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behavior of fluids
Classification of fluid behavior
One may classify fluids in two different ways:
either according to their response to the
externally applied pressure or
according to the effects produced under the
action of a shear stress.
Newtonian Fluids
Non-Newtonian
Newtonian fluids
Fluids which obey the Newton's law of viscosity are called as
Newtonian fluids
Consider a thin layer of a fluid contained between two parallel
planes a distance dy apart
Newtonian fluids
Newton's law of viscosity is given by
dv
dy
= shear stress
= viscosity of fluid
dv/dy = shear rate, rate of strain or velocity
gradient
Newtonian fluids
The constant of proportionality, , is called
Newtonian viscosity Independent of shear
rate or shear stress
Depends only on the material and its T and P
The plot of shear stress against shear rate for
a Newtonian fluid, Newtonian fluid, flow curve
flow curve or rheogram rheogram is a straight
line of slope, , and passing through the origin
Examples of Newtonian fluids
all gases
most liquids which have simpler molecular formula
and low molecular weight such as Water, Benzene,
ethyl alcohol, CCl4, Hexane
solution of low molecular weight ,
inorganic salts,
molten metal and salts are Newtonian fluids.
Non-Newtonian fluids
Time-independent:
Time-dependent
Viscoelastic
Time-Independent Fluid Behavior
Fluids for which the rate of shear at any point
is determined only by the value of the shear
stress at that point at that instant; these fluids
are variously known as time independent,
purely viscous. these fluids may be further
subdivided into three different types:
Shear-thinning or pseudoplastics
Visco-plastics
Shear-thickening or dilatant
Time-Independent Fluid Behavior
1. Shear thinning or pseudoplastic fluids
A shear-thinning or pseudoplastic substance is
characterized by an apparent viscosity that
decreases with increasing shear rate the rate of
decrease of the apparent viscosity is not the
same for each fluid
The Power-Law or Ostwald-De
Waele Model
The relationship between shear stress and shear
rate for pseudoplastic fluids can often be
approximated by a straight line over a limited
range of shear rate, and hence this part of the flow
curve can be described by the power-law
expression
yx =m(yx)n
Where n and m, known as the power-law index
and the fluid consistency coefficient, for a
Newtonian fluid=1 and for a pseudoplastic
substance n<1
flow curves for different types of non-
Newtonian fluids
Pseudoplastics
Shear rate
Examples:
Banana puree
Orange juice concentrate
Oyster sauce
Shear Thinning Behavior
Shear thinning behavior is often a result of:
Orientation of non-spherical particles in the direction of
flow. An example of this phenomenon is the pumping of
fiber slurries
Orientation of polymer chains in the direction of flow and
breaking of polymer chains during flow. An example is
polymer melt extrusion
Deformation of spherical droplets to elliptical droplets in
an emulsion. An industrial application where this
phenomenon can occur is in the production of low fat
margarine
Breaking of particle aggregates in suspensions. An
example would be stirring paint
2. Viscoplastic Fluid Behavior
Viscoplastic fluids behave as if they have a yield stress (t0). Until t0
is exceeded they do not appear to flow. A Bingham plastic fluid has
a constant plastic viscosity
yx 0B B yx for yx 0B
yx 0 for yx 0B
Often the two model parameters t0B and mB are treated as curve fitting
constants, even when there is no true yield stress
Shear
stress
Shear rate
Examples:
Liquid Chocolate
40% Corn starch solution
Time-dependent Fluid Behavior
Thixotropic
Rheopectic
Thixotropic
If the apparent viscosity decreases with time
e.g. paints, cream, aqueous iron oxide gels,
some drilling mud's
Result of a break down in the microstructure of
the material as shearing continues
This happens when the sheer is exceeded of a
limit
It leads to non-linear stress-strain behavior
Thixotropy in a Cement Paste
Typical experimental data showing thixotropic
behavior in red mud suspension
Rheopectic
Is the rare property of some non-newtonian
fluids if the apparent viscosity increases with
time
The longer the fluid undergoes shearing force,
the higher its viscosity
Examples are gypsum pastes and printer inks
Also termed as negative thixotropy
Rheopectic behavior in a saturated
polyester
Qualitative shear stressshear rate
behavior for thixotropic and rheopectic
materials
Time dependent behaviors
Time independent Time dependent
+
_ + _
A B C D E F G
Non - newtonian
Examples
steel or aluminum
Quartz
Some phenomena in viscoelastic
materials are
If the stress is held constant, the strain
increases with time
If the strain is held constant, the stress
decreases with time
During rolling, frictional resistance occurs
Types of viscoelasticity
Linear viscoelasticity
o It usually happens when the deformations are
Small
Nonlinear viscoelasticity
o Usually happens when the deformations are
Large
Measuring viscoelasticity
Newtonian fluids
At any shear plane there are two equal and
opposite shear stress
a positive one on the slower moving fluid and
a negative on the faster moving fluid layer
Newtonian fluids
For an incompressible fluid of density
Different Fluid
EXTRA Note