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CVL 3413
Chapter 11
Compressibility of Soil
Dr. Sari Abusharar
Assistant Professor
Civil Engineering Department
Faculty of Applied Engineering and Urban Planning
soil settlement
3
Introduction
In general, the soil settlement caused by loads may be divided into
three broad categories:
1. Elastic settlement (or immediate settlement), occurs immediately
after the construction. This is computed using elasticity theory
(Important for Granular soil)
2. Primary consolidation settlement, due to gradual dissipation of
pore pressure induced by external loading and consequently
expulsion of water from the soil mass, hence volume change.
(Important for Inorganic clays)
3. Secondary consolidation settlement, occurs at constant effective
stress with volume change due to rearrangement of particles.
(Important for Organic soils)
When foundations are constructed on very compressible clays, the
consolidation settlement can be several times greater than the elastic
settlement. 4
Contact Pressure and Settlement Profile
5
Contact Pressure and Settlement Profile
The sand at the edge of a flexible foundation is pushed outward,
and the deflection curve of the foundation takes a concave
downward shape.
In the case of
cohesionless sand,
the modulus of
elasticity increases
with depth.
Additionally, there is
a lack of lateral
confinement on the
edge of the
foundation at the
ground surface.
6
Relations for Elastic Settlement Calculation
7
Relations for Elastic Settlement Calculation
8
Relations for Elastic Settlement Calculation
9
Relations for Elastic Settlement Calculation
10
Relations for Elastic Settlement Calculation
11
Relations for Elastic Settlement Calculation
12
Relations for Elastic Settlement Calculation
13
Relations for Elastic Settlement Calculation
Representative values of the modulus of elasticity and Poissons ratio for
different types of soils are given in Tables 11.4 and 11.5, respectively.
14
Example 11.1
15
Example 11.1
16
Example 11.1
17
Fundamentals of Consolidation
When a saturated soil layer is subjected to a stress increase, the pore
water pressure is increased suddenly.
In sandy soils that are highly permeable, the drainage caused by the
increase in the pore water pressure is completed immediately. Pore
water drainage is accompanied by a reduction in the volume of the soil
mass, which results in settlement. Because of rapid drainage of the pore
water in sandy soils, elastic settlement and consolidation occur
simultaneously.
When a saturated compressible clay layer is subjected to a stress
increase, elastic settlement occurs immediately. Because the hydraulic
conductivity of clay is significantly smaller than that of sand, the excess
pore water pressure generated by loading gradually dissipates over a
long period. Thus, the associated volume change (that is, the
consolidation) in the clay may continue long after the elastic settlement.
The settlement caused by consolidation in clay may be several times
18
greater than the elastic settlement.
Fundamentals of Consolidation
A: inside area of
the cross section
of the cylinder
Ps : load carried by
the spring
Pw: load carried
by the water
19
Fundamentals of Consolidation
20
Fundamentals of Consolidation
21
Fundamentals of Consolidation
22
One-Dimensional Laboratory Consolidation Test
The one-dimensional consolidation testing procedure was first
suggested by Terzaghi.
This test is performed in a consolidometer (sometimes referred to as
an oedometer).
The soil specimen is placed inside a metal ring with two porous stones,
one at the top of the specimen and another at the bottom. The
specimens are usually 64 mm ( 2.5 in.) in diameter and 25 mm. ( 1 in.)
thick.
The load on the specimen is applied through a lever arm, and
compression is measured by a micrometer dial gauge. The specimen is
kept under water during the test. Each load usually is kept for 24
hours.
After that, the load usually is doubled, which doubles the pressure on
the specimen, and the compression measurement is continued. At the
end of the test, the dry weight of the test specimen is determined.23
One-Dimensional Laboratory Consolidation Test
24
(a) Schematic diagram of a consolidometer;
One-Dimensional Laboratory Consolidation Test
26
Void RatioPressure Plots
27
Void RatioPressure Plots
Step 1: Calculate the height of solids, Hs, in the soil specimen using the
equation:
28
Void RatioPressure Plots
Step 3: Calculate the initial void ratio, eO, of the specimen, using the
equation
( is obtained from the initial and the final dial readings for the loading).
For the next loading, (note: equals the cumulative load per
unit area of specimen), which causes additional deformation , the
void ratio at the end of consolidation can be calculated as
31
Example 11.2
32
Example
33
Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Clays
This leads us to the two basic
definitions of clay based on stress
history:
1. Normally consolidated, whose
present effective overburden pressure
is equal to the maximum pressure that
the soil was subjected to in the past.
2. Overconsolidated, whose present
effective overburden pressure is less
than that which the soil experienced
in the past.
The maximum effective past pressure
is called the preconsolidation pressure.
34
Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Clays
Casagrande (1936) suggested a simple
graphic construction to determine the
preconsolidation pressure from the
laboratory plot. The procedure is
as follows (see Figure 11.13):
'
c = 18.5 ton/ft 2
36
Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Clays
The overconsolidation ratio (OCR) for a soil can now be defined as
37
Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Clays
In the literature, some empirical relationships are available to predict
the preconsolidation pressure. Some examples are:
38
Normally Consolidated and Overconsolidated Clays
(2) Stas and Kulhawy (1984):
39
Effect of Disturbance on Void RatioPressure Relationship
40
Effect of Disturbance on Void RatioPressure Relationship
41
Effect of Disturbance on Void RatioPressure Relationship
43
Effect of Disturbance on Void RatioPressure Relationship
45
Primary Consolidation Settlement
46
Compression Index (Cc)
47
Compression Index (Cc)
Skempton (1944) suggested the following empirical expression for
the compression index for undisturbed clays:
48
Swell Index (Cs)
The swell index is appreciably smaller in magnitude than the
compression index and generally can be determined from laboratory
tests. In most cases,
Based on the modified Cam clay model, Kulhawy and Mayne (1990)
have shown that
49
Swell Index (Cs)
Typical values of the liquid limit, plastic limit, virgin compression
index, and swell index for some natural soils are given in Table 11.7.
50
Example 11.3
51
Example 11.3
52
Example
53
Example 11.3
54
Example 11.4
55
Example 11.4
56
Example 11.4
57
Example 11.4
58
Example 11.5
59
Example 11.5
60
Example 11.5
61
Example 11.5
62
Secondary Consolidation Settlement
Figure 11.20 Variation of e with log t under a given load increment and definition
of secondary consolidation index 63
Secondary Consolidation Settlement
The secondary compression index can be defined as:
64
Secondary Consolidation Settlement
65
Secondary Consolidation Settlement
66
Example 11.6
67
Example 11.6
68
Time Rate of Consolidation
69
Time Rate of Consolidation
70
Time Rate of Consolidation
71
Time Rate of Consolidation
72
Example 11.7
73
Example 11.8
74
Example 11.9
75
Example 11.10
76
Example 11.8
77
Coefficient of Consolidation
78
Coefficient of Consolidation
79
Coefficient of Consolidation
80
Coefficient of Consolidation
81
Coefficient of Consolidation
82
Coefficient of Consolidation
83
Coefficient of Consolidation
84
Coefficient of Consolidation
85
Coefficient of Consolidation
86
Example 11.11
87
Example 11.11
88
Calculation of Consolidation Settlement Under a Foundation
Assuming that the pressure increase varies parabolically, using
Simpsons rule, we can estimate the value of as
89
Calculation of Consolidation Settlement Under a Foundation
90
Calculation of Consolidation Settlement Under a Foundation
91
Calculation of Consolidation Settlement Under a Foundation
92
93
HW # 10
Solve Problems
11.1
11.3
11.5
11.6
11.13
11.15
11.17
11.19
11.20 94