Abstract:

In this experiment we heated a rod on a furnace until reaching a specific temperature

and leave it to cool naturally and forced

Then we measured the heat transfer coefficient for air in these three cases:

1) Natural convection
2) Forced convection on top of the tube bank
3) Forced convection on the bottom of the tube bank

The method we used called the lumped body analysis

Introduction:
The cross flow heat exchanger is a common component in many engineering
applications. The normal configuration involves heat transfer between one fluid flowing
through a bundle of tubes and another flowing transversely over the outside of the
tubes. The tubes may have extended surfaces internally and/or externally in order to
enhance heat transfer between the two fluids.

Typical application includes internal combustion engine radiators, air heaters,

refrigeration evaporators and condensers.

Theory:

=

= (() )

= (() )

=
() 0

=


= = 2

Where:

Kg
density in
m3

W
heat transfer coefficient
m2 .

Apparatus & procedure:

The apparatus consist of:

1) Square air duct

2) Bank of rods assembly
3) Rod heater and temperature control unit
4) Thermocouples unit
Procedure:

1) Heat the rod in the heater until it reaches 45 degrees

2) Put the rod in the heat exchanger and let it cool down
3) Take readings of the time and the temperature every 10 sec until it reaches 35
degrees
4) Repeat the experiment again but put the rod on top then at bottom of the
assembly with the fan on.
Discussion:
We used the Fourier and Biot number to get (h) by drawing the relation between
logarithm of the temperature difference and the Fourier number

The lumped body analysis depends on:

1) No temperature gradient from center to surface in the copper

2) Huge cooling medium so that its temperature stay constant

We assumed that there is no temperature gradient in the copper rod since it has a large
thermal conductivity.

Staggered tubes make the flow more turbulent as it moves through the rows

This makes the temperature drop takes more time when the tube is in the bottom

In-line tubes do not affect the flow as much as the staggered.

Conclusion:

We see that the forced transfer has a higher heat transfer coefficient than the free
transfer

Heat transfer coefficient in staggered will be higher than the in-line tubes.

At the bottom of the tubes heat transfer take more time in compassion with tubes at
the top

As we go through the rows of the tubes as (h) increase, but it is eventually useless due
to small h difference, so we must know when to stop adding rows.

If the velocity of the air increases h will increase.