min, Tf I The n-alkane patterns are dominated by long-
= 200⁰C, hold time II = 0.5 min, Rate II = 5⁰C/min, chain n-alkanes with a marked odd-over-even pre-
Tf II = 300⁰C, hold time III = 30 min. These GCMS dominance and maximum intensities in the n-C27 to
standard conditions are slightly different with usual n-C31 range. The high values of the carbon prefer-
GCMS experiment, the base temperature is lower ence index (CPI = 3.1 to 5.9, according to Bray and
than usual to make it more effective for biomarker Evans, 19613) are consistent with the classification
appearance. of the coals as subbituminous B (Tissot and Welte,
1984). The relative proportions of mid-chain (nC21–
Identification of individual compounds was ac-
25) and long-chain (n-C27– 31) n-alkanes relative to
complishedbased on retention time in the total ion
the sum of n-alkanes show minor variations with
current (TIC) chromatogram and comparison of the
depth and illustrate the predominance of n-alkanes
mass spectra with published data. All the bi-
of high molecular weight.
omarkers were identified from GC and GCMS in-
strument using GCMS Postrum Analysis with sev-
eral libraries BENZODIAZEPINE, PESTEI_3,
NIST 08, WILEY and R. P. Philp (1985). The peak
areas from the gas chromatograms in relation to that
of internal standards were used to calculated the rel-
ative percentages and absolute concentrations of
different compound groups in the saturated and ar-
omatic hydrocarbon fractions.
Figure 4. TIC chromatogram saturated fraction of

Results and discussion Pamaluan coal sample
Bulk Geochemistry Parameters
The normalized yields of the soluble organic The dominance of long-chain lipids, indicated that
matter (SOM) are listed in Table 1 together with the the terrestrial plants were to be the main organic matter
relative proportions of saturated and aromatic hy- source for coal (Eglinton and Hamilton, 1967). The n-
215
Ahmad Helman Hamdani/ICG 2015
alkanes of low molecular weight (<C25) were small Figure 5. TIC chromatogram aromatic fraction of
amount identified in coal samples (9% to 29% of the total Pamaluan coal sample
n-alkane concentrations). This condition was explained
that the algae and microorganism were predominantly as
Hopanoids
an OM source to coals (Cranwell, 1977). The mid-chain
n-alkanes were dominantly in the lower seam comparing The hopanoids are abundant in the Pamaluan
to the upper coal seam; indicated that the algae and mi- coals. The hopane composition in all samples which
croorganism were influence more bigger in the upper coal have identify on m/z 191 (Figure. 6) is characterized
seams. by the presence ββ- and αβ-type hopanes from C27
to C31, with an exception of C28 homologues. The
Mostly of the coals are pristane/phytane ratios
C30 17(21)-hopane is the most abundant hopanoid in
(Pr/Ph) above 1.0 (Figure 4 which interpreted that coal
the saturated fraction of the coals samples. The
was deposited under dysaerobic conditions.
abundance of hopanoids suggested that there were
direct bacterial contribution of this compound
Sesquiterpenoids, diterpenoids, nonhopaoid and triterpe- (Ourisson, et al., 1979; Wakeham, 1990; Volkman,
noids 1976).
In the saturated fraction (Figure 4) of coal sam-
ples were identified the cadalane and drimane type in
small amount. Also detected in the saturated hydrocar-
bons a pimarane, abietane, and C19 to C20 range phyllo-
cladane-type diterpenoids. The tetra- and pentacyclic
triterpenoids of the oleanane (olean-12-ene, olean-13(18)-
ene), ursane (urs-12-ene) and lupine (des-A-lupane) type
have
been described.
The sesquiterpenoid type of cadalene (H) and Figure 6. Mass fragmentogram of m/z 191 of coal
retene was found significantly in aromatic fraction of coal sample from Pamaluan Formation
samples (Figure 5). Abietene-type was also detected in All samples contain unsaturated hop-
this fraction. In addition, The monoaromatic pentacyclic 17(21)-ene and hop-22(30)-ene. These compound
triterpenoids identified as 24,25-dinoroleana- were usually found in living organisms and has been
1,3,5(10),12-tetraene, 24,25-dinorursa-1,3,5(10),12- found among diagenetic products in recent sedi-
tetraene, and 24,25- dinorlupa-1,3,5(10)-triene have been ments. Under severe environmental condition, the
identified. hopanes diagenetic path evolution of hop-22(29)-
ene (diploptene) can converted via hop-21(22)-ene
and hop 17(21)-ene into neohop-13(18)-ene, and
possibly into neohop-12(13)-ene. Therefore, pres-
ence of unsaturated hopenes with saturated hopanes
in the coal, can be considered as precursors of satu-
rated hopanes in coals, supported that microbial ac-
tivity has been worked intensively in the lignite, an
also confirming it’s lower level of maturity or its
less evolved diagenetic stage (Simoneit, 1986). Al-
so, Brassell (1990) found that hop-22(29)-ene is a
diagenetic product of from diplopterol. Diplopterol
has been found in seve-ral eukaryotic phyta, such as
ferns, mosses, lichens and fungi, but also in
216
hopanoid producing bacteria. The C3117α (H) 21β K. E. Peters, C.C. Walters, J. M. Moldowan, The Biomarker
(H)-homohopane is moderately found in sample; it Guide, Vol. 2: Biomarkersand Isotopes in the Petroleum
Exploration and Earth History, Cambridge University
was suggested stronger reducing conditions and
Press, Cambridge, UK, 2005, p. 483–486, 499–500
strong bacterial decomposition.
MacKenzie, A.S., Patience, R.L., Maxwell, J.R., Molecular
changes and the maturation of sedimentary organic matter.
Conclusion In: Atkinson, G., Zuckermann, J.J. (Eds.), Proc. 3rd Annu.
Karcher Symp. Origin and Chemistry of Petroleum. Per-
The depositional condition and origin of gamon, Oxford, 1981, pp. 1 – 31.
Pamaluan coal of Oliogo – Miocene s from the Pasir Nishimura M., 5fl-isomers of stanols and stanones as potential
Basin, in Liburdinding Coal Mine site, have been markers of sedimentary organic quality and depositional
evaluated using coal organic geochemistry. paleoenvironments. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1982, 46,
423-432.
The composition of the geochemical fossils
were shown that the peat-forming vegetation domi- Ourisson, G., Albrecht, P., Rohmer, M., The hopanoids paleo-
nated by gymnosperm plants, followed by prokary- chemistry and paleobiochemistry of a group of natural
products. Pure Appl. Chem. 1979, 51, 709–729
otic organisms and angiosperms. The plant precur-
sors of Pamaluan dominated from gymnosperm R. P. Philp, Fossil Fuel Biomarkers. Applications and Spectra.
fami-lies Podocarpaceae, Cupressaceae, Pinaceae Elsevier, Amsterdam,The Nederlands, 1985, pp. 12–33,
188, 259
and Taxodiaceae
Simoneit, B.R.T., Grimalt, J.O., Wang, T.G., Cox, R.E.,
Based on higher pristane/phytane ratios of the
Hatcher, P.G., Nissenbaum, A., Cyclic terpenoids of con-
Pamaluan coals, interpreted as indicating dysaerobic temporary resinous plant detritus and of fossil woods, am-
to aerobic conditions in this part of the mire. ber and coal. Org. Geochem. 10, 1986, 877–889
Tissot, B.T., Welte, D.H., Petroleum Formation and Occurrences, 2nd
ed. Springer, Berlin. 1984, 699 pp.
Acknowledgments
Volkman, J.K., Allen, D.I., Stevenson, P.L., Burton, H.R., 1986.
Samples and a geological information were Bacterial and algal hydrocarbons from a saline Antarctic
kindly given by the PT. Selatan Selabara. lake. Ace Lake. Org. Geochem. 10,, 1986, 671–681.
Wakeham, S.G., Algal and bacterial hydrocarbons in particu-
late material and interfacial sediment of the Cariaco-
Trench. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 54, 1990, 1325–1336.
References
Brassell, S.C., Comet, P.A., Eglinton, G., Isaacson, P.J.,
McEvoy, J., Maxwell, J.R., Thompson, I.D., Tibbetts,
P.J.C., Volkman, J.K.. The origin and fate of lipids in the
Japan Trench. In: Douglas, A.G., Maxwell, J.R. (Eds.),
Advances in Organic Geochemistry. Pergamon Press, Ox-
ford, 1989, pp. 375–392.
Darman H., A geological summary map of Barito Basin and
Meratus Complex, 2014
de Leeuw J. W. and Baas M. (1986) Early-stage diagenesis of
steroids. In Biological Markers in the Sedimentary Record
(Edited by Johns R. B.), 1986, pp. 101-124. Elsevier, Am-
sterdam.
Gagosian R. B., S. O., Smith and G. E., Nigrelli, Vertcal
transport of steroid alcohols and ketones measured in sed-
iments trap experiments in the Equatorial Atlantic Ocean,
Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta, 1982, 46, 1163-1172.
217
218
Asis and Jasin/ICG2015
Significant and Correlation of Cretaceous Radiolaria from the Darvel

Bay Ophiolite Complex and the Kuamut Melange, Kunak, Sabah
Junaidi Asis and Basir Jasin

1
Faculty Of Science And Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Jalan Ums, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
Email : 1junaidi@ums.edu.my, junaidiasis@gmail.com
Abstract
Radiolarian chert was found at the Darvel Bay Ophiolite Complex and the Kuamut Melange at Kunak,
Sabah. The Chert in the complex and melange at this area has not been studied yet for its radiolarian
assemblage, age, and depositional environment. These study focus on the latest information of
micropaleontology field especially for radiolarian research at Sabah. The purposes of this research are to
study the taxanomy of radiolaria presented in chert rock and to determine the age and its depositional
environment. The Darvel Bay Ophiolite Complex consists of ophiolitic rock association which comprises
peridotite, serpentinite, gabbro, basalt, pillow basalt and overlain by chert. The Kuamut Melange is
composed of clasts and blocks of broken Paleogene formations, and dismembered ophiolite block imbedded
in shale matrix. A total of 18 samples have been collected from two outcrops of the Darvel Bay Ophiolite
Complex at section S1 and S2. Fourteen samples were taken from section S3 and S4 of the Kuamut Melange.
All the samples were processed according to micropaleontological methods. Well-preserved selected
specimens were photographed by scanning electron microscope. A total of 69 species of radiolarians have
been identified and only 50 selected species are used for age determination of the chert. Generally, both rock
units yielded three radiolarian assemblage zones. The first zone is Crucella gavalai Zone for the Kuamut
Melange and Stichomitra simplex Zone for the Darvel Bay Ophiolite Complex. This assemblage zone is
indicative of Aptian to Albian. The second zone is recognized as Xitus mclaughlini Zone which indicates
Albian to Cenomanian age. The third zone is Crucella cachensis Zone which is Turonian in age. The zones
show that the age of both rock units ranges from Aptian to Turonian. These radiolarian assemblages prove
that the radiolarian chert from the Darvel Bay Ophiolite Complex and the Kuamut Melange are of the same
age and origin. The chert was originally deposited on an oceanic crust of the marginal basin during Aptian-
Turonian and was tectonically deformed into the Kuamut Mélange during Miocene.
219
220
Setiadi et.al./ICG2015
Ancient Mahakam Delta Documented in the middle Miocene Pulau

Balang Formation, in Samarinda City
Djadjang J Setiadi1, Abdurrokhim1, Reza M Ganjar Gani1, Iyan Haryanto1 and Edy Sunardi1
1
Faculty of Geology, Padjadjaran University
abdur@unpad.ac.id and Abdurrokhim_syubi@yahoo.com
Abstract
A continues exposed succession of the middle Miocene Pulau Balang Formation represents an ancient
prograding Mahakam delta in the two locations near Samarinda City. In general, the succession is
characterized by mudstone dominated of shallow-marine deposits in the lower part, consists of laminated
shale, siltstone and thin-bedded sandstone. Mudstone dominated facies in the lower part is overlaid by cross-
ripple lamination of fine-grained sandstones, laminated siltstone, claystone and sandstone, planar cross-
bedded sandstone and thin-bedded coal in the middle part. The deposits in this middle part have been
developed in the paralic system. In the upper part section, the lithology is characterized by thick- to very
thick-bedded gravelly sandstone, thick laminated siltstones and coal of the fluvial system. Although both
prograding outcrops represent similar characteristic, detail lithofacies association and thickness, especially
in the middle part of succession is clearly different. Sediment pathway in the lobe developing of the delta
system and supply possibly controls the lithofacies variations.
Keywords : Mahakam, delta, prograding, Pulau Balang Formation
221
222
Wiguna./ICG2015
Preliminary Geological Assessment in Wetland Environment for

Supporting Indonesia Maritime Technopark Infrastructures
Requirement at Penajam Paser Utara, East Kalimantan
Taufan Wiguna
Balai Teknologi Survei Kelautan, Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
Email:taufan.wiguna@bppt.go.id
Abstract
Indonesia maritime sector is developing to higher level through Indonesia Maritime Technopark as national
research and innovation center of maritime technology. The development of this park need some
infrastructures such as harbour, laboratory, office, that has bring to a preliminary geological study. The
data that be used to this study are (i) primary data (surface observation, geoelectric, river surficial sediment,
bathymetri, and sub-bottom profiling) that collected using each methods and techniques, (ii) secondary data
(geological map, hydrogeology, and geohazard map). This paper describes the data sets and its analysis to
preliminary geological assessment. The results of this study are geological information from surface and
subsurface, e.g. geological map extraction, geological cross section, geohazard potential, geotechnical
hazard, aquifer system) in infrastructures plan area. There are two highlight notes from this study (i)
geotechnical aspect for harbour and building in swamp area, (ii) high sedimentation in vessel fairway from
Balikpapan Bay to harbour plan. Preliminary geological assessment suggest as reference and
recomendation to next development step.
Keywords: marine geology, maritime, technopark, Penajam Paser Utara (PPU)
223
224
Asrizal et.al../ICG2015
Geology and Geothermal Assessment of Wayang Windu Area, West

Java, Indonesia
Masri. Asrizal1, Sudradjat. Adjat2 and Sulaksana. Nana3

1
Master Graduate Student, Padjadjaran University, Jl. DipatiUkur No. 35, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia
2,3
Padjadjaran University, Jl. DipatiUkur No. 35, Bandung, 40132, Indonesia.
Email:rizalbandung@yahoo.com, asudradjat@yahoo.com, and nsulaksana@yahoo.com
Abstract
Wayang Windu area is located about 45 kilometers south of Bandung, West Java. The area consists of the
remnant of polyconic volcanoes namely Wayang, Windu, Bedil, Malabar, Dogdog and Kendeng. The
volcanoes were built up on the Oligo-Miocene andesitic volcanic complex of Southern Mountain. The
analysis of volcanic facies produced by those volcanoes lead to the location of geothermal potentials of the
area. The rocks consist of lava, breccia, tuff breccia, lapilli tuff and tuff. Further investigation includes the
delineation of facies based on zircon-thorium ratio, zircon-silicate ratio and the physical properties of the
facies. Comparing the figures with the existing geothermal fields, it appears that WayangWindu is quite
prospective. At present WayangWindu geothermal field produces 227 MWe consisting of 27 production wells
and 5 re-injection wells including 3 brine injectors and 2 condensate injectors. The continuing assessment is
maintained to secure the efficiency.
Keywords: Wayang Windu, volcanic facies, geothermal potentials, assessment.
225
226
Gathuk et.al../ICG2015
Evaluation of Anomali Trend of Reservoir Permeability Based on

Cleat Properties Quality and Injectivity Fall Off Test Analysis Case Study
at Air Muara Enim Fm, Benakat Field, South Sumatera
Widiyanto Gathuk1, Alfian Usman1, Djedi S Widarto1, A. Helman Hamdani2 and Edy Sunardi2
1
Pertamina, Jl. Medan Merdeka Timur 6,Gambir, 10110, Jakarta, INDONESIA
2
Faculty of Geologi Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung
Email:gathuk.widiyanto@pertamina.com
Abstract
Determining the permeability of a prospective coal reservoir is of major importance. Permeability is the
most critical parameter for economic viability of gas containing coal. Therefore, the frequency of the natural
fractures, their interconnections, degree of fissure aperture opening, direction of butt and face cleats, water
saturation, burial depth, matrix shrinkage upon desorption and in-situ stress affect permeability. Diversity of
permeability suggest a dependence of permeability on depth and in-situ stress that normally increase with
depth, but based on laboratorium measurement for permeability as well as surface sample and core sample
occure anomaly. This study was undertaken to evaluate the anomali trend of reservoir permeability based on
cleat properties such as cleat orientation, cleat spacing, aperture, cleat height or long, volume and
injectivity fall off test result for Muara Enim Fm Upper Miocene – Lower Pleistocene. Based on coal content
group, Muara Enim. Fm consist of four section i.e M-1, M-2, M-3, M-4. The method used in this study
include fieldwork, laboratorium analysis and welltest analysis especially for injectivity fall off test result.
Measurement of CT Number generate CT number 96.2 for coal seam C, CT number 7.4 for coal seam B and
119.4 for coal zone A. Lowest CT number indicate rich fract and porous. Measurement of porosity using
Mercury Injection Capillary Pressure (MICP Method) show coal seam C having porosity 12.4%, coal seam
B 9.92% and coal zone A 5.1%. Coal permeability calculated using CT scan data generate coal seam C
43.54 Md, coal seam B 57.23 Md and coal seam A 73.98 Md. Calculated of permeability also using core test
analysis that generate result coal seam C 56 Md, coal seam B 92.2 Md and coal seam A is 68 Md. Even with
core tests, accurate measurement of permeability is difficult, because permeability of coal is a function of
stress, values measured in the laboratorium cores may not accurate. The permeability of coal is a function of
sample size, values measured in the laboratory tend to be less than those realized in the field. In case, trend
of the permeability from laboratorium is similarly within permeability trend from well test analysis. Based
on injectivity fall off test analysis coal seam A at 368 – 375 showing the permeability is 40 Md m and BHP
784.5 psi, coal seam B at 467 – 477.7 is 90.6 Md and BHP 903.8 psi, coal seam C at 325 – 343 m is 16.7 M
and BHP 1074 psi. This study indicate that anomaly of trend permeability is more influenced by coal
properties than pressure, because based on pressure data above indicate that normaly increase with depth.
Natural fracture occur during coalification from shrinkage of coal matrix after loss of volatile. Folding or
tectonic action over geologic time further extends the fracturing network. Maceral content influences the
frequency of cleat in the coal.
Keywords : anomaly permeability, pressure, injectivtiy fall off test, cleat quality.
227
228
Affandi and Pranantya/ICG2015
Underground Dam Study on Karst Areas, Gunung Kidul District; A

Case Study
Diah Affandi and Pulung A. Pranantya
Research Center of Water Rescources, Ministry of Public Works,
Jl. Ir. H. Djuanda 193, Bandung, Indonesia
Email: affandi.diah@yahoo.com; poel_pranantya@yahoo.com
Abstract
Gunungkidul district in Yogyakarta Province is a drought-prone area in the dry season, this is because of the
geological and topographical conditions as karst areas. Karst area is an arid region on the surface but has a
potential water resource abundant on the underground. There have been many methods are applied in order
to provide groundwater on karst area, but until recently the methods still require a high cost either supplying
electricity or fuel for pumping. Underground dam on karst area is a breakthrough for supplying water at the
economic price. The utilization concept could be developed in Indonesia considering the technology and
manufacturing equipment and supplies for the installation can already be made in Indonesia and a lot of
experts that is competent in each field and can be integrated to support this research. From 1980s, been
known that the underground river flow pattern with huge potential. In 1992-1996, has built the raw water
supply system with pumping Bribin for 7,500 rural people in the southern region of Gunungkidul. However,
the raw water supply system that has been built for the rural areas, using a pumping system to some stages,
causing the production cost for the rural water becomes very expensive. Related to this, it is necessary to
make the underground dam by Bribin pumping system with micro-hydro system that can pump water to make
water flow itself so that drinking water production costs become cheaper. The location of this building is in
Sindon Hamlet, Dadapayu Village, Semanu Regency, and Gunungkidul District. A benefit of the construction
is the availability of raw water in rural, fulfillment of rural drinking water with affordable prices and
improved health and well-being of society. The conclusion of this study include the underground river
damming work by the Ministry of Public Works and utilized by the Regional Water Company for the
provision of clean water for the community. The challenge is providing clean water at a low cost and it
obtained the solution is by hydropower. Utilization of underground rivers with hydropower require very
intensive investigation and comprehensive. Existing installations still a prototype and in the monitoring
phase. There are several alternative methods of underground containment can be adapted to the condition of
the underground river in the various regions. Through this activity are expected to obtain the best method to
provide water for the people of the karst area and gradually able to improve the local economy.
Keywords: karst area, underground dams, hydropower, drought prone, raw water.
229
230
Wiguna/ICG2015
Surficial Sediment Characterization and Geological Interpretation

Based Side Scan Sonar Data in Shallow Marine Environment at
Eastern Moyo Island
Taufan Wiguna
Balai Teknologi Survei Kelautan, Badan Pengkajian dan Penerapan Teknologi
Email: taufan.wiguna@bppt.go.id
Abstract
Surficial sediment characterization is an essential part for seafloor sediment mapping. The high variability
seafloor sediment in short spatial scales become a challange in seafloor sediment mapping. One solution to
this problem developed in recent decades is the use of acoustic backscatter information from side scan sonar
to characterize physical properties of seafloor sediments. Side scan sonar data can provide fine-scale
sediment composition maps in areas of coverage. This paper discuss about side scan sonar data to surficial
sediment characterization and geological interpretation of study area. Side scan sonar acquisition was
applied High Definition Mode (HDM) with dual frequency (120 and 410 kHz) and a tow-fish was towed
behind the ship with speed 4 knots. Sonar imagery was processed in SonarWiz software. Surficial sediment
characteristics in this study are finer sediment, coarser sediment, and boulder. Otherwise, side scan sonar
data shows coral reef appearance in near shore area. The surficial sediment distribution suggest as sea level
rise product in late Pleistocene that known as last glacial period i.e Ice Age.
Keywords: surficial sediment, side scan sonar, shallow marine, Moyo Island
231
232
Nana et.al./ICG2015
Paleoenvironment of Sinamar Coal Measures in West Jambi Area,

Sumatra: An Organic Petrological Approach
Suwarna Nana, Hermiyanto Heri, and Iqbal Muhammad
Geological Agency, Jln. Diponegoro 57, 40122, Bandung, Indonesia
Email: N.Suwarna@yahoo.Com
Abstract
The study area is located in a smal sub-basin, occupying the western part of jambi sub-basin, sumatra. to
asses the characteristics related to paleodepositional environment of the coals present, twenty two selected
fresh outcrop and subcrop samples, including two drilled cores of the oligocene sinamar coals were
analyzed both macroscopically and microscopically. based on lithotype analysis, followed by organic
petrographic one, the sinamar coals show variations in the predominance of some maceral and mineral
matter contents, tending to indicate successions of paleoenvironmental changes. coal lithotype recognized
varies from dull to bright one. petrographically, the major composition of the coal consists of vitrinite
maceral group (44.6 – 90.6%), generally dominated by vitrinite- b (44.6 - 88.2%) and followed by vitrinite-a
(73.6 – 90.6%). a minor content of the macerals comprises inertinite (1.0 -13.6%) and exinite (0.4 – 10.0%).
mineral matter content, in general, varies from 1.0 – 24.6%, with one sample show value of 50.2%. a low to
moderate level of vitrinite reflectance values is present, varying from 0.45 – 0.48%. organic facies or
paleoenvironment of the sinamar coals, using tpi-gi and gwi-vi concepts, tends to indicate a dominance of
limnic with little influence of limno-telmatic zones, in back-barrier transgressive to lower delta plain area;
within marsh-fen and inundated marsh/”forest”, under mesotrophic and rheotrophic condition. this
indication is also supported by the presence of telalginite-botryococcus to show a freshwater zone and the
presence of framboidal pyrite indicating a marine incursion.
Keywords: Sinamar coal, Paleoenvironment, organic petrography, Jambi, Sumatra
233
234
Sophian et.al./ICG2015
Engineering Characteristics of Volcanic Materials

at Jatinangor, Sumedang, West Java, Indonesia
Irvan Sophian1, Hendarmawan2, Abdurokhim2, Iyan Haryanto2, Zufialdi Zakaria2, and Dicky
Muslim2
1
Doctoral student, Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Geology, University of Padjadjaran,
Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM.21, Jatinangor, Sumedang-45363, West Java, Indonesia
2
Department of Geological Engineering, Faculty of Geology, University of Padjadjaran,
Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM.21, Jatinangor, Sumedang-45363, West Java, Indonesia
email: irvan_s@unpad.ac.id
Abstract
Jatinangor is a regional education area that developed significantly in the recent years. The genetic
characteristics of study area is deformed by Quaternary volcanic deposits. Research area is included in the
zones of Undifferentiated Young Volcanic Products of Mount Tangkubanparahu and Lake Deposits of
Bandung Ancient Lake. The condition and physical characteristic of materials are important to be considered
and useful for regional development. Volcanic rocks are widespread in different geological contexts and
exhibit complex behaviors, from hard to extremely soft rocks, depending on mineralogy, porosity, and
weathering. In particular, their mechanical properties are influenced by the size and shape of pores. The
research objective is to obtain conclusions about the characteristics of volcanic materials that determine the
stability of the region, so it can be anticipate the risk of natural disasters. This study result will become the
consideration in supporting the plan and activity of development for obtaining the area of natural disaster
risk information. The research will identifying about physical and mechanical properties of surficial soils and
rocks by describing their outcrops in study area from which the samples were taken. The volcanic materials
have been characterized from field survey, bibliographical references and expertise judgement. Geotechnical
properties are similar in both types of soils: in the residual soils, clay – silty fraction is predominant, and in
the transported soils silt-clayey fraction predominates. Grain size analysis can be affected by particle
aggregation, showing larger size fractions that corresponding with the soil particle size distribution.
Atterberg’s limits show intervals between 37% and 127% (liquid limit) and 10% to 60% (plastic limit). The
main characteristics, according to Casagrande chart, are: most of the residual soils present high plasticity,
residual soils as a product of ash alteration, residual soils as a product of tuff alteration.
Keywords : genetic, mechanical properties, natural disaster, volcanic deposits, stability .
235
236
POSTERS
Herza N./ICG 2015
Geothermal System of Pariangan, West Sumatera based on

Hydrothermal Alteration and Hot Springs Geochemistry Studies
Herza Nurkusumariani1, EuisTintinYuningsih 1, Aton Patonah 1, Dedi Kusnadi2, Mochamad Nur Hadi2
1
Geological Engineering Faculty, Padjadjaran University, Jl.Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, 45363, Sumedang
Regency,West Java, Indonesia
2
Pusat Sumber Daya Geologi, Jl. Soekarno-Hatta No.444, 40254, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
Email: herza120.geounpad10@gmail.com
Abstract
The research area is located atPariangan, Tanah Datar, West Sumatera Province. The purpose of this study is to
determine the geothermal system in Pariangan based on hydrothermal alteration and fluid geochemistry (hot springs).
The lithology of research area is dominated by andesitic-basaltic lava and pyroclastic rocks (Quaternary). Surface
manifestation of geothermal activity such as hot springs, warm springs and alteration minerals are identified in
research area. Type of alteration developed in research area are dominated by argillic type characterized by the
presence of illite, kaolinite, montmorilonite, dickite, and halloysite; propylitic type characterized by the presence of
chlorite, epidote and, quartz; and phyllic type characterized by the presence of sericite, quartz, and chlorite. The result
of fluids geochemistry analysis-concludes that all fluids classified as bicarbonate water which indicated volcano-
magmatic environment source and has been mixing with meteoric water, thus suspected outflow zone of geothermal
system. Based on analysis of conductive quartz geothermometry, estimated reservoir temperature ranges from 166 to
168°C and classified as moderate temperature geothermal system.
Keywords: alteration, fluid geochemistry, geothermal,geothermometry
Introduction Pariangan geothermal field is located in Tanah

Sumatera is formed through subduction between Datar District, West Sumatera Province, Indonesia
the Pacific Plate and the Eurasian Plate which (Fig. 1). The lithology in this area consists of slate
resulted in the formation of a magmatic arc, Bukit and meta-limestone(Permian-Carbon), granite
Barisan Mountains. This tectonic order caused the (Triassic), quartz sandstone (Oligocene-Miocene),
volcanic activity or volcanism along Sumatera, conglomerate (Miocene), lava, pyroclastic flows,
indicates that there is considerable potential of andpyroclastic fallout as the result of volcanic
geothermal energy in Sumatera. This raises the activity. The structure developed in this region is
chances of geothermal energy development in influenced by a large fault that extends through
Indonesia, hence it is very important to know the Sumatra from Banda Aceh to the Gulf Semangko in
geothermal system that exists in an area. Lampung and also the pattern of radial faults that
follow the development of KomplekMarapi
Geothermal system in the area is determined by volcanism. Based onDigital Elevation Model (DEM)
hydrothermal alteration and fluid geochemistry (hot analysis and data in the field, the main pattern of
springs), this will indicate the characteristics of fractures and faults has a trend of northwest-
manifestations in the surface, the type of alteration southeast and the southwest-northeast as the next
and zoning, type and origin of the hot water order (PSDG, 2014).
environment, and the estimated subsurface
temperature (reservoir), using geothermometry.
239
Herza N./ICG 2015
Sample Tmanif T air pH Debit DHL

Code o o
( C) ( C) (L/sec) (µS/cm)
ADTA 25,65 27,50 6,25 2 180
ADTP 23,40 23,32 7,40 10 155
The lower manifestation temperaturefromAPPA

1 to AHGG indicates the temperature decreases from
the north to the south of the research area.
Alteration minerals in the research area are well
developed so the alteration mineral mapping is done
to determine the distribution and type of alteration
and estimating subsurface temperatures
(paleotemperatur). The chemical composition and
Research Area
alteration mineral zoning is determined based on
petrographic analysis conducted on six samples and
Figure 1. Research area map PIMA analysis on five samples.
Alteration mineral occured in the Pariangan
geothermal field includes secondary quartz,
Geothermal Manifestations
carbonates mineral, epidote, chlorite, sericite, illite,
Surface manifestation exist in the research area kaolinite, dickite, montmorillonite, hallosite,
are hot springs, warm springs and the presence of
paragonite, phengite, and nontronite.
alteration minerals. Hot springs and warm springs
found in six locations, those are hot water of Based on alteration mineral associations
Pariangan 1 (APPA 1), hot water of Pariangan 2 encountered in Pariangan geothermal field, the type
(APPA 2), hot water of Pariangan 3 (APPA 3), of alteration in the research can be grouped into 4
warm water of Sopandidih (AHSD), warm water of
types of alteration which refers to Corbett and Leach
Batubasa (AHB), and warm water of Galogandang
(AHGG). In addition, two cold spring samples (1997), those are:
aretaken such as Tampang (ADTP) and a. argillic
Taluak(ADTL)cold waters. These are used for
temperature comparisons between the hot springs. b. propyllitic
The manifestation characteristics are shown in c. phyllic
Tables 1 and 2.
d. silicification
Table.1 Characteristics of manifestation The presence of alteration minerals is mostly
product of the volcanic rocks alteration whichare
Tmanif T air Debit DHL andesitic lava and pyroclastic rocks with weak to
Sample Code pH
o o
( C) ( C) (L/sec) (µS/cm) strong alteration intensities.
APPA1 48,66 22,56 6,25 2 2900
Argillic alteration types is characterized by the
APPA2 48,44 22,94 6,18 2 2700
presence of clay minerals such asillite, kaolinite,
APPA3 48,25 23,40 5,95 1 3040 montmorillonite, dickite, nontronite and hallosite
AHSD 34,60 25,90 6,08 2 1900 and a small amount of chlorite, quartz and carbonate
AHB 32,00 24,67 6,80 2 560 minerals. Based on the minerals appearance, this
type has a temperature range between 180-200°C
AHGG 30,59 25,30 6,25 0,5 550
(Henley and Ellis, 1983 in White and Hedenquist,
1995; Corbett and Leach, 1997; Lawless et al. 1998)
Table 2. Characteristics of cold springs
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Herza N./ICG 2015
with pH from acidic to neutral, spread in the between 200-250°C (Henley and Ellis, 1983 in
northwest and south of research area. White and Hedenquist, 1995; Corbett and Leach,
Propylitic alteration types in the research area 1997) with a pH of acidic to neutral.
are characterized by the presence of alteration Meanwhile, silicification is characterized by the
minerals such as epidote, chlorite, and quartz, and dominant presence of quartz mineral that has a
also a small amount ofillite, paragonite, sericite temperature range of between 150-300°C, located on
andphengite. Based on the minerals appearance, this the southwestern part of the research area.
type has a temperature range between 200-300°C
(Henley and Ellis, 1983 in White and Hedenquist, Hot Water Chemistry
1995; Corbett and Leach, 1997; Lawless et al. 1998)
with a neutral pH, spreading in northeastern and Chemical analysis of hot water aims to
western part of the research area. determine the content of the main cations such as
Na, K, Ca, Mg and major anions such as Cl, HCO3,
Phyllic alteration types in the study area are SO4, and neutral compounds such as SiO2, and B,
characterized by the dominant presence of quartz, which are then use to determine the characteristics
sericite, phengite and paragonite, and a small of the geothermal fluid, the type and origin of the
amount of chlorite. Based on the minerals hot water, and subsurface temperature prediction
with calculation of geothermometry. The results of
appearance, this type has a temperature range the chemical analysis are shown in Table 3.
Table 3. Water chemistry analysis results
Analysis Parameter APPA 1 APPA 2 APPA 3 AHSD AHB AHGG ADTP ADTL
pH 6.25 6.18 5.95 6.08 6.80 6.25 7.40 6.25
SiO2 163.28 165.72 160.17 23.72 27.52 23.98 60.83 69.94
B 11.01 1.55 1.55 1.06 0.26 0.14 9.00 0.09

3+
Al 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.03 0.02 0.03 0.03
3+
Fe 1.16 0.98 1.18 2.59 2.16 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
2+
Ca 158.80 132.20 127.50 66.10 83.40 80.50 10.53 10.47
2+
Mg 164.57 169.72 174.01 98.57 10.50 9.59 6.61 9.65
+
Na 289.80 308.70 288.90 247.80 26.40 24.00 7.97 9.24
K+ 60.58 66.22 57.49 42.23 2.30 2.46 3.55 4.63

+
Li 0.24 0.25 0.26 0.29 0.03 0.02 0.02 0.01
3+
As 0.19 0.20 0.17 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01 <0.01
+
NH4 1.51 23.00 0.00 2.31 0.92 0.91 0.87 1.00
-
F 0.36 0.17 0.20 0.12 0.14 0.33 0.17 0.38
-
Cl 249.72 224.83 222.75 108.40 6.10 3.29 3.46 3.32
2-
SO4 658.54 744.90 613.58 318.08 9.25 10.24 17.68 21.45
HCO3 920.85 914.63 902.43 768.77 360.83 334.53 64.32 75.32
Sum cation(%) 35.78 37.03 34.79 23.53 6.37 5.97 1.56 1.89
Sum anion (%) 35.87 36.85 33.86 22.29 6.29 5.81 1.53 1.79
Ion balance (%) 0 0 1 3 1 1 1 3
Cation groups
a. Sodium and Potassium (Na and K)
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Herza N./ICG 2015
Ratio calculation results of Na / K shows that the c. Bicarbonate (HCO3)

six hot and warm springs samples have a ratio lower HCO3 concentration in the six hot springs is very
than 15, indicating the fluid springs are influenced high. The higher concentrations from APPA 1 to
by short time surface water transportation process. AHGG could be an indication of outflow
b. Lithium (Li) manifestation due to the reaction of the fluid
The calculations show that the value of Li in the six reservoir with host rockresulting the formation of
hot springs samples ranges between 0.01 - 1 mg / kg, HCO3, while the concentration is affected by the
which shows that the subsurface lithology can be permeability and laterally flow. The HCO3 / SO4
andesitic or basaltic (Nicholson, 1993). This is ratiohas a tendency to increase from APPA 1 to
supported by geological data of research areas that AHGG and the Cl / HCO3ratio which has tendency
have basaltic lava to andesitic lava lithology. The to declinefromAPPA 1 to AHGG, which means that
value of B / Li ratiois seen that the value increases to the influence of the lateral flow or interaction with
AHGG and AHB, this suggests that fluid interaction the hostrock more increasingto the south and to the
with the side rock or lateral flow increases to the east,which indicates that it is increasingly in the
south and east. direction of outflow zone.
c. Calcium (Ca) d. Sulfate (SO4)
The Na / Ca ratio from six hot springs sample is low That concentration of SO4 tends to decrease
and the value decline towards AHB and AHGG. fromAPPA 1 to AHGG which indicates that the
This indicates that further to the south and to the steam condensation process is dominantly increased
east, the fluid is affected by increasing lateral flow to northwest and north, which indicated closer to
and interaction with host rock is more intensive. upflow zone.
d. Magnesium (Mg) Neutral groups
The calculation shows the six hot and warm springs a. Silica (SiO2)
have a high concentration of Mg,(between 9.5 - 174 Silica concentration of hot springs in Pariangan
mg / kg). This indicates that there are two possibility ranges between 23-166 mg / kg with a tendency of
process such as washing and leaching (dilution) of increasingconcentrations approaching toAPPA 2.
the geothermal fluid or the interaction with meteoric This indicates that the further to the northwest, the
water, while the ratio of Cl / Mg indicates the more the fluid is derived directly from the reservoir
absence of the possibility of mixing with seawater. (Nicholson, 1993).
Anion groups b. Boron (B)
a. Fluorine (F) When the host rock is igneous rocks, the
Water chemistry analysis on the sixth hot springs concentration of B will be higher in andesitic or
shows a low F concentration of less than 1 mg / kg rhyolitic compared to basaltic rock. The Cl / B ratio
and associated with a slightly high Ca content. The is often used as an indication of source
low concentration of Fluor indicates its association reservoirsimilarity (Nicholson, 1993).
with andesitic-basaltic volcanic rocks.
b. Chloride (Cl) Hot Water Type
Water chemistry analysis at the four hot springs Determination of the type of hot water is using
ofAPPA 1,2,3 and AHSD shows that the the ternary plot diagram (Nicholson, 1993), based on
concentration of Cl is more than 100 mg / kg, this the relative content of anion chloride (Cl), sulfate
can indicate that the hot springs are a manifestation (SO4) and bicarbonate (HCO3), see Table 4.
Chemical analysis shows that all the hot and warm
of the mixing process and minimal conductive springs have major anion of HCO3 and Cl
cooling along with dissolution by groundwater. concentrations that lower than SO4.
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Herza N./ICG 2015
Table 4. Hot water type and percentage of Cl-SO4-HSO3 Table 5. Percentage of Cl-Li-B
Hot Water T Compositions (%) Origin of T Compositions (%)

Code PH Code PH
Type Hot Water (°C) Cl Li B/4
(°C) Cl SO4 HCO3
APPA1 48.66 6.25 13.65 36.00 50.34 APPA1 48.66 6.25 45.49 4.37 50.14
APPA2 48.44 6.18 11.93 39.53 48.54 APPA2 48.44 6.18 77.91 8.66 13.43
APPA3 48.25 5.95 12.81 35.29 51.90 Volcano APPA3 48.25 5.95 77.48 9.04 13.48
Bicarbonate Magmatic 34.6 6.08
AHSD 34.6 6.08 9.07 26.61 64.32 AHSD 66.14 17.69 16.17
AHBB 32 6.8 39.10 19.23 41.67
AHBB 32 6.8 1.62 2.46 95.92
AHGG 30.59 6.25 37.43 22.75 39.82
AHGG 30.59 6.25 0.95 2.94 96.11
The analysis results obtained that all

manifestations of the hot and warm springs in the
research area is bicarbonate water type(Fig. 2),
which indicates that the hot water has been affected
by the meteoric water on its way to the surface. The
content of HCO3 from APPA 1,2,3 toward AHB and
AHGG is increase, which indicates that washing,
leaching, or transport processes of the hot water is
increase which also changes the concentrations of
Cl, SO4 and HCO3.
Figure 3. The Cl-Li-B plotting(Ternary Diagram by

Giggenbach, 1991)
Based on the calculation of Cl, Li, B / 4 content

and plotting on the Cl-Li-Bdiagram, the origin of the
hot water in the research area is from volcano-
magmatic that bring HCl and dissolved H2S
(Nicholson, 1993). It is characterized by relatively
higher Cl content than Li and B which indicates that
magmatic gas absorption process with the B / Clratio
is low, and indicates that the hot water environment
may have undergone a washing process of igneous
Figure 2.The Cl-SO4-HCO3 plotting (Ternary Diagram by
and pyroclastic rocks or dilution is not dominant
Nicholson, 1993)
process that causes the element to be higher in Cl.
Table 6. Percentage of Na-K-Mg

Hot Water Origin
Origin of T Compositions (%)
The origin of hot water is determined by Hot Water Code PH Na K
(°C) √Mg
plotting the content of chloride (Cl), lithium (Li), Environment /1000 /100
and boron (B) (Table 5 and Fig.3) in the Giggenbach APPA1 48.66 6.25 2.11 4.41 93.47
diagram (1991) and content of sodium (Na), 48.44 6.18
APPA2 2.21 4.73 93.06
potassium (K) and magnesium (Mg) (Table 6 and
48.25 5.95
Fig.4) in the Giggenbachdiagram (1988). Immature APPA3 2.06 4.09 93.85
Water 34.6 6.08
AHSD 2.34 3.98 93.68
AHBB 32 6.8 0.80 0.70 98.50
AHGG 30.59 6.25 0.76 0.78 98.45
243
Herza N./ICG 2015
Based on the calculation of the relative content Geothermometry of Reservoir

of Na / 1000-K / 100-√Mg, all spring waters have a
The estimation calculation of reservoir
Mg content higher than Na and K and plotting on a
temperature is done with conductive quartz
diagram of Na-K-Mg (Giggenbach, 1988) shows all
geothermometry, since this geothermometry is the
the manifestations of the hot and warm springs in the
most suitable use for water with sub-boiling
research area located in immature water zone, which
conditions and are exposed by the influence of the
means fluid from the geothermal system has not
leaching process or dissolution and the high content
experienced equilibrium in the reservoir which then
of SiO2 in the six hot and warm springs compared to
may undergo mixing with the meteoric water on its
Ca.
way to the surface and has low temperatures of the
surface manifestations with very high Mg content, Table 7. Calculation results of geothermometry
which is likely influenced by the interaction between
Code of Na-K-Mg Na-K-Ca Conductive
hydrothermal fluid with chemical elements of host Hot and (Giggenbach, (Fournier and Quartz
rock in its path. This corresponds with the Warm 1988) Truesdell,1973) (Fournier,
Springs (°C) (°C) 1983)
occurrence of Mg-rich limestone host rock in the
APPA 1 120 204 167
research area.
APPA 2 130 211 168
APPA 3 110 206 166
AHSD 100 201 70
AHB 85 0 76
AHGG 80 0 71
From the geothermometry calculation (Table 7),

the temperature values that can be usedor the most
appropriateas an estimate reservoir is the value of
the temperature of the APPA 1, 2 and 3because
APPA 1, 2, 3 has temperature and water flow greater
than the other hot springs. The estimation of current
subsurface temperature (reservoir) in Pariangan
geothermal field based on geochemical of hot
Figure 4. Plotting of Na-K-Mg(Giggenbach, 1988)
springs is ranges between 166-168°C.
Paleo-temperatureof Alteration Mineral

Geothermal System in Research Area
Reservoir temperature is affected by the
formation of secondarycalc-silicate minerals that Hot water in the research area included into the
were formed in neutral to alkaline pH conditions. type of bicarbonate, where the origin of the hot
Type of calc-silicate minerals that found in the water is associated with volcano-magmatic and has
research area based on the results of petrographic experienced mixing with meteoric water. This
rock samples is epidote. The presence of epidote in indicates that the research area is still in the same
rock samples are associated with phyllosilicates geothermal system because of the uniformity of the
minerals such as chlorite, illite and montmorillonite. type and origin of the hot water.
Based on the appearance of high temperature Bicarbonate water types characteristic and the
alteration mineral of epidote in the research area results of chemical analysis of water in the previous
with ranges between 200-300°C (Henley and Ellis, subsection which are lowof Na / Ca and B / Li ratios
1983 in White and Hedenquist, 1995; Lawless et al.
pointed out that the research area is an indication of
1998),its considered as the approximate trace
reservoir temperature in the past (paleo- outflow zone in Pariangan geothermal systems
temperature). (Figure 6), while the upflow zone is estimated
244
Herza N./ICG 2015
located outside from the research area in the of quartz, propylitic which is characterized by the
northwest partwith Merapi Mount as a recharge area. presence of epidote, chlorite, quartz and advanced
argillic characterized by the presence of clay
minerals such as illite, kaolinite, montmorillonite,
and dickite.
Type of hot water in Pariangan geothermal field
is bicarbonate water with high Mg content, whereas
the origin of the hot water is derived from volcano-
magmatic which influenced by mixing with meteoric
water.
Subsurface temperature forecasts based on
mineral alteration indicates a temperature of 200-
300°C which is indicated the temperature of the
reservoir in the past (paleo-temperature), while the
Figure 6. Schematic geothermal system in the research area calculation results of quartz conductive
The presence of alteration minerals and relative geothermometryindicate current temperatures of
similar Cl / B ratio of hot springs indicates that the reservoir, is range between 166-168°C, thus the
fluid isoriginally from the same reservoir. Reservoir geothermal system in the Pariangan geothermal field
in the research area is probably from igneous rocks is included into the medium temperature geothermal
of andesite or pyroclastic rocks with propylitic system with the temperature range 125-225 ° C.
alteration.
Reservoir temperature determined based on a References
Corbett, G.J., and Leach, T.M. (1997)Southwest Pacific Rim
calculation of conductive quartz geothermometryis
Gold-Copper Systems:Structures, Alteration, and
ranging between 166-168°C. Based on the Mineralization, Short Course Manual.
estimation of reservoir temperature, geothermal field Hochstein, M.P., and Browne, P.R.L. (2000)Surface
ofPariangan included into the medium temperature Manifestation of Geothermal Systems With Volcanic
geothermal system, with 125-225° C (Hochestein Heat Sources in Encyclopedia of Volcanoes, Academic
and Browne, 2000). Press.
Lawless, et al. (1998) Hydrothermal Mineral Deposits in the Arc
Setting, Kingston Morrison.
Conclusion Nicholson, K. (1993)Geothermal Fluids : Chemistry and
Surface manifestation of the geothermalfield of Exploration Techniques, Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
Parianganare include hot springs, warm springs with Pusat Sumber Daya Geologi (2014) Laporan Pendahuluan
temperatures ranging from 30-49°C, neutral pH and
Survei Terpadu Geologi dan Geokimia Daerah Panas
the presence of alteration minerals which mostly
overprinting volcanic rocks such as andesite (lava) Bumi Pariangan, Kabupaten Tanah Datar, Provinsi
and pyroclastic rocks. Sumatera Barat, Bandung.
The type of alteration that developed in the White, N.C., and Hendenquist, J.W. (1995)Epithermal Gold
Pariangan geothermal field arephyllic which is Deposits: Styles, Characteristics and
characterized by sericite, quartz, and chlorite, Exploration,Special Publication in SEG Newsletter No.
silicification which is characterized by the presence 23, pp 1, 9-13.
245
246
Kenzhebaev&Fauzielly/ICG 2015
Characteristic of Fluid Inclusions in Chaarat Gold-Bearing Antimony

Deposit in Middle of Tien Shan, Kyrgyzstan
Kubat Kenzhebaev1, Lili Fauzielly2

1
Institute of Geology of NAS of Kyrgyzstan Republic
30 Erkindyk Boulevard, Bishkek, 720481,
2
Padjadjaran University
Email:ikubich@yahoo.com
Abstract
The gold-bearing Chaarat deposit is located in the Chatkal district of the Jalal-Abad region, Kyrgyz Republic. The
Chaarat area is part of the folded area of the Middle Tien Shan and represents the central part of the
AltaidOrogenicCollage.Fluid inclusion microthermometric analysis was performed for fluid inclusions in quartz of
quartz vein from drill core at 80-250 m depth interval of Chaaratdeposit.Ten doubly polished sections samples
approximately 200 μm thick, were prepared for this study. Samples were taken from Adit , main vein from the contact
zone and surface drill core.In terms of the number and the volumetric proportions of phases present in the fluid
inclusions at room temperature, three major types of inclusions can be recognized at Chaarat Deposit. They are
designated as vapor-rich (type I), liquid-vapor (type II) and aqueous liquid small shape (type III) inclusions.Fluid
inclusion studies reveal homogenization temperatures of Th-is 350°C to 450° C, with mainly liquid and as much as 5%
vapor. Two temperature peaks of Th-225°C to 320° C and 80° to 180° C occur in many samples.
Keyword : Kyrgyzstan, Chaarat antimony deposit, fluid inclusion.
Introduction inclusions, perfectly suited to the fledgling

The modern science of fluid inclusion techniques of microthermometry and bulk chemical
geochemistry grew principally out of pioneering analysis
work on hydrothermal ore deposits more than 40 The focus of this study was to determine the
years ago (Roedder, 1984). Mineral deposits are nature and evolution of the ore forming fluids in
extraordinary anomalies in the Earth that provide us Charat deposit using fluid inclusion data.
with perhaps the clearest evidence for the past flow
of solutions through faults, fractures and porous
Study Area
rocks that, in the process, dissolved, transported and
concentrated elements of economic interest. Chaarat is located at latitude 42°28’N and
Looking at fluid inclusions trapped within longitude 71°9’E in the Sandalash Range of the
hydrothermal veins was recognized as a direct way Alatau Mountains in western Kyrgyzstan, close to
of saying much more than had previously been the border with Uzbekistan(Figure 1). The gold-
possible about the nature of these mineralizing bearing Chaarat deposit is located in the Chatkal
fluids and the processes by which mineral deposits district of the Jalal-Abad region, Kyrgyz Republic.
were formed. In this, nature was kind by providing The Chatkal area is located approximately 300km
ideal sample material for investigation: often coarse- southwest of the capital, Bishkek, 50 km upstream
grained, transparent minerals with large fluid and northeast of the regional administrative centre
of Jangy Bazar in the Chatkal Valley, and 140 to
247
180 km by road from the nearest railway station at core samples were collected from the Tulkubash,
Maimak. The Chaarat site is situated adjacent to the Chaarat and Karator Formations (Fig.2)
Sandalash Riverat an elevation of about 2,000 m Five drill core samples from Adit № 4 and two
above sea level. samples from the Main vein zone were collected
from the contact zone, all other samples were taken
from surface drill core.
Ten doubly polished sections samples
approximately 200 μm thick, were prepared for
determination of fluid inclusion study.
Microthermometry fluid inclusion analysis was
performed using standard techniques outlined by
Shepherd et al. (1985). Microthermometric analysis
was carried out using a calibrated LINKAM L-600
A stage and measured with the aid of a video screen
coupled to a Nikon ECLIPSE –E600 microscope ;
the Linkam THMS600 Heating and Cooling stage
was used in many applications where high
Figure 1 Geographical location of map Kyrgyzstan
heating/freezing rates.

Fluid inclusions were classified into three
groups based on their mode of occurrence : primary,
secondary and pseudosecondary. Primary inclusions
are generally large and somewhat isolated from
fractures, or are sometimes arranged in trains
parallel to the growth plane. Such fluid inclusions
are interpreted to be have formed during crystal
growth of the host mineral. Only primary inclusions
SECTION SECTION are regarded as important in the physicochemical
study of ore deposits. Fluid inclusion
M3000 C5300 microthermometric analysis was performed for fluid
inclusions in quartz of quartz vein from drill core at
80-250 m. depth interval.
Fluid inclusions suitable for microthermometric
study were mainly found in quartz, with rare
Figure 2. Geological map of the Chaarat deposit and cross exceptions observed in which no freezing and
sections heating could be done due to the problem of
stretching. Quartz grains hosting fluid inclusions are
either clear in milky- quartz veins (Fig. 3A, B and
Material Method
C) or subhedral and mostly mosaic texture (A). The
Detailed field work has been carried out at primary, secondary and pseudosecondary criteria
different scales in the Charat antimony gold-bearing suggested by Roedder (1979) were used as a
deposit. The sampling was carried out parallel and standard for distinguishing the origin of inclusions,
perpendicular to the general foliation, and 52 drill but microthermometric measurements were mainly
carried out on inclusions with a primary or most
248
likely primary origin. In terms of the number and pyrite–quartz vein, pyrite– chalcopyrite–quartz vein
the volumetric proportions of phases present in the and pyrite–sphalerite ±galena quartz vein.
fluid inclusions at room temperature, three major
types of inclusions can be recognized at Chaarat
Deposit.
Fig.4Histogram of homogenization temperature in

quartzinclusion type I
Type II inclusions
Type II inclusions, characterized by a gas
bubble. Type II-two phase Liquid +Vapor (L+V),
and Type III (aqueous liquid-vapour within an
aqueous liquid) are commonly found in all selected
Fig 3.Microphotograph showing twotextures: mosaic quartz samples. This is the most abundant inclusion type
(A,B) and in the gap sulfide minerals showing smooth
clear transparency quartz crystals(C). and accounts for more than 80% of all fluid
inclusions observed during this study. In most cases,
They are designated as vapor-rich (type I), such inclusions are relatively small (5– 10 μm) with
liquid-vapor (type II) and aqueous liquid small ellipsoidal, negative crystal and irregular shapes. At
shape (type III) inclusions. A detailed discussion of room temperature, a variable vapor to liquid ratio
each type of inclusion is presented below. can be seen for this type of inclusion, with a
Type I inclusions majority ranging from 10% to 20%. The distribution
Type I inclusions are dominated by more than of these inclusions in the host quartz varies from
50 volume % (typically around 80%) H2O vapor at random isolations, clusters and trails along micro-
room temperature and were locally observed in the fractures, giving rise to a complex origin embracing
examined samples (Fig 3,4). Fluid inclusions of this primary, pseudosecondary and secondary, according
type usually occur as isolated individuals, with rare to the criteria suggested by Roedder (1979).
cases which can be attributed to specific growth
zones in vein crystals, and hence bear an
unambiguous primary origin.
Type I inclusions are more commonly gas-rich
inclusions; they generally contain more than 60 %
vapor. Again they are dominantly aqueous but CO2
may be present in small amounts. They appear to
represent trapped steam. The simultaneous presence
of gas-rich and gas-poor aqueous inclusions is good
evidence that the fluids were boiling at the time of
trapping the quartz phenocrysts in quartz porphyry
quartzinclusion type II
and in the quartz grains in the four stages of
mineralization described above, i.e., quartz vein,
249
Type III inclusions Conclusion

Liquid-only fluid inclusions are small, Three types of fluid inclusions were identified:
commonly less than 2 μm. They occur as Type I – vapor rich inclusions (gas dominated);
intergranularplanar trails or isolated inclusions. Type II - two phase liquid +vapor (L+V ); Type III
- aqueous liquid-vapor oval inclusions.
Those occurring in planar trails are abundant.
Homogenezation temperatures for all types of
Liquid-only fluid inclusions co-exist with the liquid- inclusions are Th 350-450 °C for type I, Th 220-340
and vapor-rich fluid inclusions. They display ° C for type II, and Th-80-180° C for type III.
circular to polygonal shapes and are commonly Paragenetic sequences and estimated genetic
found in the quartz – barren vein quartz. Inclusions temperaturessuggest the Chaarat deposit can
of this type exhibit ellipsoidal to irregular shapes probably be classified asmesothermal to epithermal
and are 2 to 4 μm in diameter. Final ice melting type. Gold was concentrated in the epithermal stage.
occurred at temperature of -2 °C for all measured
type III inclusions.
References
Bakirov, A. B., and V.S. Burtman, (Eds.) 1984, Tectonics of the
Tien Shan Variscides, Guidebook for the 27th Intern.
Geol. CongressExcursion 032 (Kirghiz Republic), p. 74,
Ilim, Frunze.
Bakirov, A. B., and R. A. Maksumova 2001, Geodynamic
evolution of the Tien Shan lithosphere, Geol. Geofiz. (in
Russian), 42, 1435.
quartzinclusion type III Burtman, V. S. 1997, Kyrgyz Republic, in Encyclopedia of
European and Asian Regional Geology, edited by E. M.
Moore and R. W. Fairbridge, p. 483, Hapman& Hall et
al., London.
.Blevin, P.L., Chappell, B.W., 1995. Chemistry, origin and
evolution of mineralized granites in the Lachlan fold belt,
Australia: the metallogeny of I- and S-type granites.
Econ. Geol. 90, 1604± 1619.
Genkin A.D., Bortnikov N., Cabri L.J., Wagner F.E., Stanley
C.J., Safonov Y.G., McMahon G., Friedl J., Kersin A.L.,
Fig.7 Microphotographs showing type of fluid inclusions and and Gammyanin G.N. 1998,.A multidisciplinary study of
temperature filling invisible gold in arsenopyrite from four mesothermal
gold deposits in Siberia, Russian Federation. Ibid., 93:
463-487
The main ore minerals are arsenopyrite and
pyrite, which comprise about 95% of the sulfides, Maksumova, R. A. 1999, A new type of the Lower Paleozoic
along with subordinate, stibnite, sphalerite, rock sequence in the North Tien Shan area, in Problems
of geology and geography in Kyrghystan, edited by A. B.
chalcopyrite, galena, gold, andboulangerite, occur
Bakirov and A. N. Dikich (in Russian), p. 92, Ilim,
locally. The major gangue mineral is quartz, with
Bishkek.
subordinate carbonates, chlorite, sericite, kaolinite
and barite. Fluid inclusion studies reveal Mango, H., 1988, A fluid inclusion and isotopic study of the
homogenization temperatures of Th-350°C to 450° Las Rayas Ag-Au-Pb-Cu mine.Unpublished Master’s
C, with mainly liquid and as much as 5% vapor. thesis, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH, 109 pp.
Two temperature peaks of Th-225°C to 320° C and Mango, H., Zantop, H., and Oreskes. N., 1991, A fluid inclusion
80° to 180° C occur in many samples. and isotope study of the Rayas Ag-Au-Cu-Pb-Zn mine,
Guanajuato, Mexico. Economic Geology, 86, 7, p. 1554-
1561.
250
Pokrovski, G. S., Borisova, Yu. A., and Harrichoury, J.-C., Sander, M. V. and Black, J. E., 1988 Crystallization and
2008. The effect of sulfur on vapor- liquid fractionation recrystallization of growthzoned vein quartz crystals
of metals in hydrothermal systems. Earth and Planetary from epithermal systems; implications for fluid inclusion
Science Letters 266 (3-4), p. 345-362. studies. Economic Geology, 83, 5, p. 1052-1060.
Roedder, E., 1984, Fluid inclusions. Reviews in Mineralogy, 12, Shenberger, D. M. and Barnes, H. L., 1989, Solubility of gold in
644 pp. aqueous sulfide solutions from 150 to 350°C.
GeochimicaetCosmochimicaActa, 53, 2, 269-278.
Roedder, E. and Bodnar, R. J., 1997, Fluid Inclusion Studies of
Hydrothermal Ore Deposits. in Geochemistry of Sillitoe, R.H., and Hedenquist, J.W., 2003. Linkages between
Hydrothermal Ore Deposits, 3rd ed., H. L. Barnes, ed., volcanotectonic settings, ore-fluid compositions, and
Wiley & Sons, Inc, New York, 657-698. epithermal precious-metal deposits, in Simmons, S.F.,
Graham, I., eds., Volcanic, geothermal, and ore-forming
Yakubchuk, A.S., Cole, A., Seltmann, R., &Shatov, V., 2002.
fluids: Rulers and witnesses of processes within the earth.
Tectonic setting, characteristics and regional exploration
Society of Economic Geologists Special Publication 10;
criteria for gold mineralization in central Eurasia: The
p. 315-343.
southern Tien Shan province as a key example, in
Goldfarb, R. & Nielsen, R., eds., Integrated Methods for Simon G., Kesler S.E., and Chryssoulis S. 1999.Geochemistry
Discovery: Global Exploration in Twenty-First Century, and textures of gold-bearing arsenian pyrite, Twin
Society of Economic Geologists, Special Publication No. Creeks, Nevada: Implications for deposition of gold in
9, p. 177-201) Carlin-type deposits. Ibid., 94: 405-422
251
252
Nur Khoirullah/ICG 2015
Engineering Geological Mapping in Jatinangor Area

Nur Khoirullah1, Yogi Prianda Putra2, Gisca Gia Frini2,Irvan Sophian3,Zufialdi Zakaria3
1
Postgraduate Student, Faculty of Geological Engineering, University of Padjadjaran Bandung-Sumedang Road KM
21, 45363, Indonesia
2
Undergraduate Student, Faculty of Geological Engineering, 3Faculty of Geological Engineering
Email: Nurkhoirullah@yahoo.co.id
Abstract
Engineering geological mapping takes a role in regional development stage. The research area located in Jatinangor
education region has developed significantly in regional development. This research aimed to provide information on
geology and engineering geology characteristics that can be used to support this development. This research method
used laboratory testing based on ASTM and field study. The results showed the research area were dominated by young
volcanic breccia and tuffs and generate residual soils that devided into silt low plasticity (ML), silt high plasticity (CH),
and clay high plasticity (MH) according to USCS. Based on engineering geological data, the ML unit showed unit
weight (ɣm) value from 1,462–1,850 gr/cm3, plasticity index (PI) value from 7,643–17,452 %, cohesion value from
0,118–0,438 kg/cm2, and angle of internal friction value from 18,188–33,539°. In MH unit showed unit weight (ɣm)
value from 1,508–1,881 gr/cm3, plasticity index (PI) value from 7,217–69,667 %, cohesion value from 0,058–0,264
kg/cm2, and angle of internal friction value from 3,552–6,146°.In CH unit showed unit weight (ɣm) value 1,606–1,870
gr/cm3, plasticity index (PI) value from 17,522–62,507 %, cohesion value from 0,062–0,256 kg/cm2, and angle of
internal friction value from 3,431–4,826 °.
Keywords: engineering geology, engineering geological mapping, properties of soil
1. Introduction
Engineering geological mapping takes a 2. Literature Review
role in regional development stage. The research Geological Background
area located in Jatinangor education region has
Based on Silitonga (1973), the
developed significantly in regional development.
stratigraphy of Jatinangor area from the oldest to
Jatinangor, located in Sumedang District, the youngest as follows (figure 2) :
West Java Province Indonesia (figure 1), is well
1. Undifferentiated Young Volcanic Products
known as a small education city, consist of few
(Qyu) in the form of tuffaceous sand, lapili,
national university. The increasing of land using
lava, agglomerate mostly from Mt.
needs a further study for obtainin more
Tangkubanparahu and Mt. Tampomas.
information based on soil characteristic.
Between Bandung and Sumedang this unit
Djadja and Herawan (1996) resulted soil expressed as a flat or low hill area covered by
characteristic in Jatinangor area in small scale. yellowish gray to reddish gray soil,
This research aimed to provide information on
2. Lava of Young Volcanic Products (Qyl) in
geology and engineering geology characteristics
the form of lava,
that can be used to support this development in
large scale. 3. Lake Deposits (Ql) in the form of tuffaceous
sand, sandstone, gravel and conglomerate.
Locally form horizontal layers. Contains
253
limestone concretions, plant remains, fresh Mineral Activity

water molluscs, and bones of vertebrates.
Locally also intercalated by breccia. Kaolinite 0.3 - 0.5
In the field, the outcrop condition already highly Illite 0.5-1.2

weathered. Montmorilonite 1.5-7.0
Halloysite (hydrated) 0.1-0.2
Soil Characteristic Halloysite (dehydrated) 0.4-0.6
Djadja and Herawan (1996) had Attapulgite 0.4-1.3
completely doing engineering geological mapping Allophane 0.4-.13
in Bandung area. And concluded Jatinangor area
into silty clay and sandy silt soil. This soil is
residual soil as resulted weathered of tuffaceous
sandstone, tuff, conglomerate, agglomerate, 3. Research Method
lappili, and breccia. The thichness range from 2 –
The research is done by using guide based
20 m, reddish brown in colour, moderate to high on engineering geological mapping,as the
plasticity, low permeability, firm to moderate definition by Dearman (1991), engineering
consistency, low to moderate bearing capacity, geologicalmapping is one of discipline of geology
easy to rather difficult to be excavated by non applied tocivil engineering, particularly to the
mechanical equipment and depth to free
design, constructionand performance of
groundwater table is deep. engineering structure interacting withthe ground
in, for example, foundations, cuttings, and
Activity othersurface excavations, and tunnels.
Das (2006) exlpained the plasticity of soil The basic map information is needed to
is caused by the adsorbed water that surrounded assess the feasibility of a proposed engineering
the clay particles. Thus can expect that the type of construction. Map type that used in this research
clay minerals and their proportional amounts in a is lithological type (LT). Typically the scale of
asoil will affect the liquid limit and plastic limit. such mapping is 1 : 5000 to 1 : 10.000.
Skempton (1953, in Das 2006) defined a quantity Engineering geological mapping aimed to
called activity (A), which is slope of the line obtain information on the development based on
correlation PI (plasticity index) and % finer than soil characteristics of Unified Soil Classification
2µm as axpressed as System (USCS). This mapping can be tentative or
A= provisional because the field description of soil
% ,
dominated by subjective approaches.The
correction will be obtained by conducting
Furthermore, Seed, et al (1964, in Das 2006) laboratory tests on undisturbed samples. All
redifined this equation by adding C’; a constant = methods of undisturbed soil sampling adapted
for given soil, C’ = 9. from ASTM D 1452.
A= Types of laboratory tests conducted to
% ,
determine the physical properties of soil including
Furtermore, Das (2006) give a correlation table the moisture content test, unit weight test, specific
below from the activity value to the type of its gravity test, the liquid limit test, plastic limit test,
clay minerals hydrometer analysis and sieve analysis. And the
mechanical properties test of the soil is a triaxial
Tabel 1, type of values of Activiy of some clay minerals
UU test and Direct Shear test. All laboratory tests
254
adapted from ASTM (American Standard Testing kg/cm2; and angle of internal friction value ( )
and Materials). from16,621 – 34,148°, and from triaxial test,
cohesion value (c) from 0,058 – 0,264 kg/cm2;
andangle of internal friction value ( ) from 3,552 –
4. Results
6,146°.
Based on the results of geological
The CHunit consist of fine grain soil with
mapping techniques and laboratory testing with
high plasticity, dominated by dark reddish brown
reference USCS, the study area can be divided
colour, cohesive soil dominantly. This unit has
into five engineering geological units (figure 3) as
gravel precentage from 0,02 – 2,70%; sand
follows :
precentage from 6,49 – 30,78%; dan clay-silt
1. Silt with High Plasticity (MH) percentage from 67,54 – 93,27%. The basic
2. Silt with Low Plasticity (ML) properties are, Specific Gravity value (Gs) range
from 2,655 – 2,708; unit weight value (ɣm) from
3. Clay with High Plasticity (CH)
1,606 – 1,870gr/cm3; pore number (e) from 0,660
- 1,723; porosity value (n) from 39,742 –
The ML unit consist of fine grain soil 63,277%; liquid limit (LL) from 54,048 – 88,450
with moderate plasticity, dominated by dark red %; plastic limit (PL) from 10,123 - 42,741%; and
colour, cohesive. This unit has gravel precentage plasticity index (PI) from 17,522 – 62,507 %. The
from 0 – 8,38 %; sand precentage from 7 – 50,64 mechanical properties result from direct shear test,
%; dan clay-silt percentage from 39,66 - 92,3 %. cohesion value (c) 0,013 – 0,498kg/cm2; and
The basic properties are, Specific Gravity value angle of internal friction value ( ) from 24,188 –
(Gs) range from 2,355 – 2,701; unit weight value 34,75 °, and from triaxial test, cohesion value (c)
(ɣm) from 1,462 – 1,850 gr/cm3; pore number (e) from 0,062 – 0,256 kg/cm2; andangle of internal
from 0,556 – 0,909; porosity value (n) from friction value ( ) from3,431 – 4,826 °.
35,722 – 49,391 %; liquid limit (LL) from 37,090 The calculation of activity number from
– 48,732 %; plastic limit (PL) from 27,696 – 38 samples, shown that 45% from the samples are
37,722 %; and plasticity index (PI) from 7,643 – kaolinite clay mineral, 32% are halloysite clay
17,452 %. The mechanical properties result from mineral, and 23% are illite clay mineral.
direct shear test, cohesion value (c) from 0,118 –
.
0,438 kg/cm2; and angle of internal friction value
( ) from 18,188 – 33,539°. 5. Conclusion
The MHunit consist of fine grain soil with The results shown a detail soil
high plasticity, dominated by dark reddish brown characteristic in Jatinangor Area and shown
colour with few white fragment colour, cohesive. differences from the earlier research by Djadja
This unit has gravel precentage from 0 – 8,38 %; and Herawan (1996). This result could give
sand precentage from 4,86 – 46,12 %; dan clay- additional information to the local government for
silt percentage from 50,14 – 93,76%. The basic guiding the land using by its geotechnical
properties are, Specific Gravity value (Gs) range properties of soil. However, further research is
from 2,528 – 2,698; unit weight value (ɣm) needed for obtain the specific clay mineral from
from1,508 – 1,881gr/cm3; pore number (e) XRD or SEM. For obtaining more data, the wider
from0,573 – 1,687; porosity value (n) from36,437 area of the research is need also. The rapid growth
– 62,789 %; liquid limit (LL) from52,732 – development in the nothern and southern area is
127,310 %; plastic limit (PL) from 24,790 – recommended for further research.
61,790 %; and plasticity index (PI) from 7,217 –
69,667 %. The mechanical properties result from
direct shear test, cohesion value (c) 0,226 – 0,517
255
6. Acknowledgments References
I would like to thank Rector of University Das, Braja M.( 2006) Principles of Geotechnical Engineering
of Padjadjaran for allowed using the field data in Fifth Edition, Canada: Thomson.
University area. Head of Laboratory of Djadja and Herawan (1996) Engineering Geological Map of
Engineering Geology ofUniversityof Padjadjaran Bandung Quadrangle, West Java, Directorate of
for giving discussion and advice. The laboratory Environmental Geology
asisstant of Laboratory of Engineering Geology Dearman W.R. (1991) Engineering geological mapping.
for helping the soil test. Butterworth-Heinemann, Oxford, 387 pp
Silitonga, P.H. (1973). Systematic Geologic Map, Jawa,

Bandung Quadrangle Scale 1 : 100.000. Geological
Research and Development Centre, Bandung.
256
Figure 1, Research Area
Figure 2, Geological Map of Jatinangor Area (modified from Silitonga, 1973)
257
Figure 3, Engineering Geological Map of Jatinangor Area
258
Mohamad Solihin et al/ICG 2015
Distribution of Ostracoda from Measured Section Data at Cimerang River,

Sukabumi, Jawa Barat
Mohamad Solihin1, Prasma Feby Rahmadhani1, Renanda Sevirajati1, Hendy Taufik1, Lili Fauzielly1
1
Faculty of Geological Engineering University of Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung – Sumedang KM 21, 45363,
Jatinangor, Indonesia
Email: msoli.geo@gmail.com
Abstract
Ostracoda was found at Cimerang River, Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. Research area was part of
Nyalindung member, Cimandiri Formation, and generally regarded as being of Miocene Age. This is the first research
of ostracoda distribution in Miocene deposition in this area. The aims is to know the distribution of ostracoda based on
measure section and micropaleontology analysis. Based on measure section, there are 9 stratigraphic unit where
ostracoda was only found in 6 units of mudstone. From 6 units samples it is found about 15 species with 164Individuals
which dominated by Hemicytheridea ornata, Cytherella hemipuncta, Hemicytheridea reticulata,Cytherelloidea
excavata, Cyherella javaseanse, and Keijella carrie,. From the ostracoda distribution is known that the
paleoenvironment in research area is shallow marine.
Keywords: Cimerang’s River, Ostracoda, Paleoenvironment, Sukabumi
Introduction claystone, mudstone, and sandy clay stone with

grey, blue, and green color with implied sandstone
Nyalindung member, Cimandiri Formation
and clay. In some outcrop there’s found glauconitic
is located in Cimerang, Sukabumi, West Java and
sandstone, layering coal, and trash of plants and
generally regarded as being of late Middle Miocene
resin with massive and layering structure. It also
age. According to previous research (Sukamto,
found cross bedding structure which contains a lot
1975) this area was deposited in shallow marine
of mollusca, coral, and foraminifera. This area
environment, it’s identify by the presence of
generally as being in late Middle Miocene age and
mollusca, coral, and foraminifera.
deposited in shallow marine environment.
The presence of ostracoda in this formation (Sukamto, 1975) (figure 1).
is haven’t publish yet. There’s a lot of study about
ostracoda which related with paleoenvironment
because it has wide distribution in water
environment.
This study is aim to know the distribution of
ostracoda in research area which deposited in
shallow marine environment. Research area is
located in Parubaya, Sukabumi, West Java.
Regional Stratigraphy
Research area is located at Cimerang River,
Sukabumi, West Java which consist of Nyalindung
member, Cimandiri formation. They include
259
Figure 1. Research area carriei (14,70%), Keijella cf novinularis (1,48%),

Cytherella javaseanse (16,18%), Hemicytheridea
ornata (16,18%), Cytherella hemipuncta (30,88%),
Methodology and Hemicytheridea reticulata (20,58%). From the
Cimerang River was part of Nyalindung data, it is known that this unit was dominated with
Member, Cimandiri Formation. The data was Cytherella hemipuncta, Hemicytheridea reticulata,
collected by measure section method from North to Hemicytheridea ornata, Cytherella javaseanse and
South. There are 9 stratigraphic units in this area, Keijella carriei. (Figure 3)
every rock sample was taken from each units which
Unit III was dominated with claystone, and
dominated with claystone.
containing 11 species of ostracoda, they are
Every rock sample are do the laboratory Keijella cariei (12,24%), Hemicytheridea ornata
analysis. The techniques used to prepare and (34,79%), Hemicytheridea reticulata (4,09%),
concentrate samples for examination vary according Cytherelloidea excavata (22,44%), Keijella sp.
to rock type (composition and grain size), how hard (4,09%), Loxoconcha lilljeborgii (6,12%),
or resistant the sediment or rock is, how abundant Loxoconcha wrighti (8,16%), Aglaiocypris sp.
the fossil are, and how they are preserved within the (2,04%), Argilloecia sp. (2,04%), Cytherella
sediment matrix. Firstly, sample were crushed until semitalis (2,04%), and Keijella multisulcus (2,04%).
it has fine grain, then put it on a plastic cup. In order From the data it is known that this unit was
to remove the shell from impurities add some H2O2 dominated with Hemicytheridea ornata and
and wait for about 6 hours. After soaking the Cytherelloidea excavata.
sample, clean the sample with water and sieve it
Unit IV with 0.63 meter of thicknesswas
using 50 and 120 mesh sieves. After that dried the
dominated with claystone and containing 4 species
sample in the oven within temperature of 600C for
of ostracoda they are Hemicytheridea ornata
12 hours. Finally, put the sample into plastic bag
(37,50%), Keijella sp. (12,50%), Loxoconcha
and its ready for picking and fossil determination
wrighti (12,50%), dan Cytherella incohota
needs under binocular microscope.
(37,50%). There are no dominated fossil in this unit.
This analysis is using qualitative method
Unit V with 0,46 meter of thickness was
based on van Gorsel, 1988. The method for
dominated with claystone. This unit containing 3
determination and classification of ostracoda was
species of ostracoda, they are Keijella carriei
based on Brady, 1880.
(3,57%),Hemicytheridea ornata (92,86%), and
Loxoconcha wrighti (3,57%). It is known that
Result of Analysis Hemicytheridea ornata was dominated in this unit.
From 9 sample units that was taken from Unit VI has 0,13 meters of thickness was
vertical section there are only 6 units that containing dominated with claystone. This unit containing 2
ostracoda whichorderedfrom the oldestto the species of ostracoda but the abundance of the fossil
youngest unit, they areUnit I, Unit III, Unit IV, Unit is very limited, they are Cytherella javaseaense
V, Unit VI, and Unit VII (figure 2). There are 15 (50%) dan Loxoconcha wrighti (50%).
species of ostracoda that was found in research area Unit VII is the youngest unit with 2.13 meters
which spread in every unit that containing of thickness and containing 4 species of ostracoda,
ostracoda. they are Keijella carriei (22,22%), Cytherella
Unit I with 1.8 meters of thickness was javaseanse (22,22%), Hemicytheridea ornata
dominated with greyish claystone. This unit (22,04%), dan Loxoconcha wrighti (33,34%).
containing 6 species of ostracoda they are Keijella
260
Figure 2. Distribution of Ostracoda in Measured section
261
A B C
D E F
Figure 3. Ostracoda : (3a) Hemicytheridea ornate Mostafawi, (3b) Cytherella hemipunctaSwanson, (3c)
HemicytherideareticulataKingma, (3d) Cytherelloidea excavataMostafawi, (3e) Cyherella javaseanseDewi, (3f) Keijella carrieDewi
Discussion Hemicytheridea reticulata, Hemicytheridea ornata,

From vertical section in Cimerang River, Cytherella javaseanse and Keijella carriei
Sukabumi, West Java, the oldest unit with greyish None of the ostracoda was found in unit II
claystone, carbonate, and also presence some (barren unit), then in unit III there are 49 individuals
macrofossil such as coelenterate, pelecypoda, and of ostracoda which dominated with
gastropods. To the youngest unit there was Hemychitheridea ornata and Cytherelloidea
dominated with implied greenish sandstone with excavate.
medium to fine grain of size, containing carbonate, - Unit IV containing 8 individuals of
and nodular claystone. ostracoda, they areHemicytheridea ornata, Keijella
It was also found lignite with black color of sp., Loxoconcha lilljeborgii, Loxoconca wrighti,
fresh surface and blackish brown color of weathered and Cytherella incohota.
surface, with waxy luster, clay grain size, rounded In unit V there are 28 individuals of
to very rounded, friable hardness, and greyish black ostracoda and dominated with Hemicytheridea
streak. ornata.
From the characteristic of vertical section, it The abundance of ostracoda in unit VI is
is known that research area in Cimerang River was very limited, there are only containing 2 species,
deposited in shallow marine environment. they are Cyherella javaseanse and Loxoconcha
From the distribution of ostracoda, it is wrighti.
known that the oldest unit from vertical section The distribution of ostracoda in unit VII as
containing 68 individuals of ostracoda which the youngest unit was containing 9 individuals, they
dominated with Cytherella hemipuncta, are Keijella carriei, Cytherella javaseaense,
Hemicytheridea ornata, and Loxoconca wrighti.
262
Generally, it can be seen that the variety

changes of species from the distribution of
ostracoda from the oldest to the youngest unit. The
variety of ostracoda is decrease through the
youngest unit.
Conclusion
From this study, it is known that research
area in Cimerang River, Sukabumi, West Java was
deposited in late middle Miocene age with shallow
marine environment, it’s also supported by the
presence of lignite.
It can be seen that there are 6 species of
ostracoda which dominated in Cimerang River, they
are Hemicytheridea ornata, Cytherella hemipuncta,
Hemicytheridea reticulata, Cytherelloidea excavata,
Cyherella javaseanse, and Keijella carrie.
Acknowledgement
We thank the following people for their assistance
and contribution to this study: Kuat Yogiristanto,
Raffi Pratista, Rachmanda Anandita Putra, and Ibnar
Auliya Zuhdi for their permission to use the data
from their geological mapping area; Mrs. Winantris
who help and facilitate us in capturing fossil
image.This research was conducted in Laboratory of
Paleontology in Faculty of Geological Engineering,
Padjadjaran University.
References
Brady, G.S (1880) Report on the Ostracoda dredged
by HMS Chalenger during the year 1873-1876,
Zoology, 1-184
Sukamto. 1975. Regional Geologic map – Jampang, Java,
1:100.000 scale. Directory of Geology: Bandung
Van Gorsel, J.T. (1988) Biostratigraphy in
Indonesia: Methods, Pitfalls and New Directions.
Proceedings Indonesian Petroleum Association, 17th
Annual Convention, p.275-298.
263
264
Muhammad Ghassan et al, /IGC 2015
Hydrothermal Alteration of SMN-X,Sumani Geothermal Area,

West Sumatra, Indonesia
Muhammad Ghassan Jazmi Shalihin1, Euis Tintin Yuningsih1, Aton Patonah1, IldremSyafrie1
Yuano Rezky2
1
Faculty of Geology, Universitas Padjadjaran
Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km.21, Jatinangor, Indonesia
2
Kelompok Kerja Panas Bumi, Pusat Sumber Daya Geologi, Badan Geologi
Jalan Soekarno Hatta 444, Bandung, Indonesia
Email: ghassan105.geounpad10@gmail.com
Abstract
SMN-X is gradient thermal well located in Solok District, West Sumatra. Stratigrapic unit of SMN-X well are divided
into tuff, pyroclastic breccia, andesitic lava, andesitic lava breccia, basaltic lava and basaltic lava breccia. Each
lithology is experienced hydrothermal alteration process with various intensity from weak to strong due the change of
temperature and chemical environment. Hydrothermal alteration occurs at 1.80 meter depth to the end of borehole at a
depth of 700 meter. Based on alteration mineral assemblage, the alteration zonationin SMN-X are divided into three
alteration zones, smectite-zeolite zone, zeolite-chlorite-smectite zone and illite-sericite zone which are equal with the
alteration types of argillic, sub-propylitic and phyllic. The comparison of paleo-temperature obtained from the
occurence of alteration mineral with present well temperature measurement, conclude that temperature on the well has
been decreased during time. Paleo-temperature showed the minerals that has the lowest temperature is smectite and
zeolite (chabazite, heulandite, mordenite, stilbite) with temperature range from 40o to 150oC and minerals that has the
highest temperature is illite and sericite with temperature range 200o-250oC, while the present temperature
measurement showed that the lowest temperature (surface)is ±26oC and the highest temperature at the bottom of
borehole is reached 100.3oC after 24 hours immersion. This temperature decrease probably caused by development of
geological structure at the research area which resulted a large space for heat to migrate at the geothermal system.
Keywords : Geothermal, hydrothermal alteration, paleotemperature
Introduction (PSDG, 2011). Furthermore, Sumani area is

Sumani area is located about 60 Km from located at the Great Sumatran Fault zone which
northeast of Padang, the capital city of West resulted many geological structure such asfaults or
Sumatra Province (Figure 1). According to fractures in this area (PSDG, 2011).
geology, geochemistry and geophysic survey by
PSDG (2011), this area has geothermal potential
characterized by geothermal manifestation such as
hot spring waters. The studies also shown the
anomalies which indicate the existence of a
geothermal potential. SMN-X well were drilled to
investigate subsurface condition and emphasize
geothermal prospect in this area.
Geothermal system at the Sumani area
suggested to be related with the last volcanic Figure 1 Location map of Sumani Geothermal Area
activity in the Quartenary (PSDG, 2011). This Borehole data from SMN-X well were used
volcanic activity is predicted still keep the heat for this study. Those consist of core samples from
from magma chamber as a heat source which 1.80to 700 m depth with analyses of general
heating up the fluids on the geothermal reservoir
265
lithology description, petrography and cap), sub-propylitic and phyllic (predicted as

specTERRA analysis, which is then correlated transisition layer, clay cap – reservoir).
with temperature measurement of wells.
This study mainly a detailed study of Smectite-Zeolite-Zone
hydrothermal alteration minerals on SMN-X well. Smectite-zeolite zones are present at intervals
Hydrothermal alteration minerals are very useful of 1.80 to 105.50 m depth. It is alteration product
for geothermal exploration geothermometry as of tuff, andesitic lava, basaltic lava and
well as assesing the subsurface fluid pH. pyroclastic breccia. This zone is characterized by
smectite abundance (Figures2 & 3) with zeolite,
Stratigraphy secondary quartz, calcite and hematite.Is included
inargillic type (Corbett and Leach, 1998).
Based on megascopic andmicrospic analysis,
the lithology on SMN-X well is composed of Smectite formed in the fluids with pH 5-6,
basaltic lava, andesitic lava with basalt, tuff and temperatures from 50oto 150oC andbelongs to
pyroclastic breccia at the bottom, then sequently illite group. Meanwhile, zeolite formed in the
pyroclastic breccia, basaltic lava, tuff, andesitic fluids with neutral-alkaline pH and wide range
lava, pyroclastic breccia in the surface layer.Each temperature because zeolite is temperature
lithology has altered with various intensity from sensitive mineral. The type of zeolitepresent at
weak to strong due the change of temperature and this zone are low temperature, characterized
chemical environment (Table 1). byoccurrence of chabazite and stillbite minerals
with temperatures range from 40oto 120oC.
Table 1 Percentageand intensity of alteration mineralSMN-X
well
Clay
SM/TM Alteration
Dept (m) Lithology Mineral
(%) Intesity
Tuff, Andesitic
Lava, Basaltic Weak -
0 - 100 3 - 50
Lava, Pyroclastic Moderate
Breccia
Iron
Andesitic Lava, Oxide
Weak –
100 - 200 Pyroclastic 15 - 65
Moderare
Breccia
Andesitic Lava,
Basaltic Lava,
200 - 300 2 - 68 Weak–Strong Figure 2 Core sample at 23.85 –24.00 m depth with clay
Pyroclastic
Breccia minerals in the veins and matrix which has been altered to
Tuff, Andesitic hematite
Moderate–
300 - 400 Lava, Pyroclastic 22 - 61
Strong
Breccia
Andesitic Lava,
400 - 500 Pyroclastic 2 - 67 Weak–Strong
Breccia
Andesitic Lava,
Basaltic Lava,
500 - 600 15 - 75 Weak–Strong
Pyroclastic
Breccia
600 - 700 Basaltic Lava 38 - 48 Moderate Smectite
Alteration Zone
Spectral mineral fromcore samples
Based on alteration mineral assemblage, the Analysis result using Specmin-ASD Database
lithology in SMN-X divided into three alteration
zones, smectite-zeolite zone, zeolite-chlorite- Figure 3 Spectral analysis using specmin ASD-Database
at 7.85 m depth which shows the presences of smectite
smectite zone and illite-sericite zone. These are (x axis: wavelength 350-2500nm; y axis:different reflectance
equal with the alteration type of argillic (clay for each mineral)
266
Zeolite-Chorite-Smectite Zone Illite-Sericite Zone

Zeolite-chlorite-smectite zones are present at Illite-sericite zones are present at intervals
intervals 105.50 to 522.00 m depth. It is alteration 522.00 to 700.00 m depth. It is alteration of
of tuff, andesitic lava, basaltic lava and andesitic lava, basaltic lava and pyroclastic
pyroclastic breccia. This zone is characterized by breccia. This zone is characterized by minerals
zeolite abundance with chlorite and smectite illite and sericite (Figure 6, 7 & 8) withchlorite,
(Figure 4 & 5), illite, secondary quartz, calcite smectite, secondary quartz, calcite and hematite.
and hematite. Is included by sub-propylitic type Is included byphyllic type (Corbett and Leach,
(Corbett and Leach, 1998). 1998).
Zeolite formed in the fluids with pH neutral- Illite and sericite are formed in the fluids with
alkaline. It has wide temperature, from low to pH 5-6, with illite formed with range temperatures
moderate temperature and characterized by <200o-250oC and sericite with temperatures to
present of chabazite, stilbite, mordenite, about>250oC,both of this minerals belongs to illite
heulandite and laumontite mineral with range group.
temperatures from 40oto 150oC. Chlorite formed
in the fluid with pH neutral and temperature
>120oC and belongs to chlorite group, meanwhile
smectite formed in the fluids with pH 5-6 with Illite
I
range temperatures from 50oto 150oC.
Sericite
S
Chlorite
0,2 mm
0,2 mm // nikol x nikol
Smectite
Figure 6Petrographic analysis at 529.80 m depth which
dominated by sericite and clay mineral (illite), with chlorite,
secondary quartz and iron oxide
Zeolite Chlorite
1 mm
// nikol 0,5 mm x nikol
Figure 4Petrographic analysis at 343.80 m depth which

dominated by zeolite, chlorite and clay mineral (smectite),
with a bit of secondary quartz and opaque minerals Sericite
Chlorite
Smectite
Zeolite Spectral mineral fromcore samples

Analysis result using Specmin-ASD Database
Figure 7 Spectral analysis using specmin ASD-Database

at 628 m depth which shows the presences of sericite
(x axis: wavelength 350-2500nm; y axis:different reflectance
for each mineral)
Analysis result using Specmin-ASD Database

at 134 m depth which shows the presences of zeolite, chlorite
and smectite (x axis: wavelength 350-2500nm;
y axis:different reflectance for each mineral)
267
Table 3 Mineral forming temperature of zeolite-chlorite-

smectite zones(Brown, 1999 and Reyes, 2000)
Mineral Temperature (0C)
Alteration 50 100 150 200 250 300
Chlorite
Smectite
Illite
Chabazite
(Zeolite)
Analysis result using Specmin-ASD Database Laumontite
(Zeolite)
Mordenite
at 676.30 m depth which shows the presences of illite
(x axis: wavelength 350-2500nm; y axis:different reflectance (Zeolite)
for each mineral) Heulandite
(Zeolite)
SMN-XWell Temperature Stilbite
(Zeolite)
The SMN-X well temperature estimation is
conduction from temperature data of alteration Table 4 Mineral forming temperatureof illite-sericite
minerals and the direct present temperature zones(Reyes, 2000)
measurement from logging activities. Mineral Temperature (0C)
Alteration 50 100 150 200 250 300
Illite
Paleotemperature Sericite
Paleotemperature obtained from the
occurence of alteration mineral assemblage.There Subsurface Temperature
are three different zones such as Smectite-Zeolite Present well temperature SMN-X obtained
Zone with temperature range from 40oto 150oC from direct measurement using logging tool.
(Table 2), Zeolite-Chlorite-Smectite Zone with Measurement were taken on a four phases at 150
temperature range >40oto 220oC (Table 3) and m, 315 m, 500 m and 700 m depth.
Illite-Sericite Zone with temperature range from The result of measurement on logging
150o to >200°C (Table 4). temperature in the SMN-X shows the temperature
increasing with depth. On the first phases at 150
Table 2 Mineral forming temperatureof smectite-zeolite m depth, surface temperature showed the
zones(Brown, 1999 and Reyes, 2000) temperature of 16.7oC and after immersion at the
Mineral Temperature (0C)
bottom of borehole (150 m) temperature increase
Alteration 50 100 150 200 250 300
to reach 54.4oC. On the second phases at 315 m
Smectite depth, surface temperature showed the
Chabazite temperature of 28.8oC and after immersion at the
(Zeolite) bottom of borehole (315 m) temperature increase
Stilbite to reach 68.8oC. On the third phases at 500 m
(Zeolite) depth, surface temperature showed the
temperature of 24.4oC and after immersion at the
bottom of borehole (500 m) temperature increase
to reach 79oC. And the last phases at 700 m depth,
surface temperature showed the temperature of
27.4oC and after immersion at the bottom of
borehole (700 m) temperature increase to reach
100.3oC.
268
Correlation of Paleotemperature With Conclusion

Present Temperature Measurement  Stratigrapic unit of SMN-X well consist of
Correlation of paleo- and present tuff, pyroclastic breccia, andesitic lava,
temperatures on the well is conducted to andesitic lava breccia, basaltic lava and
determination the condition of SMN-X. basaltic lava breccia. Each lithology has
Paleotemperature showed the mineral with lowest altered with various intensity from weak to
temperature are smectite and zeolite (chabazite, strong.
heulandite, mordenite, stilbite).They have  Hydrothermal alteration minerals of SMN-X
temperature range from 40oto 140oC. On the other well consist of smectite, illite, sericite, zeolite
hand, mineral with the highest temperature are and chlorite. Mineral alteration assemblage in
illite and sericite with temperature range >200o- this well was formed in under 5-neutral pH
250oC. Thedirect measurement on well fluid condition.
temperature showed that the lowest temperature
 Based on mineral alteration assemblage, there
(at surface) is ±26oC and the highest temperature
are three alteration zones, smectite-zeolite
is up to 100.3oC. Thus it is concluded that there
zone, zeolite-chlorite-smectite zone and illite-
has been decreasing of temperature on the well
sericite zone. These are equal with the
during the time (Figure 9). The phenomena
alteration type of argillic (clay cap),
probably caused by geological structure formed
transisition layer sub-propylitic and phyllic
on Sumani area that resulting large space for heat
(predicted as transisition layer, clay cap –
to migrate in the geothermal system.
reservoir).
 Comparison between paleo-temperature with
the present temperature measurement showed
that there has been decreasing temperature on
the well. This phenomena most probably
caused by development of geological structure
on Sumani area which resulted heat to migrate
in the geothermal system.
Acknowledgments
I would like to show my gratitude to Pusat
Sumber Daya Geologi that has given me the
opportunity publishing this paper. And all the
people who provided insight and expertise that
greatly assisted the writing process then always
encouraging and supported..
References
Browne, P.R.L. (1999)Hydrothermal Alteration. Lecture
Handout. The University of Auckland, Geothermal
Institute., 32-35
Figure 9 Paleotemperature and present temperature
measurement comparison of SMN-X Corbett & Leach. (1997)Southwest Pasific Rim Gold-Copper
System: Structure, Alteration and Mineralization. Short
Course Manual, Society of Economics Geologist, Inc.,
68-73
269
Pusat Sumber Daya Geologi.(2011) Peta Geologi Daerah

Panas Bumi Sumani. Badan Geologi
Pusat Sumber Daya Geologi. (2011) Laporan Survei Aliran

Panas (Heat Flow) Daerah Panas Bumi Sumani. Badan
Geologi., 3-15
Pusat Sumber Daya Geologi. (2011) Laporan Survei Terpadu,

Geologi, Geokimia dan Geofisika Daerah Panas Bumi
Sumani. Badan Geologi.
Reyes, A.G. (2000) Petrology and mineral alteration in
hydrothermal system: From Diagenesis to volcanic
catastrophes. Institute of Geological and Nuclear
Sciences., 10-17
270
Hennie Fitria W.S.Erfen/ICG 2015
Evaluation on Characteristicsof Soils as Clay Liner in Landfill Site:

Originated from Several Volcanic Rocks in Tawau, Sabah, Malaysia
Hennie Fitria W. Soehady Erfen1a and Baba Musta1
1
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah
88400 Jalan UMS, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
a
Email:henniefs@ums.edu.my
Abstract
This research focuses on characteristic of soils originated from different types of volcanic rocks to be used as clay liner
in landfill site. Clay liner is responsible to prevent the waste leachate in landfill site from contaminationg the
groundwater system. Three (4) soil samples from Tawau (basalt and andesite; labelled as TB and TA) were collected to
determine the physico-chemical and engineering characteristics based on British Standard and ASTM procedures.
Result indicated all samples showed low pH value due to acidic environment. All samples were classified as very high
plasticity index with value of 45.80% to 51.69%. High percentage of clay particles with range from 61.32% to 75.80%
gave classification of clayey soils for all samples. Both TA and TB showed very low permeability with value of 2.84 x
10-9 m/s to 7.21 x 10-10 m/s respectively. All samples showed low strength but high resistance to pressure which TB
showed the highest with 28.53 kN/m2. The appearance of clay minerals in all samples has contributed to high cohesion
and impermeable factor. Thus, all samples are concluded suitable as clay liner (TB>TA). Further detail study such as
leaching test shall be conducted to evaluate the soil durability as a clay liner.
Keywords :Volcanic rocks, Sabah, Leachate, Clay liner, Landfill site.
Introduction the contamination effect due to the absorption of

leachate in a landfill site, usage of clay liner has
Economical development, men population
been proposed.
growth and country urbanization has produced
waste of all kinds (solid or liquid). Waste disposal Clay liner is considered effective if it able to
have become most visible environmental problem maintain its low permeability even in contact with
among many urban areas in Southeast Asian leachate. Clay liner plays an important role in
countries (Ngoc and Schnitzer, 2009). In speech of preventing or minimizing the movement of heavy
Environmental Management in Sabah, Eric Juin metals from hazardous wastes in landfill area from
(2001) has quoted to say that solid waste disposal is contaminate the groundwater in a long term.
a major problem in most of the states in Sabahwhere Theoretically, the thicker and compact the liner is,
waste are accumulated before buried along with soil the function as the contaminants barrier is higher.
in the open-dumping area. Waste cannot be dumped Several researches (Sallfors and Pierce, 1985; Yong
irresponsibly or without any improper management et al., 2001; Trotti, 2003; Nurita et al., 2004;
for it is able to degrade the environmental with Mohamedzein et al., 2005; Baba et al., 2003; Wan
major impacts such as the contamination on soil and Zuhairi Wan Yaacob, 2006) had studied the usage
groundwater system. Soil contamination occurred of clay liner in landfill site to determine the duration
through direct waste contact or leachate. and permeability characteristics to control the
emission of contaminants in the groundwater
Leachate is a hazardous liquid produced from
system.
the interaction of waste with moisture in landfills
(Kumar et al., 2009) which also competent of Therefore, the preliminary investigation has
polluting the groundwater system. In order to curb been made in order to evaluate the characteristics of
271
soils from Tawau and Ranau, Sabah, Malaysia to flow out without anyencumbrance into the adjacent
fulfil the requirement as a clay liner based on the areas resulting in contaminating soil and the
physico-chemical and mechanical characteristics groundwater.
aspect.
Materials and Methodology
Site Description
The study of volcanic soils has been done on the
The study area is located in Tawau, the Eastern
basis of the results obtained for other extensive
part of Sabah, Malaysia which bounded by latitude
experimental research. Representative volcanic soils
of 04° 13’ N to 04° 24’ N and longitude of 117° 48’
samples were selected in the study area to study the
E to 118° 06’ E (Fig. 1). The study area is underlain
physico-chemical characteristics of volcanic soilsfor
by Kalumpang Formation, pyroclastic and lava
clay liner evaluation. Tropical climate has facilitates
volcanic rocks and Quaternary alluvium.
the weathering process which resulting in very deep
Kalumpang Formation is exposed and overlain by
soil profiles in the study area. Four (4)
volcanic rocks (Kirk, 1962). During the age of
representative volcanic soil samples consisting of
Miocene to Pliocene, most of rocks started to form
clayey soils were collected from the weathering
in the Eastern Sabah. Major part of Sabah been
profile (Horizon A) (Fig. 2), which contained
lifted and volcanic activity had actively occurred on
mineral matter mixed with some humus at depths of
the east coast area during Pliocene age. The
100 cm from the soil surface.
intrusion of lava volcanic rocks during Pliocene has
formed highland topography of more than 330
meter. Quaternary deposits of alluvial terraces
which surrounded by basaltic lava flows, is
distributed along the western part of the study area.
Volcanic soils constitute an important group of
soils in the study area which comprised extensive
volcanic formations due to the volcano eruption
during Pliocene until Quaternary (Kirk, 1968; Tjia
et al., 1992). This volcanic activity (pyroclastic
eruption and lava flows) which generated by lifting,
faulting and erosion process during Late Pliocene
and Early Quaternary had caused similar
morphological volcanic facies in the study area
(Sanudin and Baba, 2007). The Pliocene volcanic is
situated in Mt.Magdalena, Mt. Wullersdorf,
Mt.Pock, Mt. Lucia and Mt. Andrassy whereas
Quaternary volcanic is found in Mt. Maria, Mostyn
Hill, Bombalai Hill, Tiger Hill and Quoin Hill
(Kirk, 1962). Heavy rainfall (1973.3 mm annually) Figure 2. Soil profile shows Horizon A which samples are
during monsoon allowed leachate from landfills to collected
272
Figure 1. Geological map of the study area
Based on visual inspection of hand specimen, strength or high resistance towards forces (burden
the soil samples show dark reddish to brownish in from the wastes), fine particles existence and
colour (Munsell, 1975) (Fig. 3). domination of clay minerals. Therefore, all samples
were analysed for physico-chemical properties using
British Standard laboratory test (BS1377:1990) and
American Society for Testing Materials (ASTM) for
engineering properties purpose involved uniaxial
compression test and falling head permeability test.
In addition for the mineralogical studies, X-ray
diffraction (XRD) technique and scanning electron
microscope (SEM) were conducted. For XRD
analysis, samples were scanned at the angle of 2θ
with Siemens D-5000 Diffractometer by rate of
10/minute; while SEM were examined using Philips
XL40 model with a pressure of 60 psi and voltage of
15-20 kV.
The physico-chemical and engineering
properties of the samples are presented in Table 1.
Table 1. Physico-chemical and engineering properties of the soil
samples
Analyses Andesite (TA) Basalt (TB)
Moisture Content (%) 38.21 (ave.) 33.51 (ave.)
pH value 3.60 (ave.) 3.91(ave.)
Figure 3. Soil samples from volcanic rocks in the study area Organic Content (%) 7.94 (ave.) 2.08 (ave.)
Specific Gravity (%) 2.43 – 2.48 2.38 – 2.42
Liquid Limit (%) 81.79 (ave.) 88.09 (ave.)
To evaluate soil’s capability as a clay liner, it Plastic Limit (%) 35.99 (ave.) 36.40(ave.)
must showed low or impermeability behavior, good Plasticity Index (%) 45.80 (ave.) 51.69 (ave.)
273
Grain Size: top and below of the soil samples. The leaching test
Clay (%) 61.32 – 68.52 71.39 – 75.80 is conducted under 25 psi constant air pressure to
Silt (%) 16.50 – 19.71 12.05 – 18.44
allow simulated leachate to flow through soil
Sand (%) 14.98 – 18.97 10.17 – 12.15
Uniaxial Strength (kN/m2) 10.89 – 16.13 22.56 – 28.53
column before been filtrated. The filtrate then is
Permeability (m/s) 2.84 x 10-9 – 4.81 x 10-10 – tested its pH and the soil column is removed to
2.98 x 10-10 7.21 x 10-10 observe the microfabric changes through SEM. The
leaching cell schematic is shown above on Figure 4.
Proposed Leaching Test

Methodology Hypotheses
In order to determine its durability as a clay Theoritically, soil samples shall have very low
liner, selected soil samples have to undergo further porosity and impermeability characteristics to
laboratory test called ‘leaching test’. Leaching test prevent leachate from waste to penetrate the liner.
simulates natural condition of landfill site including The leachate, which has low pH value, will migrate
the pH of leachate, the pressure from wastes and through particles in soil with the aid of constant air
time duration require for leachate to migrate through pressure. The longer it takes time for the first drop
potential clay liner. of filtrate to produce, the better the soil as a liner.
The filtrate is then been tested the pH value and it
must shows value range from 6.5 - 7.0 (normal pH).
The lower pH obtained and faster the filtrate is
produced, it shows less capability of the soils in
term of high porosity existence and low adsorption
of fluids among the particles of soils. Soil samples
shall also be strong enough to resist the burden from
waste in longer duration of time, which is simulated
by the constant air pressure.
Discussions
From Table 1 above, both samples (originated
from andesite, TA, and basalt, TB) showed
similarityon physico-chemical properties, such as:
Figure 4. Schematic sketch of leaching cell (modified from moisture content (33.51-38.21%), organic content
Baba & Khairul Anwar, 2001) (2.08-7.94%), pH value (3.90-3.91; acidic
environment), specific gravity (2.38-2.48) and
Soil samples are mixed with distilled water plasticity index (45.80-51.69%; very high
based on value from maximum dry density and plasticity). Both samples were classified as clayey
optimum moisture content obtained from Proctor soil due to 61.32-75.80% of clay particles size in the
compaction test. Samples then compacted until 80 samples. This has also contributed to very low
mm height into the leaching cell. The cell is consists permeability with value of 2.84 x 10-9 m/s to 7.21 x
of 150 mm x 100 mm cylinderical plexy glass and 10-10 m/s based on Terzaghi and Peck (1948). Based
connected with air compressor machine on XRD analysis, all samples showed the
continuously. The pressure from the compressor appearance of clay minerals such as kaolinite and
machine simulates the burden receives from the montmorillonite in TA and TB, respectively, as
wastes in landfill site. The inner part of the leaching shown in Figure 5.
cell consists of perforated plate and tracing paper on
274
(A) contributed to its impermeability and strength (Fig

8-10).
(B)
K
K
Figure 5. XRD analysis showed the appearance of clay minerals
such as: (A) kaolinite in TA, (B) kaolinite and montmorillonite
in TB. K
The appearance of clay minerals has been Figure 6. The appearance of kaolinite as dominant clay minerals
in TA (andesite)(X500 – 2500 expansion)
observed by using SEM techniques. TA showed the
abundance appearance of layered structure kaolinite
(Fig. 6) while flaky-shaped aggregate of
montmorillonite and kaolinite has been seen in TB
(Fig.7). This can contributed to the impermeable
factor of soil samples which have high tendency to
absorb and hold fluids among the soil particles. Mont.
Based on Table 1, both TA and TB showed low
strength with 10.89 – 28.53 kN/m2, with TB has the
highest value. The clay minerals also played major
roles in high cohesiveness which resulted to high
resistance of pressure, although showed low in
strength. The compacted particles gave less pores
which decrease the existence of axis of failure.The
appearance of clay minerals along with high
percentage has indicated impermeability factor
which is crucial characteristic of soils to act as a
clay liner. Less interconnecting pores also resulted
Mont.
in lower failure occurrence thus the soil is able to
hold the burden in a longer time. SEM microphotos
showed the microfabric of soil samples which
Figure 7. The appearance of montmorillonite with flaky-shaped
aggregate in TB (basalt) (X4500 - 5000 expansion)
275
is 1.00 x 10-9 m/s. The existence of montmorillonite

in TB aid to higher absorption and cohesiveness
thus caused it more resist to pressure and stronger
than TA; which is 28.5 kN/m2 in strength value. All
in all, sample TB showed better quality as a clay
liner than TA based on its impermeability and
strength factor.
Conclusion
Figure 8. Less pore network and clay size particles clogged Clay liner plays an important role in preventing
among the micropores (X4000 expansion) or minimizing the mobility of heavy metals from
leachate in landfill site from contaminate the
groundwater system in a long term. Therefore, it
must posseses impermeability characteristics, with
the existence of clay minerals, high plasticity and
high resistance on pressure.
Four (4) soil samples from two types of
volcanic rocks; andesite (TA) and basalt (TB); has
been collected to be tested. Based on its physico-
chemical and engineering analysis, both samples
show very high plasticity from 45.80 – 51.69%,
Figure 9. The appearance of double layered structure of clay high percentage of clay-size particles from 61.32 –
minerals aid to cohesiveness among soil particles (X4000 75.80% which classified as clayey soils, very low
expansion) permeability to impermeable (2.84 x 10-9 to 7.210 x
10-10 m/s) and low in strength with value from
10.89 – 28.53 kN/m2. The appearance of clay
minerals such as kaolinite and montmorillonite
resulted to high cohesiveness and resistance to
pressure on it. However, based on individually
characteristics, TB (basalt) showed better quality as
clay liner potential due to its higher in strength,
existence of montmorillonite, higher percentage in
clay particles and more impermeable than sample
TA (andesite). Further analysis like leaching test
Figure 10. Compacted volcanic soils resulted the impermeable
which simulates the nature condition of landfill site
behavior and high resistance on pressure (X3000 expansion) is considered to be conducted to determine the soil
durability to be a clay liner.
To make comparison between both soil samples,
TB (basalt) showed higher plasticity value (51.69% Acknowledgments
in average) than TA (andesite) along with higher
percentage of clay-size particles in TB (value from The author would like to express special
71.39 – 75.80%). This has resulted to more appreciation to Faculty of Science and Natural
impermeable characteristic on TB than TA with Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah and Fakultas
value 7.21 x 10-10 m/s. This has definitely lower in Teknik Geologi, Universitas Padjdjaran for joint-
permeability value allowed to be a clay liner, which organizing the ICG 2015.
276
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Waste Management, 29(6), 1982-1995.
Salllfors, G.B. and Pierce, J (1985) Determination of the
Permeability of a Clay Liner, Engineering Geology, 21,
225-228
Sanudin Hj. Tahir and Baba Musta. (2007) Pengenalan Kepada
Stratigrafi. Universiti Malaysia Sabah, Kota Kinabalu.
Terzaghi, K and Peck, R.B. (1948) Soil Mechanics in
Engineering Practice. John Wiley, New York.
Yong, R.N., Yaacob, W.Z.W., Bentley, S.P., Harris, C and Tan,
B.K. (2001) Partitioning of Heavy Metals on Soil Samples
from Column Tests, Engineering Geology, 60, 307-322
277
278
Damanik, C.T/ICG 2015
Geoelectric Investigation on Distribution of Metal Waste and Its

Implication to Groundwater Condition in Pesarean Village,
Adiwena Sub-district, Tegal Regency, Central Java
Damanik, C. T.1, Karina Meninta1, Puspa Khaerani1, M. Kurniawan Alfadli1, Undang Mardiana1,
1
Febriwan Mohamad
1
University of Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung - Sumedang KM 21, 45363, Jatinangor, Indonesia
Email:chrisdodamanik@gmail.com
Abstract
The research location is located in Pesarean Village, Adiwerna Sub-District, Tegal Regency, Province of Central Java.
Pesarean is a famous village for its home industry, especially in the manufacturing such as household appliances,
electronics, and vehicle equipment. Environment in this research area has been polluted by heavy metal waste. The
waste generated from smelting and casting metal. Thus, the purpose of this study is to obtain an information of the
metal waste spreading below the Earth's surface by identified the resistivity contrast value and determine the amount of
waste dumps located at the sites. Through desk study, based on geological condition in research area can be
determined there are seven line of 1-dimension and six line of 2-dimension geoelectrical measurement. After field
measurements, all data will be analyzed in the laboratory using RES2DINV and Progress software. The research area
is dominated by alluvium and sandstone, therefore rocks in this area generally have low conductivity. Polluted waste
represented by low resistivity values where spreading from North-South trending with a various depth. Around the
middle and western Pesarean areas dominated by contaminants waste spreading.
Keywords: waste, resistivity, wenner, tegal
Introduction
The research area is located in the Pesarean
Village, Adiwerna Sub-district, Tegal Regency,
Central Java, at the coordinates 49 M 263448,
9234414 - 49 M 293568, and 49 M 293341
9234424, 9234278 - 49 M 293502, 9234852 as
shown by figure 1.
279
Geoscience Framework
One of methods used in define subsurface
condition is a geophysical method. Utilization of
geophysical methods to get an overview of
quantitative and qualitative subsurface conditions
according to physical properties that are used in
related methods. Various physical properties were
owned by the subsurface materials utilized to
obtain subsurface anomalies as exploration targets
were done. Through combination between
geology and geophysical method can be define the
earth condition in the surface or subsurface.
Geoelectric method is one of geophysical
methods to investigate subsurface conditions, by
studying the properties of electricity in the rocks
below the earth's surface and how to detect it at
the earth's surface. The investigation concerns the
detection of the magnitude of potential
geoelectric, electromagnetic, and electric current
flowing in the earth either natural (passive
method) or due to current injection into earth
Figure 1.Research Area Location (active method) from the surface.
Pesarean is a famous village for its home

industry, especially in the manufacturing such as Material and Method
household appliances, electronics, and vehicle Resistivity geophysical survey widely used in
equipment. Environment in this research area has hydrogeology, mining, geotechnical and many
been polluted by heavy metal waste. Based on the more. Resistivity surveys utilizing various
survey from BPPT, waste pollution in this area electrical resistivity of rocks below the surface to
included in the severe category. From the results detect geological structures or formations of rock
of sample tests in 2011 by government of Central layers (Priyantari and Wahyono, 2005 in Sehah
Java towards 50 villagers, recorded 46 people and Sugito, 2011).The research area composed of
contaminated with lead (Pb), and 12 people in pyroclastic rocks units of Mount Slamet consist of
danger condition. lava, with volcanic boulder composed of andesite-
Many geophysical method can be applied to basalt and alluvium sediment unit which
detect pollutants in the soil, but due to the waste composed of gravel, silt, clay, as stream sediment
characteristic as liquid and seeps into the ground, and beach (Djuri et. al., 1992).This research using
it can contaminate groundwater, the geoelectric 1D and 2D resistivity survey with Wenner
method used to determine groundwater and detect configuration. 2D resistivity survey with the
the pollutants (Reynolds, 1998).Thus, the purpose Wenner configuration can be applied to observe
of this study is to obtain an information of the subsurface hydrogeological conditions (William,
metal waste spreading below the Earth's surface 2003 in Sehah and Sugito, 2011).
by identified the resistivity contrast value and Wenner configuration commonly use four
determine the amount of waste dumps located at electrodes, which consists of two current
the sites. electrodes and two potential electrodes. The
280
measurement mechanism is injecting electrical resistivity value. Some aspects that influence rock
current into the earth through the electrode resistivity value are:
current, then the current strength and potential • Sedimentary rocks which is loose have a
difference that occurs in the Earth's surface is lower resistivity value when compared with
measured (Sule et al, 2007 in Sehah and Sugito, sedimentary rock solid and compact
2011). • Igneous and metamorphic rocks have a high
resistivity value
• The rocks are wet and contain water have
low resistivity value and become lower again
when it contains brackish or salt
• The content of metals in the research area
have an essential impact on rocks resistivity
value.
Figure 2. The Basic Configuration Of Electrodes Using • External factors such as cables, power lines
Wenner Electrode (Tellford And Sheriff, 1982) and pipelines metal can affect the results of
measurements in the field.
Waste is a material residue of an activity or
production process which is no longer useful. The
waste is usually disposed of into the environment
and will affect the environment in which the waste
is disposed of (Mahida, 1981). The parameters are
used as indicators in assessing the quality of waste
is on biological oxygen demand (BOD) and
chemical oxygen demand (COD). Some forms of
pollution materials are: Mercury (Hg) causes
Figure 3. Schematic 2D Resistivity Measurements Using nerve paralysis, Flour (F) causes floarosis, nitrate
Multi-Electrode Wenner Configuration (Telford And Sheriff, (NO3), Salenium (Se), Chromium (Cr), Cadmium
1982) (Cd), Barium (Ba) which cause
poisoning.Industrial waste can be classified into
Explanation: three groups: liquid waste, solid waste and gases
C1 and C2: the first and second current electrode; waste that can pollute the environment around the
P1 and P2: the first and second potential plant (Djajadiningrat and Harsono,
electrode; 1990).Industrial waste often contain dissolved
metals so these pollutants when seeping into the
V: voltmeter (integrated with system equipment;
ground have high conductivity. Groundwater
A: amperemeters (integrated with system which contaminated by pollutants generally have
equipment) high electrical conductivity or low resistivity
Theoretically, every rocks have own electrical (Vogelsang, 1995).
conductivity and resistivity value. The same rocks Based on previous research, water impurities
do not necessarily have the same resistivity value. commonly caused by the presence of a mixture of
Some factors that influences are lithological three kinds compound which are HCl for acidic
composition, condition of rocks, mineral compounds, NaOH for basic compounds, and
composition, liquid content and other external NaCl for salt compound. Figure 4 shows the
factors (Sultan, 2009).Metal content in the relationship between concentrations of the
research area have an essential impact on rock compound with water resistance values based on
281
experiments conducted by A. C. Bevilacqua,

1988.
Figure 4. The Relationship Graphic Between Concentration

of Acids, Bases, and Salts, with The Value of Resistivity
(Bevilacqua, 1998)
Results and Discussion Figure 5. The data processing of geoelectric 1-D at point
TGL-1
The result of field measurements will be
processed to be digital model using Res2DINV
and progress software. Then, the model will be
analyzed to determine an information of the metal
waste spreading below the Earth’s surface by
identified the resistivity contrast value and
determine the amount of waste dumps located at
the sites.
These are the 1D model from Progress software:
Figure 6. The data processing of geoelectric 1-D at point

TGL-2
282
Figure 7. The data processing of geoelectric 1-D at point Figure 9. The data processing of geoelectric 1-D at point
TGL-3 TGL-5
Figure 8. The data processing of geoelectric 1-D at point Figure 10. The data processing of geoelectric 1-D at point
TGL-4 TGL-6
283
Table 1. Resistivity dissemination value in the study area
Lithology
ρ (Ω .m) Estimation Interpretation
Sandstone, fine until medium

<5 Sandstone
grain
5- 20 Sandstone Sandstone, fine until coarse grain
20 -
Claystone Claystone, impermeable
100
> 100 Claystone Solid claystone, impermeable
Based on the models above, each point

generally shows resistivity value between 0 - 370
m with details as follows:
a. Layers of rock with resistivity values
between 0-5 m suspected as an indication
of soil pile (top soil) and fine sandstone with
good porosity that has been contaminated by
Figure 11. The data processing of geoelectric 1-D at point
the waste metal waste and carried away by
TGL-7
the flowing fluid in the sandstone cavity. On
the surface looked as the form of a dark-
colored earthen embankment. Weathered soil
from various rocks also can be encountered
on the surface with various thickness in
different places or as fine tuff layers
encountered at various depths. In the area of
research, this layer has a thickness varying
between 0.5 to 3 meters.
b. Rock layers with resistivity values between 5
to 20 m suspected as sandstone, fine-
grained to medium sized, in the north block
and south block of the research area have
various rock thickness in the different depths.
c. Rock layers with resistivity values between
20 and 380 m suspected as rocks with
relatively high densities, interspersed with
sandstone, impermeable layers that are not
easily penetrated by fluid. The whole area of
research have various rock thickness and
found at various depths.
Figure 12.Iso Resistivity Map at depth 0 – 30 m in Pesarean There are 2D resistivity model which
Village generated from software RES2DINV (enclosed).
�
Conclusion Djajadiningrat, S.T. dan Harsono, H. (1990). Penilaian secara

cepat sumber-sumber pencemaran air, tanah dan udara.
From all of information that we have got,
Yogyakarta : Gadjah Mada University press (in
such as desk study, geological condition, field
Indonesian).
measurements, also identification and analysis, we
can conclude the result as below: Djuri, M., Samodra, H., Amin, T.C., Gafoer, S. (1992). Peta
Geologi Lembar Purwokerto dan Tegal, Skala 1 :
1. Commonly, the conductivity value in this
100.000, Puslitbang Geologi, 1 lembar (in Indonesian).
area is low until medium. This is because of
the geological condition that dominated with Mahida, U.N. (1981). Water polution and disposal of waste
sandstone and alluvium in upper layer and water on land. New Delhi : Tata McGraw-Hill.
relatively consolidated in lower layer. Reynolds, J.M. (1998). The role of geophysics in the
2. Generally, the morphology area is plain or investigation of contaminated land. In: Forde, M. C.
flat. The height of this area is between 30 m (ed.), Proceedings of the Fifth International Conference,
until 50 m above sea level. Re-use of Contaminated Land and Landfills, Brunel
3. Polluted waste found in variation depth, in University, London, UK (7–9 July 1998), Engineering
surface a (s a accumulation and continue until Technics Press, Edinburgh, UK, 131–13
20 m below the surface.
Sehah dan Sugito. (2011). Pencitraan Resistivitas 2d Bawah
4. The existence of waste is continue, spreading
Permukaan Tanaman Jati (Tectona grandis Sp.)
from South to North.
Menggunakan Konfigurasi Wenner (Studi Kasus: Lahan
5. The 1D resistivity measurements indicate the
Tanaman Jati Di Belakang Gedung Mipa Unsoed),
spreading of the waste vertically based on the
Berkala Fisika Vol. 14, No. 1, Januari 2011, hal 1 – 10
resistivity value from field measurements.
(in Indonesian).
6. The dominant spreading of the waste found
In the middle and western of Pesarean Sultan. (2009). Penyelidikan Geolistrik Resistivity pada
Village. Penentuan Titik Sumur Bor untuk Pengairan di Daerah
Garongkong Desa Lempang Kecamatan Tanete Riaja
Barru. Jurnal Penelitian Enjinirring Vol. 12 No. 2, hal
References 151-158 (in Indonesian).
Bevilacqua, A. C. (1998). Ultrapure Water- The Standard Telford, W.M and Sheriff R.E. (1982) Applied Geophysics,
Resistivity Measurement of Ultrapure Cambridge University Press.
Water.Massachusetts: Thorton Associates. Vogelsang.(1995). Environmental Geophysic. Practical
Guide, Springer.
285
Figure 13. Result of resistivity 2-D measurement of Line 1
Figure 14 . Result of resistivity 2-D measurement of Line 2
286
287
288
Muslim, et. Al/ICG2015
THE CULTURE OF DISASTER PREVENTION AS AN IMPORTANT FACTOR

OF GEOHAZARDS AWARENESS FOR YOUNG PEOPLE
Fauzan N. Muslim1*), Ghazi O. Muslim2), Dicky Muslim3), Evi Haerani3), Naoko

Kagawa4), Motohiko Shibayama4)
1)
Faculty of Cultural Science, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
2)
The 2nd Public High School of Cimahi, Indonesia
3)
Faculty of Geology, Universitas Padjadjaran, Bandung, Indonesia
4)
*)
Corresponding email: fauzannoviandy@gmail.com
ABSTRACT
The recent grow of public interest towards geoscience is caused by the great amount of
hazardous phenomena in the last decade. It has increased the need of specific information
related to geohazards for all stakeholders, including young people or youth communities.
Journalists, for example, often manipulate information mainly because they do not have
the culture to understand the science behind the occurrences of geohazards phenomena,
but also to increase the impact of the news. Youths are often exempted from the circle
due to their specific interest and culture. This paper aims to describe the importance of
culture on geohazard prevention among young people.
The methodology consists of observation on geohazards related content of various pop

cultures among young people and description on their perception about disaster
prevention. Data are obtained from interviews and questionnaires in the occasion of youth
gathering such as music performance, costume play (cosplay) stage, movies, comics
(anime), etc.
Result shows that geohazards are generally out of the minds of young people. For the so-
called pop culture such as movies, music and comics (anime) are rarely observed
geohazards related contents, which minimize the chance to introduce disaster prevention
up to certain level. The youth perceptions on disaster are commonly related to activities
on emergency when disaster happens. Therefore the extreme effect in the future would be
the development of a culture of emergency rather than a culture of prevention to face
geohazards among young generations.
Keywords: Culture, disaster prevention, awareness, young people, costume play.
INTRODUCTION
The recent grow of public interest towards several subjects on geoscience is

caused by the great amount of hazardous phenomena in the last decade (Muslim et al.,
2015). Those phenomena are mainly related to geological disaster, which lead people to
the common knowledge of plate tectonics, engineering geology, hydrogeology, etc. This
could happen due to the occurrence of several geological disasters in Indonesia such as
the 2004 Great Earthquake and Tsunami of Indian Ocean killing more than 200,000
people in Aceh. Then in the year of 2006 there was major earthquake in Yogyakarta,
2006 tsunami in Pangandaran, 2006 mud-volcano eruption in Sidoarjo, 2010 earthquake
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l
in Padang, and 2010 volcanic eruption of Merapi around Yogyakarta, etc. The news of
these events of disaster had been distributed well and fast using various types of mass
media. This news had awakened not only Indonesian but also people all around the globe
about the needs of knowledge for disaster prevention or efforts to disaster risk reduction,
which is also called disaster mitigation (Shibayama et al., 2012). Unfortunately, youth
communities are often exempted from the circle of disaster news distribution due to their
specific interest and culture.
In this research, youth communities are defined as a group of young people who
share common interest or environment in a specific location. Schools or campuses usually
become the place for young people to spend most of their daily life and time. There are
many types of activities and groups in these particular locations such as extracurricular
organization (student government, scouting, etc.) and clubs (sports, arts, cosplay,
scientific circle, etc.). Media penetration into young people is commonly dominated
through digital or online types, due to their capability to understand and operate
sophisticated gadget in this modern era. This phenomenon is in contrary to older people
who prefer printed matter and electronic media for their consumption of the news.
Generally the interests of youth are having fun and digest “light” news (such as music,
movies, etc.) rather than “hard” news (such as politics, economy or even disaster news).
The penetration of media into daily life had significantly changed the behavior
and even culture of some people, along with the fast development of electronics and
communication means. People tend to be practical and communicate easily with other.
This has changed the culture of the world and the globe is shrinking. The news on event
of disaster is easily spread out by media, which unconsciously create a culture of
emergency. People tend to be afraid to face the reality and sympathy to the victims, which
lead them to give a hand to help in any means. Unfortunately, this culture of emergency is
usually in a short period and is not followed by development of culture of prevention
especially in the mind of young people due to their negative interest for this kind of news.
Whereas these young people will live in the next generation, who will probably face the
similar disaster event in the future. Therefore, this paper aims to describe the importance
of culture on disaster prevention among young people.
LITERATURE REVIEW
Indonesia is blessed by huge population with diverse culture from one place to
another. Major population in Indonesia is currently dominated by young people in their
productive age. Most of them are still in the school age from primary to secondary or
even tertiary/higher education level. Therefore it is not uncommon to witness that victims
of a disaster event involve many young people or youth communities in the schools
(Muslim et al., 2011).
Shibayama et al., (2006) mentioned that there is a need for appropriate disaster
education and training for stakeholders such as school communities, where there is
positive correlation between willingness to respond or escape from a particular disaster
and knowledge of the disaster event. Future research may help policy makers and benefit
the population (all type of stakeholders, including school children & their teachers) living
in disaster prone areas by helping to create a more prepared and confidence for schools
environment.
Macedo et al., (2015) mentioned that the communication by geoscientists to the

authorities and population is a multidisciplinary, complex and dynamic work that
290
involves a series of activities aimed at the application of scientific knowledge in the

processes of human, social, territorial and sectorial development.
Lacking ability of geoscientists to use simple language for common people in

communicating the disaster through mass media could lead to misunderstanding or even
uninteresting information (Peppoloni and Di Capua, 2012) especially for young people.
Eventhough the information is very important to save their life in facing the event of
disaster. Journalists, for example, often manipulate disaster information mainly because
they do not have sufficient background and culture to understand the geoscience behind
the occurrences of geohazard events, but they need also to increase the impact of the
news toward their market or communities. Media is rarely focusing itself into this crucial
issue.
METHODOLOGY
Polit and Beck (2008) mentioned that the greatest advantage of survey research
for disaster issue is its flexibility and broadness of scope. Due to the knowledge limitation
of this topic, the authors thought that a survey research would be more appropriate as it
would generate a basic understanding of the phenomenon as well as reach a larger
proportion of the population. A mixed method of descriptive and exploratory research is
carried out in this research. Descriptive & exploratory researches are appropriate when
little is known about the topic being investigated.
The methodology in this research consists of observation on geohazards related

content of various pop cultures among young people through several media such as
animation, movies, music, etc. The object of this research is students at schools or
campus circles, commercialized publications, unique brochures, live stage events, where
the young people mostly do their daily activities with fun and full of happiness. Data are
obtained from direct interviews and questionnaires to youths, starting from elementary to
high school and university students as well as their parents in the occasion of youth
gathering such as music performance, costume play (cosplay) stage, movies, comic
discussion (anime), etc.
RESULT AND DISCUSSION
Result from observation shows that geohazards are generally out of the minds of
young people in schools or campuses, suggesting that many students do not aware about
disaster phenomenon (Aguilar & Retamal, 2009). They see this kind of information is just
like uninterested advertisement.
For the so-called pop culture such as movies, music and comics (anime or
cosplay) in live stage or performance are rarely observed geohazards related contents,
which minimize the chance to introduce disaster prevention up to certain level. The youth
gathering for cultural occasion is rarely seen as a golden chance to educate young people
for increasing awareness of geohazards (see Figure 1 and 2). Even in the occasion of live
stage or performance, disaster preparedness seems to be forgotten by the event organizer
even though involving hundreds of attendance at one time. It includes preparing
ambulance, signs of evacuation, fire extinguisher, etc. This preparation is necessary, not
only when a natural disaster happens such as earthquake or flood but also man-made
disaster such as fire, failure of stage, etc.
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The youth perceptions on disaster are commonly related to activities on

emergency when disaster happens, such as preparing assistance for the victims, collecting
donation, set up emergency kitchen, etc. Majority of the participants in the survey did not
even know about simple form of disaster preparedness to face the event such as do not
panic, escape or evacuation route, safety area, survival kit, communication tools, etc. This
result suggests a feeling among young people of limited preparedness to respond to a
disaster event.
Muslim et al. (2011) mentioned that based on the discussions with school
principal, teachers & students as well as local education section office, it is interesting to
note that based on national curriculum, earth science is included in the subject of
Geography instead of Geology course in all level of elementary to high school. Even in a
region where previous geological disaster had occurred, local content of curriculum for
disaster is not developed yet so far. Although most of participants stated they know about
disaster events but many stated they have no ideas about kinds of natural disaster in their
area or current vicinity. It is possible that the majority of participants answered since they
have read newspaper or watch TV about the recent disaster events in Indonesia and
elsewhere but unfortunately they don’t have idea for their own area.
It is worthy to note that pamphlets adopted from Japanese comic, created and
produced in Japan along with the appearance of foreign researcher in the school or
classroom seemed to increase psychologically the enthusiastic attention from students and
teachers to the disaster topic in each school (See Figure 3 and 4).
CONCLUSION
From the observation above, it can be concluded that the specific interest of using
mass media among youth and the lack ability of geoscientist to communicate with media
has unconsciously supported the development of emergency culture. Whereas, to increase
the disaster preparedness among youth is far more useful to save their life when disaster
happens. Therefore the extreme effect in the future would be the development of an
emergency culture rather than a culture of prevention to face geohazards among young
generations.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
We would like to convey gratitude and best appreciation to Prof. Yamaguchi of

Osaka Education University in Japan for providing opportunity to attend workshop of
disaster prevention in Osaka for the first and second authors.
REFERENCES
Aguilar, P. & Retamal, G. (2009) Protective Environments and Quality Education in

Humanitarian Contexts, International Journal of Educational Development, v.29, pp
3–16,
Macedo, L., Villacorta, S., Vasquez, S., Marino J., and Di Capua G. (2015) Geoscientific
Communication Problem with Communities for Disaster Prevention and Land
Planning in Peru, in Lollino et al., (Ed) Engineering Geology for Society and
Territory, Vol 7, Springer Publ. Co., Switzerland, pp 81-83.
292
Muslim D, Haerani E, Shibayama M, Kagawa N (2011) Disaster Awareness Education in

School as a Model for Corporate Social Responsibility, Full Paper (IPA11-O-139) and
Technical Program of Annual Convention of Indonesian Petroleum Association,
Jakarta.
Muslim D, Haerani E, Shibayama M, Ueshima M, Kagawa N (2015) Disaster Education

in Schools around Geological Hazards Prone in Indonesia, in Lollino et al., (Ed)
Engineering Geology for Society and Territory, Vol. 6, Springer Publ. Co.,
Switzerland, pp 107-112.
Peppoloni S. and Di Capua G. (Eds) (2012) Geoethics and Geological Culture. In:
Reflections from the Geoitalia Conference 2011. Annals of Geophysics, vol. 55(3).
ISSN 2037-416X
Polit, D.F and Beck, C.T. (2008) Nursing Research: Generating and Assessing Evidence
for Nursing Practice. 8th ed., Philadelphia, USA: Lippincott, Williams & Williams.
Shibayama M, Kagawa N, Ueshima M, and Muslim D (2012) Earthquake and Tsunami

Disaster Prevention Education for Children in Indonesia, Abstract and Technical
Program of the 34th International Geological Congress (IGC), Brisbane, Australia, p.
103, Paper #1560.
Shibayama M., Muslim D., Kagawa N., Shibakawa A., Hiraoka Y., Ueshima M.,
Kawamura D., and Ota K. (2006) Making of Tsunami Pamphlet for School Children in
Indonesia and Japan, and Disaster Prevention Education. GeoSciEd V (Bayreuth,
Germany), IGEO Poster Session Abstracts, page 8.
Figure 1. Involvement of pop-culture “Cosplay” to advertise the needs of disaster

prevention among youth in an event of Japanese Sakura Festival
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Figure 2. Students of senior high school involvement of disaster prevention as part of

extracurricular activities in their school
Figure 3. Introduction of disaster prevention activities and geohazard knowledge in early

stage among elementary school students in their own premise
294
Figure 4. Simple performance in the classroom to introduce disaster prevention among

elementary school children using drama and costume play
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Muhamadsyah / ICG 2015
Geology and Tectonics Analysis Ciuyah Mudvolcano,

Kuningan, West Java
Faizal Muhamadsyah
Faculty of Geology, Universitas Padjadjaran
Abstract
Geological structures that developed in the study area is the same phenomenon with regional structures eastern
region of West Java . Structures in Java in general east-west trending . As happened in Bogor eastern zone ,
which is bounded by fault trending northwest - southeast . This zone has experienced strong folding so that produce
antiklinorium the east-west axis direction . In addition there is faults which caused a shift of the axis of the
anticline and occurs after deposition Halang Formation . In the northern part of this zone , state geological
structure has the north because of pressure from the south . The essence of this multiplicity is composed of Miocene
sedimentary rocks while the wings consists of Pliocene sedimentary rocks . Zone Ciniru structure , more local
zoning structure is formed primarily by the fault ride , folding and faults flat minor, this structure has a pattern
zone briefing nearly east-west ( EW ) , extending from Bunigeulis area in the western part , restricted zones
Majalengka – Cilacap structure , until Cipedes area in the eastern part bounded by fault zones Banjarharja-
Koromong . Ciuyah Mudvolcano formation , in the village Ciuyah , Kuningan regency , a large part due to the
influence of structural zones that occur in the study area . Lithology authors on this unit is dominated by mudstone
and sandstone , as well as a small portion volcanic rocks and alluvial . Lithology are generally compiled pattern is
anastomatik stream sediment , However the unit is dominated by mudstone and sandstone . This phenomenon ,
thought to result from the influence of intensive tectonic cut bedrock , causing weak zones are easily inflicted by the
flow of water .
Keywords : Geological structure, Ciuyah, Mudvolcano.
INTRODUCTION term fairly widely spread. After the water

Geological conditions of an area, among evaporates, leaving the salt stored in the form of
others lithology, stratigraphy, structural geology crystals.
and geomorphology. After that will be analyzed Previous researchers in this area is very difficult
also tectonic processes that have occurred therein to find, some writing about Ciuyah Village only
during and after the formation of the landscape revealed on the population side alone. Satyana
Ciuyah. These data are the basis that will be used (2008,
to identify the geological resources of a region. https://sites.google.com/site/lusilibraryhardi2010/
From the data obtained in the review of the awang/1-paper-2008) identify any mud-volcano
surface, is: The surface morphology is a in this area. Calling as a post-eruptive phase of
combination of areas such as swamps and muddy mud-volcano, fluid migration through permeable
lake. Here, mud and saltwater kept out of the zones deeper then seeps to the surface mud-
bowels of the earth. And also some springs or volcano. Sealed track surface to change the
wells made in the Ciuyah Village area always system back from open to closed
remove water taste salty. Discharge water coming physicochemical conditions. This phase follows
out on the lake is not so great though for the long the eruption phase and begin preparations for the
297
Muhamadsyah/ICG 2015
next eruption. The new eruption phase can be Location of the study already have a fairly good
triggered by earthquakes or tectonic. infrastructure and is quite advanced as highways
were pretty good, but for the way to the remote
area and not so good.
MATERIALS AND METHODS
RESEARCH
To know the condition of geological and RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
tectonic analysis in this area used source of Geology of Ciuyah area
regional geological maps issued by the Geomorphology of the research area is
Directorate of Geology, landsat imagery for divided into four geomorphological units.Those
identifying the tectonic conditions and are volcanic slightly steep hills unit, structural
distribution of rock, as well as geological sediment steep high hills unit, structural sediment
mapping in selected areas. slightly steep hills unit and denudation sediment
slightly hills unit.
Based on the lithostatigraphy aspect, the research
area is divided into four units which are (from the
oldest) : Claystone Unit (Tmbl), Sandstone Unit
(Tmbp), Monomic Breccia Unit (Tmbx) and
Volcanic Breccia Unit (Qbv),
Geological structures that develop in the
the study area are fold, joint, and fault. Fold,
consist of Gunungmanik anticline, Pasiragung
anticline, Pakapasan anticline, Sukasari anticline,
Figure 1. Location of Research in Ciuyah Village, Kuningan Cijemit anticline, Margahayu anticline,
Regency, West Java Karangsari anticline, Margamukti anticline,
Mungkaldatar anticline, Cimahi syncline, Citapen
RESEARCH LOCATION syncline, Pakapasan syncline, Sukasari syncline,
Cijemit syncline, Cibodas syncline, Tagog
Geographically the study area lies between
syncline and Mungkaldatar syncline. Fault, there
7 ° 00 ' 0.2736 "S - 7 ° 5 ' 24.0288 " S and 108 °
are Cijemit thrust fault, Citapen thrust fault,
27 ' 33.2352 "E - 108 ° 32 ' 59.4636 " E. The
Pamupukan thrust fault, Pakapasan sinistral fault,
study area is the combination of Map
Ciniru sinistral fault, and Cibongkot sinistral
Bakosurtanal Kadugede sheet no. 1308-444 scale
fault.
1: 25,000 edition of I - 2001 and Map
Bakosurtanal Lebakwangi sheet no. 1308-533 Geological history of the region began
scale 1: 25,000 edition of I -2000. Research areas when Early Miocene, research area was deep sea
administratively belong to the Ciniru and environment, submarine fan depositional system
surrounding area, Kuningan regency, West Java and caused turbidite claystone unit (Tobp). When
Province (Figure 1). Middle-Late Miocene epoch Sandstone unit
(Tmbl) deposited with conformity relation at
The Ciuyah Village located in the district
deep sea environment, submarine fan
Ciniru, located about 2 kilometers from the
depositional system because of regression of sea
location of the center of the government district
level and at that time, increased volcanic activity
to the east following the road to the village of
that deposited volcanic material forming breccia
Cipedes. To reach the location of the research it
unit (Tmbx). When Pliocene-Pleistocene epoch
takes approximately 5 hours from Bandung.
298
there was tectonic activity that caused fold, joint Formation, Halang Formation, and Kumbang
and fault in the research area. And then there was Formation.
volcanic activity which caused volcanic breccia Relative to the north of Regional Ciuyah,
unit (Qbv) deposited. approximately 18.5 kilometers apart lies Mount
The resources of the research area are geothermal Ciremai, which is one of the active volcanoes in
potential, mineralization and digging raw West Java. At the foot of Mount Ciremai the west
materials and sediment that can be found in the and north, located Neogene deformation of
river. And the disaster risk in the area is sedimentary rock which deforms plastically and
landslide. partly formed clay diapirisma (Pemali shales,
Subang Kaliwangu shales and shales).
Geological structure Ciuyah and Regional structural elements the study area
surrounding areas (Figure 3) consists of: 1). Cilacap Majalengka-
zone structure, zoning structure is formed by a
Depression Bogor zone in the easternmost
thrust fault and transverse fault dominated by the
part forming a concave configuration bend to the
northwest-southeast direction of the pattern (NW-
north, characterized by folding and fault to the
SE), 2). Banjarharja koromong structure-zone,
north. In general, the central part of anticlinorium
zoning structure is formed mainly by thrust fault
formed composed of sedimentary rocks in the
and a small portion of transverse fault dominated
Miocene and their wings are composed of rock
by the northwest-southeast direction of the
formations of Pliocene and Pliocene age the
pattern (NW-SE), and 3). Zone structure Ciniru,
bottom. The total thickness of the Neogene
zoning structure more local is formed mainly by
sedimentary rocks in this depression is estimated
thrust fault, folding and transverse fault minor,
to reach a thickness of more than 6000 meters
zone of this structure has a pattern of directing
(van Bemmelen, 1949)
nearly east-west (EW), extending from the
regions Bunigeulis in the west, is restricted zones
Majalengka structure-Cilacap, up Cipedes area in
the eastern part bounded by fault zones
Koromong-Banjarharja
Structure Elements
Based on the interpretation of the
alignment pattern of topographic map scale of 1:
50,000, map the flow pattern of the river and a
map of digital elevation models, obtained several
geological lineament direction. Roset 20
diagram with the class interval showed that the
pattern of geological lineaments in the study area
Figure 2. Simplification geological map of the study area, are classified into three patterns, respectively the
stereonet shows the trend of rock layering. most significant of which are: A). the west-east
north-east south-west (WSW-ENE), then B).
Formations of sedimentary rocks is
direction northwest-southeast (NW-SE) and C).
dominated by turbidite sediments under the sea
minor nature trending northeast-southwest (NE-
with volcanic-clastic composition, which is
SW).
quickly deposited into the depression zone
region, such as propagation formations, Pemali
299
The first trend virtually east-west trending Based on field data and the results of previous
related to the linearity of the ridge pattern formed investigators research paper, the bedrock in the
by the ridge of folding sedimentary rocks and Ciuyah area is form over Pemali Formation and
thrust fault, the direction is more indicative of Halang Formation, tectonically has undergone
patterns and moves toward the transposition folding and faulting. The elements that make up
direction caused by faults that are lateral. Trend the structure of tectonic Ciuyah configuration
of the axial zone of the anticline and syncline and consists of one major thrust fault which was
thrust fault represented by the alignment interrupted by lateral slip conjugate (tear fault).
direction nearly east-west (Figure 2). Folds echelon undergo transposition formed in at
Trend straightness both trending least three lanes or folding arc that stretches to
northwest-southeast (NW-SE) relating to the the trend between the east-west (EW), and
partial thrust fault linearity rise, the pattern northwest-southeast (NW-SE). This pattern
moves towards layering of rocks and hypothetical follows the trend of more regional than Ciniru
fault possibility that the criteria in the field is not Structural Zone.
observed. At the location of the complex On the reconstruction of geological
mountain of mud Ciuyah, the distribution of structures illustrated in cross section of geology,
clusters of holes release fluid or system venting bedrock composed of facies mudstone and
the intrusion of mud partly shows the linearity of sandstone facies Halang Formation and
the distribution in the direction northwest- Formation Possible Pemali older form a crease
southeast, as well as the orientation of the long antiklinan or antiform. Orientation axial zone
axis of the perimeter of the distribution of the formation anticlinal structure is oriented east-
overflow and mud inundation on the surface west (EW). Thrust fault break the axial zone of
indicate the orientation of the long axis in a the central part of this antiform, and contribute
pattern direction northwest-southeast. disclose Halang Formation claystone facies and
Formation Pemali, some drag folds, transposition
direction of layering of rock, fault rock and zones
of fault breccia.
Based on the observation of the pattern of
dip or layering tilt Regions Ciuyah sloping to the
south, as well as some indication of kinematic
obtained from the drag fold, thrust fault and
folding to form structural configuration in Ciuyah
have transport tectonic (vergence) to the north.
In addition to the main thrust fault, supposedly
there are faults that are dip-slip, which is located
in the north of the main thrust fault (Figure 3).
This hypothetical fault is suspected to be sluran
Figure 3. Map straightness topography and drainage patterns
for groundwater circulation and opening regional
that show two main trends and the trend minor straightness
baffle structure (regional seal) that is formed by
In addition to the map lineament the Halang Formation claystone facies and
interpretation shown that there is a trend Pemali Formation.
northwest-southeast trending lineament proper
Trend axial zone of folding and the strike
locations across the Ciuyah mud-vulcano
of the thrust fault Ciuyah indicates the range
intrusion complex.
direction north-south compressional regime (NS)
300
to northeast-southwest (NE-SW) responsible for Figure 4. Model illustrative regional tectonic and sharpness
are simple shear working in the area of research, derived
the formation of structural elements in the central
from regional structural elements.
part of Zone Structure Ciniru. This compressional
regime also involves the bedrock formations
Internal typology
Pemali and Halang Formation and andesitic dikes
form of sills and dikes which has experienced Although there are some differences with
faulting and at several locations involved as regard to the external manifestations of the
components in fault breccias. morphology and structure of the intrusion mud-
vulcano in a smaller scale, the formation of
Interpreted to mean that migration intrusion mud-vulcano in Ciuyah can be grouped
channels and the possibility of fluid circulation is into three types of four types exist according to
controlled by faults that developed in the study classification model surface morphology of mud-
area. Thrust fault, the horizontal fault, folding vulcano in Depression Transylvania (Yates,
and diapirisma are all factors that favor the 2010), namely: 1). type of mud pool, 2). dome
release or migration of the fluid to the surface type / shield (dome ramps), and 3). Type caldera.
and provide an outlet for the material and fluid This group includes all the holes that show the
under conditions of excessive pressure, the pattern of intrusion mud-vulcano flats and the
types of character short lifespan activity. Mud
material clay that make up the rock formations
pool shows the morphology and properties such
base undergo a process elusiasi and eventually as a puddle or pool of water filled with bubbles
form of mud-vulcano on the surface intrusion. of gas emissions (gas bubble), and looks like a
swamp (Marshy).
Figure 5. Mud cone which is the only recent activity which

is higher than the proportion of solids in the fluid mud
extrusion complex location, debitnya estimated <1 m3 / day
Materials out meet pools are more dilute,

in certain cases which demonstrate the activity of
intense, dense and thick, in which more activities
are weak or in a non-active phase (dormant).
Depending on the level of activity, the material
that comes out in a puddle of mud pool there is
covered by a dense material encrusted and
vegetation. On the outskirts of the hole covered
by a dense material, signs of activity shown by
301
the rumble if trodden under foot, and if the crust Mud dome
of mud that covered it revealed, new gas bubbles Naming the dome of mud (mud dome)
in the water can be seen (bubble). initially be used to describe the surface
manifestation of diapirisma submarine volcano,
Mud cone without material spewed into the ocean floor. In
Category mud cone in touch with all the this study, the name used for the mud dome
holes mud-vulcano that has a positive formations dome-shaped of mud-vulcano without a vent and
resulting from the intrusion of mud hole through fluid accumulation in the surface of the mud and
a narrow slit and deposited on a surface that has clear.
been formed previously. Overlap the flow of mud Although the mud dome type that typically are
to the surface is repeated continuously not found in the Ciuyah mud-vulcano complex,
accumulate and make mud-vulcano sloping cone but the point of eruption one of mud-volcano
resembles the shape of a shield volcano. which showed sloping dome without any real
Because almost all studies on mud-vulcano activity on the surface.
intrusion indicate that the material is spewed into The shape of the dome is differentrom the type
the surface of the liquid, dilute with low mud cones. Mud dome structure shows the forms
viscosity, the mountains it generates a cone individually and showed that under the surface
showing soaring ramps and only a few tens of there is a widening structure, likely due to
centimeters above the surface of its sub. accumulation of fluid and pressure, which can
widen the feeder channel.
Mud caldera
The term of mud caldera used for the mud-
vulcano that have depression as a result of
infrastructure rubble mud-vulcano. Such groups
like mountains mud-vulcano caldera.
Depend on the characteristics of the material
spewed out, the moisture content and the weather
Figure 6. The location that shows of a bubbling fluid conditions, the formation of the caldera can be
(bubbling) indicates pressurized gas emitted to the surface, covered by a semi-solid material, or vegetation.
the fluid temperature 37 C
Feeder channel the mud caldera internal structure
has a shape that widens and forms a funnel.
The local angle of inclination or slope of
the topography of origin will determine the shape
and symmetry properties of the mud mound. In
cases where mud flows on a flat surface, the
shape of the mountains mud will be completely
conical, while on the surface of the sloping
topography, the mud volcano will have ramps
asymmetric cone pattern and has side elongates
toward the slope of the topography of origin.
Figure 7. Location of the Ciuyah mud-vulcano complexs

showing typology mud pool.
302
is a geological phenomenon that is common in

depression-lane east-west cross almost from the
start Zones Bogor, Kendeng Zone to the east in
the offshore basin Bali- Lombok. The
phenomenon occurs in an environment that has a
geological setting broadly similar. Mud-vulcano
in general, thrive in an environment of
convergence plate boundaries, that experienced
lateral and vertical pressure is very large.
From the survey data worldwide (Yusifov, 2004),
Figure 8. Activity gurgle of fluid (bubbling) which is
oriented NW-SE elongated almost show conduit is slit the incidence of more mud-vulcano occurred in
(fissure) the sea (offshore) than on land (onshore)
The study widely in the territory of Azerbaijan,
which found most onshore mud-vulcano in the
region than anywhere else in the world show a
close relationship between mud volcanism with
diapirisma. It is unknown whether the mudflow
in the region Ciuyah associated with the process
diapirisma, because it is not the inclusion of the
data further and intensified in this study, than
those observed in the surface that shows fossils
sheared clay, distortion and chaotic beds and
Figure 9. Typology flat point of discharge hole showed only shale deformation in several locations outcrops.
intermittent water seepage to the surface, and the surface is Source mud and fluid in this study can not be
covered in part which has been solid and vegetation determined as a definite, because it required
further analysis involving mineralogical and
hydrochemical clay minerals. The depth of which
is the source or origin of mudstone which then
undergoes elusiasi still in question, apart from the
data obtained palaeontologi surface, which
indicates that the age of the exposed bedrock is
much younger than the age of paleontology
obtained
Acknowledgements
The authors would like to thank The 2nd
Figure 10. Typology Mud pool that shows funel widening International Conference of the Faculty of
and conduit are relatively larger than the hole in the Geology and The 1st Joint Conference, Faculty
surrounding of Geology, University of Padjadjaran, West
Java, Indonesia - Faculty Of Science And Natural
Conclusions Resources Universiti Malaysia Sabah, who has
The phenomenon of eruption of mud from been willing to cooperate. Thanks are also due to
beneath the surface, known as mudflow, which colleagues Geology-UNPAD that have helped the
his form to a surface known as the mud-vulcano formation of this article.
303
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304
Ildrem Syafrie/ICG 2015
Geochemistry study of Granitoid Basement Rock in Jambi Sub Basin,

South Sumatera, Indonesia
Based on JSB-3, JSB-4 and JSB-6 wells data
Ildrem Syafrie1, Euis Tintin Yuningsih1 and Hiroharu Matsueda2
1
Faculty of Geology, Padjadjaran University, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang Km. 21, Jatinangor, 45363, Indonesia
2
The Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
Email: Email: ildrem_s@unpad.ic.id
Abstract
Research area is located in Jambi sub basin, the northern part of South Sumatera Basin formed during Tertiary age.
South Sumatera Basin, as well as the Central Sumatera and North Sumatera Basins is a basin form in the back arc belt.
The propose of the research is to determine petrological characteristics of the pre-Tertiary basement rock based on
major oxides analysis from the granitoid basement rock in research area with AAS method (Atomic Absorption
Spectrophotometry). Thus the petrogenesis could be determined, including kinds and characteristics of parent magma.
Chemical rock analysis confirm the lithology of granitoid basement in Jambi sub basin is intermediate – acid magmas,
calc-alkaline, medium – high K, metalluminous, subduction-related (orogen) at active continental margin. Granitoid
basement rock of JSB-4 and JSB-6 shows magnetite series and I type. This Mesozoic granitoid probably as extension
from the Thailand and Burma granite province, which underline the fact that there has been a history of subduction-
related magmatism along southwestern edge of Sundaland since earliest Mesozoic times.
Keywords : granitoid, calc-alkaline, metalluminous, orogen, magnetite series, I-type
Introduction to form Sundaland. The accretion, further involving

the west coast of Woyla Terrain in the Late
Jambi Sub Basin is located at the north part of
Mesozoic. Magmatism and faulting were intense in
South Sumatra Basin that formed during the
this Sundaland.
Tertiary age. In the north, Jambi Sub Basin is
limited by Tigapuluh Mountains, to the west by the According to McCourt et al. (1996), the results
Bukit Barisan Mountains, to the south by the of the K / Ar analysis of the Barisan Mountains of
basement high partly exposed to the surface in the southern Sumatra indicates the existence of four
form of Duabelas Mountains, and in the east by the main plutonic activity periods such as Miocene-
highs that most of basement rocks exposed to the Pliocene (20-5 million years ago), Early Eocene
surface in the form of Belitung, Bangka, Singkep (60-50 million years ago), Middle-Late Cretaceous
and Lingga Islands (Figure 1). South Sumatra Basin, (117-80 million years ago) and Jurassic-Early
as well as the Central Sumatra Basin and the North Cretaceous (203-130 million years ago). Plutonic in
Sumatra Basin, is formed at back arc belt during the the western part of Sumatra also indicate the period
Tertiary. activity-plutonic in Perm (287-256 million years
ago). In addition there is an indication that the Early
According To Pulunggono and Cameron
Mesozoic activity has started since the Late Triassic,
(1984), the pre-Tertiary tectonic framework of
thus there are two magmatic cycle, namely:
Sumatra in the form of continent and ocean
microplates mosaic accreted in Late Triassic when 1) Late Triassic to Early Jurassic (220-190 million
microplate Mergui, Malacca and East Malaya united years ago)
305
2) Middle Jurassic to Early Cretaceous (170-130 According Pujasmadi et al. (2002), the
million years ago) basement rocks in the study area consists of shallow
intrusive to extrusion volcanic rock, which is
associated with volcaniclastic-sedimentary rocks,
plutonic rocks and coarse-grained crystalline
metasedimentary rock. Volcanic rock composition
consists of andesite, rhyolite and dacite. The
composition of the plutonic rocks are mainly granite
and gabbro-dolerite. Metasedimentary rock
composed of quartzite, limestone and marble
argilit's.
The purpose of this study was to determine the
petrological characteristics of pre-Tertiary basement
rocks in detail based on the analysis of geochemical
analysis on major oxides composition that form the
basement granitoid rocks in the study area.
Methodology
Chemical analysis is mainly done by using the AAS
method (Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry),
which is one of the method to determine the
Figure 1. Research area location map chemical composition of a rock based on the
(Source ; Pujasmadi et al., 2002) radiation of electromagnetic absorption. For the
purposes of this rock chemical analysis, there are
Pre-Tertiary complex data compiled with data five rock samples analyzed consisting of two
obtained from the Directorate of Geology and samples from JSB-3 well, one sample from JSB-4
drilling activity of company oil, a certain pattern of well and two samples from JSB-6 well. Analysis of
granitoid distribution can be observed. Radiometric rock chemistry's done by analyzing the composition
age determination of some rock samples from the of the major elements to determine the chemical
rocks intrusion showed that the north-south characteristics that could ultimately be used to
distribution of granitoid rocks are from older to determine petrogenesis of rocks in the study area
younger one, each of which is aligned with the that includes the type and characteristics of the
pattern and direction of east - west to the northwest -
magma origin.
southeast.
The weight percentage of each major oxides for
According to De Coster (1974), pre-Tertiary
Complex or basement in the Central Sumatra and every rock specimens can be seen in Table 1.
South Sumatra Basins consists of Mesozoic igneous The limitations of rock samples analyzed greatly
and metamorphic rocks, and Palaeozoic and affect the interpretation of the evolution of the
Mesozoic carbonates. Palaeozoic and Mesozoic volcanic and plutonic rock in the research area. The
sedimentary and metamorphic rocks are intensively more rock samples were analyzed, the higher level
folded and faulted, and intruded by during Mid- of accuracy in interpretation. The limitations of rock
Mesozoic orogenesis. The complexity of the samples analyzes due to the relatively rare fresh
structural relations of older rocks can be seen in rock samples in all three wells.
outcrop in the South Sumatra Basin.
306
Table 1. Major oxides composition of the basement granitoid Wilson, 1989 (Figure 5) and An-Ab-Or diagram of
rocks in research areas based on data from the JSB-3, JSB-4 and
JSB-6 wells Barker, 1979 (Figure 6). Based on the K2O content
of the analyzed rock sample from JSB-4 well
included in the high potassium series (high-K) and
calc-alkaline rocks series. This is reflected in the
diagram of K2O - SiO2 from Le Maitre, 1989;
Rickwood, 1989; Withford and Nichols, 1973
(Figures 2 and 3). Based on the tectonic
classification of Batchelor and Borden (1985) rock
sample from the JSB-4 well formed in late orogenic
(Figure 7). This granitic rocks series include in
magnetite series (Ishihara et al., 1979; Figure 8)
with metalluminous alumina saturation (Shand,
1947; Figure 4) and according to Chappel & White,
(1974) included in the I-type (Figure 4).
Results
Based on the results of the chemical analysis of rock
samples from JSB-3 well at 1987.50m and
1994.38m depth can be seen that the composition of
igneous rocks in JSB-3 well is andesite – basaltic Figure 2. Classification of granitoid basement rocks based on
andesite, it is reflected in the TAS diagram for variations of SiO2 and K2O contents (according to Whitford &
volcanic rocks of Wilson, 1989 and K2O - SiO2 Nichols, 1973)
diagram from Withford and Nichols, 1973 (Figure
2). While based on the K2O content, both of rock
samples were analyzed from the JSB-3 well
included in the moderate-potassium series (medium-
K) and are included in the calc-alkaline rocks series.
This is also reflected in the K2O - SiO2 diagram
from Le Maitre, 1989; Rick-wood, 1989; Peccerillo
and Taylor, 1976 (Figure 3). According to Shand
(1947) the rock in JSB-3 well is metalluminous
alumina saturation (Figure 4).
Figure 3. Classification of granitoid rocks based on the content
Rock sample were used for chemical analysis in the of SiO2 and K2O.( (Rickwood, 1989); Italic dot lines (Le Maitre
JSB-4 well is located at 2654.02m depth. Based on et al., 1989); Shaded areas: boundary area by Peccerillo and
the results of chemical analysis showed that the Taylor (1976), Ewart (1982), Innocenti et al. (1982), Carr
igneous rock in JSB-4 well is granite. This is (1985) and Middlemost (1985) summarized by Rickwood
(1989) (in Rollinson, 1993)
reflected in the TAS diagram for plutonic rocks of
307
Chemical analysis for lithology from the JSB-6 well

were taken at 2341.78m and 2343.77m depth. Based
on the results of chemical analysis showed that the
igneous rocks compose at JSB-6 well is
granodiorite, as a plotting result in the TAS diagram
for plutonic rocks of Wilson, 1989 (Figure 5) and
An-Ab-Or diagram of Barker, 1979 (Figure 6).
Based on K2O content of both rock samples from
the JSB-6 well included in the series of high
potassium (high-K) and are included in the calc-
alkaline rocks series. This is reflected also in the
K2O - SiO2 diagram from Le Maitre, 1989;
Rickwood, 1989; Withford and Nichols, 1973
(Figures 2 and 3). Based on the tectonic
classification of Batchelor and Borden, 1985 rock
from the JSB-6 well formed at the pre-plate Figure 5. Classification of granitoid basement rocks based on
total alkaline vs silica/TAS (Cox et al., 1979 adapted by Wilson,
collision (Figure 7). According to Ishihara et al.
1989 ; in Rollinson, 1993)
1979 included in the magnetite series (Figure 8)
with metalluminous alumina saturation (Shand,
1947; Figure 8) and by Chappel & White, 1974
included in the I-type (Figure 4).
Chemical analysis results (Table 1) shows that the

value of LOI is between 0:39 - 0.85%, it indicates
that the alteration product/weathering in the samples
is relatively weak, making it possible for
interpretation of petrogenesis. SiO2 content ranged
between 53.70 - 71.08% was shown intermediate –
acid composition.
Figure 6. Classification of granitic rocks based on normative

molecular composition of An-Ab-Or (according to O'Connor,
1965 in Rollinson, 1993)
Among the main elements, some that are considered

"stable" and are often used for interpretation of
petrogenesis are K, Ti, Mn, P and Mg. Among those
five main elements, Ti is considered the most stable
so have a high reputation for interpretation.
According to Gill (1981, in Yuwono, 2002), the
rocks were formed in a subduction zone (orogen)
has a value of TiO2 is <1.3%. The results of
Figure 4. Classification of alumina saturation (Shand, 1947) and chemical analysis of all samples showed the content
the type of rocks (Chappel & White, 1974) in Clarke (1992)
of TiO2 is 0:40 to 1:31%, this indicate that the rocks
308
in the study area is formed at subduction zones

(orogen).
Assuming that the composition of volcanic and
According to Green (1980, in Wilson, 1989), a high plutonic rocks are similar, thus the magmatic
content of Al2O3 (12:26 to 18:19%) and lower affinity classification based on some researchers
content of TiO2 (0:40 to 1:31%) it serves as the summarized by Rickwood (1989, in Rollinson,
characteristics of the rock at active continental 1993) were applied. Andesitic rocks of the JSB-3
margin - island arc. The increasing of water pressure well based on SiO2 - K2O diagram included in the
in the mantle beneath the subduction zones probably calc-alkaline series, while granitoid rocks of the
produces more alumunium silicate melt. The JSB-4 and JSB-6 wells, including the high K series
presence of normative quartz in all rock samples (calc-alkaline), the characteristics of these high-K
indicated saturated silica conditions and according may reflect the increasing degree of contamination
to Ringwood (1966), normative quartz produced of the continental crust in active margin magma.
from fractionating crystallization at depth <15km. Based on the content of K2O + Na2O, rocks in the
High total orthoclase normative (18:35 - 25.02%) in study area including medium alkaline (4.78 -
the JSB-4 and JSB-6 wells indicated high K 4.84%) for the rock of the JSB-3, while the rocks of
orogenic conditions. JSB-4 and JSB-6 including high alkaline (6.91-
8.13%), which is one characteristics of calc alkaline
rocks.
According to Girod (1978, in Yuwono, 2002) who

was arranged the scheme relationship between
magmatic series with plate tectonics based on data
from all empirical petrology worldwide, which is
chemically recent volcanic rocks of the known
position of the corresponding plate (that of
relationships between magmatism and tectonic
position no doubt) showed that the calc-alkaline
type is only found in the orogenic zone
Figure 7. Tectonic classification of igneous rock in research (subduction), either on the edge or on the active
areas (according to Batchelor & Bowden, 1985; in Yuwono,
continental margin - island arc.
2002)
Based on the results of plotting in tectonic
discriminant diagram of Batchelor and Bowden
(1985, in Yuwono, 2002), showed that the granitic
rocks in JSB-6 formed on the pre-plate collision,
while granitis rock of JSB-4 formed in the late-
orogenic. This indicate that magmatic activity in the
study area occur in tectonic subduction regime, and
it is consistent with the hypothesis that given by De
Coster (1974), Pulunggono & Cameron (1984) and
McCourt et al. (1996).
Granitic rock formation associated with tectonic

subduction regime in JSB-6 were formed in the pre-
Figure 8. Granitic rocks series in research areas based on SiO2 plate collision somewhat different with JSB-4
and Fe2O3 / FeO (by Ishihara et al., 1979; in Yuwono, 2002) granitic rocks formed in late orogenic. This
309
indicates the formation's rock is relatively in extension of granite provinces of Thailand and
different time-even though there are similarities of Burma, which affirms that there has been
magma properties. According to McCourt et al. magmatism associated with subduction along
(1996), granitoid complex in Sumatra is not southwestern edge of Sundaland since the beginning
interpret as co-magmatic although the analysis of the Mesozoic.
results seem in one population, because they showed
the magmatism that occurred in long time (some
were more than 200 million years old). The CONCLUSION
granotoid here more considered as the product of
generations of magma with a similar mechanism Results of chemical analysis of pre-Tertiary
occurs repeatedly and over a long time. granitoid basement rocks from Jambi sub basin
shows the low content of TiO2 (0:40 to 1:31%) and
Based on alumina saturation (Shand, 1947 in high Al2O3 (12:26 to 18:19%) content, this indicate
Clarke, 1992) in Figure 4, the rocks in JSB-3, JSB-4 that the rocks in the research area formed in
and JSB-6 were included in the metalumina-type subduction zones (orogen) on the active continent
despite of normative CIPW analysis appear margin - island arc. Based on the diagrams of the
corundum (except for JSB- 3 samples of 1987.50m relationship between SiO2 and K2O, high content of
depth) but the amount is relatively small (<0:52%). orthoclase normative with high total K2O + Na2O
According to Clarke (1992), rocks that are for JSB-4 and JSB-6 (6.91 - 8:13%) indicates
metalumina has relationship with oceanic crust with magma with high-K calc alkaline affinity and
continental crust subduction or oceanic crust with reflects the increase in the degree of continental
oceanic crust subduction. crust contamination on active margin magma, while
Based on the molar ratio of Al2O3 / (CaO + Na2O + for JSB-3 with the content of K2O + Na2O ranging
K2O) < 1.1 (Chappel & White, 1974 in Clarke, between 4.78 - 4.84% is included in the medium
1992), shows the granitoid rocks of JSB-4 and JSB- alkaline.
6 is I-type (Figure 4). Based on the content of Although the granitoid rocks in JSB-4 and JSB -6
magnetite and opaque mineral content of more than have similarity in chemistry characteristics, based
0.1% (normative analysis and petrographic), all on plotting on tectonic discrimination diagram of
rocks including magnetite series, also supported by Bathelor and Bowden (1985), they were formed on
plotting on a diagram of SiO2 and Fe2O3 / FeO of two different tectonic conditions. For JSB-4 was
Ishihara et al. (1979, in Yuwono, 2002), which formed at late orogenic, while JSB-6 formed at pre-
shows magnetite series plotting. Especially for rock- plate collision, so it does not interpret as co-
from JSB-4 and JSB-6, according to Takahasyi et al. magmatic, but rather considered as a product of
(1980), the rock which included a series of magma generation with the mechanism that is
magnetite rock is generally a granitoid with I-type. similar and lasts longer.
McCourt et al. (1996) stated that geochemical Granitoid in JSB-4 and JSB-6 had I-type, included
studies on the Mesozoic granitoid from Barisan in the magnetite series and metalumina associated
mountains range of southern part of Sumatra shows with subduction of oceanic crust with continental
characteristics of subduction-related, calc-alkaline, crust or oceanic crust with oceanic crust subduction.
I-type, metaluminous and is associated with
volcanic arc granites (VAG) subduction. This is
consistent with the results of chemical analysis were
performed on rock samples from JSB-3, JSB-4 and
JSB-6. The Mesozoic granitoid is predicted as
310
References
Bishop, M.G., 2000, South Sumatra Basin Province, Indonesia :
The Lahat/Talang Akar Cenozoic Total Petroleum System,
U. S. Department of the Interior, U. S. Geological Survey.
Cameron, N.R & Pulunggono, A., 1984, Sumatran Microplates,
Their Characteristics and Their Role in the Evolution of
the Central and South Sumatra Basin, Proc 13th Ann. Conv.
IPA, Jakarta, May, p121-143.
Clarke, D.B., 1992, Granitoid Rocks, Chapman & Hall, 1st

Edition, London-Glasglow-New York-Tokyo-Melbourne-
Madras, 283p.
De Coster, G.L., 1974, The Geology of the Central and South
Sumatra Basin, Proc 3th Ann. Conv. IPA, Jakarta, Juni,
p77-110 .
Gillespie, M.R & Styles, M.T, 1999, Classification of Igneous
Rocks, British Geological Survey, UK, Vol.1, 52p.
Hamilton, W., 1979, Tectonics of the Indonesian Region, USGS
Professional Paper, 1map, Washington1078, 345p.
McCourt, W.J., Crow, M.J., Cobbing, E.J., Amin, T.C., 1996,
Mesozoic and Cenozoic Pluton Evolution of SE Asia :
Evidence from Sumatra, Indonesia, in Hall, R., & Blundell,
D. J. (eds), Tectonic Evolution of SE Asia, Geological
Society Special Publication, no. 106, p321-335.
Pujasmadi, B., Alley, H., Shofiyuddin, 2002, Suban Gas Field,
South Sumatra, Example of a Fractured Basement
Reservoir, IAGI Giant Fields and New Exploration
Concepts Seminar, 17 Oktober, 13p.
Pulunggono, A & Cameron, N.R., 1984, Sumatran Microplates,
Their Characteristics And Their Role In The Evolution of
the Central And South Sumatra Basins, Proc. 13th Ann.
Conv. IPA, Jakarta, May, p121-143.
Rollinson, H.R., 1993, Using Geochemical Data : Evaluation,
Presentation, Interpretation, Longman Singapore
Publishers (Pte) Ltd, 352p.
Subandrio, A.S. & Suparka, M.E., 1994, Petrology and
Geochemistry of Sibolga A-Type Granitoid, North
Sumatra – Indonesia, PIT IAGI 23rd, December, p334-354.
Wilson, M., 1989, Igneous Petrogenesis : A Global Tectonic
Approach, Allen & Unwin Ltd, New Zealand, 466p.
Yuwono, Y.S., 2004, Diktat Pengantar Petrogenesis,
Laboratorium Petrologi dan Geologi Ekonomi Departemen
Teknik Geologi, FIKTM, ITB, Bandung, 109p.
311
312
Fatoni Adyahya/ICG 2015
Petrology and Alteration of Lari Mountain in Arinem Area, West

Java, Indonesia
Fatoni Adyahya1*, Euis T. Yuningsih1, Ildrem Syafrie1, H. Matsueda2, A. Hardiyono1
1
Faculty of Geology, University of Padjadjaran, Bandung, West Java, Indonesia
2
The Hokkaido University Museum, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
*Fatoniady@gmail.com
Abstract
Lari Mountain is located in Garut region, West Java, Indonesia as a part of the Arinem deposit. Arinem deposit is
epithermal low-intermediate sulfidation with Au-Ag-base metal mineralization. . This mineralization was resulted from
Arinem and Bantarhuni veins with relatively northwest – southeast direction. These veins hosted by Oligocene –
Middle Miocene Jampang formation volcanic rocks. The formation consists of andesitic tuff, breccia, and lava. The
younger Pliocene – Pleistocene volcanic rocks was covered this formation. Lithology of Lari Mountain is Porphyry
Dacite which intruded older volcanic rocks.
Petrology and alteration studies has been undertaken from the outcrops of Lari mountain region. Lari Mountain is an
northern most of the Arinem and Bantarhuni veins. This research was held using thin and polish sections analyses, then
the result was correlated with the XRD data to gain interpreted of lithology and alteration types in the area.
Type of alteration in Lari Mountain according to the alteration minerals assemblage which found in the rocks samples
is Argillic. Vuggy quartz and kaolinite group mineral indicate that formation condition of alteration is in acidic
condition (pH 3-4).
Keywords :alteration, argillic, kaolinite, Lari Mountain, XRD.
Introduction deposit is situated at the southwest of Papandayan

active volcano.
Lari Mountain is located in Wangonjaya
Region, Pakenjeng Subdistrict, Garut District, West The mineralization in southern part of West
Java Province. This location known as a part of the Java is related with volcanic intrusion which formed
epithermal low-intermediate sulphidation Arinem in Oligocene – Miocene. The lithology act as
Deposit with Au-Ag-base metal mineralization mineralization host rock of the area is Oligocene –
Arinem and Bantarhuni veins with relatively Middle Miocene volcanic rock of Jampang
northwest – southeast direction (Yuningsih & Formation. The formation consist of andesitic tuff,
Matsueda, 2014; Yuningsih et al., 2012). The breccia, and lava. The younger Pliocene –
Pleistocene volcanic rocks was covered this
formation (Alzwar, et al., 1992).
Geology of Lari Mountain area consist of
lithologies from volcanic activity in Tersier such as
tuff and others volcanic rocks. This lithology is
overlain by Pleistocene Andesit Lava. Then tuff and
Andesit lava were intruded by younger Dacite.
(Tanssa et al.,, , 2014).
313
Figure 1. Map of West Java, red box showns the location of
study area
Figures 2. Geological map of Wangonjaya and Surrounding (modified after Tanssa, et al., 2014).
Location of Lari Mountain mark by yellow line circle.
Mineralization in Lari Mountain is unique, mineral content and the textural realationship within
because in this area were found vuggy silica which the rock are described in detail.
commonly formed in epithermal high sulphidation Detailed analysis of minerals was conducted by
system. The aim of this study is to characterized of optical mineralogy in thin section. Optical
lithology and alteration types in the area. The type mineralogy of every minerals is characteristic and
of the alteration were determined according to the most of minerals can be identified under a
alteration minerals assemblage which found in the microscope, but it is very difficult to identifiy finer
rock samples. This research will determine the grained minerals such as clay minerals. To identify
characteristics of Lari Mountain comparing to other this clay minerals, X-Ray Diffraction has been used.
region in Arinem Deposit.
The samples was collected in outcrop of the
research area. Total of three samples were prepared
Analytical Method with thin sections and one sample with polished
section for microscopic observation. An additonal 2
Petrography is a branch of petrology that samples (R8 and R9) were analyzed by XRD (X-
focuses on detailed descriptions of rocks, the Ray Diffraction) and PIMA (Portable Infrared
Mineral Analyzer) for clay mineral identification.
314
Figures 3. Photo of Hand Specimen samples in R25 (a) and R28 (b). Both samples has light grey colour, in R25 showing a few and
small vugs. (c) Under microscope in transmitted light showing phenocryst of quartz in fine grained groundmass, rocks already
strongly intense altered it showed by replacement of feldspar to secondary quartz and kaolinite. (d) R28 in transmitted light
photomicrographs showing the occurences of vugs textures.
Thin and polished sections analyses were using inequigranular textures, this samples composed of
microscope in Laboratory of Petrology-Mineralogy quartz and plagioclase, hardness of this rock is very
UNPAD, for XRD and PIMA analysis conducted at hard due sillification alteration, a few vugs found in
the Laboratory of Geological Resources Centre samples.
(PSDG). Determination of alteration then could be Microscopic
identified using these petrology, xrd and PIMA
Under microscope R25 shown dark grey colour,
analyses.
porphyritic texture with fine grained groundmass,
quartz occurred as phenocryst in microcrystalline
Results groundmass, the degree of crystallization is
hypocrystalline, subhedral crystal shapes,
Macroscopic inequigranular textures, this samples has been
Dacite as shown in hand specimen of R25 and altered by secondary quartz and kaolinite which may
R28 (Figure 3a and 3b) have light grey colour, replace feldspars, even this samples has been altered
porphyritic texture with fine grained groundmass, but the original textures still can be identifed. Based
the degree of crystallization is hypocrystalline, on classification of igneous rocks by Travis (1955)
dominantly by subhedral crystal shapes,
315
the name of this rocks is Porphyry Dacite (Figure 3c Kaolinite has indicate if this alteration is
and d). formed at a pH of around 3-4 (Thompson, 1996).
In samples number 09, alteration has been very Kaolinite is formed at shallow depths under low
intense, all of the feldsparreplaced by secondary temperature conditions (<150-200oC), Halloysite
quartz. It can be shown in macroscopic with white occurs mainly as a supergene weathering product.
colour and some vuggy silica occurs in samples. (Corbett and leach, 1997). Montmorillonite may
occur as alteration of glasses contained in rocks, it
may be produced at 150oC.
Vuggy quartz alteration forms by reaction of
low-pH aquaeous fluid or vapours with rocks. It is
indicate that the alteration were occurred in acidic
condition. The present of quartz (vuggy quartz)-
kaolinite-halloysite-montmorillinite-pyrite alteration
minerals assemblage indicated that Lari mountain
alteration type is Argillic. Alteration mineral
association of quartz (with vuggy texture) –
Figures 4. Polished Section photomicrograph of pyrite in R25
kaolinite-halloysite-montmorillonite-pyrite in Lari
Mountain is indication for the occurrence of argillic
In polished section, the ore minerals can be type of alteration This type of alteration is occurred
identified is pyrite (Figure 4), this mineral is fine in epithermal sulphidation, but there is still some
grained, with granular textures and yellow in colour doubts if this system is indication for high or low
and subhedral – anhedral crystal shape. sulphidation epithermal. Because Kaolinite group
minerals formed in environment with 3-4 pH, a key
mineral alteration presence such as alunite group is
X-Ray Diffraction needed to clarifiedto make sure which environment
XRD analyses result of R8 and R9 samples is this system belongs to.
indicated the presence of quartz, kaolinite, halloysite
and montmorillonite (Figure 5).
Conclusions
Lari mountain is formed by Porphyry Dacite
which intruded the older volcanic rocks. Type of
alteration found in Lari mountain is argillic. Vuggy
quartz texture and kaolinite group indicate if deposit
characteristic formed in acidic condition (3-4 pH).
Figures 5. Graphic from XRD Analyses in R8 Sampls showing
Lari mountain is an intersting to study further in
the presence of quartz, kaolinite, and montmorillonite related to discover the relation with epithermal low-
intermediate sulphidation mineralization in Arinem
and Bantarhuni veins.
Discussions
Acknowledgments
Petrographic observation indicate alteration
minerals in Lari Mountain are quartz and kaolinite. The authors are very grateful to PT. Antam
Ore minerals can be observed is pyrite. Secondary Tbk. for access to the exploration area and valuable
quartz and kaolinite may occurs in dacite by discussion with exploration team of Arinem. Mr.
replacing feldspars, the presence of kaolinite Reqy Tradyla Tanssa is also thank for additional
mineral can be shown by result of XRD analyses. data.
316
References
Alzwar, M., Akbar, N. And Bachri, S. 1992. Systematic
geological map, Indonesia, quadrangle garut 1208-6 &
Pameungpeuk 1208-3, Scale 1:100.000. Geological
Research and Development Centre.
Corbett, G.J. and Leach , T. M. 1998. Southwest Pacifif Rim
gold-copper systems: struture, alteration, and
mineralization. Soc. Econ. Geol., Special Publication.
Tanssa, R.T., Rosana, M. F. And Sunarie, C. Y., 2014. Geology

and alteration Wangonjaya and Surrounding Area,
Pakenjeng Subdistrict, Garut District, West Java Province.
UNPAD, unpublished undergraduate thesis, …p.
Thompson, A. J. B. And Thompson, J. F. H.., 1996. Atlas of
Alteration : A field and petrographic guide to hydrothermal
alteration minerals. Mineral Deposits Division – GAC.
Yuningsih, E. T. and Matsueda, H. 2014. Genesis and origin of
Te-bearing gold-silver-base metal mineralization of
Arinem deposit, western Java, Indonesia, Journal of
Mineralogical and Petrological Science, 109, 2, p.49-61.
Yuningsih, E. T., Matsueda, H., Setyaraharja, E. P. and Rosana,
M. F. 2012. The Arinem Te-bearing gold-silver-base metal
deposit, West Java, Indonesia, Resource Geology Journal,
62, 2, p140-158.
317
318
STUDY OF DEPOSITIONAL ENVIRONMENT THROUGH
MEASURE SECTION AND COMPOSITE LOG PROFILE IN
PAGUYANGAN AREA, BREBES, WEST JAVA PROVINCE
Determining Depositional Environment Based on Occurences of
Foraminifera
Kuat Yogiristanto1, Lili Fauzielly1 and Puspa Khaerani1
1
Padjadjaran University, Jln. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, 45363, Sumedang, Indonesia
Email: yogikuat@gmail.com, fzelly@yahoo.co.id, puspakhaerani@yahoo.com
Abstract
Research area of Paguyangan has a typical of geological depositional environment based on the
interpretation of surface geological mapping supported by analysis of micropaleontology. The method
used in this research includes studio method and field method. Studio method consists of
micropaleontology analysis to determine the kind of fossilsof each lithology samples. While the field
method is carried out through the surface geological mapping in the study area. Based on regional
geology, the research consists of Halang Formation, Rambatan Formation, and Quaternary Volcanic.
While the results of surface geological mapping show stratography of research are, starting from
older-younger units such as: Unit of Claystone, Unit of Sandstone, Unit of Volcanic Breccia and Unit
of Tuf. Composite Log Profile A-B drawn passed the lithology of Claystone and Sandstone. Based on
lithological thickness of each part, it can be interpreted that the geological depositional environment
of this profile is Deep Marine Fan. In order to prove the interpretation of the results,
micropaleontology analysis of Measure Section A-B is done which represent the lithology of
Claystone. The results of planktonic foraminifera types show the age of Middle Miocene (N-12), while
the types of benthic foraminifera indicates the range of bathymetric zones Outer Neritic-Upper
Bathyal (170 – 300 m below the sea surface). This result can support the type of geological
depositional environment of Deep Marine Fan in the study area.
Keywords: Micropaleontology, Environment, Measure Section, Composite Log
319
PALEOGEOMORPHOLOGY DYNAMICS BASED ON
SURFACE GEOLOGICAL MAPPING IN BUMIAYU, BREBES
DISTRICT, CENTRAL JAVA PROVINCE
Revealing the Forming of Quartenary Plain Morphology Through
Geological Approach
Dwi Menur Mandriati1, Undang Mardiana1, Annisa Nur Azizah1, and Murni Sulastri1
1
Padjadjaran University, Jln. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, 45363, Sumedang, Indonesia
Email: menurdwi@yahoo.co.id, umardiana@yahoo.com, annisanurazizah@yahoo.com,
naomi_murni@yahoo.com
Abstract
Research area of Bumiayu conducted to determine the condition of regional geological aspects
include geomorphology, stratigraphy, and structural geology in order to interpret the
paleogeomorphology dynamics of plain topography in Bumiayu. Research method used includes
method of studio and field. The method of studio consists of geomorphological analysis, structural
analysis, laboratory analysis and assessment of previous studies. While the field method done through
the surface geological mapping in the study area. The research area is divided into six units of
geomorphology: Unit of Alluvium plain, Unit of Plain Volcanic, Unit of Slightly Sloping Hill of
Volcanic, Unit of Rather Steep Hill of Volcanic, Unit of Rather Steep Hill of Structural, and Unit of
Steep Hill of Structural. While stratigraphy unit in the study area consists of 5 lithologies and 1
surface sediments such as: Unit of Claystone (Tmbl), Unit of Sandstone (Tmbp), Unit of
Conglomerate (Tmk), Unit of Volcanic Breccia (Qbv), Unit of Tuf (Qt), and Alluvium (Qa).
Paleogeomorphology dinamics of plain topography in the study area influenced by volcanic activity,
normal faults, and sinistral-reverse faults. Volcanic activity and the faults are characterized by
distinctive morphological changes, such as the formation of the plain topography in the central part
of the research area due to the influence of normal and sinistral-reverse faults. These cases cause the
plain topography located between two part of hills. Then the plain topography is filled by volcanic
material and alluvium.
Keywords: Paleogeomorphology, Fault, Volcanic, Stratigraphy
321
GEO-ELECTRICTAL CHARACTERIZATION OF MAJOR
FAULT ZONE IN BELAIT FORMATION TO IDENTIFY
AQUIFER POTENTIAL AT NORTH LABUAN
Sahat Sadikun1, Hardianshah Saleh1, Baba Musta1 and Mohamed Ali Yusof Mohd Husin1
1
faculty Of Science And Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Abstract
Geo-electrical survey was carried out at Belait Formation at Ganggarak area to study the aquifer
potential especially at the major fault zone. Belait Formation dominates the northern region of
Labuan which is built up by sandstone and siltstone with the presence of coal layer. Electrical
Resistivity with Induced polarization imaging was carried out using ABEM TERRAMETER LS. Two
configuration were used, Wenner configuration (profile GW) for better shallow resolution while
Schlumberger configuration (profile GS) for deeper information. Surveys are conducted across the
major faults including the coal layers with maximum electrode distance up to 100 meters which give
16 to 20 meters depth of subsurface geo-electric data. Correlation of geochemical information and
the boreholes is performed to obtain interpretation for subsurface layer and the chemical properties
of groundwater. Results from both Geo-electric profiles GW and GS, shows the presence of two major
faults with low resistivity range (4 to 31 Ω.m) and has a depth of 6 meters and more than 16 meters
respectively. Two layers of coal was also detected with a thickness of 2.5 to 3.8 meters with a
resistivity of 148 to 230 Ω.m. The induced polarization information for both profiles show a nearly
uniform variation with values of 0.1 to 2.5 milliseconds, which indicates the presence of clay is
minimal. The geo-electric results indicate the presence of a major fault in the Belait Formation have
the potential to hold and transmit groundwater.
323
MINERAL CHARACTERISTICS OF BLACK SAND FROM
PULAU BANGGI, KUDAT, SABAH, MALAYSIA
Hazerina Pungut1 and Amirul Farhan Wan Ismail2

1
Faculty of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Jalan UMS, 88400, Kota Kinabalu, Sabah, Malaysia
Email: hazerina@ums.edu.my
Abstract
Black sand sample was collected from Pulau Banggi, Kudat, Sabah to identify the mineralogy
and physical characteristics. The study area is an island located at north of Sabah, 180 km
from Kota Kinabalu. The occurrence of black sand lies at the beach of Kampung Pasir
Modom, in the north part of Pulau Banggi. The black sand made up mostly of dark coloured
minerals and some lighter coloured minerals. Dark coloured sand are heavy minerals with
specific gravity above 2.9 g/cm3 which compose of chromite, ilmenite and magnetite. While
lighter coloured grains are minerals of zircon, garnet, quartz and lithic. The particle sizes of
the minerals are mostly uniform except for quartz and lithic that is much larger. The shapes
of mineral grains are subangular to subrounded, with some mineral display its crystal system
such as ilmenite, magnetite and zircon. The highest composition of the black sand is
chromite and ilmenite, followed by quartz, garnet, zircon, magnetite and lithic. These black
sand originated from nearby resources of ultrabasic rock that has gone through weathering
where the particles get wash away from higher ground into stream and the open sea, which
then being reworked by waves and concentrated at the beach.
Keywords : black sand, heavy mineral.
325
WATER QUALITY ANALYSIS OF COASTAL FRESHWATER
AQUIFER AS DRINKING WATER RESOURCE IN NORTH
LABUAN ISLAND, MALAYSIA
Mohamed Ali Yusof Bin Mohd Husin1, Baba Musta1, Hardianshah Saleh1, and Jaineh Lingi2
1
faculty Of Science And Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
2
mineral And Geoscience Department (Sabah), Jalan Penampang,
Beg Berkunci 2042, 88999 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah.
E-Mail Address: Mohamedaliyusof@Yahoo.Com
Abstract
Due to the limited water supply and resources in Labuan Island, potential of groundwater have to be
studied in detail for future growth and development. This study is conducted in North Labuan Island.
The focus of the study are located in Kampung Ganggarak and Bukit Kubong, which predominantly
built up of clay, sandy clay, soft to pebbly estuarine sandstones, some lignite/coal, shale and
conglomerate of Belait Formation. The sandstones of this formation favour the aquifer system.
Electrical resistivity imaging methods and induced polarization were carried out using equipment
ABEM TERRAMETER LS using Wenner and Schlumberger configurations. Cross section of both
locations shows the evidence of economical aquifer. Water samples from 4 different monitoring wells
are collected for geochemical analysis. The pH values for these samples are considered acidic to
natural and vary from 3.5 to 5.9. Conductivity vary from 105 µS/cm to >4000 µS/cm and salinity from
57 ppm to >2000 ppm. The groundwater chemistry was greatly governed by influence from saltwater
intrusion, which characterized in by considerable amount of Ca and Na in all the samples. Overall, it
is concluded that both groundwater from this aquifers is not a suitable source of drinking water in
concern to its salinity, acidity and several elevated elements such as Fe and Mn. It is suggested that
alternative sources should be explored to overcome this issue.
Keywords :
327
SUBSURFACE EVALUATION OF SEAWATER INTRUSION
AT THE COASTAL REGION OF WEST-COAST SABAH
AREA BY USING GEOPHYSICAL ANALYSIS
Hardianshah Saleh and Sahat Sadikun
1
Faculty Of Science and Natural Resources, Universiti Malaysia Sabah,
Jalan Ums, 88400 Kota Kinabalu, Sabah
Abstract
West-coast of Sabah dominated by Crocker Formation which consist of sandstone and shale that
formed by turbidite deposition. Climate change and human activities can affect groundwater level
especially aquifer at the coastal region. Geophysical survey has been done to investigate the intrusion
of seawater towards mainland at the research area. Total of 15 survey stations which is divided into
zone A, B, C and D which is consist of 4,4,3 and 4 survey stations respectively have been carried out
with Electrical Resistivity Imaging (ERI) technique. Schlumberger array were used in all survey
stations which give 33 to 75 meter of subsurface information. Low resistivity value ranging from 0.8
to 4 Ohm.m at Zone A (the southern part of the area) interpreted as mixing zone of fresh and saline
water which is 2 Km from shoreline. Survey station at Zone B and C also shows low resistivity value
ranging from 0.6 to 1 ohm.m for survey stations that located less than 1km from the shoreline which is
interpreted as saline water. But there is no indicator of saline water up to 3 Km toward the land.
Whilst, survey stations at Zone D, which is the northern most of the research area did not indicate
saline water appearance at the region up to 1 Km from shoreline. As conclusion, groundwater within
the west-coast region of Sabah not really affected by serious seawater intrusion at the moment.
329
SOURCE ROCK EVALUATION : GEOCHEMISTRY
ANALYSIS IN REGIONAL OF ASRI BASIN, NORTHWEST
JAVA, INDONESIA
Osman Rinaldi1, Meninta Karin1, Mochammad Fahmi Ghifarry1 and Harvey Zakaria1
1
University of Padjadjaran, Jl. Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21 Jatinangor, 45363, Sumedang,
Indonesia
Email: ftg@unpad.ac.id
Abstract
Asri Basin is known for its large oil production in the western part of Indonesia, with reserves
approximately 1.2 billion barrels and cumulative production has reached more than 500 million
barrels oil (Yumansa, 2013). By knowing this fact, it is essential to analyze the maturity of source
rock which produced the hydrocarbon. Our intention in this research is to give information about the
potential of Asri Basin’s source rock according to kerogen type obtained from our analysis using
regional stratigraphy and geochemical log data. Asri Basin is a Paleogene half-graben which curved
toward the southwest, and confine the major fault in the east. It is located about 150 km to the
southeast offshore of Sumatra Island. Based on regional stratigraphy, lacustrine shale in Banuwati
Formation conformable with terrestrial – lacustrine sediments in Talang Akar Formation which both
of them have a potency being a source rock. Geochemistry data shows the kerogen type 1. Lacustrine
sediment has rich organic content that suitable to produce good oil. Yumansa (2013) stated that
Eocene Banuwati lacustrine shale is the only active source rock which is known to produce
hydrocarbons in Asri Basin. The present of oil window is estimated to be at 11,500 feet below sea
level. Through this research can be define the potential source rock in Asri Basin.
Keywords : Asri Basin, Banuwati Formation, geochemistry, source rock, Talang Akar
Formation
331
AN ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACY ASSESMENT OF SHALE
GAS DEVELOPMENT IN INDONESIA: ASSOCIATED WITH
HYDRAULIC FRACTURING PROCESS
Wijaya E.1, Putra F.1, Pangaribuan A.1, Mustafrizal F.1 and Arrisandy M.1
Himpunan Mahasiswa Geologi, Universitas Padjadjaran
Jl. Raya Bandung – Sumedang Km 21 Jatinangor 45363Telp/Fax (022)7796545
Email: eric.wijaya@hotmail.com
Abstract
Global economy is strongly based on fossil fuels representing 90% of the primary energy produced in
Indonesia and begun to lack of its reserves now. Many technology have been applied to exploit the
alternate energy source and shale gas becomes the great one. Shale gas refers to natural gas that is
trapped within shale formations. Over the past decade, shale gas development in Indonesia still
stagnant. It caused by some problem, one of them is hydraulic fracturing process that associated with
environmental issues. Hydraulic fracturing, or “fracking”, is the process of drilling and injecting
fluid into the ground at a high pressure in order to fracture shale rocks to release natural gas inside.
The water that used in injecting fluid process is mixed with sand and chemicals to create fracking
fluid. Up to 600 chemicals are used in fracking fluid, including known carcinogens and toxins such as
uranium, mercury, ethylene glycol, methanol, hydrochloric acid, formaldehyde, and etc. During this
process, methane gas and toxic chemicals leach out from the system and contaminate nearby
groundwater. Only 30-50% of the fracturing fluid is recovered, the rest of the toxic fluid is left in the
ground and is not biodegradable. This process will not safe to use for daily needs of people who live
near the sites. Based on study literature, we suggest a technology to avoid the environmental impacts
and its called with Hi-way Flow channel unit (schlumberger,2010). This technique present the drilling
on safe rate depth between 4000-6000 feet that will not contaminate groundwater aquifer. With
understanding this technique, it will help to increase shale gas development in Indonesia that
synergized with environment protection.
Keywords : shale gas, hydraulic fracturing, environmental impact, energy development
333
GEOTECHNICS FOR FOUNDATION PLANNING IN JETTY
AND CONVEYOR BELT CONSTRUCTION
A Case Study from Loa Duri, East Kalimantan, Indonesia
Ilham P. Budhi1, Raden I. Sophian1, Febri Hirnawan1, and Geni Firuliadhim2
1
Faculty of Geology, Universitas Padjadjaran, 45363, Jatinangor, Indonesia
2
Faculty of Civil Engineering, Politeknik Negeri Bandung, Bandung, Indonesia
Email: ilhampb160@yahoo.co.id
Abstract
The Mahakam River in Borneo Island, has long been used by the surrounding coal mining company to
send their mining product by using barges. Conveyor belt used to deliver the mining products from
stock pile to barges, and jetty serves as a haven for the barge.The geotechnical investigation is
needed to ensure the jetty and conveyor belt placed on the appropriate type of foundation.The study
begins with geotechnical mapping, followed by geotechnical drilling, SPT, and DCPT. The samples
form geotechnical drilling tested in the laboratory, producing soil and rock mechanics data. The data
from SPT, DCPT, are used as the foundation calculation analysis.The results showed that thr areas of
research compiled by well graded sands (SW) and poorly graded sands (SP).The footing foundations
choosed at point S01, S02, S03, and S04, with allowable bearing capacity 0.51 - 3.73 kg /cm2, at
point S05 and S06, the pile foundation choosed, with allowable bearing capacity 19,733 - 36,436
tons. The preboring pile foundations choosed at point BH01, BH02, BH05, and BH 09 with allowable
bearing capacity 15.7 - 75.7 tons, at point BH04, BH06, BH07, BH08 pile foundations are used, with
allowable bearing capacity 9.7 - 105.6 tons.
Keywords : . Loa Duri, geotechnical mapping, geotechnical drilling, foundation
335
KINEMATIC ANALYSIS TO PREDICT THE PIT WALL
FAILURE AT BATU HIJAU MINE – PT NEWMONT NUSA
TENGGARA
Luthfan Harisan Jihadi1, Yan Adriansyah2 and Zufialdi Zakaria1

1
Universitas Padjadjaran, Jalan Raya Bandung-Sumedang KM 21, 45363, Bandung, Indonesia
2
Newmont Nusa Tenggara, Jalan Sriwijaya no. 258, 83126, Mataram, Indonesia
Email: luthfan.2005@gmail.com
Abstract
Batu Hijau Mine is one of the biggest open pit gold-copper mine which is located in Southern
Sumbawa Island, West Nusa Tenggara Province. Based on the historical data during the mining
development, the pit wall failure event at Batu Hijau is very intense due to the existence of complex
geological structure and high groundwater pressure behind the wall. The study was focused to
identify the possible of pit wall failure occurrence in line with the wall excavation. Geologically, Batu
Hijau has heavily altered silica-rich igneous rock with very complex geological structures as its main
composition. From the intact rock perspective, commonly, the igneous rock has a high value of
cohesion and/or friction angle, but the pit wall failure still occurs at Batu Hijau Mine. Therefore, this
study uses the assumption that the failure is mainly controlled by its geological structures. Kinematic
analysis is conducted to understand the general condition of geological structure also to determine
the failure mechanism. By using the Dips Software, the kinematic model of failures can be performed.
Based on the result of the study, the ratio of intersected plane at critical zone and total number of
discontinuity represents the significant discontinuity to the potential of pit wall failure. In addition,
the kinematic analysis that conducted in this study is useful to assess the failure mechanism that may
happen.
Keywords : Batu Hijau, Slope Failure, Kinematic Analysis
337
RECHARGE ANOMALY ON TRANSFER ZONE OF
CIKAPUNDUNG FLUVIAL SYSTEM, BANDUNG, WEST
JAVA
Zamzam A.J. Tanuwijaya1 Hendarmawan2 and Ajat Sudrajat2
1
Department of Geodetic and Geomatic Engineering, ITB
2
Faculty of Geology Padjadjaran University
Abstract
Cikapundung fluvial system divided into three zones; production, transfer and deposition. The
production zone is a recharge area that forms the drainage basin which flows into Maribaya outlet. In
the southern part of this production zone is a northward facing fault scarp which hinders the
groundwater flow to Bandung. The transfer zone is a segment of Cikapundung River extending from
Maribaya outlet to Curug Dago. This transfer zone is characterized by presence of basaltic lava flows
that covers the river bed. The deposition zone is a segment from Curug Dago to Citarum River, where
water flows above an alluvial fan. This fan was formed due to the activities of the Sunda Volcanic
Complex. This deposition zone ends up as sediment in ancient Bandung Lake. According to daily
stream discharge data over 63 years (1952-2014) there were indications of water loss between
Maribaya and Gandok outlet. This study focus on recharge mechanism of transfer zone segment. The
transfer zone is a segment of Cikapundung River which has effluent type, marked by a line of spring
waters out from the cliff, whilst in this zone is influent. The transfer zone is located within the
Palasari Block, where all the regional lineaments within the block were controlled by the tectonic
activities of Lembang Fault. Generally, these regional lineaments tend to have radial orientation and
converge to the west of the fault. These lineaments can be indicated of the weak zones which serve as
conduit for groundwater to flow into the aquifer. The result study can be concluded that the water loss
within the transfer zone occur within the river segment that have the lowest gradient slope and high
lineaments density. The recharge mechanism within the transfer zone occurs through the river pools
that have no basaltic bed due to eroded or they have basaltic bed with high fracture density.
Keywords: fluvial system, effluent, influent, recharge anomaly
339
and
st
FACULTY OF GEOLOGY UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN –
FACULTY OF SCIENCE AND NATURAL RESOURCES

and
Sponsors
PERTAMINA
HULU ENERGI
PUSAT STUDI ENERGI PUSAT STUDI SUMBER DAYA AIR

FAKULTAS TEKNIK GEOLOGI UNPAD FAKULTAS TEKNIK GEOLOGI UNPAD
September 29, 2015

Bandung, West Java - Indonesia

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No ISSN : 2443-4078 Volume : 2, September 2015

Geoscience Challenge for Future Energy

September 29, 2015

FACULTY OF GEOLOGY UNIVERSITAS PADJADJARAN –

“Geoscience Challenge for Future Energy

Volume : 2, September 2015

Bandung, September 29th, 2015

The 1st JOINT CONFERENCE OF FACULTY OF GEOLOGY UNIVERSITAS

Theme : “Geoscience Challenge for Future Energy and

Time : September 29, 2015 (Conference)

Adviser : Prof. Dr. Ir. H. Hendarmawan., M.Sc

Steering Commitee : Prof. Dr. Ir. H. Adjat Sudradjat., M.Sc

Chair : Euis Tintin Yuningsih, ST., MT., Ph.D

The 2nd INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE

“Geoscience Challenge for Future Energy

Bandung, September 29 , 2015

Coal Clean Technology Policy to Safeguard National Energy

Geology of Indonesia: Current Knowledge and

Depositional Characteristics and Petroleum Exploration Potential of

Depositional Characteristics and Petroleum Exploration Potential of

Introduction the Sandakan Formation and the Bongaya

Geologic Setting and Stratigraphy

marked by tremendously thick Mélange and

The Upper Miocene Sequence east Sabah

and intraformational conglomerates indicates The sedimentary structures found can be

Physical Characteristics of Selected

development was strongly influenced by local

Sam Proximate Analysis Ultimate Analysis

ST a 4.00 5.80 29.20

ST b 6.60 2.80 38.10

STc 5.30 2.60 38.40

Figure 7. Photomicrograph of a selected sandstone sample SP1 0.80 4.00 48.00

SK1 2.0 26.9 33.3

Miocene argillaceous facies. Chemical analysis KP2 1.01 3.95 38.01

River could be the key evidence to the thick

Coal Clean Technology Policy to Safeguard National Energy

Fig. 1: Indonesia’s energy mix perspective

Fig. 2: Road Map of Indonesia’s Energy Mix-2050

Fig.4: Realization and target of national electrification ratio

ambitious program to produce additional 35 GW

Fig. 5: Distribution of major national coal resources in Sumatera and Kalimantan

portofolio of solutions should be done to be able

Fig. 7: Advantages of CCT implementation for USC and IGCC

Fig. 8: Road map of CCT for CFPP development in Indonesia

Conclusion to set up Policy and Regulation

coal resource to building up mine-mouth

Hydrothermal Alteration and Mineralization Characteristics of Gajah

Introduction extent and volume the GIC is limited, with pre-mine

sixteen individual intrusions in the district Methodology

Kembelangan feldspatic quartz sandstone fine-medium grained monzodiorite which possibly

assemblages. Biotite replaces hornblende, and

supported by PT Freeport Indonesia and PT Mining District, Indonesia. Geological Society of

Pollen Typical of Submontane Forest Zone Mount Bukittunggul

Study Area the ratio of both pollens is very important for

9 06º 48’ 56,7” 107º 43’ 17,1” 1850

References Morley, R. J., 1990. Short Course Introduction to Palynology

Fig.2 Pollen taxa of lower montane forest zone-I

Fig.3 Pollen taxa of lower montane lower forest zone-II

0 0.2 0.4 0.6 0.8 1 1.2

Fig.4 Diversity index of pollen

Fig.5 Podocarpaceae VS Ericaceae

Fig.6. Pollen of Bukitunggul mountain

Integrated GIS based approach in mapping the groundwater