National Conference on Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Structures (CAADS-2016) Paper ID: CAD02

A Study on Performance of Outrigger

Structural Systems during Lateral Loads on
High Rise Structures
Purushotthama P., Dr. Jagadish G. Kori

AbstractThe study focused on performance of outrigger that are designed to improve structure, from overturning
structural systems during lateral loads on high rise structures. stiffness and strength by connecting the structure core or spine
Linear static analysis of two buildings of 30 storey and 50 storey to the distant columns. Outrigger system has been used for
buildings for various models were examined using ETABS narrow and tall buildings to provide better resistance against
software, for Building without outrigger, building with core and
lateral loads. Behavior of outriggers for structures are simple,
outrigger system by bracings, building with core by shear wall
and outrigger system by bracing, building with core and
as the core of the structure is connected simply by a stiff arm
outrigger system by shear wall, building exterior panel and to nearby columns or external columns. Analysis and design
outrigger by shear wall. The analysis includes Lateral of outrigger structural system is not simple because relative
displacement, inter-storey drift and storey stiffness for Lateral stiffness depends on each structural element.
loadings. From the results it is concluded that the effective As the outrigger is connected between core and the
performance of the structure will be obtained by building exterior column, this will reduces over turning moment and
exterior panel and outrigger by shear wall at 15 th storey and top efficiently reduces the lateral displacement of structure or
storey for 30 storey building and at 28 th storey and top storey for building at the top. When the multi-storeyed buildings or
50 storey building is found to be more effective.
skyscrapers are subjected to lateral loads, the exterior columns
and the outrigger handle the rotation of the central core. Thus
Key words Lateral loads, Outriggers System, Tall Buildings,
Linear-Static analysis. there is considerably reduce of lateral deflection and base
moments, which would have arisen in free core building.
Outrigger with core wall is as shown in Fig.1. Wind forces
I. INTRODUCTION acting on core and core with outrigger structural system are as
shown in Fig.2.
he development of high rise structures and buildings are
T vigorously increased these years. People started to migrate
from there natives or from villages to a metro-politian
cities in search of jobs. Because of this metro-politian cities
are becoming denser, i,e,. densely populated. As it is getting
denser the availability of land becoming less and cost is also
highly increasing. Hence to overcome these problems, high
rise structures, multi-storey buildings are most prominent and
effective solutions. For developing country like India and
other countries, the high rise structures, multi-storey buildings
are best option. Fig.1: Outrigger with core wall
The structural system for high rise structures,
buildings has undergone through dramatic changes and is been
continuously emerging since decades. Structural system for
high rise structures, buildings can be classified as two types.
a. Interior structures
b. Exterior structures
These are classified on the basis of lateral load
resisting system. If the major load resisting system is in
interior of the building then it is called interior system.
Similarly, if outer perimeter of the building is load resisting, it
is an exterior structural system. Outrigger Structural System
Outriggers are firm horizontal structures or structural elements
Fig.2: Core supported outrigger structural system

Department of Civil Engineering, SDMCET, Dharwad-580002

 National Conference on Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Structures (CAADS-2016) Paper ID: CAD02

The locations of outriggers have influence on the efficiency

of the inter storey drift, storey stiffness and horizontal
deflection in high rise multi-storey structures. An optimum
outrigger location will be more effective in minimizing the
lateral displacement and reducing storey drift, increasing
storey stiffness, thus ensuring safety of structure subjected to
horizontal loads.

II. MODELING OF STRUCTURAL BUILDINGS

For the present study is taken with two buildings 3D models Fig. 6: Building with exterior panel and outrigger
of 30 storey and 50 storey buildings. system by shear wall
The building further modeled for different types of
structural elements combinations. The building has square plan dimensions of 18m x 18m,
i. Building without outrigger with 3 bays in X-direction and 3 bays along Y-direction; each
ii. Building with core and outrigger system by bracings bay is 6m along both directions. The shear wall of 6m x 6m is
(as shown in Fig.3.) considered, the plan, elevation and 3D model view of the
iii. Building with core by shear wall and outrigger buildings are shown below. Typical storey height is 3m
system by bracing (as shown in Fig.4)
iv. Building with core and outrigger system by shear Two outriggers are located with varying the position of
wall (as shown in Fig.5) outriggers. Firstly one outrigger is fixed at top storey, and by
v. Building exterior panel and outrigger by shear wall varying the position of second outrigger with the ratio of H/H1
(as shown in Fig.6) as shown in Fig.7

Where
H - Total height of the building
H1- Height of the second outrigger from the base of
the building

Fig. 3: Building with core and outrigger system by

bracings

Fig.7: Relative height of outrigger

Following relative height of outrigger models are modeled and

studied.
In 30 storeys building H/H1 ratios;
a. Location of outrigger at storey 7 and H/H1=4.28
b. Location of outrigger at storey 15 and H/H1=2
Fig. 4: Building with core by shear wall and outrigger c. Location of outrigger at storey 21 and H/H1=1.42
system by bracing
In 50 storeys building H/H1 ratios;
a. Location of outrigger at storey 7 and H/H1=7.14
b. Location of outrigger at storey 14 and H/H1=3.57
c. Location of outrigger at storey 21 and H/H1=2.38
d. Location of outrigger at storey 25 and H/H1=2
e. Location of outrigger at storey 28 and H/H1=1.78
f. Location of outrigger at storey 35 and H/H1=1.43
g. Location of outrigger at storey 42 and H/H1=1.19

Fig. 5: Building with core and outrigger system by

shear wall

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 National Conference on Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Structures (CAADS-2016) Paper ID: CAD02

Consideration of Loads and Analysis 40

For static behavior purpose, the self weight of the building
i.e., dead load of building is considered and live load 30
WOTR

Storey
considered as 3 kN/m2, earthquake load is considered by 20 H/H1=4.28
confirming IS 1893(Part 1)-2002. The following parameters
has been taken Zone V (Z=0.36) 10 H/H1=2
Soil type as medium (Type II) H/H1=1.42
0
Importance factor as (I=1.5)
Response reduction factor is (R=5) 0
100 200
Time period (T) is taken by software only as program Displacement (mm)
calculated. Fig.9: Variation of displacement for outrigger by bracings at
Analysis is done for different arrangement of outrigger braced different H/H1 ratios and without outrigger due to wind
and outrigger shear wall. Equivalent horizontal wind load
confirming to IS 875(Part 3)-1987 the location selected as b) Building with 50 Storey
Bhuj, the following parameters are obtained. Table 3: Comparison of displacement of building due to EQ,
The Terrain category = 2 from without outrigger system to with outrigger system by
Structure class = B bracings at different H/H1 ratios.
Basic wind speed Vb= 50 m/s
Risk coefficient (k1 factor) = 1.08 Sl. Outrigger location Maximum displacement
Topography (k3 factor) = 1.28 No. (H/H1) (mm)

III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION 1 Without outrigger 183.7

2 7.14 170.4
a) Building with 30 Storey 3 3.57 170.2
Table 1: Comparison of displacement of building due to EQX, 4 2.38 170.1
from without outrigger system to with outrigger system by 5 1.78 169.6
bracings at different H/H1 ratios. 6 1.43 169.9
7 1.93 170
Sl. Outrigger Location Maximum
No. (H/H1) Displacement (mm)
1 without outrigger 137.6 60 WOTR
2 4.28 126.6 50 H/H1=7.14
3 2 125.2 40 H/H1=3.57
Storey

4 1.42 125.6 30 H/H1=2.38

20 H/H1=1.78
40 10 H/H1=1.43
WOTR
0 H/H1=1.19
Storey

20 H/H1=4.28 0 100 200

H/H1=2 Displacement (mm)
0 Fig.10: Variation of displacement for outrigger by bracings at
0 50 100 150 H/H1=1.42 different H/H1 ratios and without outrigger due to EQ
Displacement (mm)
Table 4: Comparison of displacement of building due to wind,
from without outrigger system to with outrigger system by
Fig.8: Variation of displacement for outrigger by bracings at bracings at different H/H1 ratios.
different H/H1 ratios and without outrigger due to EQ
Sl. Outrigger location Maximum displacement
No. (H/H1) (mm)
Table 2: Comparison of displacement of building due to wind,
1 Without outrigger 363.1
from without outrigger system to with outrigger system by
2 7.14 330.7
bracings at different H/H1 ratios.
3 3.57 329.9
Sl. Outrigger Location Maximum 4 2.38 329.9
No. (H/H1) displacement (mm) 5 1.78 329.3
1 without outrigger 162.2 6 1.43 331.4
2 4.28 127.8 7 1.93 332.2
3 2 126.7
4 1.42 129.5

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 National Conference on Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Structures (CAADS-2016) Paper ID: CAD02

60 i. Building without outrigger

ii. Building with core and outrigger system by
50 WOTR bracings
iii. Building with core by shear wall and outrigger
40 H/H1=7.14
system by bracing
Storey

H/H1=3.57 iv. Building with core and outrigger system by

30
H/H1=2.38 shear wall
20 v. Building exterior panel and outrigger by shear
H/H1=1.78 wall
10 H/H1=1.43
30 Storey Building
0 H/H1=1.19 Table 5: Comparison of displacement due to EQ, for different
0 200 400 combinations of structural elemental properties to the building
Displacement (mm) and outrigger system at H/H1=2.
Maximum
Sl. Reductio
Fig.11: Variation of displacement for outrigger by bracings at Type displaceme
No n (%)
different H/H1 ratios and without outrigger due to wind nt (mm)
Building without
1 137.6 -
It is clearly observed that displacement in both outrigger
30storey and 50storey buildings due to earthquake load, values Building with core and
from Table:1 & Table:3, graph from Fig.4.1 & Fig.4.3 2 outrigger system by 125.2 9.01
respectively, reduction in maximum lateral displacement for bracings
building with core & outrigger system with bracings to Building with core by
without outrigger, and is effectively reduced at the location 3 shear wall and outrigger 118.8 13.66
H/H1=2, i.e., outriggers at 15th storey. system by bracing
Also it is observed that the lateral displacement in Building with core and
both 30storey and 50storey buildings due to horizontal load 4 outrigger system by 111.8 18.75
i.e., by wind load, values from Table 4.2, Table 4.4 and graphs shear wall
from Fig.4.2, Fig.4.4 respectively, there is reduction in Building exterior panel
maximum horizontal displacement for building with core & 5 and outrigger by shear 105 23.69
outrigger system with bracings to without outrigger, and is wall
efficiently reduced at the location H/H1=2, i.e. outriggers at
15th storey.
The results of both earthquake loads and wind loads
are proved, that the outrigger system for the building is 35 WOTR
considerably reduces the lateral movement i.e., lateral
displacement of the building. The optimum location of the 30
outrigger system to building is at 15th storey that is H/H1=2.

c) Use of Different Structural Properties to Building Core 25 core and

and Outrigger System OTR. by
As already the optimum location of outrigger system to the 20 bracings
Storey

building with 30 storey and 50 storey has been found. For the
further study, models of building with different structural
15 core by
elemental properties in the core of building and outrigger
system are been modeled. shear wall
Already we know the optimum location of outrigger system 10 and OTR.
to the building, so now the modeling of different models are by bracing
been done only for the optimum outrigger locations. The 5
following models are modeled for the analysis. Then the core and
results will be tabulated and compared with the graphs. OTR. by
0 shear wall
Following are the modeled with different types of structural 0 50 100 150
elements combinations for outrigger system at location for the Displacement (mm)
30 storey and 50 storey buildings at 15 th floor (H/H1=2) and
28th floor (H/H1=1.78) respectively. Fig.12: comparison of displacement from different structural
property combinations of outrigger system due to EQ

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 National Conference on Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Structures (CAADS-2016) Paper ID: CAD02

Table 6: Comparison of displacement due to wind in, for

different combinations of structural elemental properties to the 35
building and outrigger system at H/H1=2. WOTR
Maximum
Sl. Reduction 30
Type displacement
No (%)
(mm)
Building without core and OTR.
1 162.2 - 25
outrigger by bracings
Building with core
2 and outrigger 127.8 21.21 20

Storey
system by bracings
core by shear
Building with core
wall and OTR.
by shear wall and 15
3 92.7 42.85 by bracing
outrigger system by
bracing
Building with core 10 core and OTR.
4 and outrigger 80.3 50.49 by shear wall
system by shear wall
Building exterior 5
5 panel and outrigger 75.4 53.51 Building
by shear wall exterior panel
0
0 10000000and OTR. by
shear wall
Stiffness (kN/m)
WOTR
35 Fig.14: comparison of storey stiffness from different structural
property combinations of outrigger system due to EQ
35 WOTR
30
core and
OTR. by
25 bracings 30
core and
core by shear OTR. by
20 25 bracings
Storey

wall and
OTR. by
15 bracing 20 core by
shear wall
Storey

core and and OTR.

10 OTR. by by bracing
shear wall 15
core and
5 OTR. by
Building 10 shear wall
exterior panel
0 and OTR. by
Building
0 100 200 shear wall 5 exterior
Displacement (mm) panel and
OTR. by
0 shear wall
0 5 10
Fig.13: comparison of displacement from different structural
Drift (mm)
property combinations of outrigger system due to wind
Fig.15: comparison of storey drifts from different structural
property combinations of outrigger system due to EQ

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 National Conference on Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Structures (CAADS-2016) Paper ID: CAD02

Table 7: Comparison of displacement due to EQX, for Table 8: Comparison of displacement due to wind, for
different combinations of structural elemental properties to the different combinations of structural elemental properties to the
building and outrigger system at H/H1=1.78 building and outrigger system at H/H1=1.78

Maximum Maximum
SL. Reduction Sl. Reduction
Type displacement Type displacement
NO (%) No (%)
(mm) (mm)
Building without Building without
1 outrigger
183.7 - 1
outrigger
363.1 -
Building with core Building with core and
2 and outrigger system 169.9 7.51 2 outrigger system by 330.9 8.87
by bracings bracings
Building with core by Building with core by
shear wall and shear wall and
3 outrigger system by
169.6 7.68 3
outrigger system by
279.1 23.13
bracing bracing
Building with core Building with core and
4 and outrigger system 166.5 9.36 4 outrigger system by 265.9 26.77
by shear wall shear wall
Building exterior Building exterior panel
5 panel and outrigger 154.5 15.90 5 and outrigger by shear 237.5 34.59
by shear wall wall

60
WOTR
60
WOTR
50

50 core and OTR.

by bracings
40
core by shear
40 wall and OTR.
by bracing core by shear
Storey

30 wall and OTR.

Storey

by bracing
30 core and OTR.
by bracings
20 core and OTR.
by shear wall
20
core and OTR.
by shear wall 10
10 Building
exterior panel
and OTR. by
Building exterior 0 shear wall
0 panel and OTR. 0 200 400
0 100 200 by shear wall Displacement (mm)
Displacement (mm)

Fig.16: comparison of displacement from different structural Fig.17: comparison of displacement from different structural
property combinations of outrigger system due to EQ property combinations of outrigger system due to wind

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 National Conference on Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Structures (CAADS-2016) Paper ID: CAD02

IV. SUMMARY AND CONCLUSION

60 WOTR
From the detailed study on performance of outrigger
structural systems during lateral loads on high rise structures,
50 of both 30 storey and 50 storey models following conclusions
are arrived.
core and
OTR. by
Provision of outrigger structural system for high rise
40 bracings
structures substantially increases structure stiffness
and reduces lateral displacement, inter-storey drift
against lateral loads, such as seismic i.e., earthquake
Storey

core by
30 shear wall and wind loads. The optimum location of outrigger
and OTR. structural system found to be for the buildings with
by bracing 30 storeys is at H/H1 = 2 (outrigger by bracing at top
20 and 15th floor)
core and 50 storeys is at H/H1 = 1.78 (outrigger by bracing at
OTR. by top and 28th floor)
shear wall As per IS 1893(part 1)2002 for earthquake loads
10
lateral displacement should be less than H/250 which
Building is 360mm and 600mm for 30 storey and 50 storey
exterior buildings respectively. Using outrigger structural
0 system there is considerable reduction in lateral
panel and
0 5 displacement.
OTR. by
Drift (mm) shear wall
For 30 storeys building
Fig.18: comparison of storey drifts from different structural Maximum displacement without outrigger =
property combinations of outrigger system due to EQ 146.5mm
Maximum displacement using building core and
outrigger by bracing = 130.3mm
60
Maximum displacement using building exterior panel
WOTR and outrigger by shear wall = 107.3mm
There will be reduction of 11% in lateral
50 displacement using outriggers by bracings, where as
in building exterior panel and outrigger by shear wall
core and reduction is about 27%
40 For 50 storeys building
OTR. by
bracings Maximum displacement without outrigger =
189.9mm
Storey

30 Maximum displacement using building core and

core by shear outrigger by bracing = 173.2mm
wall and Maximum displacement using building exterior panel
20 OTR. by and outrigger by shear wall = 155.7mm
bracing There will be reduction of 9% in lateral displacement
using outriggers by bracings, where as in building
core and
10 exterior panel and outrigger by shear wall reduction
OTR. by
is about 18%
shear wall
As per IS 875(part 3)1987 for wind load maximum
allowable lateral displacement is 1/500 x H, that is
0 180mm and 300 mm for 30 storey and 50 storey
Building
0 20000000 buildings respectively. Using outrigger structural
exterior panel
Stiffness (kN/m) and OTR. by system there is considerable reduction in lateral
shear wall displacement.
For 30 storeys building
Maximum displacement without outrigger = 190.4m
Fig.19: comparison of storey stiffness from different structural Maximum displacement using building core and
property combinations of outrigger system due to EQ outrigger by bracing = 140.9mm

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 National Conference on Computer Aided Analysis and Design of Structures (CAADS-2016) Paper ID: CAD02

Maximum displacement using building exterior panel
and outrigger by shear wall = 79.5mm
There will be reduction of 22% in lateral
displacement using outriggers by bracings, where as
in building exterior panel and outrigger by shear wall
reduction is about 53%
For 50 storeys building
Maximum displacement without outrigger =
376.9mm
Maximum displacement using building core and
outrigger by bracing = 340.6mm
Maximum displacement using building exterior panel
and outrigger by shear wall = 242.2mm
There will be reduction of 10% in lateral
displacement using outriggers by bracings, where as
in building exterior panel and outrigger by shear wall
reduction is about 35%
As per IS 1893 (part-1): 2002 the inter-storey drift
should not exceed 0.004 times the storey height, due
to minimum specified design lateral load with partial
load factor of 1. That is 12mm for both 30 and 50
storeys building. The maximum inter-storey drift out
of two buildings found as 5.8 mm.
The increase in storey stiffness found out to be more
for building exterior panel and outrigger by shear
wall to without outrigger buildings. It is around 4.7
times and 2.6 times increase of storey stiffness for 30
storey and 50 storey buildings respectively. When
compared with building exterior panel and outrigger
by shear wall to without outrigger buildings.
7. Hoenderkamp and Bakker, Analysis of High-rise Braced
Frame with Outriggers, The Structural Design of Tall
Buildings and Structures, Volume 12, Page no.155-
177,2003
8. Coull, Alex, and WH Otto Lau. Analysis of
Multioutrigger-Braced Structures. Journal of Structural
Engineering, 115.7(1989): 1811-1815.
9. IS 1893(part 1):2002 Provision on seismic Design of
Buildings, Bureau of Indian standards, New Delhi.
10. IS 875(part 3):1987 Code of Practice for Design Loads
(Other than Earthquake) for Buildings and Structures,
Bureau of Indian Standards, New Delhi
BIOGRAPHIES
Purushotthama P.
P.G Student, Deportment of civil engineering, at present, he is
pursuing M.Tech Structural Engineering in Government
Engineering College Haveri. Karnataka, India His areas of
interest are Structural Systems design and analysis, Seismic
Resistant Designing, Indusrial Structures, & Infrastructure
development.
Dr. Jgadish G. Kori
M.Tech, Ph.D(IIT Bomby)
Prof. & Head of Department Of Civil Engineering.
Government Engineering College Haveri, Karnataka, India.

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Department of Civil Engineering, SDMCET, Dharwad-580002