Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
1995
Use of masonry
Part 2: Structural use of reinforced and
prestressed masonry
BS 5628-2:1995
Contents
Page
Committees responsible Inside front cover
Foreword iii
Section 1. General
1.1 Scope 1
1.2 References 1
1.3 Definitions 1
1.4 Symbols 2
1.5 Alternative materials and methods of design and construction 3
Section 2. Materials and components
2.1 General 4
2.2 Structural units 4
2.3 Steel 4
2.4 Damp-proof courses 4
2.5 Wall ties 4
2.6 Cements 5
2.7 Aggregate 5
2.8 Mortars 5
2.9 Concrete infill and grout 5
2.10 Colouring agents for mortar 6
2.11 Admixtures 6
Section 3. Design objectives and general recommendations
3.1 Basis of design 7
3.2 Stability 7
3.3 Loads 8
3.4 Structural properties and analysis 8
3.5 Partial safety factors 15
Section 4. Design of reinforced masonry
4.1 General 18
4.2 Reinforced masonry subjected to bending 18
4.3 Reinforced masonry subjected to a combination of vertical
loading and bending 21
4.4 Reinforced masonry subjected to axial compressive loading 26
4.5 Reinforced masonry subjected to horizontal forces in the
plane of the element 26
4.6 Detailing reinforced masonry 27
Section 5. Design of prestressed masonry
5.1 General 30
5.2 Design for the ultimate limit state 30
5.3 Design for the serviceability limit state 31
5.4 Design criteria for prestressing tendons 31
5.5 Detailing prestressed masonry 33
Section 6. Other design considerations
6.1 Durability 35
6.2 Fire resistance 38
6.3 Accommodation of movement 38
6.4 Spacing of wall ties 38
6.5 Drainage and waterproofing 38
6.6 D.p.cs and copings 38
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BS 5628-2:1995
Page
Section 7. Work on site
7.1 Materials 39
7.2 Construction 39
7.3 Quality control 40
Annex A (normative) Design methods for walls incorporating
bed joint reinforcement to enhance lateral load resistance 41
Annex B (informative) Wall tie for high-lift cavity walls 43
Annex C (informative) Estimation of deflection 43
Annex D (normative) Method for determination of characteristic
strength of brick masonry, k 44
Annex E (informative) Durability recommendations for
various construction types 46
Index 47
Figure 1 Characteristic compressive strength, k, of masonry 11
Figure 2 Short-term design stress/strain curve for reinforcement 19
Figure 3 Moment of resistance factor, Q 23
Figure 4 Hooks and bends 29
Figure 5 Typical short-term design stress/strain curves for
normal and low relaxation tendons 33
Figure 6 Minimum concrete cover in pocket-type walls and in
reinforced hollow blockwork walls 37
Figure B.1 Wall tie for high-lift grouted-cavity wall 43
Figure D.1 Typical prisms for determination of k 45
Table 1 Proportions and mean compressive strengths of mortar 5
Table 2 Chloride content of mixes 6
Table 3 Characteristic compressive strength, k, of masonry 13
Table 4 Characteristic tensile strength of reinforcing steel, y 14
Table 5 Elastic modulus for concrete infill, Ec 15
Table 6 Partial safety factors, gmm, for strength of reinforced
masonry in direct compression and bending: ultimate limit state 16
Table 7 Partial safety factors gmv, gm, gms: ultimate limit state 17
Table 8 Limiting ratios of span to effective depth for
laterally-loaded walls 18
Table 9 Limiting ratios of span to effective depth for beams 18
Table 10 Values of the moment of resistance factor, Q, for
various values of k/gmm and lever arm factor, C 22
Table 11 Effective height of walls and columns 24
Table 12 Values of the coefficient j 25
Table 13 Selection of reinforcement for durability 35
Table 14 Minimum concrete cover for carbon steel reinforcement 36
Table D.1 Value of k 45
Table D.2 Value of reduction factor to allow for ratio h/t 45
Table E.1 Durability recommendations for various
construction types 46
List of references 50
ii BSI 11-1998
BS 5628-2:1995
Foreword
This Part of BS 5628 has been prepared by Subcommittee B/525/6 and supersedes
BS 5628-2:1985, which is withdrawn.
This edition of BS 5628-2 introduces technical changes but it does not reflect a full
review or revision of the standard which will be undertaken in due course.
The recommendations in this code are based on existing experience and practice
in the UK and overseas and on the results of recent research. However, compared
with reinforced masonry, there are relatively few examples of prestressed
masonry at present in this country.
Annex A of this code gives recommendations for the design of masonry
incorporating bed joint reinforcement for enhancement of lateral load resistance,
pending further research.
It has been assumed in the drafting of this code that the design of reinforced and
prestressed masonry is entrusted to appropriately qualified and experienced
persons, and the execution of the work is carried out under the direction of
appropriately qualified supervisors.
A British Standard does not purport to include all the necessary provisions of a
contract. Users of British Standards are responsible for their correct application.
Compliance with a British Standard does not of itself confer immunity
from legal obligations.
Summary of pages
This document comprises a front cover, an inside front cover, pages i to iv,
pages 1 to 50, an inside back cover and a back cover.
This standard has been updated (see copyright date) and may have had
amendments incorporated. This will be indicated in the amendment table on the
inside front cover.
Section 1. General
BSI 11-1998 1
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 1
2 BSI 11-1998
Section 1 BS 5628-2:1995
BSI 11-1998 3
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 2
2.1 General
Unless otherwise stated, the materials and Hot rolled steel bars BS 4449
components used in the construction of loadbearing Cold worked deformed
walls should conform to the appropriate clause of steel bars BS 4449
BS 5628-3 or BS 5390. Cold reduced steel wire BS 4482
2.2 Structural units Steel fabric BS 4483
Bricks and blocks intended for use in reinforced and Austenitic stainless steel BS 6744, types
prestressed masonry should be selected from the 304S31 and 316S33
types listed below and should conform to the BS 970-1, types
relevant British Standard. 304S15, 304S31 or
Calcium silicate (sandlime and 316S33, excluding
flintlime) bricks BS 187 free machining
specifications.
Clay bricks BS 3921
Precast concrete masonry units BS 6073-1 Reinforcement may be galvanized after
manufacture in accordance with BS 729 or clad with
Reconstructed stone masonry units BS 6457 a layer of austenitic stainless steel of nominal
Stone masonry BS 5390 thickness not less than 1 mm.
Clay and calcium silicate modular 2.3.2 Prestressing steel
bricks BS 6649 Prestressing wire, strands and bars should conform
Dimensions of bricks of special to BS 4486 or BS 5896.
shapes and sizes BS 4729
2.4 Damp-proof courses
Selection of units should follow the
Damp-proof courses (d.p.cs) should conform to one of
recommendations contained in BS 5628-3 or
the British Standards, as appropriate,
BS 5390, as appropriate, in respect of durability and
recommended in clause 10 of BS 5628-3:1985.
other considerations.
Designers should pay particular attention to the
The tables and graphs in this Part of BS 5628 cover
characteristics of the materials chosen for d.p.cs.
masonry units of compressive strength 7 N/mm2 1)
Materials which squeeze out are undesirable in
or more. However, this should not be taken to
highly stressed walls, and the effect of sliding at the
preclude the use of masonry units of lower strength
d.p.c should be considered especially in relation to
for certain applications.
lateral loading. In general, advice on the resistance
Masonry units that have been previously used to compression, tension, sliding and shear should be
should not be reused in reinforced and prestressed sought from the manufacturers of the d.p.c.
masonry unless they have been thoroughly cleaned
and follow the recommendations of this code for 2.5 Wall ties
similar new materials.
Wall ties for low-lift grouted-cavity construction
2.3 Steel (see 7.2.2.2) should be the vertical-twist type
conforming to the requirements of BS 1243 except
2.3.1 Reinforcing steel for those for length.
Reinforcing steel, including bed joint reinforcement, The number and strength of wall ties for high-lift
should conform to the relevant British Standard. grouted cavity walls should be sufficient to resist
the bursting forces which occur during the cavity
filling and compaction operations. Details of a
suitable tie are given in annex B. Protection
against corrosion should follow the
recommendations of 6.1.2.8.
1)
Based on gross area for solid concrete blocks and net area for hollow concrete blocks (see C.2 of BS 6073-2:1981) and on the
area of bed for clay, calcium silicate and concrete bricks.
4 BSI 11-1998
Section 2 BS 5628-2:1995
BSI 11-1998 5
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 2
2.10 Colouring agents for mortar The effect of admixtures on durability of concrete or
mortar should be carefully assessed, with particular
Colouring agents should conform to BS 1014 and
reference to whether they will combine with the
their content by mass should not exceed 10 % (m/m)
ingredients to form harmful compounds or increase
of the cement in the mortar, the agent should be
the risk of corrosion of the reinforcement.
evenly distributed throughout the mortar. Carbon
black should be limited to 3 % (m/m) of the cement. The chloride ion content by mass of admixtures
should not exceed 2 % (m/m) of the admixtures
Consideration should be given to the strength and
or 0.03 % (m/m) of the cement.
durability of mortars incorporating colouring
agents. 2.11.2 Chlorides
2.11.2.1 Chlorides in sands
2.11 Admixtures The chloride ion content by mass of dry building
2.11.1 General sand should not exceed 0.15 % (m/m) of the cement.
For the purposes of this code an admixture is taken 2.11.2.2 Chlorides in mixes
to be as defined in BS 4887-1 or BS 5075-1, The total chloride content of concrete and mortar
including superplasticizers for infill concrete and mixes arising from aggregates and any other
mortar plasticizer. sources should not exceed the limits given in
Calcium chloride should never be used. Other Table 2.
admixtures should be used only with the written Table 2 Chloride content of mixes
permission of the designer. If admixtures are used,
it is important to ensure that the manufacturers Type or use of concrete or mortar Maximum total
instructions about quality and mixing times are chloride content by
carefully followed. mass of cement
% (m/m)
Admixtures should conform to the relevant British
Standard. Prestressed concrete; 0.1
heat-cured concrete
Concrete admixtures BS 5075-1
containing embedded metal
Accelerating admixtures,
Concrete or mortar made with 0.2
retarding admixtures and
cement conforming to BS 4027
water reducing admixtures
Concrete or mortar containing 0.4
Air-entraining admixtures BS 5075-2
embedded metal and made
Superplasticizing admixtures BS 5075-3 with cement conforming to
Mortar plasticizers BS 4887 BS 12 or BS 146
6 BSI 11-1998
Section 3 BS 5628-2:1995
BSI 11-1998 7
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 3
8 BSI 11-1998
Section 3 BS 5628-2:1995
The value of k should be taken from the Where the infill concrete is less strong than the
appropriate section of the table or figure, using the concrete in the block, the characteristic
following guidelines. compressive strength of the masonry should be
a) Table 3 a) and Figure 1 a) apply to masonry obtained as if the blocks were solid and of
built with bricks or other structural units with a compressive strength equal to the cube strength
ratio of height to least horizontal dimension of the infill concrete.
of 0.6. h) When masonry is built with square dressed
NOTE This table is intended to cover normal size bricks natural stone, the value of k should be obtained
which have an aspect ratio 0.63. as if the units were solid concrete blocks of an
b) Table 3 b) and Figure 1 b) apply to masonry equivalent compressive strength.
built with solid concrete blocks with a ratio of Linear interpolation within the tables is permitted.
height to least horizontal dimension of 1.0 and
3.4.1.1.4 Value of k where the compressive force is
they make due allowance for the enhancement in
parallel to the bed face of the unit
strength resulting from the unit shape.
c) Table 3 c) and Figure 1 c) apply to masonry The value of k for masonry in which the
built with solid concrete blocks, i.e. those without compressive forces act parallel to the bed faces may
cavities, with a ratio of height to least horizontal be taken as:
dimension of between 2.0 and 4.0 and they make a) for masonry units without holes, frogged bricks
due allowance for the enhancement in strength where the frogs are filled and filled hollow blocks,
resulting from the unit shape. the strength obtained from the appropriate item
d) Table 3 d) and Figure 1 d) apply to masonry of 3.4.1.1.3;
built with structural units, other than solid b) for cellular bricks and bricks with perforations,
concrete blocks, with a ratio of height to least the characteristic compressive strength, k,
horizontal dimension of between 2.0 and 4.0 and determined in accordance with 3.4.1.1.2 or,
they make due allowance for the enhancement in where no test data are available, one-third of the
strength resulting from the unit shape. strength obtained from the appropriate item
e) When masonry is built of hollow blocks having of 3.4.1.1.3;
a ratio of height to least horizontal dimension c) for unfilled hollow and cellular blocks, the
between 0.6 and 2.0, the value of k should be characteristic compressive strength, k, given in
obtained by interpolation between the values Table 3, using the strength of the block
given in Table 3 a) and Table 3 d). determined in the direction parallel to the bed
f) When masonry is built of solid concrete blocks, face of the unit.
i.e. those without any cavities, having a ratio of 3.4.1.1.5 Value of k for units of unusual format or
height to least horizontal dimension of for unusual bonding patterns
between 0.6 and 2.0, the value of k should be The value of k for masonry constructed with units
obtained by interpolation between the values of unusual formats, or with an unusual bonding
given in Table 3 a) and Table 3 c). To assist the pattern, may be taken as:
designer, Table 3 b) gives values of k for solid
concrete blocks having a ratio of height to least a) for brick masonry, the values determined by
horizontal dimension of 1.0. test in accordance with 3.4.1.1.2, provided that
the value of k is not taken to be greater than the
g) When masonry is built with hollow concrete appropriate value given in Table 3.
blocks and the vertical cavities are filled
b) for block masonry, the value given in Table 3,
completely with in situ concrete, the value of k
using the strength of the block determined in the
should be obtained as if the blocks were solid
(see f)) provided that: appropriate aspect.
1) the compressive strength of the blocks is 3.4.1.2 Characteristic compressive strength of
assessed on their net area as defined in masonry in bending
annex C of BS 6073-2:1981; For a given masonry defined in terms of the
2) the characteristic concrete cube strength of compressive strength of the structural units and
the infill is not less than the compressive mortar designation, the value of k derived
strength of the blocks derived from 1) and in no from 3.4.1.1 may be taken to be the characteristic
case less than the appropriate minimum compressive strength of masonry in bending.
strength given in 2.9.
BSI 11-1998 9
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 3
3.4.1.3 Characteristic shear strength of b) For reinforced sections in which the main
masonry, v reinforcement is placed within pockets, cores or
3.4.1.3.1 Shear in bending (reinforced masonry) cavities filled with concrete infill as defined
Characteristic shear strength may be calculated in in 2.9.1, the characteristic shear strength of the
two ways. masonry, v, may be obtained from the following
equation:
a) For sections in which the reinforcement is
f v = 0.35 + 17.5r
placed in bed or vertical joints, including Quetta
bond and other sections where the reinforcement where
is wholly surrounded with mortar designation (i)
r = As/bd
or (ii) (see Table 1), the characteristic shear
strength, v, may be taken as 0.35 N/mm2. As is the cross-sectional area of primary
For simply supported beams or cantilevers reinforcing steel;
where the ratio of the shear span (see 1.3.6) to b is the width of section;
the effective depth is less than 2, v may be
increased by a factor: d is the effective depth (see 1.3.4);
2d/av provided that v is not taken to be
where greater than 0.7 N/mm2.
d is the effective depth; For simply supported reinforced beams or
cantilever retaining walls where the ratio of the
av is the distance from the face of the support
shear span, a, (see 1.3.6) to the effective depth, d,
to the nearest edge of a principal load; is six or less, fv may be increased by a
provided that v is not taken to be factor {2.5 0.25 (a/d)} provided that fv is
greater than 0.7 N/mm2. not taken to be greater than 1.75 N/mm2.
At sections in certain laterally loaded walls there
may be substantial compressive stresses from
vertical loads. In such cases the shear may be
adequately resisted by the plain masonry
(see clause 25 of BS 5628-1:1992).
10 BSI 11-1998
Section 3 BS 5628-2:1995
BSI 11-1998 11
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 3
12 BSI 11-1998
Section 3 BS 5628-2:1995
BSI 11-1998 13
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 3
Hot rolled plain steel bars conforming to BS 4449 250 All 250
Hot rolled and cold worked deformed bars 460 All 460
conforming to BS 4449
Cold reduced steel wire conforming to BS 4482 used Up to and 460
in steel fabric in accordance with BS 4483 including 12 mm
Types 304 and 316 plain stainless steel bars 250 All 250
conforming to BS 6744
Types 304 and 316 deformed stainless steel bars 460 All 460
conforming to BS 6744
3.4.1.3.2 Racking shear in reinforced masonry shear 3.4.1.4 Characteristic strength of reinforcing
walls steel, y
When designing reinforced masonry shear walls the The characteristic tensile strength of reinforcement,
characteristic shear strength of masonry, v, may be y, is given in Table 4. To obtain the corresponding
taken to be: compressive strength, the given value should be
0.35 + 0.6gB, with a maximum of 1.75 N/mm2 multiplied by a factor 0.83.
where 3.4.1.5 Characteristic breaking load of
prestressing steel
gB is the design load per unit area normal to
the bed joint due to the loads calculated for The characteristic breaking load of prestressing
the appropriate loading condition detailed wire, strand and bar should be that specified in
in 3.5. BS 4486 or BS 5896, as appropriate.
3.4.1.6 Characteristic anchorage bond
Alternatively, for unreinforced sections in which the strength, b
main reinforcement is placed within pockets, cores
or cavities filled with concrete infill as defined The characteristic anchorage bond strength, b,
in 2.9.1, the characteristic shear strength of between mortar and steel in tension or compression
masonry, fv, may be taken to be 0.7 N/mm2 provided should be taken as 1.5 N/mm2 for plain bars
that the ratio of height to length of the wall does not and 2.0 N/mm2 for deformed bars of types 1 and 2 as
exceed 1.5. defined in BS 4449.
Designers should consider the effect of damp-proof The characteristic anchorage bond strength
courses on shear strength of masonry (see 3.2.1). between concrete infill and steel in tension or
compression should be taken as 1.8 N/mm2 for plain
3.4.1.3.3 Shear in prestressed sections bars and 2.5 N/mm2 for deformed bars of types 1
For prestressed sections with bonded or unbonded and 2 as defined in BS 4449.
tendons the characteristic shear strength of NOTE The recommendations in this clause may not apply to
masonry, v, may be obtained from the following walls incorporating bed joint reinforcement to enhance lateral
formula: load resistance (see annex A).
14 BSI 11-1998
Section 3 BS 5628-2:1995
b) For concrete infill used in prestressed c) the compression area of the masonry cross
masonry, the appropriate value of the elastic section combined with the reinforcement on the
modulus Ec as given in Table 5. basis of the modular ratio as derived in b).
c) For all steel reinforcement and all types of
loading, the elastic modulus Es = 200 kN/mm2. 3.5 Partial safety factors
d) For prestressing tendons, the appropriate 3.5.1 General
value of Es as follows: The partial safety factors for materials (gmm etc.)
make allowance for the variation in the quality of
Es = 205 kN/mm2 for cold drawn wire the materials and for the possible difference
conforming to BS 5896; between the strength of masonry constructed under
165 kN/mm2 for rolled and stretched site conditions and that of specimens built in the
bars conforming to BS 4486; laboratory for the purpose of establishing its
physical properties. The values used in this code
195 kN/mm2 for strand conforming to assume that the special category of construction
BS 5896; control (see 7.3.1) will be specified by the designer.
206 kN/mm2 for rolled and asrolled The values of partial safety factor for loads, gf, used
stretched and tempered bars in this code are based on those adopted in
conforming to BS 4486. BS 5628-1.
Table 5 Elastic modulus for concrete The factor gf is introduced to take account of:
infill, Ec a) possible unusual increases in load beyond
those considered in deriving the characteristic
28 day cube strength Ec
N/mm2 kN/mm2 load;
20 24 b) inaccurate assessment of effects of loading and
unforeseen stress redistribution within the
25 25 structure;
30 26 c) the variations in dimensional accuracy
40 28 achieved in construction.
50 30 3.5.2 Ultimate limit state
60 32 3.5.2.1 Loads
When using the design relationships for the
3.4.2 Analysis of structure ultimate limit state given in sections 4 and 5, the
When analysing any cross section within the design load should be taken as the sum of the
structure, the properties of the materials should be products of the component characteristic loads, or
assumed to be those associated with their design for earth loads the nominal load, multiplied by the
strengths appropriate to the limit state being appropriate partial safety factor, as shown below.
considered. Due allowance should be made when Where alternative values are shown, the case
materials with different properties are used in producing the more severe conditions should be
combination. Where the member to be designed selected, except for earth and water loads as
forms part of an indeterminate structure, the described in 3.2.2.
method of analysis employed to determine the forces a) Dead and imposed load
in the member should be based on as accurate a
design dead load = 0.9Gk or 1.4Gk
representation of the behaviour of the structure as
is practicable. design imposed load = 1.6Qk
When elastic analysis is used to determine the force design earth and water = 1.4En
distribution throughout the structure, the relative load
stiffnesses of the members may be based throughout
on any one of the following cross sections: b) Dead and wind load
a) the entire masonry section, ignoring the design dead load = 0.9Gk or 1.4Gk
reinforcement;
design wind load = 1.4Wk
b) the entire masonry section including the
reinforcement on the basis of the modular ratio design earth and water = 1.4En
derived from the appropriate values of modulus of load
elasticity given in 3.4.1.7;
BSI 11-1998 15
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 3
16 BSI 11-1998
Section 3 BS 5628-2:1995
Table 7 Partial safety factors gmv, gm, gms: In assessing short-term deflections, each of the load
ultimate limit state combinations a) to c) should be considered and that
Partial safety factor Value
giving the most severe conditions should be adopted.
It may also be necessary to examine additional
Shear strength of masonry, gmv 2.0
time-dependent deflections due to creep, moisture
Bond strength between concrete infill 1.5 movements and temperature, and their effect on the
or mortar and still, gmb structure as a whole, with particular reference to
cracking and other forms of local damage (see 4.3.5).
Strength of steel, gms 1.15
3.5.3.2 Materials
When considering the effects of accidental loads The value of gmm for masonry should be taken as 1.5
or localized damage, the values of gmm and gmv and that of gms for steel as 1.0, for deflection
may be halved. The values of gmb and gms should calculations and for assessing the stresses or crack
then be taken as 1.0. widths at any section within a structure.
3.5.3 Serviceability limit state 3.5.4 Moments and forces in continuous
3.5.3.1 Loads members
The design loads for a serviceability limit state In the analysis of continuous members it will be
should be taken as follows. sufficient to consider the following arrangements of
load:
a) Dead and imposed load
a) alternate spans loaded with the design
design dead load = 1.0Gk
load (1.4Gk + 1.6Qk) and all other spans loaded
design imposed load = 1.0Qk with the minimum design dead load (0.9Gk);
b) Dead and wind load b) all spans loaded with the design
load (1.4Gk + 1.6Qk)
design dead load = 1.0Gk
design wind load = 1.0Wk where
Gk is the characteristic dead load;
c) Dead, imposed and wind load
Qk is the characteristic imposed load.
design dead load = 1.0Gk
design imposed load = 0.8Qk
design wind load = 0.8Wk
where
Gk is the characteristic dead load;
Qk is the characteristic imposed load;
Wk is the characteristic wind load.
BSI 11-1998 17
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 4
18 BSI 11-1998
Section 4 BS 5628-2:1995
BSI 11-1998 19
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 4
20 BSI 11-1998
Section 4 BS 5628-2:1995
BSI 11-1998 21
Table 10 Values of the moment of resistance factor, Q, for various values of k/gmm and lever arm factor, C
22
BS 5628-2:1995
C k/g
gmm
(N/mm2)
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 15 20
0.95 0.095 0.190 0.285 0.380 0.475 0.570 0.665 0.760 0.855 0.950 1.045 1.140 1.235 1.425 1.900
0.94 0.113 0.226 0.338 0.451 0.564 0.677 0.790 0.902 1.015 1.128 1.241 1.354 1.466 1.692 2.256
0.93 0.130 0.260 0.391 0.521 0.651 0.781 0.911 1.042 1.172 1.302 1.432 1.562 1.693 1.953 2.604
0.92 0.147 0.294 0.442 0.589 0.736 0.883 1.030 1.178 1.325 1.472 1.619 1.766 1.914 2.208 2.944
0.91 0.164 0.328 0.491 0.655 0.819 0.983 1.147 1.310 1.474 1.638 1.802 1.966 2.129 2.457 3.276
0.90 0.180 0.360 0.540 0.720 0.900 1.080 1.260 1.440 1.620 1.800 1.980 2.160 2.340 2.700 3.600
0.89 0.196 0.392 0.587 0.783 0.979 1.175 1.371 1.566 1.762 1.958 2.154 2.350 2.545 2.937 3.916
0.88 0.211 0.422 0.634 0.845 1.056 1.267 1.478 1.690 1.901 2.112 2.323 2.534 2.746 3.168 4.224
0.87 0.226 0.452 0.679 0.905 1.131 1.357 1.583 1.810 2.036 2.262 2.488 2.714 2.941 3.393 4.524
0.86 0.241 0.482 0.722 0.963 1.204 1.445 1.686 1.926 2.160 2.408 2.649 2.890 3.130 3.612 4.816
0.85 0.255 0.510 0.765 1.020 1.275 1.530 1.785 2.040 2.295 2.550 2.805 3.060 3.315 3.825 5.100
0.84 0.269 0.538 0.806 1.075 1.344 1.613 1.882 2.150 2.419 2.688 2.957 3.226 3.494 4.032 5.376
0.83 0.282 0.564 0.847 1.129 1.411 1.693 1.975 2.258 2.540 2.822 3.104 3.386 3.669 4.233 5.644
0.82 0.295 0.590 0.886 1.181 1.476 1.771 2.066 2.362 2.657 2.952 3.247 3.542 3.838 4.428 5.904
0.81 0.308 0.616 0.923 1.231 1.539 1.847 2.155 2.462 2.770 3.078 3.386 3.694 4.001 4.617 6.156
0.80 0.320 0.640 0.960 1.280 1.600 1.920 2.240 2.560 2.880 3.200 3.520 3.840 4.160 4.800 6.400
0.79 0.332 0.664 0.995 1.327 1.659 1.991 2.323 2.654 2.986 3.318 3.650 3.982 4.313 4.977 6.636
0.78 0.343 0.686 1.030 1.373 1.716 2.059 2.402 2.746 3.089 3.432 3.775 4.118 4.462 5.148 6.684
0.77 0.354 0.708 1.063 1.417 1.771 2.125 2.479 2.834 3.188 3.542 3.896 4.250 4.605 5.313 7.084
0.76 0.365 0.730 1.094 1.459 1.824 2.189 2.554 2.918 3.283 3.648 4.013 4.378 4.742 5.472 7.296
0.75 0.375 0.750 1.125 1.500 1.875 2.250 2.625 3.000 3.375 3.750 4.125 4.500 4.875 5.625 7.500
0.74 0.385 0.770 1.154 1.539 1.924 2.309 2.694 3.078 3.463 3.848 4.233 4.618 5.002 5.772 7.696
0.73 0.394 0.788 1.183 1.577 1.971 2.365 2.759 3.154 3.548 3.942 4.336 4.730 5.125 5.913 7.884
0.72 0.403 0.806 1.210 1.613 2.016 2.419 2.822 3.226 3.629 4.032 4.435 4.838 5.242 6.048 8.064
BSI 11-1998
Section 4
BSI 11-1998
Section 4
BS 5628-2:1995
Figure 3 Moment of resistance factor, Q
23
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 4
Wall with lateral supports at top and bottom which provide enhanced 0.75 h
resistance to lateral movement (see 28.2.2.2 of BS 5628-1:1992)
Wall with lateral supports at top and bottom which provide simple h
resistance to lateral movement (see 28.2.2.1 of BS 5628-1:1992)
Column with lateral supports restricting movement in both directions h in respect of both directions
at top and bottom
Column with lateral supports restricting movement in one direction h in respect of restrained
only at top and bottom direction
2 h in respect of unrestrained
direction
4.3.2.4 Effective thickness
For single-leaf walls and columns the effective
thickness, tef, should be taken as the actual
thickness. where
For cavity walls and for columns with only one leaf
b is the width of the section;
reinforced, the effective thickness should be taken
as two-thirds the sum of the actual thicknesses of ex is the resultant eccentricity;
the two leaves or the actual thickness of the thicker k is the characteristic compressive strength
leaf, whichever is the greater. of the masonry;
The effective thickness of a grouted-cavity wall
t is the overall thickness of the section in the
should be taken as the overall thickness of the wall,
plane of bending;
provided the cavity width does not exceed 100 mm.
If the cavity width exceeds 100 mm, the effective gmm is the partial safety factor for strength of
thickness should be calculated as the total thickness masonry;
of the two leaves plus 100 mm.
NOTE This formula does not cover cases where the
4.3.3 Design resultant eccentricity
4.3.3.1 Columns subjected to a combination of M
e x = ----
-
vertical loading and bending N
4.3.3.1.1 Short columns exceeds 0.5t, where M is the bending moment
Where the slenderness ratio of a column does not due to design load.
exceed 12, only single axis bending generally b) Where the design vertical load, N, is greater
requires consideration. Even where it is possible for than that given by the equation in a) the strength
significant moments to occur simultaneously about of the section may be assessed by using the
both axes, it is usually sufficient to design for the following equations and the relation s1 = 0.83y.
maximum moment about the critical axis only.
However, where biaxial bending has to be
considered reference should be made to 4.3.3.1.2.
Either the cross section of the column may be
analysed to determine the design moment of
resistance and the design vertical load resistance,
using assumptions a), c), d) and e) given in 4.2.4.1,
or the following design method may be used.
a) Where the design vertical load N, does not
exceed the value of the design vertical load
resistance, Nd, given in the following equation,
only the minimum reinforcement given in the
following equation, only the minimum
reinforcement given in 4.6.1 or 4.6.3 is necessary:
24 BSI 11-1998
Section 4 BS 5628-2:1995
BSI 11-1998 25
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 4
26 BSI 11-1998
Section 4 BS 5628-2:1995
BSI 11-1998 27
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 4
28 BSI 11-1998
Section 4 BS 5628-2:1995
BSI 11-1998 29
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 5
30 BSI 11-1998
Section 5 BS 5628-2:1995
BSI 11-1998 31
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 5
32 BSI 11-1998
Section 5 BS 5628-2:1995
Kt is a coefficient for the type of tendon and is k is the characteristic compressive strength
selected from the following: of masonry;
gmm is the partial safety factor for compressive
a) plain or indented wire (including crimped wire strength of masonry.
with a small wave height): Kt = 600;
b) crimped wire with a total wave height not less The bursting tensile force, Fbst, in end blocks should
than 0.15w: Kt = 400; be assessed on the basis of the tendon jacking load
c) 7-wire standard or super strand: Kt = 240; or the load in the tendon in the ultimate limit state,
whichever is the greater.
d) 7-wire drawn strand: Kt = 360.
Consideration should be given to bending and shear
stresses where anchorages, end blocks or bearing
plates have a cross section different in shape from
the general cross section of the member.
BSI 11-1998 33
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 5
34 BSI 11-1998
Section 6 BS 5628-2:1995
Located in bed joints or special clay units Located in grouted cavity or quetta bond
construction
BSI 11-1998 35
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 6
E1 b 20 20 20 c
20 c
20 c
E2 35 30 25 20
E3 40 30 25
E4 60d 50
a Allmixes are based on the use of normal-weight aggregate of 20 mm nominal maximum size (but see 2.9.1). Where aggregates
other than 20 mm nominal maximum size are used, cement contents should be adjusted in accordance with the following table.
Nominal maximumaggregate size Adjustments to minimumcement contents
mm kg/m3
10 + 40
14 + 20
20 0
b 1
Alternatively 1 : 0 to --4- : 3 : 2 cement : lime : sand : 10 mm nominal aggregate mix may be used to meet exposure situation E1,
when the cover to reinforcement is 15 mm minimum.
c
These covers may be reduced to 15 mm minimum provided that the nominal maximum size of aggregate does not exceed 10 mm.
d
Where the concrete infill may be subjected to freezing whilst wet, air entrainment should be used.
36 BSI 11-1998
Section 6 BS 5628-2:1995
BSI 11-1998 37
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 6
38 BSI 11-1998
Section 7 BS 5628-2:1995
BSI 11-1998 39
BS 5628-2:1995 Section 7
Alternatively, particularly where every core is to be 7.2.7 Forming chases and holes, and provision
filled, the base course may consist of bricks spaced of fixings
to suit the size of block in order to achieve a clear Chasing of completed walls, the formation of holes
opening at each core. or the inclusion of fixings should be carried out only
High lift grouting should not be used for walls whose when approved by the designer and then following
overall thickness is less than 190 mm. the recommendations of 19.6 of BS 5628-3:1985.
Prior to infilling with concrete, and preferably soon 7.2.8 Jointing and pointing
after laying, debris should be removed from the core
Joints should be raked-out only when approved by
and the clean-out holes blocked off. Infilling should
the designer.
not be carried out sooner than one day after
building; a longer time should be allowed in cold
weather. Concrete infill should be placed and
7.3 Quality control
compacted, usually in two lifts. Recompaction of the 7.3.1 Workmanship
concrete in each lift may be necessary after initial The designers should specify, supervise and control
settlement, due to water absorption by the masonry, the construction of reinforced and prestressed
but before setting. masonry to ensure that the construction is
7.2.4 Quetta bond and similar bond walls compatible with the use of the appropriate partial
Main reinforcement should be fixed sufficiently in safety factors (see 3.5.2.2).
advance of the masonry construction so that other Preliminary and site testing and sampling should be
work can proceed without hindrance. The cavities carried out (see 7.3.2).
formed around the reinforcement by the bonding 7.3.2 Materials
pattern should be filled with mortar or concrete
infill as the work proceeds. Alternatively, if the 7.3.2.1 General
cavities are sufficiently large, they may be filled by All sampling and testing of materials should be
the low-or high-lift techniques described in 7.2.3.2 carried out in accordance with the appropriate
and 7.2.3.3 respectively. Secondary reinforcement, British Standard.
where required, should be incorporated in the bed 7.3.2.2 Masonry units
joints, in accordance with section 6, as the work
proceeds. If masonry units of suction rate greater
than 1.5 kg/(m2min.) are used, they may need
7.2.5 Pocket-type walls wetting before laying (see 17.5 of BS 5628-3:1985).
In pocket-type wall construction, the walls are 7.3.2.3 Mortar
generally built to full height before the infill
concrete is placed. Main reinforcement should The procedures for trial mixes and site control of
preferably be fixed in advance of wall construction, mortar should follow the recommendations of
especially where it is necessary to incorporate BS 5628-1.
reinforcement in the bed joints. Care should be 7.3.2.4 Infill concrete
taken to ensure that the formwork to the back face All sampling and testing of fresh and hardened infill
of the pocket is adequately tied to the wall or concrete should be carried out in accordance with
propped to prevent disturbance of the formwork BS 1881-115. A prescribed mix should, unless
during placing and compaction of the infill concrete otherwise specified, be judged on the basis of the
and to avoid grout loss. specified mix proportions and required workability.
7.2.6 Prestressing operations A designed mix should be assessed according to the
Positioning, tensioning and protection of strength of the hardened concrete.
prestressing tendons should be carried out following 7.3.2.5 Grout in prestressed members
the recommendations of section eight of
The quantity of grout should be checked to ensure
BS 8110-1:1985. It is essential to ensure that the
that the ducts are filled completely.
specified value for the masonry strength at transfer
is not exceeded.
40 BSI 11-1998
BS 5628-2:1995
BSI 11-1998 41
BS 5628-2:1995
It is essential to ensure that the wall ties are The design moment of resistance about the vertical
capable of transmitting the required forces. axis is as given in 4.2.4.2.
Recommendations for the use of wall ties as panel The design moment in the panel is found using the
supports are given in clause 36 of BS 5628-1:1992. appropriate bending moment coefficient in Table 9
The maximum enhancement of lateral load of BS 5628-1:1992. The design moment of resistance
resistance above that for the equivalent of the panel is determined from 4.2.4.2.
unreinforced wall, which may include some element For cavity walls the recommendations of 36.4.5 of
of two-way spanning, should be taken to be 50 % BS 5628-1:1992 should be followed.
unless a serviceability and deflection check is
The maximum enhancement of lateral load
carried out in accordance with A.6.
resistance above that for the equivalent
A.4 Method 2: design with reinforced section unreinforced wall should be taken to be 50 %, unless
carrying extra load only a serviceability and deflection check is carried out in
Single-leaf walls may be designed to span horizontal accordance with A.6.
between supports on the basis that the A.6 Method 4: design based on cracking load
enhancement in lateral load resistance above that
Since the load causing cracking of a single-leaf wall
for the unreinforced wall is derived from the
containing bed joint reinforcement is at least as
reinforced section.
large as the ultimate load of a similar unreinforced
The reinforced section should be designed using the wall, the cracking load may be used to assess
equation in 4.2.4.2.1. The maximum enhancement whether the wall complies with the serviceability
of load capacity above that for the unreinforced wall requirements, up to the design strength of the
should be limited to 30 % unless a serviceability and reinforced section.
deflection check is carried out in accordance
The failure strength of the wall, excluding
with A.6.
reinforcement, should be calculated in accordance
NOTE This approach to design cannot be rigorously justified in
theoretical terms as it combines the flexural resistance of the
with 36.4 of BS 5628-1:1992, taking the value of gm
uncracked unreinforced section spanning two ways with the as 1.0. The service strength is then determined by
design resistance of the reinforced section, which may be cracked, dividing this strength by the partial safety factor for
spanning one way. masonry for the serviceabililty limit state taken
A.5 Method 3: design using modified from 3.5.3.2.
orthogonal ratio To ensure that there is an adequate margin of safety
Single-leaf walls and cavity walls may be designed against reaching the ultimate limit state the wall
following the appropriate recommendations of 36.4 should be designed as described in A.3, A.4 or A.5
of BS 5628-1:1992 but using a modified orthogonal but with no limitation on the load enhancement.
ratio. The appropriate partial safety factor gf should be
For leaves which contain bed joint reinforcement, obtained from 3.5.2.1, bearing in mind the
the orthogonal ratio is defined as the ratio of the recommendations of A.2.6. However, the designer
moment of resistance about a horizontal axis, that is should ensure that in service the deflection will not
when the plane of failure is parallel to a bed joint, to be excessive; the deflection at service load may be
the moment of resistance about a vertical axis, that calculated assuming that the wall acts as an elastic
is when the plane of failure is perpendicular to a bed plate.
joint. The moment of resistance about the horizontal A.7 Cavity walls
axis is given by: Where cavity walls have both leaves reinforced to
increase lateral load capacity, the enhancement in
design lateral strength of each leaf should be limited
where to the values given in A.3 to A.6 above. The total
kx is the characteristic flexural strength of load capacity of the wall may be taken as the sum of
the masonry when the plane of failure is the design lateral strengths of the leaves.
parallel to the bed joints given in Where only one leaf of a cavity wall is reinforced, the
clause 24 of BS 5628-1:1992; maximum enhancement of the design lateral
gm is the partial safety factor for strength of strength, appropriate to the method, relates to that
masonry given in clause 27 of leaf.
BS 5628-1:1992;
Z is the section modulus per unit length of
the bed joint.
42 BSI 11-1998
BS 5628-2:1995
BSI 11-1998 43
BS 5628-2:1995
44 BSI 11-1998
BS 5628-2:1995
BSI 11-1998 45
BS 5628-2:1995
Annex E (informative)
Durability recommendations for various construction types
Table E.1 gives the recommendations for durability for various construction types.
Table E.1 Durability recommendations for various construction types
Construction type Exposure Steel Concrete for mortar concrete or mortar infill
situation reinforcement type infill cover to specification
reinforcement
46 BSI 11-1998
BS 5628-2:1995
Index
In this index references are to clause, annex and table numbers.
Accidental forces unusual bonding patterns 3.4.1.5 ultimate limit state 3.5.2.1
partial safety factor for loads 3.5.2.1 unusual units 3.4.1.5 Design moment of resistance
stability 3.2.3 Characteristic loads 3.3 prestressed masonry 5.2.1
Admixtures 2.11 Characteristic shear strength 3.4.1.3 reinforced masonry 5.2.3
Aggregate 2.7 Characteristic strength of reinforcing Drainage 6.5
Alternative materials 1.5 steel 3.4.1.4, Table 4 Durability
Alternative methods of design and Chases 7.2.7 accommodation of movement 6.3
construction 1.5 Chloride content 2.11.2 corrosion resistance 6.1
Analysis 3.4 Colouring agents for mortar 2.10 fire resistance 6.2
Anchorage Columns
Earth loads 3.3
bond 4.6.6 cracking 4.3.5
Earth-retaining structures 3.2.2
characteristic bond strength 3.4.1.6 deflection 4.3.4
Effective depth 1.3.4
curtailment 4.6.9 links 4.6.5.3
Effective height 4.3.2.3. Table 11
draw-in 5.4.2.6 slenderness ratios 4.3.2
Effective span of elements 4.2.2
prestressing tendons 5.5.1 vertical (axial) loading 4.4, 5.2.2
Effective thickness 4.3.2.4
reinforcement 4.6.6 vertical loading and bending 4.3.3.1
Elastic deformation of prestressed
Axial loading Compressive strength
masonry 5.4.2.3
reinforced masonry 4.4 masonry see Characteristic compressive
Elastic methods of analysis 3.4.2
strength
Beams Elastic moduli 3.4.1.7
mortar 2.8.1, Table 1
continuous, moments and forces 3.5.4 End of blocks in post tensioned members
prestressed masonry at
effective span 4.2.2 5.5.1
transfer 5.4.1, 5.5
limiting ratios and span to effective Exposure situations 6.1.2.2, Table 13
structural units 2.2
depth 4.2.3.3
Concentrated loads 4.2.5.2 Fire resistance of masonry, recommended
moment of resistance 4.3.4 cover 6.2
Concrete infill 6.1.2.5
shear stress 4.2.5.1 Fixings, provisions of 7.2.7
Construction 3.2.4, 7.2
Bed joint reinforcement Flanged members 4.2.4.3.1
Construction control 3.5.2.2, 7.3.1
design annex A Foundation structures 3.2.2
Copings 6.6
materials 2.3.1 Friction in prestressing tendons 5.4.2.7
Cover to prestressing tendons 6.1.2.7
Bending
Cover to reinforcement 6.1.2.6 Grout 2.9, 7.3.2.5
in prestressed masonry 5.2.1
Cracking Grouted-cavity construction
in reinforced masonry 4.2, 4.3, 4.5.2
general 3.1.2.2.2 high lift 7.2.2.3
Block masonry
reinforced masonry 4.2.7, 4.3.5 low lift 7.2.2.2
characteristic compressive
strength 3.4.1.1, Table 3 b), Table 3 c), Creep wall ties 2.5, 7.2.2.1, annex B
Table 3 d) prestressed masonry 5.4.2.5 Grouted-cavity reinforced masonry
hollow, locally reinforced 4.2.4.3.2 serviceability limit state 3.1.2.2.1 definition 1.3.3.1
hollow, reinforced 1.3.3.4, 7.2.3 Damp-proof courses (d.p.cs) workmanship 7.2.2
Blocks design 3.2.1, 6.6 Handling 7.1
clay 2.2 materials 2.4 Hollow block masonry
concrete 2.2 Definitions 1.3 characteristic compressive strength
Brick masonry, characteristic Deflection 3.4.1.1.3, 3.4.1.1.4
compressive strength 3.4.1.1.1, estimation annex C definition 1.3.3.4
Table 3 a) general 3.1.2.2.1 locally reinforced 4.2.4.3.2
Bricks reinforced masonry 4.1, 4.2.6, 4.3.4
calcium silicate 2.2 Infill, concrete
Design
clay 2.2 materials 2.9
analysis 3.4
concrete 2.2 sampling and testing 7.3.2.4
basis 3.1
Buildings, stability 3.2 recommendations 6.1.2.5
formulae for singly reinforced
Carbon black 2.10 rectangular members 4.2.4.2 Lateral support for reinforced columns
Cements 2.6 formulae for walls with the and walls 4.3.2.2
Characteristic anchorage bond reinforcement concentrated locally Limit state
strength 3.4.1.6 4.2.4.3 serviceability
Characteristic breaking load of general 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5 basis of design 3.1.1, 3.1.2.2
prestressing steel 3.4.1.5 non-structural considerations 6.1, 6.2, cracking 3.1.2.2.2
Characteristic compressive strength of 6.3, 6.4, 6.5, 6.6 deflection 3.1.2.2.1
masonry 3.4.1.1, Table 3 prestressed masonry 5.1, 5.2, 5.3, 5.4, design loads 3.5.3.1
compressive force perpendicular to bed 5.5 partial safety factor for materials (gmm)
face of unit 3.4.1.1.3 reinforced masonry 4.1, 4.2, 4.3, 4.4, 3.5.3.2
compressive force parallel to bed face of 4.5, 4.6 prestressed masonry 5.1, 5.3
unit 3.4.1.1.4 Design axial load resistance ultimate basis of design 3.1.1, 3.1.2.1
direct determination 3.4.1.1.2 reinforced masonry 4.2.4, 4.3.3 design loads 3.5.2.1
annex D Design loads partial safety factor for materials (gmm)
masonry in bending 3.4.1.2 serviceability limit state 3.5.3.1 3.5.2.2, Table 6 and Table 7
BSI 11-1998 47
BS 5628-2:1995
48 BSI 11-1998
blank 49
BS 5628-2:1995
Normative references
BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
50 BSI 11-1998
BS 5628-2:1995
Informative references
BSI publications
BRITISH STANDARDS INSTITUTION, London
BS 1199 and BS 1200:1976, Specifications for building sands from natural sources.
DD 86, Damp-proof courses.
DD 86-1:1983, Methods of test for flexural bond strength and short term shear strength.
Other references
2) Available from Institution of Structural Engineers, 11 Upper Belgrave Street, London SW1X 8BH
BSI 11-1998
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