Tolerancesandfits.

Thisbookincludestablesandcalculationsforeasyoptionoffitsofmachinepartsanddeterminationoftheirdimensional
tolerancesanddeviations.Usingthistoolthefollowingtaskscanbesolved:

1.SelectionofsuitablefitsofmachinepartsaccordingtotheinternationalstandardISO286.
2.DeterminationofdimensionaltolerancesanddeviationsofmachinepartsaccordingtotheinternationalstandardISO
286.
3.Selectionofpreferredfitsofmachinepartsanddeterminationoftheirdimensionaltolerancesanddeviations
accordingtoANSIB4.1.
4.DeterminationofnonprescribedlimitdeviationsoflinearandangulardimensionsaccordingtoISO2768.
5.Automaticdesignofafitforthegivenclearanceorfitinterferencerespectively.

Thedata,procedures,algorithmsandspecializedliteratureandstandardsANSI,ISO,DINandotherswereusedinthe
calculations.
Listofstandards:ANSIB4.1,ANSIB4.2,ISO286,ISO1829,ISO2768,EN20286,JISB0401
Control,structureandsyntaxofcalculations.
Informationonthesyntaxandcontrolofthecalculationcanbefoundinthedocument"Control,structureandsyntaxof
calculations".
Basicterms.
Itisnecessarythatthedimensions,shapeandmutualpositionofsurfacesofindividualpartsofmechanicalengineering
productsarekeptwithinacertainaccuracytoachievetheircorrectandreliablefunctioning.Routineproductionprocesses
donotallowmaintenance(ormeasurement)ofthegivengeometricalpropertieswithabsoluteaccuracy.Actualsurfacesof
theproducedpartsthereforedifferfromidealsurfacesprescribedindrawings.Deviationsofactualsurfacesaredivided
intofourgroupstoenableassessment,prescriptionandcheckingofthepermittedinaccuracyduringproduction:
Dimensionaldeviations
Shapedeviations
Positiondeviations
Surfaceroughnessdeviations

Thistollincludesthefirstgroupandcanthereforebeusedtodeterminedimensionaltolerancesanddeviationsofmachine
parts.

Asmentionedabove,itisprincipallyimpossibletoproducemachinepartswithabsolutedimensionalaccuracy.Infact,itis
notnecessaryoruseful.Itisquitesufficientthattheactualdimensionofthepartisfoundbetweentwolimitdimensions
andapermissibledeviationiskeptwithproductiontoensurecorrectfunctioningofengineeringproducts.Therequiredlevel
ofaccuracyofproductionofthegivenpartisthengivenbythedimensionaltolerancewhichisprescribedinthedrawing.
Theproductionaccuracyisprescribedwithregardstothefunctionalityoftheproductandtotheeconomyofproductionas
well.
Acouplingoftwopartscreatesafitwhosefunctionalcharacterisdeterminedbydifferencesoftheirdimensionsbefore
theircoupling.

where:
d=D...basicsize
Dmax,Dmin...limitsofsizeforthehole
dmax,dmin...limitsofsizefortheshaft
ES...holeupperdeviation
EI...holelowerdeviation
es...shaftupperdeviation
ei...shaftlowerdeviation

Dependingonthemutualpositionoftolerancezonesofthecoupledparts,3typesoffitcanbedistinguished:
A.Clearancefit
B.Transitionfit
C.Interferencefit

ISO286:ISOsystemoflimitsandfits.[1]
Thisparagraphcanbeusedtochooseafitanddeterminetolerancesanddeviationsofmachinepartsaccordingtothe
standardISO286:1988.ThisstandardisidenticalwiththeEuropeanstandardEN20286:1993anddefinesan
internationallyrecognizedsystemoftolerances,deviationsandfits.ThestandardISO286isusedasaninternational
standardforlineardimensiontolerancesandhasbeenacceptedinmostindustriallydevelopedcountriesinidenticalor
modifiedwordingasanationalstandard(JISB0401,DINISO286,BSEN20286,CSNEN20286,etc.).
ThesystemoftolerancesandfitsISOcanbeappliedintolerancesanddeviationsofsmoothpartsandforfitscreatedby
theircoupling.Itisusedparticularlyforcylindricalpartswithroundsections.Tolerancesanddeviationsinthisstandardcan
alsobeappliedinsmoothpartsofothersections.Similarly,thesystemcanbeusedforcoupling(fits)ofcylindricalparts
andforfitswithpartshavingtwoparallelsurfaces(e.g.fitsofkeysingrooves).Theterm"shaft",usedinthisstandardhas
awidemeaningandservesforspecificationofallouterelementsofthepart,includingthoseelementswhichdonothave
cylindricalshapes.Also,theterm"hole"canbeusedforspecificationofallinnerelementsregardlessoftheirshape.
Note:Allnumericalvaluesoftolerancesanddeviationsmentionedinthisparagrapharegiveninthemetricsystemand
relatetopartswithdimensionsspecifiedat20C.
1.1Basicsize.
Itisthesizewhoselimitdimensionsarespecifiedusingtheupperandlowerdeviations.Incaseofafit,thebasicsizeof
bothconnectedelementsmustbethesame.
Attention:ThestandardISO286definesthesystemoftolerances,deviationsandfitsonlyforbasicsizesupto3150mm.
1.2Toleranceofabasicsizeforspecifictolerancegrade.
Thetoleranceofasizeisdefinedasthedifferencebetweentheupperandlowerlimitdimensionsofthepart.Inorderto
meettherequirementsofvariousproductionbranchesforaccuracyoftheproduct,thesystemISOimplements20grades
ofaccuracy.Eachofthetolerancesofthissystemismarked"IT"withattachedgradeofaccuracy(IT01,IT0,IT1...IT18).
FieldofuseofindividualtolerancesofthesystemISO:
IT01toIT6 Forproductionofgaugesandmeasuringinstruments
IT5toIT12 Forfitsinprecisionandgeneralengineering
IT11toIT16 Forproductionofsemiproducts
IT16toIT18 Forstructures
IT11toIT18 Forspecificationoflimitdeviationsofnontolerateddimensions
Note:Whenchoosingasuitabledimensionitisnecessarytoalsotakeintoaccounttheusedmethodofmachiningofthe
partintheproductionprocess.Thedependencybetweenthetoleranceandmodificationofthesurfacecanbefoundinthe
tableinparagraph[5].
1.3Holetolerancezones.
Thetolerancezoneisdefinedasasphericalzonelimitedbytheupperandlowerlimitdimensionsofthepart.Thetolerance
zoneisthereforedeterminedbytheamountofthetoleranceanditspositionrelatedtothebasicsize.Thepositionofthe
tolerancezone,relatedtothebasicsize(zeroline),isdeterminedintheISOsystembyasocalledbasicdeviation.The
systemISOdefines28classesofbasicdeviationsforholes.Theseclassesaremarkedbycapitalletters(A,B,C,...ZC).
Thetolerancezoneforthespecifieddimensionsisprescribedinthedrawingbyatolerancemark,whichconsistsofaletter
markingofthebasicdeviationandanumericalmarkingofthetolerancegrade(e.g.H7,H8,D5,etc.).Thisparagraph
includesgraphicillustrationsofalltolerancezonesofaholewhichareapplicableforthespecifiedbasicsize[1.1]andthe
tolerancegradeITchosenfromthepopuplist.
Thoughthegeneralsetsofbasicdeviations(A...ZC)andtolerancegrades(IT1...IT18)canbeusedforprescriptionsof
holetolerancezonesbytheirmutualcombinations,inpracticeonlyalimitedrangeoftolerancezonesisused.Anoverview
oftolerancezonesforgeneralusecanbefoundinthefollowingtable.Thetolerancezonesnotincludedinthistableare
consideredspecialzonesandtheiruseisrecommendedonlyintechnicallywellgroundedcases.
Prescribedholetolerancezonesforroutineuse(forbasicsizesupto3150mm):
A9 A10 A11 A12 A13
B8 B9 B10 B11 B12 B13
C8 C9 C10 C11 C12 C13

CD6 CD7 CD8 CD9 CD10

D6 D7 D8 D9 D10 D11 D12 D13
E5 E6 E7 E8 E9 E10

EF3 EF4 EF5 EF6 EF7 EF8 EF9 EF10

F3 F4 F5 F6 F7 F8 F9 F10

FG3 FG4 FG5 FG6 FG7 FG8 FG9 FG10

G3 G4 G5 G6 G7 G8 G9 G10

H1 H2 H3 H4 H5 H6 H7 H8 H9 H10 H11 H12 H13 H14 H15 H16 H17 H18

JS1 JS2 JS3 JS4 JS5 JS6 JS7 JS8 JS9 JS10 JS11 JS12 JS13 JS14 JS15 JS16 JS17 JS18
J6 J7 J8
K3 K4 K5 K6 K7 K8

M3 M4 M5 M6 M7 M8 M9 M10
N3 N4 N5 N6 N7 N8 N9 N10 N11

P3 P4 P5 P6 P7 P8 P9 P10
R3 R4 R5 R6 R7 R8 R9 R10
S3 S4 S5 S6 S7 S8 S9 S10
T5 T6 T7 T8
U5 U6 U7 U8 U9 U10

V5 V6 V7 V8
X5 X6 X7 X8 X9 X10
Y6 Y7 Y8 Y9 Y10

Z6 Z7 Z8 Z9 Z10 Z11
ZA6 ZA7 ZA8 ZA9 ZA10 ZA11

ZB7 ZB8 ZB9 ZB10 ZB11

ZC7 ZC8 ZC9 ZC10 ZC11

Note:Tolerancezoneswiththinprintarespecifiedonlyforbasicsizesupto500mm.
Hint:Forholetolerances,tolerancezonesH7,H8,H9andH11areusedpreferably.
1.4Shafttolerancezones.
Thetolerancezoneisdefinedasasphericalzonelimitedbytheupperandlowerlimitdimensionsofthepart.Thetolerance
zoneisthereforedeterminedbytheamountofthetoleranceanditspositionrelatedtothebasicsize.Thepositionofthe
tolerancezone,relatedtothebasicsize(zeroline),isdeterminedintheISOsystembyasocalledbasicdeviation.The
systemISOdefines28classesofbasicdeviationsforshafts.Theseclassesaremarkedbylowercaseletters(a,b,c,...
zc).Thetolerancezoneforthespecifieddimensionsisprescribedinthedrawingbyatolerancemark,whichconsistsofa
lettermarkingofthebasicdeviationandanumericalmarkingofthetolerancegrade(e.g.h7,h6,g5,etc.).Thisparagraph
includesgraphicillustrationsofalltolerancezonesofashaftwhichareapplicableforthespecifiedbasicsize[1.1]andthe
tolerancegradeITchosenfromthepopuplist.
Thoughthegeneralsetsofbasicdeviations(a...zc)andtolerancegrades(IT1...IT18)canbeusedforprescriptionsof
shafttolerancezonesbytheirmutualcombinations,inpracticeonlyalimitedrangeoftolerancezonesisused.Anoverview
oftolerancezonesforgeneralusecanbefoundinthefollowingtable.Thetolerancezonesnotincludedinthistableare
consideredspecialzonesandtheiruseisrecommendedonlyintechnicallywellgroundedcases.
Prescribedshafttolerancezonesforroutineuse(forbasicsizesupto3150mm):
a9 a10 a11 a12 a13
b9 b10 b11 b12 b13
c8 c9 c10 c11 c12

cd5 cd6 cd7 cd8 cd9 cd10

 d5 d6 d7 d8 d9 d10 d11 d12 d13

e5 e6 e7 e8 e9 e10
ef4 ef5 ef6 ef7 ef8 ef9 ef10
ef3

f3 f4 f5 f6 f7 f8 f9 f10
fg3 fg4 fg5 fg6 fg7 fg8 fg9 fg10

g3 g4 g5 g6 g7 g8 g9 g10
h1 h2 h3 h4 h5 h6 h7 h8 h9 h10 h11 h12 h13 h14 h15 h16 h17 h18
js1 js2 js3 js4 js5 js6 js7 js8 js9 js10 js11 js12 js13 js14 js15 js16 js17 js18
j5 j6 j7
k3 k4 k5 k6 k7 k8 k9 k10 k11 k12 k13

m3 m4 m5 m6 m7 m8 m9
n3 n4 n5 n6 n7 n8 n9

p3 p4 p5 p6 p7 p8 p9 p10
r3 r4 r5 r6 r7 r8 r9 r10
s3 s4 s5 s6 s7 s8 s9 s10
t5 t6 t7 t8
u5 u6 u7 u8 u9

v5 v6 v7 v8
x5 x6 x7 x8 x9 x10
y6 y7 y8 y9 y10

z6 z7 z8 z9 z10 z11
za6 za7 za8 za9 za10 za11

zb7 zb8 zb9 zb10 zb11

zc7 zc8 zc9 zc10 zc11

Note:Tolerancezoneswiththinprintarespecifiedonlyforbasicsizesupto500mm.
Hint:Forshafttolerances,tolerancezonesh6,h7,h9andh11areusedpreferably.
1.5Selectionoffit.
Thisparagraphcanbeusedtochoosearecommendedfit.Ifyouwishtouseanotherfitthantherecommendedone,
defineholeandshafttolerancezonesdirectlyintheparagraphs[1.9,1.10].Whendesigningthefititself,itis
recommendedtofollowseveralprinciples:
Designafitinaholebasissysteminashaftbasissystem.
Useholetolerancesgreaterorequaltotheshafttolerance.
Tolerancesoftheholeandshaftshouldnotdifferbymorethantwogrades.

Hint:Incaseyouwishtofindasuitablestandardizedfitwithregardtoitsspecificproperties(afixedamountofclearance
orfitinterferenceisrequired),usethefunctionofautomaticfitdesigninparagraph[4].
1.6Systemoffit.
Althoughtherecanbegenerallycoupledpartswithoutanytolerancezones,onlytwomethodsofcouplingofholesand
shaftsarerecommendedduetoconstructional,technologicalandeconomicreasons.
A.Holebasissystem
Thedesiredclearancesandinterferencesinthefitareachievedbycombinationsofvariousshafttolerancezones
withtheholetolerancezone"H".Inthissystemoftolerancesandfits,thelowerdeviationoftheholeisalways
equaltozero.
B.Shaftbasissystem
Thedesiredclearancesandinterferencesinthefitareachievedbycombinationsofvariousholetolerancezones
withtheshafttolerancezone"h".Inthissystemoftolerancesandfits,theupperdeviationoftheholeisalways
equaltozero.
where:
d=D...basicsize
////...holetolerancezone
\\\\...shafttolerancezone

Theoptionofthesystemforthespecifiedtypeofproductorproductionisalwaysinfluencedbythefollowingfactors:
Constructionaldesignoftheproductandthemethodofassembly.
Productionprocedureandcostsformachiningthepart.
Typeofsemiproductandconsumptionofmaterial.
Costsforpurchase,maintenanceandstorageofgaugesandproductiontools.
Machineholdingoftheplant.
Optionsinuseofstandardizedparts.

Hint:Althoughbothsystemsareequivalentintheviewoffunctionalproperties,theholebasissystemisusedpreferably.
1.7Typeoffit.
Dependingonthemutualpositionoftolerancezonesofthecoupledparts,3typesoffitcanbedistinguished:
A.Clearancefit
Itisafitthatalwaysenablesaclearancebetweentheholeandshaftinthecoupling.Thelowerlimitsizeofthehole
isgreateroratleastequaltotheupperlimitsizeoftheshaft.
B.Transitionfit
Itisafitwhere(dependingontheactualsizesoftheholeandshaft)bothclearanceandinterferencemayoccurin
thecoupling.Tolerancezonesoftheholeandshaftpartlyorcompletelyinterfere.
C.Interferencefit
Itisafitalwaysensuringsomeinterferencebetweentheholeandshaftinthecoupling.Theupperlimitsizeofthe
holeissmalleroratleastequaltothelowerlimitsizeoftheshaft.

1.8Recommendedfits.
Asufficientfitcanbeselectedinthepopuplist.
Thelistofrecommendedfitsgivenhereisforinformationonlyandcannotbetakenasafixedlisting.Theenumerationof
actuallyusedfitsmaydifferdependingonthetypeandfieldofproduction,localstandardsandnationalusageandlastbut
notleast,dependingontheplantpractices.Propertiesandfieldofuseofsomeselectedfitsaredescribedinthefollowing
overview.Whenselectingafititisoftennecessarytotakeintoaccountnotonlyconstructionalandtechnologicalviews,but
alsoeconomicaspects.Selectionofasuitablefitisimportantparticularlyinviewofthosemeasuringinstruments,gauges
andtoolswhichareimplementedintheproduction.Therefore,followprovenplantpracticeswhenselectingafit.
Fieldsofuseofselectedfits(preferredfitsareinbold):
Clearancefits:
H11/a11,H11/c11,H11/c9,H11/d11,A11/h11,C11/h11,D11/h11
Fitswithgreatclearanceswithpartshavinggreattolerances.
Use:Pivots,latches,fitsofpartsexposedtocorrosiveeffects,contaminationwithdustandthermalormechanical
deformations.
H9/C9,H9/d10,H9/d9,H8/d9,H8/d8,D10/h9,D9/h9,D9/h8
Runningfitswithgreaterclearanceswithoutanyspecialrequirementsforaccuracyofguidingshafts.
Use:Multiplefitsofshaftsofproductionandpistonmachines,partsrotatingveryrarelyoronlyswinging.
H9/e9,H8/e8,H7/e7,E9/h9,E8/h8,E8/h7
Runningfitswithgreaterclearanceswithoutanyspecialrequirementsforfitaccuracy.
Use:Fitsoflongshafts,e.g.inagriculturalmachines,bearingsofpumps,fansandpistonmachines.
H9/f8,H8/f8,H8/f7,H7/f7,F8/h7,F8/h6
Runningfitswithsmallerclearanceswithgeneralrequirementsforfitaccuracy.
Use:Mainfitsofmachinetools.Generalfitsofshafts,regulatorbearings,machinetoolspindles,slidingrods.
H8/g7,H7/g6,G7/h6
Runningfitswithverysmallclearancesforaccurateguidingofshafts.Withoutanynoticeableclearanceafterassembly.
Use:Partsofmachinetools,slidinggearsandclutchdisks,crankshaftjournals,pistonsofhydraulicmachines,rodssliding
inbearings,grindingmachinespindles.
H11/h11,H11/h9
Slippingfitsofpartswithgreattolerances.Thepartscaneasilybeslidoneintotheotherandturn.
Use:Easilydemountableparts,distancerings,partsofmachinesfixedtoshaftsusingpins,bolts,rivetsorwelds.
H8/h9,H8/h8,H8/h7,H7/h6
Slidingfitswithverysmallclearancesforpreciseguidingandcentringofparts.Mountingbyslidingonwithoutuseofany
greatforce,afterlubricationthepartscanbeturnedandslidbyhand.
Use:Preciseguidingofmachinesandpreparations,exchangeablewheels,rollerguides.
Transitionfits:
H8/j7,H7/js6,H7/j6,J7/h6
Tightfitswithsmallclearancesornegligibleinterference.Thepartscanbeassembledordisassembledmanually.
Use:Easilydismountablefitsofhubsofgears,pulleysandbushings,retainingrings,frequentlyremovedbearingbushings.
H8/k7,H7/k6,K8/h7,K7/h6
Similarfitswithsmallclearancesorsmallinterferences.Thepartscanbeassembledordisassembledwithoutgreatforce
usingarubbermallet.
Use:Demountablefitsofhubsofgearsandpulleys,manualwheels,clutches,brakedisks.
H8/p7,H8/m7,H8/n7,H7/m6,H7/n6,M8/h6,N8/h7,N7/h6
Fixedfitswithnegligibleclearancesorsmallinterferences.Mountingoffitsusingpressingandlightforce.
Use:Fixedplugs,drivenbushings,armaturesofelectricmotorsonshafts,gearrims,flushedbolts.
Interferencefits:
H8/r7,H7/p6,H7/r6,P7/h6,R7/h6
Pressedfitswithguaranteedinterference.Assemblyofthepartscanbecarriedoutusingcoldpressing.
Use:Hubsofclutchdisks,bearingbushings.
H8/s7,H8/t7,H7/s6,H7/t6,S7/h6,T7/h6
Pressedfitswithmediuminterference.Assemblyofpartsusinghotpressing.Assemblyusingcoldpressingonlywithuseof
largeforces.
Use:Permanentcouplingofgearswithshafts,bearingbushings.
H8/u8,H8/u7,H8/x8,H7/u6,U8/h7,U7/h6
Pressedfitswithbiginterferences.Assemblyusingpressingandgreatforcesunderdifferenttemperaturesoftheparts.
Use:permanentcouplingsofgearswithshafts,flanges.
Hint:Ifnotincontradictionwithconstructionalandtechnologicalrequirements,preferablyusesomeofthepreferredfits.
Preferredfitsaremarkedbyasterisk"*"inthelist.
Note:PreferredfitsdesignedforpreferreduseintheUSAaredefinedinANSIB4.2.Thisstandardprescribesthefollowing
groupsofpreferredfits:
Clearancefits:H11/c11,H9/d9,H8/f7,H7/g6,H7/h6,C11/h11,D9/h9,F8/h7,G7/h6
Transitionfits:H7/k6,H7/n6,K7/h6,N7/h6
Interferencefits:H7/p6,H7/s6,H7/u6,P7/h6,S7/h6,U7/h6
1.9Holetolerancezone.
Limitdeviationsoftheholetolerancezonearecalculatedinthisparagraphforthespecifiedbasicsize[1.1]andselected
holetolerancezone.
Therespectiveholetolerancezoneisautomaticallysetupinthelistingduringselectionofanyoftherecommendedfits
fromthelistinrow[1.8].Ifyouwishtouseanothertolerancezoneforthehole,selectthecorrespondingcombinationofa
basicdeviation(A...ZC)andatolerancezone(1...18)inpopuplistsinthisrow.
Thoughthegeneralsetsofbasicdeviations(A...ZC)andtolerancegrades(IT1...IT18)canbeusedforprescriptionsof
holetolerancezonesbytheirmutualcombinations,inpracticeonlyalimitedrangeoftolerancezonesisused.Anoverview
oftolerancezonesspecifiedforgeneralusecanbefoundinthetableinparagraph[1.3].Thetolerancezoneswhichare
notincludedintheselectionareconsideredspecialzonesandtheiruseisrecommendedonlyintechnicallywellgrounded
cases.
Attention:IncaseyouselectaholetolerancezonewhichisnotdefinedintheISOsystemforthespecifiedbasicsize,
limitdeviationswillbeequaltozeroandthetolerancemarkwillbedisplayedinred.
Hint:Forholetolerances,tolerancezonesH7,H8,H9andH11areusedpreferably.
1.10Shafttolerancezones.
Limitdeviationsoftheholetolerancezonearecalculatedinthisparagraphforthespecifiedbasicsize[1.1]andselected
shafttolerancezone.
Therespectiveshafttolerancezoneisautomaticallysetupinthelistingduringselectionofanyoftherecommendedfits
fromthelistinrow[1.8].Ifyouwishtouseanothertolerancezonefortheshaft,selectthecorrespondingcombinationof
abasicdeviation(a...zc)andatolerancezone(1...18)inpopuplistsinthisrow.
Thoughthegeneralsetsofbasicdeviations(a...zc)andtolerancegrades(IT1...IT18)canbeusedforprescriptionsof
shafttolerancezonesbytheirmutualcombinations,inpracticeonlyalimitedrangeoftolerancezonesisused.Anoverview
oftolerancezonesspecifiedforgeneralusecanbefoundinthetableinparagraph[1.3].Thetolerancezoneswhichare
notincludedintheselectionareconsideredspecialzonesandtheiruseisrecommendedonlyintechnicallywellgrounded
cases.
Attention:IncaseyouselectashafttolerancezonewhichisnotdefinedintheISOsystemforthespecifiedbasicsize,
limitdeviationswillbeequaltozeroandthetolerancemarkwillbedisplayedinred.
Hint:Forshafttolerances,tolerancezonesh6,h7,h9andh11areusedpreferably.
1.11Parametersoftheselectedfit.
Parametersoftheselectedfitarecalculatedandmutualpositionsoftolerancezonesoftheholeandshaftaredisplayedin
thisparagraph.
Note:Dimensionaldataonthispicturearegiveninm.

ANSIB4.1:Preferredlimitsandfitsforcylindricalparts.[2]
ThisparagraphcanbeusedforselectionofapreferredfitofcylindricalpartsaccordingtoANSIB4.1.Thisstandarddefines
asystemofdimensionaltolerancesandprescribesaseriesofthosepreferredfitsofcylindricalpart,whicharespecifiedfor
preferreduse.
Note:Allnumericalvaluesoftolerancesanddeviationsgiveninthisparagrapharerelatedtothoseparts,whose
dimensionsaredeterminedat68F.
2.1Basicsize.
Itisthesizewhoselimitdimensionsarespecifiedusingtheupperandlowerdeviations.Incaseofafit,thebasicsizeof
bothconnectedelementsmustbethesame.
Note:StandardANSIB4.1definesasystemofpreferredfitsonlyforbasicsizesupto16.69in.
2.2Toleranceofabasicsizeforspecifictolerancegrade.
Thetoleranceofasizeisdefinedasthedifferencebetweentheupperandlowerlimitdimensionsofthepart.Thestandard
ANSIB4.1implements10tolerancegradestomeettherequirementsofvariousproductionbranchesforaccuracyof
products.Thesystemoftolerancesisprescribedbythestandardforbasicsizesupto200in.
Note:Whenchoosingasuitabledimensionitisnecessarytoalsotakeintoaccounttheusedmethodofmachiningofthe
partintheproductionprocess.Thedependencybetweenthetoleranceandmodificationofthesurfacecanbefoundinthe
tableinparagraph[5].
2.4Systemoffits.
ThestandardANSIB4.1definestwobasicmethodsofcouplingofholesandshaftsfortheselectedseriesofpreferredfits.
A.Holebasissystem
Inthissystemoftolerancesandfits,thelowerdeviationoftheholeisalwaysequaltozero.
B.Shaftbasissystem
Inthissystemoftolerancesandfits,theupperdeviationoftheholeisalwaysequaltozero.

where:
d=D...basicsize
////...holetolerancezone
\\\\...shafttolerancezone

Theoptionofthesystemforthespecifiedtypeofproductorproductionisalwaysinfluencedbythefollowingfactors:
Constructionaldesignoftheproductandthemethodofassembly.
Productionprocedureandcostsformachiningthepart.
Typeofsemiproductandconsumptionofmaterial.
Costsforpurchase,maintenanceandstorageofgaugesandproductiontools.
Machineholdingoftheplant.
Optionsinuseofstandardizedparts.

Hint:Althoughbothsystemsareequivalentintheviewoffunctionalproperties,theholebasissystemisusedpreferably.
2.5Typeoffit.
ThestandardANSIB4.1dividestheseriesofpreferredfitsintothreebasicgroupsaccordingtothetypeandfieldofuse.
A.Runningorslidingfits[RC]
Thisincludesfitswithguaranteedclearanceswhicharespecifiedformovablecouplingsofthosepartswhichhaveto
runorslideoneagainsttheother.
B.Locationalfits[LC,LT,LN]
Thisincludesclearanceorinterferencefitsspecifiedforpreciselocationalpositioningofcoupledparts.Thecoupled
partsmustbefixedmechanicallytopreventonemovingagainsttheotherduringassembly.Dependingonthe
locationalpositioningoftolerancezonesofthecoupledparts,3typesofthesefitsmaybedistinguished:Clearance
fits[LC],interferencefits[LN]andtransitionfits[LT].
C.Forceorshrinkfits[FN]
Thisincludesguaranteedinterferencefitsspecifiedforfixed(nondemountable)couplingsofparts.

Eachofthesegroupsismarkedusingaliteralabbreviation,whichtogetherwithanumericalspecificationoftheclassoffit
unambiguouslydefinestheselectedfit.
2.6Fit.
Selectasuitablefitfromthepopuplist.
Propertiesandfieldofuseofpreferredfitsaredescribedinthefollowingoverview.Whenselectingafititisoften
necessarytotakeintoaccountnotonlyconstructionalandtechnologicalbutalsoeconomicaspects.Selectionofasuitable
fitisimportantparticularlyinviewofthosemeasuringinstruments,gaugesandtoolswhichareimplementedinthe
production.Therefore,followprovenplantpracticeswhenselectingafit.
Fieldofuseofpreferredfits:
Runningorslidingclearancefits[RC]:
Fitswithguaranteedclearancedesignedformovablecouplingsofparts(pivots,runningandslidingfitsofshafts,guiding
bushings,slidinggearsandclutchdisks,pistonsofhydraulicmachines,etc.).Thepartscanbeeasilyslidoneintotheother
andturn.Thetoleranceofthecoupledpartsandfitclearanceincreaseswithincreasingclassofthefit.
RC1:Closeslidingfitswithnegligibleclearancesforpreciseguidingofshaftswithhighrequirementsforfitaccuracy.No
noticeableclearanceafterassembly.Thistypeisnotdesignedforfreerun.
RC2:Slidingfitswithsmallclearancesforpreciseguidingofshaftswithhighrequirementsforfitprecision.Thistypeisnot
designedforfreerunincaseofgreatersizesaseizureofthepartsmayoccurevenatlowtemperatures.
RC3:Precisionrunningfitswithsmallclearanceswithincreasedrequirementsforfitprecision.Designedforprecision
machinesrunningatlowspeedsandlowbearingpressures.Notsuitablewherenoticeabletemperaturedifferencesoccur.
RC4:Closerunningfitswithsmallerclearanceswithhigherrequirementsforfitprecision.Designedforprecisemachines
withmoderatecircumferentialspeedsandbearingpressures.
RC5,RC6:Mediumrunningfitswithgreaterclearanceswithcommonrequirementsforfitprecision.Designedfor
machinesrunningathigherspeedsandconsiderablebearingpressures.
RC7:Freerunningfitswithoutanyspecialrequirementsforpreciseguidingofshafts.Suitableforgreattemperature
variations.
RC8,RC9:Looserunningfitswithgreatclearanceswithpartshavinggreattolerances.Fitsexposedtoeffectsof
corrosion,contaminationbydustandthermalormechanicaldeformations.
Locationalclearancefits[LC]:
Fitswithguaranteedclearances,designedforunmovablecouplingswhereeasyassemblyanddisassemblyisrequired
(precisefitsofmachinesandpreparations,exchangeablewheels,bearingbushings,retaininganddistancerings,partsof
machinesfixedtoshaftsusingpins,bolts,rivetsorwelds,etc.).Thecoupledpartsmustbefixedmechanicallytoprevent
onemovingagainsttheotherduringassembly.Thesefitsaredefinedbythestandardinawiderangeoftolerancesand
clearances,fromtightfitswithnegligibleclearancesdesignedforpreciseguidingandcentringofparts[LC1,LC2]upto
freefitswithgreatclearancesandmaximumtolerances[LC10,LC11]whereeasyassemblyistheprimaryrequirement.
Thetoleranceofcoupledpartsandfitclearanceincreaseswithincreasingclassofthefit.
Locationaltransitionfits[LT]:
Thesetypesincludeclearanceorinterferencefitsdesignedfordemountableunmovablecouplingswhereprecisionoffitsof
thecoupledpartsisthemainrequirement.Thepartmustbefixedmechanicallytopreventonemovingagainsttheother
duringassembly.
LT1,LT_2:Tightfitswithsmallclearancesornegligibleinterferences(easydetachablefitsofhubsofgears,pulleysand
bushings,retainingrings,bearingbushings,etc.).Thepartcanbeassembledordisassembledmanually.
LT3,LT_4:Similarfitswithsmallclearancesorinterferences(demountablefitsofhubsofgearsandpulleys,manual
wheels,clutches,brakedisks,etc.).Thepartscanbecoupledordisassembledwithoutanygreatforcebyusingarubber
mallet.
LT5,LT_6:Fixedfitswithnegligibleclearancesorsmallinterferences(fixedplugs,drivenbushings,armaturesofelectric
motorsonshafts,gearrims,flushedbolts,etc.).Assemblyofpartsusinglowpressingforces.
Locationalinterferencefits[LN]:
Fitswithsmallinterferencesdesignedforfixedcouplingswhereprecisionandrigidityoffitsofthecoupledpartsisthemain
requirement.Thesefitscannotbeusedfortransfersoftorsionalmomentsusingfrictionforcesonlythepartsmustbe
securedtopreventonemovingagainsttheother.Thepartscanbeassembledordisassembledusingcoldpressingand
greaterforcesorhotpressing.
Forceorshrinkfits[FN]:
Fitswithguaranteedinterferencesdesignedforfixed(undetachable)couplingofparts(permanentcouplingsofgearswith
shafts,bearingbushings,flanges,etc.).Thesefitsaredesigned,aboveall,fortransfersoftorsionalmomentsusingfriction
forcesbetweenshaftsandhubs.Theamountofinterference(loadingcapacityofthefit)increaseswithincreasingclassof
thefit.Mountingofthepartsusingcoldpressingwithgreatpressingforcesatdifferenttemperaturesoftheparts.
FN1:Lightdrivefitswithsmallinterferencesdesignedforthinsections,longfitsorfitswithcastironexternalmembers.
FN2:Mediumdrivefitswithmediuminterferencesdesignedforordinarysteelpartsorfitswithhighgradecastiron
externalmembers.
FN3:Heavydrivefitswithgreatinterferencesdesignedforheaviersteelparts.
FN4,FN_5:Forcefitswithmaximuminterferencesdesignedforhighlyloadedcouplings.
2.7Holetolerancezone.
Thetolerancezoneisdefinedasasphericalzonelimitedbytheupperandlowerlimitdimensionsofthepart.Thetolerance
zoneisthereforedeterminedbytheamountofthetoleranceanditspositionrelatedtothebasicsize.
Limitdeviationsoftheholetolerancezonearecalculatedinthisparagraphforthespecifiedbasicsize[2.1]andselected
holetolerancezone.Therespectiveholetolerancezoneissetupaccordingtothepreferredfitselectedinrow[2.6].
2.8Shafttolerancezone.
Thetolerancezoneisdefinedasasphericalzonelimitedbytheupperandlowerlimitdimensionsofthepart.Thetolerance
zoneisthereforedeterminedbytheamountofthetoleranceanditspositionrelatedtothebasicsize.
Limitdeviationsoftheshafttolerancezonearecalculatedinthisparagraphforthespecifiedbasicsize[2.1]andselected
shafttolerancezone.Therespectiveshafttolerancezoneissetupaccordingtothepreferredfitselectedinrow[2.6].
2.9Parametersoftheselectedfit.
Parametersoftheselectedfitarecalculatedandmutualpositionsoftolerancezonesoftheholeandshaftaredisplayedin
thisparagraph.
Note:Dimensionaldatainthepicturearegiveninthousandthsofinches.
ISO27681:Generaltolerancesforlinearandangulardimensionswithoutindividual
toleranceindications.[3]
Alldimensionsofmachinepartsprescribedintheproductiondocumentationshouldbespecifiedusinglimitdimensions
(tolerances)toavoidanyuncertaintyanddisputeduringproduction,checksandassembly.Importantfunctionaldimensions
(particularlythosethatcouldcauseconfusioninmountingoftheparts)aretoleratedusuallyindividuallybytheadditionofa
tolerancemarkornumericalvalueofthedeviationtotherespectivebasicsize.Otherdimensionswherehighprecisionof
productionisnotrequiredcanbetoleratedusingageneralrecordinthedrawing.ThestandardISO27681:1989isan
internationallyrecognizedstandardfortolerancingoftheselinearandangulardimensions.
ThestandardISO27681isdesignedfortolerancingofdimensionsofmachinepartsproducedusingcuttingoperationsor
formingofsheets.Itisadvisabletouselimitdeviationsdefinedherealsowithnonmetallicmaterials.Thisstandard
prescribeslimitdeviationsoflinearandangulardimensionsinfourclassesofaccuracy.Whenchoosingatoleranceclassit
isnecessary(inadditiontotheconstructionalaspects)toalsotakeintoaccount,aboveall,theusualaccuracyofthe
productionshop.
GenerallimitdeviationsaccordingtoISO27681aredividedinto3groups(tables):Limitdeviationsforlineardimensions
[3.1],limitdeviationsforbrokenedges[3.2]andlimitdeviationsforangulardimensions[3.3].Withdimensionsupto
0.5mm(tables[3.1,3.2])thelimitdeviationsareprescribedrightaftertherespectivebasicsize.
Note:Incasegenerallimitdeviationsofdimensionsaccordingtothisstandardhavetobeapplied,arespectiverecord
mustbeplacedinthedrawing(inthedescriptionfieldorinitsvicinity).E.g.forthemediumtoleranceclass"ISO2768
m".
Hint:Ifnotincontradictionwithconstructionalandtechnologicalrequirements,usepreferablyamediumclassofaccuracy
"m"formachinedmetalparts.

Designoffitforspecificallowance.[4]
Thisparagraphcanbeusedforadesign(matching)ofasuitablestandardizedfitofmachinepartsforaknownclearance
orinterferencerespectively.ThefitdesignisbasedonthestandardISO286(see[1]).Thefitdesignisprocessed
automaticallyandafteritscompletion,thecalculationprovidestheuserwithasetof15fitswhoseparametersmeetthe
bestrequirementsenteredinparagraph[4.1].
4.2Systemoffit.
Althoughtherecanbegenerallycoupledpartswithoutanytolerancezones,onlytwomethodsofcouplingofholesand
shaftsarerecommendedduetoconstructional,technologicalandeconomicreasons.
A.Holebasissystem
Thedesiredclearancesandinterferencesinthefitareachievedbycombinationsofvariousshafttolerancezones
withtheholetolerancezone"H".Inthissystemoftolerancesandfits,thelowerdeviationoftheholeisalways
equaltozero.
B.Shaftbasissystem
Thedesiredclearancesandinterferencesinthefitareachievedbycombinationsofvariousholetolerancezones
withtheshafttolerancezone"h".Inthissystemoftolerancesandfits,theupperdeviationoftheholeisalways
equaltozero.

where:
d=D...basicsize
////...holetolerancezone
\\\\...shafttolerancezone

Theoptionofthesystemforthespecifiedtypeofproductorproductionisalwaysinfluencedbythefollowingfactors:
Constructionaldesignoftheproductandthemethodofassembly.
Productionprocedureandcostsformachiningthepart.
Typeofsemiproductandconsumptionofmaterial.
Costsforpurchase,maintenanceandstorageofgaugesandproductiontools.
Machineholdingoftheplant.
Optionsinuseofstandardizedparts.

Hint:Althoughbothsystemsareequivalentintheviewoffunctionalproperties,theholebasissystemisusedpreferably.
4.3Typeoffit.
Dependingonthemutualpositionoftolerancezonesofthecoupledparts,3typesoffitcanbedistinguished:
A.Clearancefit
Itisafitthatalwaysenablesaclearancebetweentheholeandshaftinthecoupling.Thelowerlimitsizeofthehole
isgreateroratleastequaltotheupperlimitsizeoftheshaft.
B.Transitionfit
Itisafitwhere(dependingontheactualsizesoftheholeandshaft)bothclearanceandinterferencemayoccurin
thecoupling.Tolerancezonesoftheholeandshaftpartlyorcompletelyinterfere.
C.Interferencefit
Itisafitalwaysensuringsomeinterferencebetweentheholeandshaftinthecoupling.Theupperlimitsizeofthe
holeissmalleroratleastequaltothelowerlimitsizeoftheshaft.
4.4Basicsize.
Enteracommontheoreticalsizeofthecoupledparts.
Attention:ThestandardISO286definesthesystemoftolerances,deviationsandfitsonlyforbasicsizesupto3150mm.
4.5,4.6Limitdeviationsforthefit.
Dependingontheselectedtypeoffit[1.3],enterdesiredlimitvaluesofclearanceorinterferenceresp.ofthedesignedfit
inrows[4.5,4.6].
4.7Designandselectionofthefit.
Thisparagraphcanbeusedforthefitdesignitself.Aftersettingalldesiredparametersofthefitinparagraph[4.1],initiate
automaticfitdesignusingthebuttononthisrow.Thedesignprocessesallcombinationsofprescribedholeandshaft
tolerancezones(seetablesinparagraphs[1.3,1.4])andselects15optimalstandardizedfits.Theuserisinformedon
processingofthecalculationsinadialogue.
Thequalitativecriterionforselectionofafitincludesasumofdeviations(inabsolutevalues)oflimitvaluesofthe
clearanceorinterferenceresp.ofthedesignedfitfromdesiredvalues[4.5,4.6].Aftercompletionofcalculations,the
selectedfitsaretransferredtothetable.Thetableofdesignedfitsisdividedintotwoparts.Thelowerpartincludes
selectedfitslistedfromthebesttotheleastoptimal.Theupperpartofthetablegivesoneofthepreferredfits,particularly
theonewhoseparametersbestmeetthedesiredlimitdeviations[4.5,4.6].Afterselectionofanyfitinthetable,its
parametersaredisplayedinparagraph[4.8].
Note:Dimensionaldatainthetablearegiveninm.
4.8Parametersoftheselectedfit.
Parametersoftheselectedfitarecalculatedandmutualpositionsoftolerancezonesoftheholeandshaftaredisplayedin
thisparagraph.
Note:Dimensionaldataonthispicturearegiveninm.

Relationshipoftolerancetosurfacefinish.[5]
Thisparagraphincludesatabledescribingtherelationshipofsurfacesofmachinepartstotheirdimensionaltolerances.
Individualtolerancegradesavailableforthegivenmethodofmachiningofthepartsaremarkedinthetableusingagreen
field.
Hint:Atabledescribingtherelationshipbetweensurfaceroughnessandthemethodofmachiningofmachinepartscanbe
foundinthebook"Unitsconverter".
Settingcalculations,changethelanguage.
Informationonsettingofcalculationparametersandsettingofthelanguagecanbefoundinthedocument"Setting
calculations,changethelanguage".
Workbookmodifications(calculation).
Generalinformationonhowtomodifyandextendcalculationworkbooksismentionedinthedocument"Workbook
(calculation)modifications".