The Effect of Radiation From BTS On Human Health PDF

A PROJECT REPORT ON
THE EFFECT OF RADIATION FROM BTS ON HUMAN
HEALTH
BY
OGOMIGO EMMANUEL KOHWO
EEE/09/6739
SUBMITTED TO
THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY,
FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE ONDO STATE, NIGERIA
IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF
BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN ELECTRICAL AND
ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING
NOVEMBER 2014
i
CERTIFICATION
This is to certify that this project work titled The Effect of Radiation from BTS on Human
Health was carried out by OGOMIGO, EMMANUEL KOHWO with matriculation number
EEE/09/6739; and was executed in the Department of Electrical and Electronics Engineering,
The Federal University of Technology, Akure; in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the
award of Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering
________________________ ______________________
DR. K. F. AKINBGADE Date
Project Supervisor
________________________ ______________________
DR. Y. O. OLASOJI Date
Head of Department
ii
DEDICATION
I dedicate this report to God Almighty for giving me the grace to start and complete this
research, and also to my family and friends for their immense contribution and support.
iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
I give thanks to God for seeing me through this work. I am grateful to my Supervisor Dr. K. F.
Akingbade and to my Head of department, Prof. Y. O. Olasoji for his support and effective
supervision of this work.
I also extend my profound gratitude to my parents Late Sir G. Jite Ogomigo and Lady B. O.
Ogomigo, to my Eldest Brother and his family Mr. and Dr. Mrs. Ejiro Ogomigo, to my baby
niece Obaro Ogomigo, and my brothers; Kevwe and Paul Ogomigo for their motivation and
support. My acknowledgement goes to all the lecturers in the department of Electrical and
Electronics Engineering in my Institution especially my Communications Engineering
lecturers - Prof. Michael O. Kolawole, Dr. S. A. Oyetunji and also Dr. Y. O Olasoji. To the
love of my life Omoifo-Egbeyon Ann, thanks for your prayers and support and for always
being there for me, you are simply the best. My special thanks goes to my Sisters Ejiro Olaitan
Ogomigo nee Kragha and Ukperi Tega Blessing.
I owe a great deal of gratitude to my friends: Obi Onyinye Deborah, Uwadia Anthony
Oluwafemi, Jimoh Adebowale, Ejemuta Victor, Aguele Cynthia, Ufuafo Uruemu Lauretta,
Akinfolarin Ronke Mary, Diya Emmanuel, Nwokocha Chimdi, Komolafe Kolawole, and many
more.
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ABSTRACT
The wide use of mobile phones coupled with those living close to base transceiver stations
(BTSs) as well as those working in chemical environment has inevitably raised the question of
whether there are any implications on human health. At the moment, there are insufficient and
inconclusive scientific findings to prove if there are any adverse health effects caused by Radio
Frequency (RF) radiation. This inconclusive debate is the reason for this research work, which
is focused on determining the ionizing radiation level and its effects on humans living close to
base stations and chemical environments such as a chemistry laboratory. This research work
was achieved by studying and measuring the ionizing radiation level and thereafter an analysis
on the measured values was carried out. The experiment was carried out carefully with
precision using a radiation dosimeter RADEX 1706 equipped with two Geiger Muller counters,
a meter rule, a Global Positioning System (GPS) enabled device, and a Stop watch.
Measurements were taken from the Chemistry Laboratory in the Federal University of
Technology Akure (FUTA) and several telephony base stations of the following networks;
MTN, ETISALAT, GLO and AIRTEL. Measurements taken from BTSs using RADEX
dosimeter were taken in any convenient direction around the station at 5m intervals from the
base station up to 100m using a meter rule for accuracy, the GPS was used to take down
coordinate for future reference. The Stop watch was used to time the cycle of observation of
the RADEX dosimeter, the radiation was measured in micro Sievert per hour (Sv/h).
Precautions were taken as much as possible, so that the measured value were not influenced by
other sources and the movement of the meter were avoided while measurements were taken.
Results obtained showed that MTN and ETISALAT gives off the highest radiation value,
followed by GLO and AIRTEL, but the values measured from the Chemistry Laboratory in
FUTA were far greater. In conclusion, all readings measured and observed were in the safe
range, but I strongly believe a continuous exposure will pose a long term effect and I strongly
recommend that the three safety factors - distance, shield and time be adopted.
v
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CERTIFICATION ................................................................................................................ ii
DEDICATION ..................................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT .................................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... vi
LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... viii
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... xi
CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................... 1
1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1
1.1 AIM ....................................................................................................................... 5
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT ..................................................................... 5
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND MOTIVATION............................................... 5
1.4 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE ............................................................... 5
CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................. 6
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER THREE............................................................................................................. 10
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................ 10
CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................... 17
4.1 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS .............................................................................. 17
4.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING RESULTS ............................................................ 17
CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................ 77
vi
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION ................................................. 77
5.1 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 77
5.2 RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................. 77
REFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 78
vii
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. 1: The electromagnetic spectrum ............................................................................ 2
Figure 1. 2: Penetration abilities of different types of ionizing radiation Source:
http://www.nuclearsafety.gc.ca..................................................................................................3
Figure 3. 1: Communication between several mobile phones and a BTS via the um-interface
........................................................................................................................................... 10
Figure 3. 2: Radiation measurement taken at 5m using the Radex 1706 dosimeter .............. 11
Figure 3. 3: GSP application on a Tecno Phantom Pad ........................................................ 12
Figure 3. 4: Meter rule and a Stop watch capable phone (Nokia 108) .................................. 12
Figure 3. 5: Ogomigo Emmanuel taking reading from Airtel BTS in Akure beside Four Square
Student Fellowship FUTA ................................................................................................... 13
Figure 3. 6: Radiation dosimeter meter RD1706 in monitoring and standby mode ............... 14
Figure 3. 7: Radiation dosimeter meter RD1706 set on Background mode........................... 14
Figure 3. 8: Map Sketch of Base Station Visited .................................................................. 15
Figure 4.2 1: MTN base station ........................................................................................... 18
Figure 4.2 2: Scatter chart of MTN TX3412 from Table 4.21 .............................................. 19
Figure 4.2 4: Scatter chart of MTN OD2445 from Table 4.22 .............................................. 21
Figure 4.2 6: Scatter chart of MTN OD4714from Table 4.23 ............................................... 23
Figure 4.2 8: Scatter chart of MTN OD4714 from Table 4.24 .............................................. 25
Figure 4.2 10: Scatter chart of MTN T3419from Table 4.25 ................................................ 27
Figure 4.2 11: MTN base station ......................................................................................... 28
Figure 4.2 12: Scatter chart of MTN T3446 from Table 4.26 ............................................... 29
viii
Figure 4.2 14: Scatter chart of MTN T3913from Table 4.27 ................................................ 31
Figure 4.2 16: Scatter chart of MTN OD3834 from Table 4.28 ............................................ 33
Figure 4.2 18: Scatter chart of MTN OD2421 from Table 4.29 ............................................ 35
Figure 4.2 19: Scatter chart of average of all MTN radiation recorded ................................. 36
Figure 4.2 20: ETISALAT base station ............................................................................... 37
Figure 4.2 21: Scatter chart of ETISALAT B-3819 from Table 4.2 10 ................................. 38
Figure 4.2 23: Scatter chart of ETISALAT Dangote Cement from Table 4.2 11 .................. 40
Figure 4.2 25: Scatter chart of ETISALAT St. Davids Hospital from Table 4.2 12 ............. 42
Figure 4.2 27: Scatter chart of ETISALAT Oyemekun from Table 4.2 13 ........................... 44
Figure 4.2 29: Scatter chart of ETISALAT beside IDD studio from Table 4.2 13 ................ 46
Figure 4.2 30: Scatter chart of Average of all ETISALAT Radiation ................................... 47
Figure 4.2 31: AIRTEL base station .................................................................................... 48
Figure 4.2 32: Scatter chart of AIRTEL ON0472 from Table 4.2 15 .................................... 49
Figure 4.2 33: AIRTEL base station .................................................................................... 50
Figure 4.2 34: Scatter chart of AIRTEL Igbede Street from Table 4.2 16 ............................. 51
Figure 4.2 35: Scatter chart of Average of all AIRTEL Radiation ........................................ 52
Figure 4.2 36: GLO base station .......................................................................................... 53
Figure 4.2 37: Scatter chart of GLO ILS802 from Table 4.2 17 ........................................... 54
ix
Figure 4.2 39: Scatter chart of GLO Police HQ from Table 4.2 18 ....................................... 56
Figure 4.2 41: Scatter chart of GLO Eringno Street from Table 4.2 19 ................................ 58
Figure 4.2 43: Scatter chart of GLO South gate from Table 4.2 20 ...................................... 60
Figure 4.2 45: Scatter chart of GLO South gate from Table 4.2 21 ...................................... 62
Figure 4.2 46: Scatter chart of Average of all GLO Radiation .............................................. 63
Figure 4.2 47: Chemistry Laboratory ................................................................................... 64
Figure 4.2 48: GLO Cluster Column ................................................................................... 65
Figure 4.2 49: GLO Average Cluster Column...................................................................... 66
Figure 4.2 50: AIRTEL Cluster Column .............................................................................. 67
Figure 4.2 51: AIRTEL Average Cluster Column ............................................................... 68
Figure 4.2 52: ETISALAT Cluster Column ......................................................................... 69
Figure 4.2 53: ETISALAT Average Cluster Column ........................................................... 70
Figure 4.2 54: MTN Cluster Column ................................................................................... 71
Figure 4.2 55: MTN Average Cluster Column ..................................................................... 72
Figure 4.2 56: All four network Average Cluster Column.................................................... 73
Figure 4.2 57: Highest and lowest radiation value measured from MTN base station ........... 74
Figure 4.2 58: Highest and lowest radiation value measured from ETISALAT base station . 74
Figure 4.2 59: Highest and lowest radiation value measured from AIRTEL base station ...... 75
Figure 4.2 60: Highest and lowest radiation value measured from GLO base station ........... 75
Figure 4.2 61: Radiation Measurements (Sv/h) against Distance (m) ................................. 76
x
LIST OF TABLES
Table 4.2. 1: Data from MTN TX3412 ................................................................................ 18
Table 4.2. 2: Data from MTN OD2445 ................................................................................ 20
Table 4.2 3: Data from MTN OD4714 ................................................................................. 22
Table 4.2 4: Data from MTN OND047 ................................................................................ 24
Table 4.2 5: Data from MTN T3419 .................................................................................... 26
Table 4.2 8: Data from MTN OD3834 ................................................................................. 32
Table 4.2 9: Data from MTN OD2421................................................................................. 34
Table 4.2 10: Data from ETISALAT B-3819....................................................................... 37
Table 4.2 11: Data from ETISALAT Dangote Cement ........................................................ 39
Table 4.2 12: Data from ETISALAT St. Davids Hospital ................................................... 41
Table 4.2 13: Data from ETISALAT Oyemekun ................................................................. 43
Table 4.2 14: Data from ETISALAT beside IDD studio FUTA ........................................... 45
Table 4.2 15: Data from AIRTEL ON0472.......................................................................... 48
Table 4.2 16: Data from AIRTEL Igbede Street .................................................................. 50
Table 4.2 17: Data from GLO ILS802 ................................................................................. 53
Table 4.2 18: Data from GLO Police HQ ............................................................................ 55
Table 4.2 19: Data from GLO Eringno Street ...................................................................... 57
Table 4.2 20: Data from GLO South Gate ........................................................................... 59
Table 4.2 21: Data from GLO North Gate ........................................................................... 61
xi
CHAPTER ONE
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Radiation is energy in the form of waves or stream of particles. Examining the structures of
atoms reveals the forces at work in radiation. An atom consist of a nucleus, made up of protons
and neutrons that are kept together by nuclear forces and electrons that are orbiting around the
nucleus. An isotope is a variant of a particular chemical element. All isotopes of a given
element have the same number of proton but different number of neutrons. An isotope is stable
when it has an equal number of neutrons and protons. Examples of stable nuclides include
carbon-12, phosphorous-30 and sodium-22. Isotopes that are not stable and emit radiation are
called radioisotopes. A radioisotope is an isotope of an element that undergoes spontaneous
decay and emit radiation as it decays. It becomes less radioactive over time during the decay
process and eventually becoming stable (CNSC, 2012).
There are three main types of radioactive decay:
a) Alpha decay: alpha decay occurs when an atom ejects particle from the nucleus
containing two protons and neutrons each. Atomic number decreases by two and mass
number decreases by four when alpha decay occurs. E.g. radon, radium, uranium and
thorium.
b) Beta decay: here, a neutron is turned to a proton, and an electron is ejected from the
nucleus. The mass decreases slightly while the atomic number increases by one. E.g.
carbon-14.
c) Gamma decay: this takes place when there is residue energy in the nucleus following
alpha or beta decay. The residual energy is released as a photon of gamma radiation.
1
The mass or atomic number of a radioisotope is generally not affected by Gamma
decay. E.g. iodine-131, cobalt-60.
Ionization is a process by which electrons are stripped from atoms and molecules. This process
can produce molecular changes that can lead to damage in biological tissue, including effects
on DNA, the genetic material of living organisms (FCC, 2012).
Types of radiation includes non-ionizing and ionizing radiation. Non-ionizing radiation doesnt
have sufficient energy to cause ionization in living matter. It causes some heating effect, but
not enough to cause long-term damage to tissues. We take advantage of the properties of non-
ionizing radiation for common tasks such as: microwave radiation telecommunications and
heating food, infrared radiation lamps to keep food warm in restaurants, radio waves
broadcasting etc. Ionizing radiation contains enough energy to cause ionization and is capable
of knocking electrons out of their orbits around atoms, upsetting the electron/proton balance
and giving the atom a positive charge. Figure 1.0 below shows the electromagnetic spectrum
(CNSC, 2012).
Figure 1. 1: The electromagnetic spectrum
Source http://www.nuclearsafety.gc.ca
There are several types of ionizing radiation:
a) Alpha radiation (): They have an extremely limited ability to penetrate matter due to
their relatively large mass and charge. A piece of paper or the dead outer layer of the
2
skin can stop alpha radiation. Alpha radiation from nuclear substances outside the body
does not lead to radiation hazard. Alpha radiation is completely absorbed into bodily
tissues when alpha radiation from nuclear substances are taken into the body by
breathing them in or by ingesting them. An example of a nuclear substance that
undergoes alpha decay is radon-222, which decays to polonium-218.
b) Beta radiation (): Beta particles can penetrate more deeply than alpha particles, are
very small and generally have a negative charge. Sheets of plastic, glass or metal,
generally small amount of shielding can stop beta radiation. Ability to penetrate to
deeper tissues and organs in the body is very limited. An example of a nuclear substance
that undergoes beta emission is tritium, which decays to helium-3.
c) Photon radiation (gamma [] and X-ray): gamma radiation consists of photons that
originate from within the nucleus, and X-ray radiation consists of photon that originate
from outside the nucleus, and are typically lower in energy than gamma radiation.
Photon radiation can penetrate very deeply and sometimes can only be reduced in
intensity by materials that are quite dense, such as lead or steel. In general, photon
radiation can travel much greater distances than alpha or beta radiation, and it can
penetrate bodily tissues and organs when the radiation source is outside the body.
d) Neutron radiation (n): The production of nuclear power is based upon this principle.
Figure 1.1 below summarizes the types of ionizing radiation
Figure 1. 2: Penetration abilities of different types of ionizing radiation Source:

http://www.nuclearsafety.gc.ca
3
Natural sources of ionizing radiation: The United Nations Scientific Committee on
the Effects of Atomic Radiation (UNSCEAR) identifies four major sources of public
exposure to natural radiation:
i. Cosmic radiation: Outer space is full of various types of radiation, such as
heavily charged particles and gamma rays. Fortunately, Earth has an atmosphere
that helps absorb and filter them out, which protects us from doses of cosmic
radiation. However, some radiation is able to make it through. The dose of
cosmic radiation that you receive varies depending on the altitude of the area in
which you live. Since air is thinner at higher elevations, less cosmic radiation is
filtered out than it is at lower altitudes with thicker air.
ii. Terrestrial radiation: The composition of the earths crust is a major source of
natural radiation.
iii. Inhalation: Most of the variation in exposure to natural radiation results from
inhalation of radioactive gases that are produced by radioactive minerals found
in soil and bedrock. Radon is an odourless and colourless radioactive gas that is
produced by the decay of uranium.
iv. Ingestion: Food and drinking water naturally contain trace amounts of
radioactive elements. For instance, vegetables are typically cultivated in soil and
ground water which contains radioactive minerals. These minerals result in
internal exposure to natural radiation once ingested.
Artificial (man-made) sources of ionizing radiation includes the following
a) Medical sources
b) Industrial sources
c) Nuclear fuel cycle
d) Atmospheric testing
4
1.1 AIM
The aim of the project is to determine the ionizing radiation level and its effects on human
health in Federal University of Technology (FUTA) vicinity.
1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT
The objectives of this project are to:
i. study the radiation level in FUTA;
ii. measure the ionizing radiation in FUTA; and
iii. Carry out analysis on the measured values.
1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND MOTIVATION
The wide use of mobile phones and those living close to telephony base stations or base
transceiver stations (BTSs) and those working in chemical environment has inevitably raised
the question of whether there are any implications on human health. At the moment, there is
insufficient and inconclusive scientific findings to prove any adverse health effects caused by
Radio Frequency (RF) radiation. This inconclusive debate is the reason for this research work,
which is focused on determining the ionizing radiation level if any and its effects on people
living close to base stations and chemical environment such as chemistry laboratory. Also
suggest possible solution if necessary.
1.4 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE
This research work will establish the ionizing radiation level in FUTA as at the time this work
was carried out and the solutions of health hazard in human being within the vicinity.
5
CHAPTER TWO
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
Ionizing radiation is a form of radiation with sufficient energy to remove electrons from their
atomic or molecular orbital shells in the tissues they penetrate (Borek, 1993). The damaging
effects of ionising radiation on tissues in the body have been known for about 100 years. This
knowledge was followed by evidence that high doses of radiation can cause cancer (European
Commission, 2002).
Radiation is a part of nature. Since the beginning of time, the earth has been immersed in
radiation, in the form of rays or particles. Although human senses cannot detect it, radiation is
easily detected with routine devices like photographic film and Geiger counters, as well as
thermo luminescent dosimeters (TLDs) worn by nuclear plant workers, medical workers and
scientists. Other sophisticated instruments enable scientists to detect even the tiniest levels of
radiation. (NEI, 2003).
Background radiation consists of cosmic radiation emitted from radioactive substances present
in the ground or commercial sources. Thus, all living organisms have been exposed to
background radiation since the appearance on Earth (Prasad et al 2004:77).
We exist in an environment that is, and always has been, bathed in radiation; given this fact, it
would certainly be of interest to understand how radiation interacts with us, and what can
happen, good or bad as a result of this interaction (Elaine, 2006).
These studies (Michael, et al., 2009; Santini, et al., 2002) have shown that there may be an
association between some health effects and living very close to GSM base station antennas.
6
In real life scenario, the variation of exposure due to radiation with respect to distance can be
very difficult to predict (Miclaus and Bechet, 2007). Factors like the number and position of
vegetation and buildings, concentration of base station, and proximity of nearby base station,
can make the radiation level within 10m to vary by a thousand fold.
Nevertheless, practical experience shows that exposure levels close to the feet of most base
stations can be quite high. Radiation levels may have an increasing pattern within 30 to 150
meter radius of a base stations in densely populated areas where numerous telephony base
stations are sited, but exposure may begin to have a reducing pattern as one moves away from
200 meter radius of the base station, as stated by Bolaji and idowu (2012) in their review.
In a study, Halim et al (2009) measured Natural Background Radiation of a Base Station in
Yalva Country. Measurements were carried out with a Geiger-Mueller LND712 detector,
Radiation Alert Monitor 4, calibrated by Cesium 137 ( 137Cs) every month during one year in
order to detect natural background radiation rate exposed by man around base station in Yalva.
Measurement were obtained from one meter above the ground in the morning, at noon and in
the evening every day for a year. The drawback to the methodology implored in the study by
Halim is the choice of equipment and its accuracy, also the duration of the experiment
(spanning a whole year). The Geiger-Mueller LND712 is materialized with just one Geiger-
Mueller tube.
In 2010, Shalangwa carried out a full length research paper on measurement of exposure of
radio frequency field (RF) radiation from global system for mobile communication (GSM)
masts. The material used in the study were measuring tape, stop watch and electromagnetic
meter, the data were collected from the three major GSM operator masts in Nigeria; all the
masts were located at unguwar Lokowa/Barama Mubi North Adamawa State of Nigeria. For
each of the masts, the measurement were taken at 100 and 200 m in every 10min for an hour
7
in front, back and sides of the masts. The measurement were carried out carefully with precision
and the results obtained established that GSM RF has insignificant correlation or no effect on
human health because the low power emission has no sufficient ionization energy to destroy
any part of the cell in human body.
An improvement to the methodology adopted by Shalangwa, in his study would have been to
measure right from the mast to also determine the effect of RF to those residing less than 100m
away from GSM masts, also it is noted that his study is deficient to prove biologically that
exposure to RF radiation has association with Human health.
Whether the source of radiation is natural or man-made, whether it is a small dose of radiation
or a large dose, there will be some biological effects (USNRC, 2012).
The health effects of radiation are well understood. Since the early 20th century, radiations
effects have been studied in depth, in both the laboratory and among populations. Because of
the known health risks of radiation, it must be carefully used and strictly controlled. A balance
must be struck between radiations societal benefits and the risks that radiation poses to people,
health and the environment (CNSC, 2012).
The method to be adopted in my research work to achieve my objectives, after careful study of
similar research work is thus; the device to be used for measurement is a RADEX radiation
dosimeter meter RD1706 equipped with two Geiger Muller tube, a measuring tape and a stop
watch. The data would be collected from any two major GSM operator within FUTA vicinity,
for each of their masts, the measurement would be taken 100m from the foot of the mast at 5m
interval in every 5mins taking the average value of radiation.
To quantify the extent we are exposed to radiation and assess potential health implications as
a result, a unit of measure is implored. Gray (Gy) is the basic unit of radiation dose absorbed
in tissue, where the deposition of one joule of energy per kilogram of tissue represents one
8
gray. But, since neutrons and alpha particles cause more damage per gray than gamma or beta
radiation, another unit, the Sievert (Sv) is used in setting radiological protection standards.
Biological effects of different types of radiation is taken into account in this unit of
measurement (Sv). One Sievert of biological effect has one gray of beta or gamma radiation,
20 Sv effect has one gray of alpha particles and one gray of neutrons is equivalent to around
10 Sv (depending on their energy). Dose to humans is normally measured in millisieverts
(mSv), one-thousandth of a Sievert since the Sievert is a relatively large value.
9
CHAPTER THREE
3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS
Individual mobile phone operates by communicating with a fixed installation known as a base
station or BTS via the Um/air-interface, as shown in figure 3.1 below. Since the mobile phone
and its base station is a two-way radio, they produce radio frequency (RF) radiation as a means
of communicating and expose people near them to RF radiation.
Figure 3. 1: Communication between several mobile phones and a BTS via the um-interface
Source: Laplace Academy Tutorial Manual; Module 1
The materials to be used include a stop watch, radiation dosimeter RADEX 1706 equipped
with two Geiger Muller counter, a meter rule and a Global Positioning System (GPS) enabled
mobile device. The device is set to background mode to measure five points around the base
of the telephony base station, this mode is ideally convenient for examining irradiation inside
the building as suggested in its manual. After taking the background radiation, the device is set
10
to monitoring mode, this mode gives estimation of a dose rate and indicates output to the LCD.
The value in Sv/h is noted down and several other at an equal interval of 5m up to a distance
of 100m.
An average period of 5min is taken to observe the readings at each point, because the radiation
dose rate is a function of time. All the values displayed within the time frame is taken down
and the average is taken. The GPS is used to note down the coordinate of each telephony base
station.
Analysis is made based upon comparing the data from each telephony base station and a
standard radiation table and also comparing the data between the different telephony base
stations within and outside FUTA vicinity.
Also, measurements were taken inside and around Chemistry Laboratory in FUTA using the
radiation dosimeter RD1706, distance wasnt taken into consideration, measurements were
taken close to and also far from the laboratory chemicals. Chemicals noted were paraffin liquid,
hydrochloric acid, sulphuric acid, chloroform, iodine solution etc. The figures below 3.1 to 3.7
illustrates the material used method employed in carrying out readings.
Figure 3. 2: Radiation measurement taken at 5m using the Radex 1706 dosimeter
11
Figure 3. 3: GSP application on a Tecno Phantom Pad
Figure 3. 4: Meter rule and a Stop watch capable phone (Nokia 108)
12
Figure 3. 5: Ogomigo Emmanuel taking reading from Airtel BTS in Akure beside Four Square
Student Fellowship FUTA
13
Source: RADEX RD1706 Operating
manual
1-LCD, 2-MENU, 3-CURSOR, 4-OFF
Figure 3. 6: Radiation dosimeter meter RD1706 in monitoring and standby mode
Figure 3. 7: Radiation dosimeter meter RD1706 set on Background mode
14
Figure 3. 8: Map Sketch of Base Station Visited https://www.google.com/maps/d/edit?mid=zoPnJAzKW8EY.k6nDoStTbDoQ
15
Figure 3.8 above shows a map sketch of the various base stations visited and proximity of each
location to another.
Precautions taken while carrying out readings are as follows:
i. Obeyed all posted signs and warnings
ii. Assumed all antennas were active
iii. Maintained minimum 3meters clearance from all antennas
iv. Never stopped in front of antennas
v. Constantly monitored the radiation dose rate while close to the base station.
16
CHAPTER FOUR
4.1 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Table 4. 1: Simplified hourly dosage rates
mSv/h Sv/h Health Risk

10,000 10,000,000 Organ failure and death within hours
1,000 1,000,000 Severe: Vomiting/ 1:20 risk of cancer
100 100,000 Severe: Radiation poising
1 1,000 High danger: Evacuate immediately
0.1 100 High danger: Heightened sickness risk
0.02 20 High danger: Sickness risk
0.01 10 Danger: Relocate now
0.005 5 Elevated risk: Relocate as soon as possible
0.002 2 Elevated risk: Take safety precautions
0.001 1 Safe: Short-term habitation only
0.0005 0.5 Safe: Medium to long term habitation
0.00020 0.20 Safe: Long-term habitation (normal levels)
http://www.gavinshoebridge.com/news/basic-guide-to-radiation-levels-in-%C2%B5svh-and-msvh
Table 4.1 above is a table showing the simplified hourly dosage rates in milli and micro Sievert.
The table serves as a standard and a means to analysis the data to be acquired from measuring
radiation from the various base stations.
4.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING RESULTS
Measurements were influenced by the following unavoidable factors:
i. Interference from nearby base stations
ii. The antenna characteristics, number of channels on the antenna and traffic level on the
antenna at the time of observation.
iii. Interference from mobile devices at the time of observation
Below are measurement carried out on several base stations within and outside FUTA
premises, MTN, GLO, AIRTEL and ETISALAT base stations and measurements taken inside
and outside the premises of Chemistry Laboratory in FUTA.
17
1. NETWORK: MTN (Backbone Site)
SITE NO: TX3412
COORDINATES: Latitude 7.290592 Longitude: 5.165020
DESCRIPTION: FUTA junction
Figure 4.2 1: MTN base station
Background Measurement (Sv/h):

1. 0.20
2. 0.18
3. 0.17
4. 0.20
5. 0.21
Table 4.2. 1: Data from MTN TX3412
Distance Radiation Measurement(Sv/h) (Average)

5m 0.10
10m 0.12
15m 0.13
20m 0.13
25m 0.13
30m 0.14
35m 0.12
40m 0.16
45m 0.12
50m 0.13
55m 0.13
60m 0.10
65m 0.11
70m 0.15
75m 0.09
80m 0.13
85m 0.12
90m 0.11
95m 0.10
100m 0.12
18
Radiation Measurement(Sv/h) (Average)From
Table 4.21
0.18
Radiation in Sv/h 0.16
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Measured Distance in meters
Figure 4.2 2: Scatter chart of MTN TX3412 from Table 4.21
In the chart above, the highest value of background measurement recorded was 0.21 Sv/h. all
values recorded at distances away from the base of the base station falls below the background
measurement. The radiation pattern on the chart appears to be stochastic, recording highest and
lowest radiation values at 40m and 75m respectively. These values, though could be influenced
by any of the unavoidable factors mentioned above in chapter 4.2. Comparing all values
recorded with standard in table 4.1, all values from this base station falls within the safe value.
Hence, long-term habitation of over 50years estimate is safe for people living nearby.
19
2. NETWORK: MTN
SITE NO: OD2445
DESCRIPTION: Beside 2in1 Lecture Hall, FUTA

1. 0.20
2. 0.18
3. 0.21
4. 0.16
5. 0.18
Table 4.2. 2: Data from MTN OD2445

5m 0.21
10m 0.20
15m 0.20
20m 0.21
25m 0.21
30m 0.19
35m 0.21
40m 0.19
45m 0.19
50m 0.24
55m 0.23
60m 0.22
65m 0.22
70m 0.23
75m 0.22
80m 0.17
85m 0.21
90m 0.23
95m 0.17
100m 0.20
20
Table 4.22
0.3
0.25
Radiation in Sv/h
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 4.2 4: Scatter chart of MTN OD2445 from Table 4.22
In the chart above, the highest value of background measurement recorded was 0.20 Sv/h.
The highest value of radiation was recorded at 50m, the value dropped and then increased again
at 90m. Though, this increase might be influenced by unavoidable factors mentioned in chapter
4.2. Values recorded at distances exceeding the background measurement can be regarded as
abnormalities. All values recorded compared to the standard in table 4.1, falls within safe range
between medium to long term habitation. A rough estimate of 3550 years is safe for people
living close to this base station.
21
3. NETWORK: MTN (Last Mile Site)
SITE NO: OD4714
DESCRIPTION: Behind why-me lodge South Gate, FUTA

1. 0.17
2. 0.20
3. 0.21
4. 0.20
5. 0.16
Table 4.2 3: Data from MTN OD4714

5m 0.18
10m 0.15
15m 0.12
20m 0.17
25m 0.17
30m 0.21
35m 0.16
40m 0.22
45m 0.15
50m 0.16
55m 0.22
60m 0.14
65m 0.19
70m 0.19
75m 0.23
80m 0.23
85m 0.19
90m 0.17
95m 0.13
100m 0.16
22
Table 4.23
0.25
0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 4.2 6: Scatter chart of MTN OD4714from Table 4.23
In the chart above, the highest value of background measurement recorded was 0.2 Sv/h. The
highest value of radiation was recorded at 75m and 80m, the value dropped and then again
increased at 100m. Though, observing the chart, the radiation values appears to be stochastic
without a regular trend, this could be as result of any of the unavoidable factors mentioned in
chapter 4.2. All values recorded compared with the standard in table 4.1 falls within safe range
between medium to long term habitation. A rough estimate of 30 - 45 years is safe for people
living close to this base station.
23
4. NETWORK: MTN (Last Mile Site)
SITE NO: OND047
DESCRIPTION: Opposite Tisco industries LTD, Ilesha Road, Akure

1. 0.16
2. 0.09
3. 0.14
4. 0.14
5. 0.14
Table 4.2 4: Data from MTN OND047

5m 0.14
10m 0.16
15m 0.10
20m 0.12
25m 0.12
30m 0.09
35m 0.12
40m 0.13
45m 0.12
50m 0.16
55m 0.19
60m 0.19
65m 0.21
70m 0.20
75m 0.17
80m 0.17
85m 0.16
90m 0.16
95m 0.15
100m 0.17
24
Table 4.24
0.25
0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Measure Distance in meters
The highest value of radiation was recorded at 65m, the value dropped and then increased again
at 100m. Values recorded also have irregular pattern which could be as a result of the
unavoidable factors mention in chapter 4.2. All values recorded compared with the standard in
table 4.1 falls within safe range between medium to long term habitation. A rough estimate of
30 - 45 years is safe for people living close to this base station.
25
5. NETWORK: MTN
SITE NO: T3419
DESCRIPTION: Opposite Industrial Training Fund (ITF), Akure

1. 0.18
2. 0.17
3. 0.14
4. 0.09
5. 0.15
Table 4.2 5: Data from MTN T3419

5m 0.18
10m 0.13
15m 0.10
20m 0.15
25m 0.15
30m 0.13
35m 0.15
40m 0.15
45m 0.14
50m 0.11
55m 0.16
60m 0.13
65m 0.17
70m 0.17
75m 0.13
80m 0.13
85m 0.20
90m 0.15
95m 0.16
100m 0.14
26
Table 4.25
0.25
0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance measured in meters
Figure 4.2 10: Scatter chart of MTN T3419from Table 4.25
In the chart above, the highest value of background measurement recorded was 0.18 Sv/h. All
values recorded falls below the background value except value recorded at 85m which can be
regarded as an anomaly influenced by any of the factors stated in chapter 4.2. Comparing all
values recorded with standard in table 4.1, all values from this base station falls within the safe
value. Hence, long-term habitation of over 50years estimate is safe for people living nearby.
27
6. NETWORK: MTN
SITE NO: T3446
DESCRIPTION: Lafe Bus stop, Akure

1. 0.16
2. 0.20
3. 0.15
4. 0.18
5. 0.17

5m 0.17
10m 0.17
15m 0.14
20m 0.16
25m 0.16
30m 0.15
35m 0.14
40m 0.15
45m 0.20
50m 0.11
55m 0.16
60m 0.19
65m 0.14
70m 0.21
75m 0.16
80m 0.17
85m 0.19
90m 0.17
95m 0.17
100m 0.14
28
Table 4.26
0.25
0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 4.2 12: Scatter chart of MTN T3446 from Table 4.26
In the chart above, the highest value of background measurement recorded was 0.20 Sv/h, all
values recorded at distances away from the base of the base station falls within the background
measurement except value recorded at 70m which can be considered as an anomaly influenced
by any of the factors stated in chapter 4.2. All values recorded compared with the standard in
table 4.1 falls within safe range between medium to long term habitation. A rough estimate of
30 - 45 years is safe for people living close to this base station.
29
7. NETWORK: MTN
SITE NO: T3913
DESCRIPTION: Adjacent to Assembles of God off Oyemekun Bus stop, Akure
1. 0.23
2. 0.24
3. 0.28
4. 0.23
5. 0.20

5m 0.18
10m 0.19
15m 0.16
20m 0.14
25m 0.19
30m 0.22
35m 0,22
40m 0.17
45m 0.18
50m 0.18
55m 0.13
60m 0.18
65m 0.17
70m 0.17
75m 0.18
80m 0.23
85m 0.19
90m 0.20
95m 0.20
100m 0.18
30
Table 4.27
0.25
0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance in meters
Figure 4.2 14: Scatter chart of MTN T3913from Table 4.27
In the chart above, the highest value of background measurement recorded was 0.28 Sv/h, all
values recorded at distance away from the base of the base station falls below the background
measurement. The high value of radiation was recorded at 80m, the value dropped with further
increase in distance. The rest of the radiation pattern is stochastic which could be as a result of
influence of any of the unavoidable factors stated in chapter 4.2. All values recorded compared
with the standard in table 4.1 falls within safe range between medium to long term habitation.
A rough estimate of 30 - 45 years is safe for people living close to this base station.
31
8. NETWORK: MTN
SITE NO: OD3834
DESCRIPTION: Adegbola Street, Akure, Akure.

1. 0.14
2. 0.16
3. 0.16
4. 0.15
5. 0.15

5m 0.18
10m 0.15
15m 0.22
20m 0.17
25m 0.13
30m 0.15
35m 0.13
40m 0.16
45m 0.16
50m 0.17
55m 0.18
60m 0.18
65m 0.17
70m 0.14
75m 0.15
80m 0.16
85m 0.14
90m 0.12
95m 0.17
100m 0.17
32
Table 4.28
0.25
0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Mesaured Distance in meters
The highest value of radiation was recorded at 15m, this value dropped and then again increased
at 100m, while the least value was recorded 90m. All values recorded compared with the
standard in table 4.1 falls within safe range between medium to long term habitation. A rough
estimate of 30 - 45 years is safe for people living close to this base station.
33
9. NETWORK: MTN
SITE NO: OD2421
DESCRIPTION: Behind Access bank Cathedral, Akure

1. 0.15
2. 0.16
3. 0.21
4. 0.13
5. 0.16

5m 0.20
10m 0.17
15m 0.23
20m 0.17
25m 0.18
30m 0.18
35m 0.19
40m 0.16
45m 0.17
50m 0.16
55m 0.23
60m 0.23
65m 0.21
70m 0.24
75m 0.25
80m 0.19
85m 0.25
90m 0.19
95m 0.22
100m 0.22
34
table 4.29
0.3
0.25
Radiation in Sv/h
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
In the chart above, the highest value of background measurement was 0.21 Sv/h. The highest
value of radiation was recorded at 75m and 85m, while the least value was recorded at 40m
and 50m. Though values could also be influenced by factors stated in chapter 4.2 considering
the highest value recorded at distance away from the base. In all, all values recorded compared
with the standard in table 4.1, falls within safe range between medium to long term habitation.
A rough estimate of 30 40 years is safe for people living close to this base station.
35
MTN Average (Sv/h)
0.20
0.18
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 4.2 19: Scatter chart of average of all MTN radiation recorded
In the chart above, at 5m the average value calculated is 0.17 Sv/h, which reduced and was
constant up until after 35m, which finally rose to the highest value at 70m, 0.19 Sv/h.
Comparing the highest average value with the standard in table 4.1, the average value falls
within the safe value of long term habitation.
36
10. NETWORK: ETISALAT
SITE NO: B-3819
DESCRIPTION: Besides Student Union Building (SUB) FUTA
Figure 4.2 20: ETISALAT base station

1. 0.18
2. 0.21
3. 0.19
4. 0.18
5. 0.20
Table 4.2 10: Data from ETISALAT B-3819

5m 0.20
10m 0.20
15m 0.23
20m 0.22
25m 0.17
30m 0.15
35m 0.17
40m 0.23
45m 0.23
50m 0.21
55m 0.18
60m 0.16
65m 0.17
70m 0.20
75m 0.16
80m 0.19
85m 0.18
90m 0.16
95m 0.14
100m 0.14
37
Table 4.2 10
0.25
0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 4.2 21: Scatter chart of ETISALAT B-3819 from Table 4.2 10
The highest value of radiation was recorded at 15m, 40m and 45m. The value dropped after
45m then increased again at 70m. Though this increase might be influenced by factors stated
in chapter 4.2. All values recorded compared with the standard in table 4.1 falls within safe
range between medium to long term habitation. A rough estimate of 30 - 45 years is safe for
people living close to this base station.
38
SITE NO: No ID
DESCRIPTION: Dangote Cement Ilesha Road, Akure

1. 0.12
2. 0.18
3. 0.12
4. 0.12
5. 0.11
Table 4.2 11: Data from ETISALAT Dangote Cement

5m 0.16
10m 0.15
15m 0.15
20m 0.09
25m 0.16
30m 0.13
35m 0.14
40m 0.09
45m 0.16
50m 0.13
55m 0.11
60m 0.11
65m 0.11
70m 0.14
75m 0.11
80m 0.12
85m 0.13
90m 0.12
95m 0.16
100m 0.16
39
Table 4.2 11
0.18
0.16
0.14
Rdaition in Sv/h
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 4.2 23: Scatter chart of ETISALAT Dangote Cement from Table 4.2 11
The highest value of radiation were recorded at 5m, 25m, 45m, 95m and 100m. While the
lowest value of radiation were recorded at 20m, 40m. Though all values measured at a distance
were all below background measurement. The high values recorded must have been influenced
by factors stated in 4.2. Comparing all values recorded with standard in table 4.1, all values
from this base station falls within the safe value. Hence, long-term habitation of over 50years
estimate is safe for people living nearby.
40
SITE NO: NO ID
DESCRIPTION: Ajibade Street off St. Davids Hospital, Akure.

1. 0.22
2. 0.22
3. 0.24
4. 0.16
5. 0.15
Table 4.2 12: Data from ETISALAT St. Davids Hospital

5m 0.17
10m 0.13
15m 0.23
20m 0.21
25m 0.17
30m 0.19
35m 0.20
40m 0.22
45m 0.20
50m 0.17
55m 0.15
60m 0.20
65m 0.14
70m 0.16
75m 0.17
80m 0.18
85m 0.23
90m 0.15
95m 0.22
100m 0.20
41
Table 4.2 12
0.25
0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Measured distance in meters
Figure 4.2 25: Scatter chart of ETISALAT St. Davids Hospital from Table 4.2 12
The highest value of radiation were recorded at 15m and 85m. The least value of radiation was
recorded at 10m, though all values measured at a distance were all below background
measurement. The high values recorded at distances further from the base were undoubtfully
influenced by any of the factors stated in chapter 4.2. All values recorded compared with the
standard in table 4.1 falls within safe range between medium to long term habitation. A rough
estimate of 30 - 45 years is safe for people living close to this base station.
42
13. NETWORK: ETISALAT (Back bone)
SITE NO: No ID
DESCRIPTION: Beside Eye Savers Oyemekun Road, Akure

1. 0.19
2. 0.21
3. 0.20
4. 0.18
5. 0.16
Table 4.2 13: Data from ETISALAT Oyemekun

5m 0.18
10m 0.19
15m 0.18
20m 0.16
25m 0.13
30m 0.17
35m 0.14
40m 0.19
45m 0.17
50m 0.18
55m 0.18
60m 0.20
65m 0.25
70m 0.15
75m 0.20
80m 0.18
85m 0.15
90m 0.16
95m 0.15
100m 0.14
43
Table 4.2 13
0.3
0.25
Radiation in Sv/h
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 4.2 27: Scatter chart of ETISALAT Oyemekun from Table 4.2 13
The highest value of radiation was recorded at 65m, the value continued to drop, this could be
as a result of obstruction, considering the sharp decrease at 70m. All values recorded compared
with the standard in table 4.1 falls within safe range between medium to long term habitation.
A rough estimate of 30 - 40 years is safe for people living close to this base station.
44
SITE NO: No ID
DESCRIPTION: Beside IDD Studio FUTA South Gate

6. 0.11
7. 0.12
8. 0.19
9. 0.16
10. 0.14
Table 4.2 14: Data from ETISALAT beside IDD studio FUTA

5m 0.18
10m 0.16
15m 0.20
20m 0.16
25m 0.20
30m 0.11
35m 0.16
40m 0.18
45m 0.22
50m 0.12
55m 0.14
60m 0.15
65m 0.15
70m 0.19
75m 0.14
80m 0.14
85m 0.11
90m 0.15
95m 0.17
100m 0.17
45
Table 15
0.25
0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 4.2 29: Scatter chart of ETISALAT beside IDD studio from Table 4.2 13
The highest value of radiation was recorded at 45m, this value dropped and then increased at
70m, though this increase might have been influenced by any of the unavoidable factors stated
46
ETISALAT Average (Sv/h)
0.25
0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 4.2 30: Scatter chart of Average of all ETISALAT Radiation
In the chart above, the highest average value was calculated at 15m, this value dropped and increased
again at 45m. The highest value falls within the safe value of long term habitation.
47
15. NETWORK: AIRTEL
SITE NO: ON0472
DESCRIPTION: Beside Four Square Fellowship FUTA
Figure 4.2 31: AIRTEL base station

1. 0.19
2. 0.21
3. 0.18
4. 0.24
5. 0.19
Table 4.2 15: Data from AIRTEL ON0472

5m 0.13
10m 0.17
15m 0.18
20m 0.19
25m 0.19
30m 0.19
35m 0.17
40m 0.18
45m 0.17
50m 0.17
55m 0.18
60m 0.22
65m 0.21
70m 0.18
75m 0.17
80m 0.21
85m 0.16
90m 0.15
95m 0.16
100m 0.16
48
Radiation Measurement(Sv/h) (Average)From Table
4.2 15
0.25
0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 4.2 32: Scatter chart of AIRTEL ON0472 from Table 4.2 15
The highest value of radiation recorded was at 60m, this value dropped and then increased at
80m. Though this increase may also be influenced by any of the factors stated in chapter 4.2.
All values recorded compared with the standard in table 4.1 falls within safe range between
medium to long term habitation. A rough estimate of 30 - 45 years is safe for people living
close to this base station.
49
16. NETWORK: AIRTEL
SITE NO: No ID
DESCRIPTION: Adjacent to MFM no 8 Igbede Street off Tipper garage, Akure.
Figure 4.2 33: AIRTEL base station

1. 0.14
2. 0.15
3. 0.15
4. 0.18
5. 0.25
Table 4.2 16: Data from AIRTEL Igbede Street

5m 0.21
10m 0.17
15m 0.23
20m 0.18
25m 0.15
30m 0.19
35m 0.15
40m 0.19
45m 0.18
50m 0.23
55m 0.16
60m 0.19
65m 0.21
70m 0.16
75m 0.22
80m 0.16
85m 0.15
90m 0.21
95m 0.18
100m 0.17
50
Table 4.2 16
0.25
0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 4.2 34: Scatter chart of AIRTEL Igbede Street from Table 4.2 16
The fall and rise pattern as indicated in the chart is definitely as a result of influence of
unavoidable factors as stated in chapter 4.2. All values recorded compared with the standard in
table 4.1, falls within safe range between medium to long term habitation. A rough estimate of
30 40 years is safe for people living close to this base station.
51
AIRTEL Average Sv/h
0.25
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance in Meters
Figure 4.2 35: Scatter chart of Average of all AIRTEL Radiation
In the chart above, the highest average value is computed to 0.21 Sv/h at 65m. The average
value falls within the safe value between medium to long term habitation, when compared with
the standard in table 4.1.
52
17. NETWORK: GLO
SITE NO: ILS802
DESCRIPTION: Beside Conoil, Ilesha Road. Akure
Figure 4.2 36: GLO base station

1. 0.11
2. 0.12
3. 0.19
4. 0.16
5. 0.14
Table 4.2 17: Data from GLO ILS802

5m 0.18
10m 0.16
15m 0.20
20m 0.16
25m 0.20
30m 0.11
35m 0.16
40m 0.18
45m 0.22
50m 0.12
55m 0.14
60m 0.15
65m 0.15
70m 0.19
75m 0.14
80m 0.14
85m 0.11
90m 0.15
95m 0.17
100m 0.17
53
Table 4.2 17
0.25
0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 4.2 37: Scatter chart of GLO ILS802 from Table 4.2 17
The highest value of radiation was recorded at 45m, this value dropped and then increased
again at 70m. Though this increase might have been influenced by unavoidable factors stated
54
18. NETWORK: GLO
SITE NO: No ID
DESCRIPTION: Behind Police Head Quarters, Akure

1. 0.23
2. 0.21
3. 0.19
4. 0.20
5. 0.15
Table 4.2 18: Data from GLO Police HQ

5m 0.14
10m 0.12
15m 0.15
20m 0.14
25m 0.18
30m 0.17
35m 0.17
40m 0.18
45m 0.16
50m 0.15
55m 0.14
60m 0.15
65m 0.16
70m 0.16
75m 0.17
80m 0.17
85m 0.20
90m 0.14
95m 0.16
100m 0.15
55
Table 4.2 18
0.25
0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 4.2 39: Scatter chart of GLO Police HQ from Table 4.2 18
In the chart above, the highest value of background measurement recorded was 0.23 Sv/h. All
values recorded at a distance were below background measurement. An increase and decrease
trend can be observed, which must be as a result of influence of unavoidable factors mentioned
56
19. NETWORK: GLO
SITE NO: No ID
DESCRIPTION: Adjacent to RCCG 26 Eringno Street, Owode QTRS, Cathedral,
Akure.

1. 0.16
2. 0.18
3. 0.15
4. 0.16
5. 0.14
Table 4.2 19: Data from GLO Eringno Street

5m 0.15
10m 0.17
15m 0.15
20m 0.17
25m 0.13
30m 0.19
35m 0.15
40m 0.17
45m 0.16
50m 0.21
55m 0.15
60m 0.20
65m 0.14
70m 0.17
75m 0.16
80m 0.14
85m 0.14
90m 0.22
95m 0.12
100m 0.15
57
Table 4.2 19
0.25
0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 4.2 41: Scatter chart of GLO Eringno Street from Table 4.2 19
In this chart, the highest value of background measure recorded was 0.18 Sv/h. Values
exceeding background radiation especially at 90m can be suggested to have been influenced
by unavoidable factors stated in chapter 4.2. All values recorded compared with the standard
in table 4.1 falls within safe range between medium to long term habitation. A rough estimate
of 30 - 45 years is safe for people living close to this base station.
58
20. NETWORK: GLO
SITE NO: No Id
DESCRIPTION: 1, Fayun Street FUTA South gate, Akure.

1. 0.13
2. 0.18
3. 0.19
4. 0.13
5. 0.18
Table 4.2 20: Data from GLO South Gate

5m 0.12
10m 0.13
15m 0.21
20m 0.14
25m 0.13
30m 0.10
35m 0.14
40m 0.14
45m 0.12
50m 0.11
55m 0.14
60m 0.14
65m 0.18
70m 0.22
75m 0.19
80m 0.22
85m 0.20
90m 0.16
95m 0.14
100m 0.15
59
Table 4.2 20
0.25
0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Mreasured distance in meters
Figure 4.2 43: Scatter chart of GLO South gate from Table 4.2 20
In the chart above, the highest value of background measure recorded was 0.19 Sv/h. Values
exceeding background radiation especially at 65m and distance further can be considered to
have been influenced by unavoidable factors. All values recorded compared with the standard
in table 4.1 falls within safe range between medium to long term habitation. A rough estimate
of 30 - 45 years is safe for people living close to this base station.
60
21. NETWORK: GLO
SITE NO: No ID
DESCRIPTION: FUTA North Gate

1. 0.19
2. 0.18
3. 0.20
4. 0.22
5. 0.24
Table 4.2 21: Data from GLO North Gate

5m 0.13
10m 0.11
15m 0.15
20m 0.19
25m 0.15
30m 0.16
35m 0.15
40m 0.18
45m 0.16
50m 0.13
55m 0.16
60m 0.15
65m 0.18
70m 0.19
75m 0.18
80m 0.14
85m 0.12
90m 0.15
95m 0.17
100m 0.12
61
Table 4.2 21
0.2
0.18
0.16
Radition in Sv/h
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Figure 4.2 45: Scatter chart of GLO South gate from Table 4.2 21
In the chart above, the highest value of background radiation recorded was 0.24 Sv/h. All
values recorded at a distance were below background measurement. An increase and decrease
fluctuating trend can be observed, which could be as a result of influence by unavoidable
factors. Comparing all values recorded with standard in table 4.1, all values from this base
station falls within the safe value. Hence, long-term habitation of over 50years estimate is safe
for people living nearby.
62
GLO Average (Sv/h)
0.2
0.18
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance in meters
Figure 4.2 46: Scatter chart of Average of all GLO Radiation
In the chart above, the highest average value is computed to result to 0.19Sv/h at 70m. The
average values all fall within the safe range of long term habitation, compared to the standard
in table 4.1.
CHEMISTRY LABORATORY:
Background:
1. 0.20
2. 0.15
3. 0.19
4. 0.22
5. 0.19
Inside the Lab
1. 0.30
2. 0.30
3. 0.22
63
4. 0.29
5. 0.29
6. 0.30
7. 0.25 (Abs of chemicals)
8. 0.27(Abs of chemicals)
Chemicals:
Paraffin liquid
HCL etc.
Figure 4.2 47: Chemistry Laboratory
64
GLO
Table 4.21 (Sv/h) Table 4.20 (Sv/h) Table 4.17 (Sv/h) Table 4.11 (Sv/h) Table 4.8 (Sv/h)
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.22
0.21
0.21
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.2
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
RADIATION IN SV/H
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.14
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.13
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.12
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.11
0.1
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
MEASURED DISTANCE IN METERS
Figure 4.2 48: GLO Cluster Column
Figure 4.2 48 above represents a cluster column chart of radiation measurement plotted against measured distance of GLO base stations as
tabulated in Tables 4.21, 4.20, 4.17, 4.11 and 4.8. This shows that at distance 45, 70, 80 and 90m, ionizing radiation is of the highest value
0.22Sv/h, while at distance 30m gives off the least ionizing radiation of 0.1Sv/h. taking the average at each distance leads to the figure below,
figure 4.2 49
65
GLO Average (Sv/h)
Average (Sv/h) Linear (Average (Sv/h)) 2 per. Mov. Avg. (Average (Sv/h))
0.2 0.186
0.18 0.172 0.17 0.168
0.16 0.158 0.164 0.158 0.162 0.162 0.164
0.154 0.154 0.152 0.148
0.16 0.144 0.146 0.144 0.146
0.138
Radiation in Sv/h
0.14
0.12
0.1
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Figure 4.2 49: GLO Average Cluster Column
From figure 4.2 49 an average of 0.186 Sv/h is radiated at 70m away from GLO base stations which shows the highest value while the lowest
average value measures 0.138 Sv/h at 10meters away from GLO base stations. The figure below shows that of AIRTEL, figure 4.2 50.
66
AIRTEL
RadiatioTable 4.5 (Sv/h) RadiatioTable 4.19 (Sv/h)
0.23
0.23
0.22
0.22
RADIATION MEASUREMENT IN SV/H
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.21
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.19
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.17
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.16
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.15
0.13
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
MEASURED DISTANCE IN METERS
Figure 4.2 50: AIRTEL Cluster Column
Figure 4.2 50 above represents a cluster column chart of radiation measurement plotted against measured distance of AIRTEL base stations as
tabulated in Tables 4.5and 4.19. This shows that at distance 15 and 50m, ionizing radiation is of the highest value 0.23Sv/h, while at distance 5m
gives off the least ionizing radiation of 0.13Sv/h. taking the average at each distance leads to the figure below, figure 4.2 51.
67
AIRTEL Average Sv/h
0.25
0.205 0.205 0.21

0.2 0.195
0.2 0.185 0.19 0.185 0.185
0.175 0.18
0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
Radiation in Sv/h
0.16 0.165
0.155
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Figure 4.2 51: AIRTEL Average Cluster Column
From figure 4.2 51 an average of 0.21 Sv/h is radiated at 65m away from AIRTEL base stations which shows the highest value while the
lowest average value measures 0.155 Sv/h at 85meters away from AIRTEL base stations. The figure below shows that of ETISALAT, figure
4.2 52.
68
ETISALAT
Table 4.4 (Sv/h) Table 4.7 (Sv/h) Table 4.13 (Sv/h) Table 4.15 (Sv/h) Linear (Table 4.4 (Sv/h))
0.3
0.25
0.25 0.23 0.23 0.22 0.23
0.22 0.23 0.23 0.22
Radiation in Sv/h
0.2 0.2 0.19 0.21 0.2 0.2 0.21 0.2

0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.18 0.18 0.19 0.19 0.180.18 0.18 0.19
0.18
0.180.18
0.2 0.17 0.17
0.17 0.170.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
0.16 0.15 0.15 0.16 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.15 0.16 0.16
0.150.16 0.150.16 0.16 0.16
0.15 0.16
0.13 0.13 0.13 0.140.14 0.13 0.14 0.14 0.13 0.14 0.150.14 0.14
0.15 0.12 0.12
0.11 0.11 0.11 0.11
0.09 0.09
0.1
0.05
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Figure 4.2 52: ETISALAT Cluster Column
Figure 4.2 52 above represents a cluster column chart of radiation measurement plotted against measured distance of ETISALAT base stations as
tabulated in Tables 4.4, 4.7, 4.13, 4.15 and table4.4. This shows that at distance 65m, ionizing radiation is of the highest value 0.25Sv/h, while at
distance 20 and 40m gives off the least ionizing radiation of 0.09Sv/h. taking the average at each distance leads to the figure below, figure 4.2 53
69
ETISALAT Average (Sv/h)
0.25
0.1975
0.2 0.1775 0.1825 0.19
0.17 0.1725 0.1675 0.1675 0.1625 0.16 0.1675 0.1725
Radiation in Sv/h
0.1675 0.1675 0.16

0.1575 0.16 0.1625 0.155 0.1475
0.15
0.1 ETISALAT Average (Sv/h)
0.05
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Figure 4.2 53: ETISALAT Average Cluster Column
From figure 4.2 53 an average of 0.1975 Sv/h is radiated at 15m away from ETISALAT base stations which shows the highest value while the
lowest average value measures 0.1475 Sv/h at 90meters away from ETISALAT base stations. The figure below shows that of MTN, figure 4.2
54.
70
MTN
Table 4.2 (Sv/h) Table 4.3 (Sv/h) Table 4.6 (Sv/h) Table 4.9 (Sv/h) Table 4.10 (Sv/h)
Table 4.12 (Sv/h) Table 4.14 (Sv/h) Table 4.16 (Sv/h) Table 4.18 (Sv/h)
0.3
0.25 0.25
0.25 0.24 0.24
0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.23 0.230.23 0.23
0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22 0.22
0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.21 0.210.21 0.21 0.21
0.20.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2
0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
0.19 0.19 0.19 0.19
0.19 0.19 0.19 0.190.19
0.19
0.19 0.19
Radation in Sv/h
0.2 0.18
0.18
0.18
0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.180.18 0.18 0.18
0.17 0.17
0.17 0.170.17
0.170.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
0.17
0.17 0.17
0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
0.17 0.17
0.17 0.170.17
0.17 0.170.17
0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.160.16 0.16
0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16
0.150.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
0.15 0.15 0.15
0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15 0.15
0.15 0.14 0.13 0.13
0.14
0.13
0.14 0.14
0.13 0.13 0.13
0.14
0.13 0.13
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.13 0.13 0.13
0.14 0.14
0.13 0.130.13
0.14
0.13
0.14
0.14
0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12
0.12 0.12
0.12 0.12 0.12 0.12
0.11
0.11 0.11 0.11
0.1 0.1
0.1 0.1 0.1
0.1 0.09 0.09
0.05
0
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Measured Distance in Meters
Figure 4.2 54: MTN Cluster Column
Figure 4.2 54 above represents a cluster column chart of radiation measurement plotted against measured distance of MTN base stations as
tabulated in Tables 4.2, 4.3, 4.46, 4.9, 4.10, 4.12, 4.14, 4.16 and table4.18. This shows that at distance75 and 85m, ionizing radiation is of the
71
highest value 0.25Sv/h, while at distance 30 and 75m gives off the least ionizing radiation of 0.09Sv/h. taking the average at each distance leads
to the figure below, figure 4.2 55
MTN Average (Sv/h)

0.20 0.19 0.18
0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
0.18 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.17 0.17
0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16
0.16
Radiation in Sv/h
0.14
0.12
0.10
0.08
0.06
0.04
0.02
0.00
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Figure 4.2 55: MTN Average Cluster Column
From figure 4.2 55 an average of 0.19 Sv/h is radiated at 70m away from MTN base stations which shows the highest value while the lowest
average value measures 0.16 Sv/h at 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 45, 50meters away from MTN base stations. The figure below shows all the Network
discussed so far in one cluster Column with average radiation values at respective distances, figure 4.2 56.
72
Chart Title
ETISALAT Average(Sv/h) MTN Average (Sv/h) AIRTEL Average Sv/h GLO Average (Sv/h)
0.25 0.17
0.17
0.18 0.19 0.17
0.16 0.150.19 0.21 0.19 0.17 0.17
0.17 0.21 0.16 0.20 0.21
0.20 0.16 0.17 0.20 0.17
0.20 0.19 0.19 0.17
0.19 0.18 0.17 0.19 0.18
0.18 0.16 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18 0.18
0.17 0.17 0.170.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17 0.17
0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16
0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.160.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16 0.16
Radiation in Sv/h
0.16
0.15 0.15
0.14 0.15 0.14 0.15 0.15 0.15
0.15 0.14
0.10
0.05
0.00
5 10 15 20 25 30 35 40 45 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 95 100
Figure 4.2 56: All four network Average Cluster Column
From figure 4.2 56 above, AIRTEL gives off the highest average value 0.21 Sv/h at 15, 60 and 65m followed by ETISALAT, with a value of
0.20 Sv/h at 15m, followed by MTN and GLO, with an average value of 0.19 at 70m.
73
From the readings in all tables (table 4.1 to table 4.21) the highest and lowest radiation values
of all the networks were grouped and plotted against its respective distances as shown in figure
4.31 to 4.34 below. Figure 4.35 is a combines all network in one plot.
MTN
0.3
0.24 0.250.250.25
0.25 0.22 0.23
0.210.21 0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.2 0.17
0.16 0.16
0.14
0.15 0.12 0.12
0.1 0.11
0.09 0.09
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance in meters
Figure 4.2 57: Highest and lowest radiation value measured from MTN base station
ETISALAT
0.3
0.25
0.25 0.23 0.230.23 0.23
Radiation in Sv/h
0.2
0.16 0.16 0.160.16
0.13 0.140.14
0.15
0.09 0.09
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance in meters
Figure 4.2 58: Highest and lowest radiation value measured from ETISALAT base station
74
AIRTEL
0.25 0.22
0.2 0.2
0.2
RADIATION IN Sv/h
0.15 0.15 0.15

0.15 0.13
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
DISTANCE IN METERS
Figure 4.2 59: Highest and lowest radiation value measured from AIRTEL base station
GLO
0.25 0.22 0.22
0.2 0.2
0.19 0.19
0.2
Radiation in Sv/h
0.15 0.12 0.12

0.11 0.11
0.1
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
Distance in meters
Figure 4.2 60: Highest and lowest radiation value measured from GLO base station
75
R A D I A T I O N M EA S U R EM EN T S ( S V / H ) A G A I N S T
D I S T A N CE(M )
MTN ETISALAT AIRTEL GLO
0.3
RADIATION IN SV/H
0.25
0.2
0.15
0.1
0.05
0
0 20 40 60 80 100 120
DISTANCE IN METERS
Figure 4.2 61: Radiation Measurements (Sv/h) against Distance (m)
Comparing all the four Networks above it is obvious that MTN and ETISALAT gives off the
highest level of ionizing radiation, followed by both GLO and AIRTEL, this explains why
MTN and ETISALAT are the preferred network in terms of internet service.
Whereas this values are nothing compared to readings measured from the Chemistry
laboratory, especially inside the laboratory close to the presence of chemicals measuring as
high as 0,30Sv/h, while in the absence of chemical substances, maximum value read from the
radiation dosimeter was 0.27Sv/h.
76
CHAPTER FIVE
5.0 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
5.1 CONCLUSION
The purpose of this study is to study the radiation level in FUTA, also measure the ionizing
radiation in FUTA. The result was carried out carefully with precision and the analysis
made also comparing the standard in table 4.1, all readings measured well in the safe range,
but I strongly believe a continuous exposure will pose a long term effect. And strongly
advice to adopt the three factors: Distance, Shield and Time. Especially for those working
in the laboratory should limit the time they spend in there and also keep a safe distance
from sources of radiation and if possible shielding using specific types of material such as
a leaded glass pane, a lead apron, or packed dirt, to act as a barrier between the body and
the source of radiation.
5.2 RECOMMENDATION
Consumers can influence the siting of base station, as consumers, we have a role to play.
We can influence the decision to locate or site the base stations in our respective area. Siting
of base stations near Kindergartens, schools and playground should require special
consideration. Those working in conditions that are exposed to radiation should ensure their
safety by taking precautionary measures.
77
REFERENCES
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Adobe Edition version, accessed 14th August 2014, http://www.nuclearsafety.gc.ca
D. A. Shalangwa, 2010, Measurement of exposure of radio frequency filed (RF)
radiation from global system for mobile communication (GSM) masts, Full Length
Research Paper, Adobe Edition version, accessed 26th August 2014
Elaine M. Zeman, Ph.D., 2006, Radiation Toxicology, Adobe Edition version, accessed
14th August 2014
European Commission, Understanding the Effects of Radiation on Human Health,
Adobe Edition version, accessed 14th August 2014
Federal Communications Commission, 2012, Office of Engineering and Technology
(OET), accessed 5th October 2014 http://transition.fcc.gov/oet/rfsafety/rf-faqs.html#Q4
Halim Buyukuslu, Abdullah Kaplan, Gurcan Yildirim, 2009, Natural Background
Radiation Measurements of a Base Station in Yalva Country, Adobe Edition version,
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Michael Kundi, Hans-Peter Hutter, 2009, Mobile phone base stations-Effects on
wellbeing and health, Adobe Edition version, accessed 20th November 2014
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Nuclear Energy Institute (NEI), 2006, Radiation and human health, Adobe Edition
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Quarta Radiation Monitor, n.d, Radex RD1706 Operating Manual, Adobe Edition
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People Living in the Vicinity of Cellular Phone Base Stations, Adobe Edition version,
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79

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A PROJECT REPORT ON

THE EFFECT OF RADIATION FROM BTS ON HUMAN

OGOMIGO EMMANUEL KOHWO

THE DEPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL AND ELECTRONICS ENGINEERING

SCHOOL OF ENGINEERING AND ENGINEERING TECHNOLOGY,

FEDERAL UNIVERSITY OF TECHNOLOGY, AKURE ONDO STATE, NIGERIA

IN PARTIAL FULFILLMENT OF THE REQUIREMENT FOR THE AWARD OF

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING (B.ENG) DEGREE IN ELECTRICAL AND

award of Bachelor of Engineering Degree in Electrical and Electronics Engineering

DR. K. F. AKINBGADE Date

DR. Y. O. OLASOJI Date

supervision of this work.

Electronics Engineering in my Institution especially my Communications Engineering

Ogomigo nee Kragha and Ukperi Tega Blessing.

DEDICATION ..................................................................................................................... iii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................................... vi

LIST OF FIGURES ........................................................................................................... viii

LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................... xi

CHAPTER ONE ................................................................................................................... 1

1.0 INTRODUCTION ................................................................................................. 1

1.1 AIM ....................................................................................................................... 5

1.2 OBJECTIVES OF THE PROJECT ..................................................................... 5

1.3 PROBLEM STATEMENT AND MOTIVATION............................................... 5

1.4 CONTRIBUTION TO KNOWLEDGE ............................................................... 5

CHAPTER TWO .................................................................................................................. 6

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................................... 6

3.0 MATERIALS AND METHODS ........................................................................ 10

CHAPTER FOUR ............................................................................................................... 17

4.1 RESULTS AND ANALYSIS .............................................................................. 17

4.2 FACTORS INFLUENCING RESULTS ............................................................ 17

CHAPTER FIVE ................................................................................................................ 77

5.1 CONCLUSION ............................................................................................... 77

5.2 RECOMMENDATION .................................................................................. 77

Figure 1. 1: The electromagnetic spectrum ............................................................................ 2

Figure 1. 2: Penetration abilities of different types of ionizing radiation Source:

Figure 3. 3: GSP application on a Tecno Phantom Pad ........................................................ 12

Student Fellowship FUTA ................................................................................................... 13

Figure 3. 7: Radiation dosimeter meter RD1706 set on Background mode........................... 14

Figure 3. 8: Map Sketch of Base Station Visited .................................................................. 15

Figure 4.2 1: MTN base station ........................................................................................... 18

Figure 4.2 3: MTN base station ........................................................................................... 20

Figure 4.2 5: MTN base station ........................................................................................... 22

Figure 4.2 6: Scatter chart of MTN OD4714from Table 4.23 ............................................... 23

Figure 4.2 7: MTN base station ........................................................................................... 24

Figure 4.2 9: MTN base station ........................................................................................... 26

Figure 4.2 11: MTN base station ......................................................................................... 28

Figure 4.2 15: MTN base station ......................................................................................... 32

Figure 4.2 17: MTN base station ......................................................................................... 34

Figure 4.2 20: ETISALAT base station ............................................................................... 37

Figure 4.2 22: ETISALAT base station ............................................................................... 39

Figure 4.2 24: ETISALAT base station ............................................................................... 41

Figure 4.2 26: ETISALAT base station ............................................................................... 43

Figure 4.2 28: ETISALAT base station ............................................................................... 45

Figure 4.2 31: AIRTEL base station .................................................................................... 48

Figure 4.2 33: AIRTEL base station .................................................................................... 50

Figure 4.2 36: GLO base station .......................................................................................... 53

Figure 4.2 38: GLO base station .......................................................................................... 55

Figure 4.2 40: GLO base station .......................................................................................... 57

Figure 4.2 42: GLO base station .......................................................................................... 59

Figure 4.2 44: GLO base station .......................................................................................... 61

Figure 4.2 47: Chemistry Laboratory ................................................................................... 64

Figure 4.2 48: GLO Cluster Column ................................................................................... 65

Figure 4.2 49: GLO Average Cluster Column...................................................................... 66