Waves HL Q

1. This question is about simple harmonic oscillations.
A longitudinal wave travels through a medium from left to right.
Graph 1 shows the variation with time t of the displacement x of a particle P in the medium.
Graph 1
(a) For particle P,
(i) state how graph 1 shows that its oscillations are not damped.
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(1)
(ii) calculate the magnitude of its maximum acceleration.
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(2)
IB Questionbank Physics 1
(iii) calculate its speed at t = 0.12 s.
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(iv) state its direction of motion at t = 0.12 s.
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(1)
(b) Graph 2 shows the variation with position d of the displacement x of particles in the
medium at a particular instant of time.
Graph 2
Determine for the longitudinal wave, using graph 1 and graph 2,
(i) the frequency.
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(2)
(ii) the speed.
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(2)
Graph 2 reproduced to assist with answering (c)(i).
(c) The diagram shows the equilibrium positions of six particles in the medium.
(i) On the diagram above, draw crosses to indicate the positions of these six
particles at the instant of time when the displacement is given by graph 2.
(3)
(ii) On the diagram above, label with the letter C a particle that is at the centre
of a compression.
(1)
(Total 14 marks)
2. This question is about simple harmonic motion (SHM), wave motion and polarization.
(a) By reference to simple harmonic motion, state what is meant by amplitude.
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(1)
(b) A liquid is contained in a U-tube.
Diagram 1 Diagram 2
The pressure on the liquid in one side of the tube is increased so that the liquid is
displaced as shown in diagram 2. When the pressure is suddenly released the
liquid oscillates.
The damping of the oscillations is small.
(i) Describe what is meant by damping.
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(2)
(ii) The displacement of the liquid surface from its equilibrium position is x. The
acceleration a of the liquid in the tube is given by the expression
2g
x
a= l
where g is the acceleration of free fall and l is the total length of the liquid
column.
Explain, with reference to the motion of the liquid, the significance of the
minus sign.
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(2)
(iii) The total length of the liquid column in the tube is 0.32 m. Determine the
period of oscillation.
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(3)
(c) A wave is travelling along a string. The string can be modelled as a single line of
particles and each particle executes simple harmonic motion. The period of
oscillation of the particles is 0.80 s.
The graph shows the displacement y of part of the string at time t = 0. The
distance along the string is d.
(i) On the graph, draw an arrow to show the direction of motion of particle P at
the point marked on the string.
(1)
(ii) Determine the magnitude of the velocity of particle P.
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(4)
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(iii) Show that the speed of the wave is 5.0 m s .
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(3)
(iv) On the graph above, label with the letter X the position of particle P at t =
0.40 s.
(1)
(d) The string in (c) is fixed at both ends and is made to vibrate in a vertical plane in
its first harmonic.
(i) Describe how the standing wave in the string gives rise to the first
harmonic.
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(3)
(ii) Outline how a travelling wave in a string can be used to describe the nature
of polarized light.
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(3)
(e) James is wearing polarized sunglasses and views the sunlight reflected from the
smooth surface of a lake.
The angle is the angle between the surface of the lake and Jamess line of sight.
Calculate the value of at which the reflected sunlight from the surface is
minimized.
The refractive index of the water is 1.3.
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(2)
(Total 25 marks)
3. This question is about oscillations and waves.
(a) A rectangular piece of wood of length l floats in water with its axis vertical as
shown in diagram 1.
The length of wood below the surface is d. The wood is pushed vertically
downwards a distance A such that a length of wood is still above the water
surface as shown in diagram 2. The wood is then released and oscillates
vertically. At the instant shown in diagram 3, the wood is moving downwards and
the length of wood beneath the surface is d + x.
(i) On diagram 3, draw an arrow to show the direction of the acceleration of

the wood.
(1)
2
(ii) The acceleration a of the wood (in m s ) is related to x (in m) by the
following equation.
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x
a= l
Explain why this equation shows that the wood is executing simple
harmonic motion.
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(2)
(iii) The period of oscillation of the wood is 1.4 s. Show that the length l of the
wood is 0.70 m.
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(3)
(b) The wood in (a), as shown in diagram 2, is released at time t = 0. On the axes
below, sketch a graph to show how the velocity v of the wood varies with time
over one period of oscillation.
(1)
(c) The distance A that the wood is initially pushed down is 0.12 m.
(i) Calculate the magnitude of the maximum acceleration of the wood.
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(2)
(ii) On your sketch graph in (b) label with the letter P one point where the magnitude
of the acceleration is a maximum.
(1)
(d) The oscillations of the wood generate waves in the water of wavelength 0.45 m.
The graph shows how the displacement D, of the water surface at a particular
distance from the wood varies with time t.
Using the graph, calculate the
(i) speed of the waves.
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(2)
(ii) ratio of the displacement at t = 1.75 s to the displacement at t = 0.35 s.
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(2)
(iii) ratio of the energy of the wave at t = 1.75 s to the energy at t = 0.35 s
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(1)
(Total 15 marks)
4. This question is about simple harmonic motion and waves.
An object is vibrating in air. The variation with displacement x of the acceleration a of

the object is shown below.
(a) State and explain two reasons why the graph opposite indicates that the object is
executing simple harmonic motion.
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(4)
(b) Use data from the graph to show that the frequency of oscillation is 350 Hz.
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(4)
(c) The motion of the object gives rise to a longitudinal progressive (travelling) sound
wave.
(i) State what is meant by a longitudinal progressive wave.
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(2)
1
(ii) The speed of the wave is 330 m s . Using the answer in (b), calculate the
wavelength of the wave.
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(2)
(Total 12 marks)
5. This question is about simple harmonic motion.
(a) In terms of the acceleration, state two conditions necessary for a system to
perform simple harmonic motion.
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(2)
(b) A tuning fork is sounded and it is assumed that each tip vibrates with simple
harmonic motion.
The extreme positions of the oscillating tip of one fork are separated by a
distance d.
(i) State, in terms of d, the amplitude of vibration.
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(1)
(ii) On the axes below, sketch a graph to show how the displacement of one tip
of the tuning fork varies with time.
(1)
(iii) On your graph, label the time period T and the amplitude a.
(2)
(c) The frequency of oscillation of the tips is 440 Hz and the amplitude of oscillation
of each tip is 1.2 mm. Determine the maximum
(i) linear speed of a tip.
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(2)
(ii) acceleration of a tip.
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(2)
(d) The sketch graph below shows how the velocity of a tip varies with time.
On the axes, sketch a graph to show how the acceleration of the tip varies with
time.
(2)
(e) In practice, the motion of the tips of the tuning fork is damped.
(i) Describe what is meant by damped motion.
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(ii) Suggest one reason why the motion of the tips is damped.
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(1)
(Total 14 marks)
6. Simple harmonic motion and the greenhouse effect
(a) A body is displaced from equilibrium. State the two conditions necessary for the
body to execute simple harmonic motion.
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(2)
(b) In a simple model of a methane molecule, a hydrogen atom and the carbon atom
can be regarded as two masses attached by a spring. A hydrogen atom is much
less massive than the carbon atom such that any displacement of the carbon
atom may be ignored.
The graph below shows the variation with time t of the displacement x from its
equilibrium position of a hydrogen atom in a molecule of methane.
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The mass of hydrogen atom is 1.7 10 kg. Use data from the graph above
(i) to determine its amplitude of oscillation.
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(1)
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(ii) to show that the frequency of its oscillation is 9.1 10 Hz.
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(2)

(iii) to show that the maximum kinetic energy of the hydrogen atom is 6.2 10
18
J.
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(2)
(c) Assuming that the motion of the hydrogen atom is simple harmonic, its frequency
of oscillation f is given by the expression
1 k
f ,
2 mp
where k is the force per unit displacement between a hydrogen atom and the
carbon atom and mp is the mass of a proton.
1
(i) Show that the value of k is approximately 560 N m .
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(1)
(ii) Estimate, using your answer to (c)(i), the maximum acceleration of the
hydrogen atom.
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(2)
(d) Methane is classified as a greenhouse gas.
(i) Describe what is meant by a greenhouse gas.
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(2)
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(ii) Electromagnetic radiation of frequency 9.1 10 Hz is in the infrared
region of the electromagnetic spectrum. Suggest, based on the information
given in (b)(ii), why methane is classified as a greenhouse gas.
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(Total 14 marks)
7. This question is about radio waves.

1
A satellite is travelling directly away from a space shuttle with a speed of 7.9 km s .
The satellite is transmitting radio waves of frequency 150.000 000 MHz.
(a) (i) Calculate the frequency to which an astronaut on the shuttle will need to set
a receiver in order to receive the signal from the satellite.
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(2)
(ii) The satellite now passes close to a second space shuttle. Describe the
changes that will need to be made to the setting of the receiver as the
satellite approaches and moves away from the second shuttle.
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(iii) Suggest why the formula used in the calculation in (a)(i) would not be
suitable for radiation from a distant galaxy moving away from the Earth at
90 % of the speed of light.
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(1)
(b) A space shuttle orbits at a height of 300 km above the surface of the Earth. It
carries two panels separated by a distance of 24 m. The panels reflect light of
wavelength 500 nm towards an observer on the Earths surface.
The observer views the panels with a telescope of aperture diameter 85 mm. The panels
act as point sources of light for the observer.
(i) Describe what is meant by the Rayleigh criterion.
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(2)
(ii) Determine whether the images of the panels formed by the telescope will
be resolved.
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(Total 11 marks)
8. This question is about microwave radiation.
A microwave transmitter emits radiation of a single wavelength towards a metal plate

along a line normal to the plate. The radiation is reflected back towards the transmitter.
A microwave detector is moved along a line normal to the microwave transmitter and
the metal plate. The detector records a sequence of equally spaced maxima and
minima of intensity.
(a) Explain how these maxima and minima are formed.
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(4)
(b) The microwave detector is moved through 130 mm from one point of minimum
intensity to another point of minimum intensity. On the way it passes through nine
points of maximum intensity. Calculate the
(i) wavelength of the microwaves.
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(2)
(ii) frequency of the microwaves.
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(2)
(c) Describe and explain how it could be demonstrated that the microwaves are
polarized.
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(Total 11 marks)
9. This question is about diffraction and resolution.
(a) Plane wavefronts of monochromatic light of wavelength are incident on a

narrow slit.
After passing through the slit they are incident on a screen placed a large
distance from the slit.
The width of the slit is b and the point X is at the centre of the slit. The point M on
the screen is the position of the first minimum of the diffraction pattern formed on
the screen.
The path difference between light from the top edge of the slit and light from the
bottom edge of the slit is l.
Use the diagram to explain why the distance l is equal to .
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(3)
The wavefronts in (a) are from a monochromatic point source S1. Diagram 1 is a sketch
of how the intensity of the diffraction pattern formed by the single slit varies with angle
. The units on the vertical axis are arbitary.
Diagram 1
Another identical point source S2 is placed close to S1 as shown in diagram 2.
Diagram 2
(b) The diffraction patterns formed by each source are just resolved.
On diagram 1 sketch the intensity distribution of the light from source S2.
(2)
(c) Outline how the Rayleigh criterion affects the design of radio telescopes.
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(2)
(d) The dish of the Arecibo radio telescope has a diameter of 300 m. Two distant
12 16
radio sources are 2.0 10 m apart. The sources are 3.0 10 m from Earth
and they emit radio waves of wavelength 21 cm. Determine whether the radio
telescope can resolve these sources.
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(Total 10 marks)
10. This question is about the diffraction of light.
(a) (i) Describe what is meant by the diffraction of light.
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(2)
(ii) A parallel beam of monochromatic light from a laser is incident on a narrow
slit.
The diffracted light emerging from the slit is incident on a screen.
(not to scale)
The centre of the diffraction pattern produced on the screen is at C. On the

axes sketch a graph to show how the intensity I of the light on the screen
varies with the distance d from C.
(3)
(iii) The slit width is 0.40 mm and it is 1.9 m from the screen. The wavelength of
the light is 620 nm. Determine the width of the central maximum on the
screen.
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(3)
(b) (i) When two separate lasers are used as sources, the images of the slit
formed by the light from each laser are resolved. State what is meant by
the term resolved in this context.
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(1)
(ii) A car, with its two headlights switched on, is approaching an observer who
has good eyesight. Outline why, at a long distance from the observer, the
images of the headlights of the car are not resolved by the observer.
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(4)
(Total 13 marks)
11. This question is about polarization.
(a) State what is meant by polarized light.
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(1)
(b) Unpolarized light is incident on the surface of a plastic. The angle of incidence is
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The reflected light is viewed through an analyser whose transmission axis is
vertical.
The variation with of the intensity I of the transmitted light is shown in the graph.
(i) Explain why there is an angle of incidence, for which the intensity of the
transmitted light is zero.
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(2)
(ii) Calculate the refractive index of the plastic.
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(2)
(c) Unpolarized light from a source is split, so that there is a path difference of half a
wavelength between the two beams.
A lens brings the light to focus at point P on a screen. The lens does not
introduce any additional path difference.
State and explain whether any light would be observed at P, in the case in which
the polarizers have their transmission axes
(i) parallel.
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(2)
(ii) at right angles to each other.
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(2)
(Total 9 marks)
12. This question is about standing waves.
(a) State two properties of a standing (stationary) wave.
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(2)
(b) The diagram shows an organ pipe that is open at one end.
The length of the pipe is l. The frequency of the fundamental (first harmonic) note
emitted by the pipe is 16 Hz.
(i) On the diagram, label with the letter P the position along the pipe where the
amplitude of oscillation of the air molecules is the largest.
(1)
1
(ii) The speed of sound in the air in the pipe is 330 m s . Calculate the length
l.
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(3)
(c) Use your answer to (b)(ii) to suggest why it is better to use organ pipes that are
closed at one end for producing low frequency notes rather than pipes that are
open at both ends.
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(2)
(Total 8 marks)
13. This question is about polarized light.
(a) Distinguish between polarized and unpolarized light.
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(2)
(b) A beam of plane polarized light of intensity I0 is incident on an analyser. The
direction of the beam is at right angles to the plane of the analyser.
The angle between the transmission axis of the analyser and the plane of
polarization of the light is . In the position shown the transmission axis of the
analyser is parallel to the plane of polarization of the light ( = 0).
On the axes, sketch a graph to show how the intensity I of the transmitted light
varies with as the analyser is rotated through 180.
(2)
(Total 4 marks)
14. This question is about polarization and liquid crystals.
(a) A liquid crystal has the property of being able to rotate the plane of polarization of
light. Explain what is meant by the expression able to rotate the plane of
polarization of light.
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(2)
(b) The diagram below is a representation of a liquid crystal display.
P1 is a polarizer and P2 is an analyser. The transmission axis of P2 is at right

angles to that of P1. E is an electrode. G is a glass plate upon which a shaped
electrode is etched. Unpolarized light is incident on P1.
(i) State, and explain, what the observer would see if the liquid crystal were
not present.
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(2)
(ii) Outline how the application of a potential difference between E and the
electrode etched on G enables the observer to see the shape of the
electrode.
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(3)
(Total 7 marks)

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1. This question is about simple harmonic oscillations.

A longitudinal wave travels through a medium from left to right.

(a) For particle P,

(ii) calculate the magnitude of its maximum acceleration.

(iv) state its direction of motion at t = 0.12 s.

Determine for the longitudinal wave, using graph 1 and graph 2,

(i) the frequency.

Graph 2 reproduced to assist with answering (c)(i).

(a) By reference to simple harmonic motion, state what is meant by amplitude.

(b) A liquid is contained in a U-tube.

(i) Describe what is meant by damping.

(ii) Determine the magnitude of the velocity of particle P.

(i) On diagram 3, draw an arrow to show the direction of the acceleration of

(i) Calculate the magnitude of the maximum acceleration of the wood.

Using the graph, calculate the

(i) speed of the waves.

4. This question is about simple harmonic motion and waves.

An object is vibrating in air. The variation with displacement x of the acceleration a of

(i) State what is meant by a longitudinal progressive wave.

5. This question is about simple harmonic motion.

(i) State, in terms of d, the amplitude of vibration.

(i) linear speed of a tip.

(ii) acceleration of a tip.

(i) Describe what is meant by damped motion.

(i) to determine its amplitude of oscillation.

(i) Describe what is meant by a greenhouse gas.

7. This question is about radio waves.

(i) Describe what is meant by the Rayleigh criterion.

8. This question is about microwave radiation.

A microwave transmitter emits radiation of a single wavelength towards a metal plate

(i) wavelength of the microwaves.

(ii) frequency of the microwaves.

(a) Plane wavefronts of monochromatic light of wavelength are incident on a

Use the diagram to explain why the distance l is equal to .

Another identical point source S2 is placed close to S1 as shown in diagram 2.

10. This question is about the diffraction of light.

(a) (i) Describe what is meant by the diffraction of light.

The centre of the diffraction pattern produced on the screen is at C. On the

11. This question is about polarization.

(a) State what is meant by polarized light.

12. This question is about standing waves.

(a) State two properties of a standing (stationary) wave.

13. This question is about polarized light.

(a) Distinguish between polarized and unpolarized light.

P1 is a polarizer and P2 is an analyser. The transmission axis of P2 is at right

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