Ethernet is a network protocol used to make a network.

Though, when most people refer to an

ethernet cable what they mean is a Cat 5 or Cat 6 cable (standard network cables) with an RJ45
connector on the end. These are used to connect things like a pc's / laptop's / xbox 360's / ps3's
and many other things to a network to gain access to the internet or other shared resources like
printers or applications.

If you have a wireless connection aka WIFI ability, this will replace the need for a wired
connection that an "ethernet cable" will provide. If you have the option to connect to the
College's network wirelessly then you will not need the cable, but its always best to keep one to
hand as sometimes wireless connections can be impaired by distance to the source or objects
between you and the source making the connection speed minimal or intermittant.
4 years ag

10BASE-T Ethernet became popular due its ease

of use, its usage of
unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cabling and its low
cost. 10 is for 10
Megabits per second (Mbps) operation, BASE is
for baseband operation, and T is for the twisted
pair cable used for the network. The Network
Interface Card (NIC) performs the functions of a
transceiver so that no external transceiver is
needed for stations. 10BaseT requires the use of a
hub or concentrator because it uses a star
topology. The hub serves as a central switching
station thus controlling the incoming and outgoing
signals. When using star topology if a station goes
down it does not affect the rest of the network.
Typically a RJ45 connector is connected to UTP
cabling and is run straight from the hub to the
NIC (10BaseT NIC's have a built-in RJ45
transceiver). Pins 1 and 3 transmit data and pins 3
and 6 receive data (the other pins are not used).

10 BASE-T PARAMETERS AND

WIRING RULES
1. Transceiver
Maximum length per segment is 100 2. Transceiver Cable
meters or 330 feet. 3. Cat 5 Wallplate Assembly
4. Cat 5 UTP Cable
Maximum of 2 devices per segment; one
5. 10 Base-T Hub
is the station and the other is the hub.
6. Cat 5 Patch Panel
7. Cat 5 Color Coded Patch Cables
Maximum of 2 Inter-Repeater Links
8. 10 Base-T RJ45 Network Card
between devices without using bridge or 9. 50 Ohm Terminator
switch (A hub is a repeater ). 10. Thick Ethernet Trunk Cable
11. Equipment Rack
Star topology.

Certain hubs come with a standard BNC

 and/or AUI connection.

Hubs can connect to fiber optic or coax

networks.

Unsheilded twisted pair no less than

Category 2 is required for 10BaseT
operation, however, Category 3 or higher
is preferred.

UTP cabling is not recommended for

areas with electromagnetic
or radio frequency interference
(EMI/RFI).

NIC's come with built-in transceivers so

connections are made
directly to the NIC.

NIC's with standard AUI ports

must use a twisted pair
transceiver.

The Basics of Ethernet Cabling

by David Davis - January 7, 2009
inShare

Almost anyone who has connected to the Internet through a broadband connection (like cable or
DSL) has used an Ethernet cable to do it. You have connected your PCs network interface card
(NIC) to your cable modem, DSL modem, or home router with an Ethernet cable. Because of
the commonality of this, if I say use an Ethernet cable you have a picture of a cable in your
mind. However, you should know that there is more than one type of Ethernet cable.

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When you start learning about Cisco equipment and get further into networking, the different
types of Ethernet cabling will come up. In fact, Ethernet cabling is an important topic on Ciscos
CCNA exam. So what do you need to know about Ethernet cabling? Lets find out.

Types of Ethernet cabling

To start off with, you should know that not all Ethernet cabling is the same. If you go to a store
you may find a variety of categories of cabling. These categories tell you the quality of the
cabling. The quality determines, essentially, how much the cable can handle. Here are the
categories that you need to know:

Cat 3 used for voice cabling and 10Mb Ethernet

Cat 5 used for 10/100Mb Ethernet and works for voice as well

Cat 5E Enhanced Cat 5 cabling that helps to prevent cross-talk, works for 10/100Mb and
1000Mb (or Gigabit Ethernet)

Cat 6 Like Cat 5E but with larger gauge wires, works for 10/100/1000Mb. This cable is better
than Cat 5e for Gigabit Ethernet.

Cat 7 Also called Class F, this is fully-shielded cabling and supports up to 600Mhz. This is a
relatively new type of cabling and isnt used much.

Most companies today are still using and even installing Category 5e as it works for the 100Mb
Fast-Ethernet in use on almost every desktop PC. Plus, it is economical compared to the higher
categories of cabling. If you go to a computer store and buy an Ethernet cable, 99% of the time it
will be a Cat 5e cable.

Normal Ethernet Cables

Next up, you should be familiar with the different types of ends or plugs at each end of the
cable. When you go to a computer store and buy that regular Ethernet cable, what you are
really buying is a straight-through cable. This means that if you hold both ends side by side, the
colors of each of the different smaller cables inside an Ethernet cable, will be in the same order,
from left to right. Take a look at the picture below to see what I am talking about:

Picture courtesy of http://www.incentre.net/incentre/frame/ethernet.html

This type of cable is a regular or straight-through cable. You use this type of cable to connect a
PC to a hub/switch or a router to a switch.

You should also know that there are two standards for how the colors are arranged on this cable.
However, these coloring standards dont affect the performance or function of the cable. The
standard above was called the T-568A. The standard in the picture below is called the T-568B.

Picture courtesy of http://www.incentre.net/incentre/frame/ethernet.html

Crossover Cables

Now that you know what you need to know about normal Ethernet cables, lets learn about
crossover Ethernet cables. These cables have a different pinout on one side. The purpose of a
crossover cable is to connect one device, directly, to another device, without a hub or switch in
the middle. Usually, the hub/switch performs the crossover for you. So, you can use a crossover
cable to connect a PC to a PC, directly, without any hub or switch. You can also use a crossover
cable to connect two switches together. Here are the pinouts for a crossover cable:

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Picture courtesy of http://www.incentre.net/incentre/frame/ethernet.html

As you can see, the cross over cables sends pins 1 & 2 to 3 & 6 and 3 & 6 to 1 & 2. You can buy
one of these special cables in a store or make one yourself.

What are Rolled Cables?

In the Cisco world, a rolled cable is a cable used to manage a router or switch from the console
port of that device. This cable is usually used when configuring one of these devices for the first
time. A rolled cable connects the PCs serial port (using a DB9 to RJ45 adaptor) to the router or
switchs console port. A rolled cable looks just like an Ethernet cable. The funny thing is that a
rolled cable isnt an Ethernet cable at all. In fact, it is a serial cable. In a rolled cable, Pin 1
connects to Pin 8 on the other side. Here is the pinout for a rolled cable:

Male Male

RJ-45 RJ-45

1 BLU 8

2 ORN 7

3 BLK 6

4 GRN 5

5 RED 4

6 YEL 3

7 BRN 2

8 GRY 1

You cannot use a rolled cable for an Ethernet cable, nor can you use an Ethernet cable for a
rolled cable. What you can do is take a straight-through Ethernet cable, cut off one end, flip over
the wires, and recrimp it to make your own rolled cable.

Take Home

In summary, what you need to take home from this article is:

Category 5e cables are the most common type of Ethernet cabling today
A straight-through cable is what you normally use to connect a PC to a hub or switch

A crossover cable is a special type of Ethernet cable used to connect a PC to a PC or a

switch to a switch
 A rolled cable isnt an Ethernet cable at all but looks like one. It is used to connect a PC
to a Cisco router or switchs console port, for management.

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Relate

CERIAS - Broadband vs. Dialup Internet

Connection
Page Content
Parents across the nation have already been introduced to broadband Internet
connections such as cable or DSL (Digital Subscriber Lines) by their children, who
want to have a faster, higher-quality connection. Whatever your reason for
considering purchasing a broadband connection, it is very useful-and important-to
know the differences between broadband and dialup Internet connections and the
advantages and disadvantages between each of them before making a decision to
go high-speed.

The fundamental difference between dialup and broadband Internet connections is

the manner in which the connection is made from your PC to the Internet. A dialup
service connects to the Internet through your phone line. The modem in your PC
"calls" an Internet Service Provider (ISP) and connects with a maximum speed of
56,000 bytes per second, better known as a 56K speed connection. Each time your
PC dials into the ISP, it is assigned an Internet Protocol (IP) address, which you can
think of as an "Internet address." A different, unique IP address is assigned at the
beginning of each visit so that the ISP can recognize your PC and make sure you can
send and receive email, surf the Internet, and so on; basically, this address lets your
ISP know where to send the information you are requesting through your modem. In
terms of hackers, in order for someone to gain access to your computer, it would be
necessary for them to know your IP to successfully do so. The fact that your IP
address constantly changes essentially makes your Internet connection more
secure.

In contrast, when you connect to the Internet via a broadband Internet connection,
the process is slightly different. Once your PC is connected to the ISP through a
cable or DSL connection, it remains connected until the cable box or DSL line is
disconnected or physically unplugged. A DSL connection runs through unused wires
in your existing phone line without disruption and can translate data at 5 million
bytes per second, or 5Mbps. Broadband services are often referred to as "always
on" services because it is not necessary to make a setup call to your ISP each time
you wish to access the Internet; this means that once you are assigned an IP
address, you keep it until you request it to be changed. We'll learn how to do this in
a later newsletter.

Connection speed and price are two important considerations when choosing
between dialup and broadband. Dialup connection speeds make it more difficult to
view certain types of media, such as video, and it can take much longer to
download and open email attachments, play online games, and so on. Although the
slower connection speed is a disadvantage for dialup users, there are also a few
advantages to using this type of connection, which include lower monthly charges
and a higher level of security. The cost difference is obvious when comparing the
$20-30 per month subscription fee for dialup and the $50-60 per month subscription
fee for most broadband services. In terms of security, because the connection is not
"always on" and because you are assigned a different IP address each time, it is
slightly more difficult to be attacked over the Internet, although nothing is ever fool
proof and risks still do exist.

The advantages of a broadband connection can sometimes outweigh some of the

disadvantages. The increased connection speed allows for ease in initial connection,
duration of connection, no additional phone charges that may apply in dialing into
an ISP, and variability of Internet use, such as an increase in allowable file viewing
size. However, if you do choose a broadband connection, you'll need to purchase a
firewall-which we'll learn more about later-to keep your computer "invisible" to the
outside world.

In the ongoing debate of which is better dialup or broadband, there isn't really a
clearly correct answer. This question can only be answered by looking at your needs
and resources and comparing them to what each option has to offer. If you use the
Internet to check email, stock quotes, and visit the occasional website, dialup will be
sufficient. But if you frequently download large media files, play games over the
Internet, and view sites that are high in image content then you may be more
satisfied with broadband service.

DSL is one type of broadband connection. Cable is another. Fiber-optic is another.

"Broadband" has a specific technical meaning relating to the use of multiple frequencies and
sending of multiple pieces of data simultaneously, but in common usage it's basically
synonymous with "high-speed". There are a few different types of connection that fit that
description.
4 yea
Types of Broadband Connections
Broadband includes several high-speed transmission technologies such as:

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

Cable Modem

Fiber

Wireless

Satellite

Broadband over Powerlines (BPL)

The broadband technology you choose will depend on a number of factors. These may include
whether you are located in an urban or rural area, how broadband Internet access is packaged
with other services (such as voice telephone and home entertainment), price, and availability.

DSL Broadband

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a technology that delivers broadband over

your phone line to be used in the home or office.
With DSL technology, large volumes of information are sent over a copper
cable at rapid speeds.

DSL allows you to download web pages, text, graphics, music and video in
real time.

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL)

DSL is a wireline transmission technology that transmits data faster over traditional copper
telephone lines already installed to homes and businesses. DSL-based broadband provides
transmission speeds ranging from several hundred Kbps to millions of bits per second (Mbps).
The availability and speed of your DSL service may depend on the distance from your home or
business to the closest telephone company facility.

The following are types of DSL transmission technologies:

Asymmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) Used primarily by

residential customers, such as Internet surfers, who receive a lot of data but
do not send much. ADSL typically provides faster speed in the downstream
direction than the upstream direction. ADSL allows faster downstream data
transmission over the same line used to provide voice service, without
disrupting regular telephone calls on that line.
 Symmetrical Digital Subscriber Line (SDSL) Used typically by
businesses for services such as video conferencing, which need significant
bandwidth both upstream and downstream.

Faster forms of DSL typically available to businesses include:

High data rate Digital Subscriber Line (HDSL); and

Very High data rate Digital Subscriber Line (VDSL).

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Cable Modem

Cable modem service enables cable operators to provide broadband using the same coaxial
cables that deliver pictures and sound to your TV set.

Most cable modems are external devices that have two connections: one to the cable wall outlet,
the other to a computer. They provide transmission speeds of 1.5 Mbps or more.

Subscribers can access their cable modem service by simply turning on their computers, without
dialing-up an ISP. You can still watch cable TV while using it. Transmission speeds vary
depending on the type of cable modem, cable network, and traffic load. Speeds are comparable
to DSL.

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Fiber
Fiber optic technology converts electrical signals carrying data to light and
sends the light through transparent glass fibers about the diameter of a
human hair. Fiber transmits data at speeds far exceeding current DSL or cable
modem speeds, typically by tens or even hundreds of Mbps.
The actual speed you experience will vary depending on a variety of factors,
such as how close to your computer the service provider brings the fiber and
how the service provider configures the service, including the amount of
bandwidth used. The same fiber providing your broadband can also
simultaneously deliver voice (VoIP) and video services, including video-on-
demand.

Telecommunications providers sometimes offer fiber broadband in limited

areas and have announced plans to expand their fiber networks and offer
bundled voice, Internet access, and video services.

Variations of the technology run the fiber all the way to the customers home
or business, to the curb outside, or to a location somewhere between the
providers facilities and the customer.

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Wireless
Wireless broadband connects a home or business to the Internet using a radio
link between the customers location and the service providers facility.
Wireless broadband can be mobile or fixed.
Wireless technologies using longer-range directional equipment provide
broadband service in remote or sparsely populated areas where DSL or cable
modem service would be costly to provide. Speeds are generally comparable
to DSL and cable modem. An external antenna is usually required.

Wireless broadband Internet access services offered over fixed networks

allow consumers to access the Internet from a fixed point while stationary
and often require a direct line-of-sight between the wireless transmitter and
receiver. These services have been offered using both licensed spectrum and
unlicensed devices. For example, thousands of small Wireless Internet
Services Providers (WISPs) provide such wireless broadband at speeds of
around one Mbps using unlicensed devices, often in rural areas not served by
cable or wireline broadband networks.

Wireless Local Area Networks (WLANs) provide wireless broadband access

over shorter distances and are often used to extend the reach of a "last-mile"
wireline or fixed wireless broadband connection within a home, building, or
campus environment. Wi-Fi networks use unlicensed devices and can be
designed for private access within a home or business, or be used for public
Internet access at "hot spots" such as restaurants, coffee shops, hotels,
airports, convention centers, and city parks.

Mobile wireless broadband services are also becoming available from mobile
telephone service providers and others. These services are generally
appropriate for highly-mobile customers and require a special PC card with a
built in antenna that plugs into a users laptop computer. Generally, they
provide lower speeds, in the range of several hundred Kbps.

back to top

Satellite

Just as satellites orbiting the earth provide necessary links for telephone and television service,
they can also provide links for broadband. Satellite broadband is another form of wireless
broadband, and is also useful for serving remote or sparsely populated areas.

Downstream and upstream speeds for satellite broadband depend on several factors, including
the provider and service package purchased, the consumers line of sight to the orbiting satellite,
and the weather. Typically a consumer can expect to receive (download) at a speed of about 500
Kbps and send (upload) at a speed of about 80 Kbps. These speeds may be slower than DSL and
cable modem, but they are about 10 times faster than the download speed with dial-up Internet
access. Service can be disrupted in extreme weather conditions.

back to top
Broadband over Powerline (BPL)

BPL is the delivery of broadband over the existing low- and medium-voltage electric power
distribution network. BPL speeds are comparable to DSL and cable modem speeds. BPL can be
provided to homes using existing electrical connections and outlets. BPL is an emerging
technology that is available in very limited areas. It has significant potential because power lines
are installed virtually everywhere, alleviating the need to build new broadband facilities for
every customer.

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If you have a camera and a 2D matrix code reader on your mobile phone, you can capture the
FCC Phone numbers right to your phone by following these three easy steps:
Step 1: Take a photograph of one of the codes below using the camera on your mobile phone.
Step 2: Use your phone's Datamatrix or QR Code reader to decode the information on the
photograph. Please note, these code readers are device specific and are available to download on
the internet.
Step 3: Store the decoded address information to your phone's address book and use it with your
Maps or GPS application.

Types of Broadband

DSL Broadband

Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) is a technology that delivers broadband over

your phone line to be used in the home or office.
With DSL technology, large volumes of information are sent over a copper
cable at rapid speeds.
 DSL allows you to download web pages, text, graphics, music and video in
real time.

ADSL Broadband

Asymmetric Digital Subscriber Line (ADSL) is a technology similar to the DSL

technology.
With ADSL, information is downloaded more rapidly than it is uploaded.

ADSL is particularly useful for homes and businesses as it can download web
pages and files at fast speeds.

ADSL2 and ADSL2+ are new technologies offered by some providers offering
speed up to 24Mbps. One provider offering this service is Be.

Symmetric Broadband (SDSL)

Symmetric broadband (SDSL) is a technology similar to ADSL broadband.

SDSL broadband downloads information at the same speed as it uploads
information. Whereas ADSL broadband downloads the information faster than
it uploads it.

This type of broadband requires an extra telephone line.

SDSL broadband is particularly suitable for businesses that send large

volumes of information.

Local Loop Unbundling

Local Loop Unbundling (LLU) is where ADSL or SDSL broadband technologies

are provided without using the British Telecoms exchange system.
This means that LLU providers can offer broadband features at a competitive
price.

LLU is only available in certain parts of UK. Providers include Bulldog and Be.

Cable Broadband

There are several ways in which broadband can be delivered to your PC, this
type of broadband is delivered through a cable.
Cable companies also offer television and telephone packages as well as
broadband Internet services.

Cable companies provide broadband, television or phone packages to about

45% of homes and businesses in the UK.

You can only get cable broadband if a company has cabled your street.

Cable providers include ntl.

Satellite Broadband

There are several ways in which broadband can be delivered to your PC,PC;
this type of broadband is delivered through a satellite.
To receive satellite broadband you must have a dish antenna, and can be
used almost everywhere in the UK.

There are 2 types of satellite services:

One-way satellite services download information via satellite and upload

information via a telephone or IDSN line.

Two-way satellite services download and upload information via satellite. This
provides an even higher bandwidth and a faster speed.

Satellite transmission may be affected by weather conditions.

The cost of installing and running satellite broadband can be quite expensive
compared with other types of broadband.

Satellite broadband generally has quite high latency (ping times) compared
to other broadband, and so is unsuitable for certain types of Internet Access
such as online gaming.

Wireless Broadband

Wireless broadband is one of the ways in which broadband can be delivered

to your PC.
This type of broadband requires an antenna to be installed to get connection
to the Internet.

Wireless broadband is particularly suitable for distributing information

between buildings and for homes where access to ADSL or cable broadband
is unavailable.

------------