NAME: MUHAMMAD SYAHIR BIN HAMIDON (2016209224)

GROUP: 2C

LECTURERS NAME: MR. NORAZLAN BIN KHALID

DETERMINATION OF AREA

1. Using Trapezoidal Rule

Example 1

The following perpendicular offsets were taken from a chain line to an irregular boundary:

Calculate the area between the chain line and the irregular boundary by trapezoidal rule.

Solution:

Interval, d = 30 m

d
Area, A = 2 [O1 + On + 2(O2 + O3 + + On-1]

30
= 2 [0 + 5.80 + 2(2.65 + 3.80 + 3.75 + 4.65 + 3.60 + 5.00 + 5.80)]

= 790.5 m2

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Example 2

A series of offsets were taken from a survey line to a curved boundary line at intervals of 10
metre in the following order;

0, 2.68, 3.64, 3.70, 4.60, 3.62, 4.84, 5.74

Compute the area between the base line, the curved boundary and end offsets using
Trapezoidal Rule.

Solution:

Interval, d = 10 m

d
Area, A = 2 [O1 + On + 2(O2 + O3 + + On-1]

10
= 2 [0 + 5.74 + 2(2.68 + 3.64 + 3.70 + 4.60 + 3.62 + 4.84]

= 259.5 m2

2
Example 3

Determine the area in hectares between line AB and a meandering stream for offsets taken at
a regular interval of 20 m along the line AB by using trapezoidal rule.

Solution:

Interval, d = 20 m

d
Area, A = 2 [O1 + On + 2(O2 + O3 + + On-1]

20
= 2 [23 + 22 + 2(40 + 42 + 30 + 32 + 60 + 10 + 14)]

= 5010 m2

= 0.5010 hectares

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 2. Using Simpsons Rule

Example 1

The following perpendicular offsets were taken from a chain line to an irregular boundary:

Calculate the area between the chain line and the irregular boundary by Simpsons Rule.

Solution:

Since there are even numbers of offsets (8), Simpsons Rule cannot be applied directly. Area
between 1st and 7th offset has therefore been computed by Simpsons Rule and between 7th
and 8th offset is computed by average ordinate method. The total area will be sum of those
two areas.

Interval, d = 30 m

d
Area, A1 = 3 [O1 + On + 2(O3 + O5) + 4(O2 + O4 + O6)]

30
= 3 [0 + 5.00 + 2(3.80 + 4.65) + 4(2.65 + 3.75 + 3.60)]

= 619 m2

5+ 5.80
Area, A2 = 2 30

= 162 m2

Total Area = 162 + 619 = 781 m2

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Example 2

A series of offsets were taken from a survey line to a curved boundary line at intervals of 10
metre in the following order;

0, 2.68, 3.64, 3.70, 4.60, 3.62, 4.84, 5.74

Compute the area between the base line, the curved boundary and end offsets using
Simpsons Rule.

Solution:

Since the number of ordinates is even, area of between first 7 ordinates will be found by
Simpsons Rule while area between last two ordinates will be found by trapezoidal rule.

d
Area, A1 = 3 [O1 + On + 2(O3 + O5) + 4(O2 + O4 + O6)]

10
= 3 [0 + 4.84 + 2(3.64 + 4.60) + 4(2.68 + 3.70 + 3.62)]

= 204.40 m2

4.84+5.74
10
Area, A2 = 2

= 52.9 m2

Total area = 204.40 + 52.9

= 257.3 m2

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Example 3

Determine the area in hectares between line AB and a meandering stream for offsets taken at
a regular interval of 20 m along the line AB by using Simpsons Rule.

Solution:

Interval, d = 20 m

20
Area, A = 3 [23 + 22 + 4(40 + 30 + 60 + 14) + 2 (42 + 32 + 10)]

20
= 3 [45 + 576 + 168]

= 5260 m2

= 0.5260 hectares

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 3. Using coordinates

Example 1

In a quadrilateral ABCD, the coordinates of the points (in metres) are as follows;

Point East North

A 0 0
B 0 - 893.8
C 634.8 - 728.8
D 1068.4 699.3

Find the area of the figure.

Solution:

Arrange the coordinates in the following manner:

0 0 634.8 1068.4 0
0 - 893.8 - 728.8 699.3 0

1
Area = 2 [0 (-893.8) 0 0 + 0 (-728.8) 634.8 (-893.8) + 634.8 699.3 1068.4

(- 728.8) + 1068.4 0 699.3 0]

1
= 2 [634.8 893.8 + 634.8 699.3 + 1068.4 728.8]

= 894974.9 m2

= 89.4974 hectares

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Example 2

The adjusted coordinates of the successive points of a closed, five sided traverse are given
below.

x (m) 1008 1073 1136 1062 902

y (m) 1008 972 1082 1154 1028

Find the area enclosed within the survey lines.

Solution:

First, the coordinates are arranged as below;

1008 1073 1136 1062 902

1008 972 1082 1154 1028

Using this, we have

P = 1008 972 + 1073 1082 + 1136 1154 + 1062 1028 + 902 1008

= 979776 + 1160985 + 1310944 + 1091736 + 909216

= 5452658

Q = 1008 1073 + 972 1136 + 1082 1062 + 1154 902 + 1028 1008

= 1081584 + 1104192 + 1149084 + 1040908 + 1036224

= 5411992

Hence, the area enclosed is

1 1
2 (P Q) = 2 (5452658 5411992)

= 20333 m2

= 2.0333 hectares

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DETERMINATION OF VOLUME

1. Using Spot Heights

Example 1

Figure shows a borrow pit in the shape of a grid with all the dimensions and reduced levels. If
this area is to be levelled to a constant level of 200.0 m for all the grid corners, calculate the
volume of cut.

Solution:

Point Old Elev. (m) New Elev. Cut (c) Number of cn

(m) Rectangles
(n)
A1 203.5 200.0 3.5 1 3.5
A2 205.6 200.0 5.6 2 11.2
A3 202.1 200.0 2.1 2 4.2
A4 201.9 200.0 1.9 1 1.9
B1 203.9 200.0 3.9 2 7.8
B2 204.0 200.0 4.0 4 16.0
B3 202.8 200.0 2.8 3 8.4
B4 203.7 200.0 3.7 1 3.7
C1 205.2 200.0 5.2 1 5.2
C2 206.3 200.0 6.3 2 12.6
C3 201.3 200.0 1.3 1 1.3
Sum = 75.8

75.8
Volume of cut = 8 12 4

9
= 1819.2 m3

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Example 2

Figure shows a rectangular plot, which is to be excavated to the given reduced level.
Assuming area is subdivided into square method; calculate the volume of earth to be
excavated. (Excavated level = 10 m)

Solution:

Station Reduced Excavated Depth of No of Product

Level Level Excavation Rectangles (h n)
(h) (n)
A 16.54 10.00 6.54 1 6.54
B 17.25 10.00 7.25 2 14.50
C 15.40 10.00 5.40 1 5.40
D 16.32 10.00 6.32 2 12.64
E 12.95 10.00 2.95 4 11.80
F 15.55 10.00 5.55 2 11.10
G 16.17 10.00 6.17 1 6.17
H 15.84 10.00 5.84 2 11.68
I 13.38 10.00 3.38 1 3.38
TOTAL 16 83.21

83.21
Average Excavated Depth = 16

= 5.2 m

Base Area = 25.5 30.0

= 765 m2

Volume to be Excavated = 5.2 765

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 = 3978 m2

2. Using Contours

Example 1

Knowing that the bottom of the reservoir is flat with a level of 800 m AMSL, calculate the
volume of water in the reservoir when it reaches the maximum allowed level which is 840 m
AMSL.

Contour 800 810 820 830 840 850

AMSL
Area (m2) 20365 41735 117120 160340 211210 298140

Solution:

Contour interval: 10 m

L
V= 2 [A800 + A840 + 2(A810 + A820 + A830)]

10
= 2 [20365 + 211210 + 2(41375 + 117120 + 160340)]

= 4346225 m3

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Example 2

The areas within the underwater contour lines of a reservoir are as follows:

Contour
184 182 180 178 176 174 172
(m)
Areas
3125 2454 1630 890 223 110 69
(m2)

Calculate the volume of water in the reservoir between 172 m and 184 m contours.

Solution:

L
Volume = 2 [A184 + A172 + 2(A174 + A176 + A178 + A180 + A182)]

2
= 2 [3125 + 69 + 2(110 + 223 + 890 + 1630 + 2454)]

= 13808 m3

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 3. Using Cross Section

Example 1

Calculate the cubic content of an embankment of which the cross-sectional areas at 15 m

intervals are as follows:

Distance
0 15 30 45 60 75 90
(m)
Area
11 42 64 73 160 180 220
(m2)

Solution:

15
Volume = 3 [11 + 220 + 4(42 + 72 + 180) + 2(64 + 160)]

= 5 (231 + 1176 + 448)

= 9275 m3

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Example 2

A road embankment is 8 m wide and 200 m in length, at the formation level, with a side slope
of 1.5:1. The embankment has a rising gradient of 1 in 100 m. the ground levels at every 50
m along the centre line are as follows:

The formation level of zero chainage is 166.0 m. Calculate the volume of the earthwork.

Solution:

Rising gradient is 1 in 100 m. Formation level increases by 0.5 m for every 50 m distance.

We known that area of a cross section is given by

A= ( b+sh ) h

Hence,

A 1=( 8+ 1.5 1.5 ) 1.5=15.375 m2

A 2=( 8+ 1.5 1.3 ) 1.3=12.935 m2

2
A 3=( 8+1.5 0.2 ) 0.2=1.66 m

2
A 4 =( 8+1.5 0.5 ) 0.5=4.375 m

A 5=( 8+1.5 0.8 ) 0.8=7.360 m2

Interval, L = 50 m

15
 L
Volume = 2 [A1 + A5 + 2(A2 + A3 + A4)]

50
= 2 [15.375 + 7.360 + 2(12.935 + 1.66 + 4.375)] = 1516.875 m3

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REFERENCES

1. Duggal, S. K. (2013). Surveying, Volume 1 (Fourth Edition). New Delhi, India:

McGraw-Hill Education (India) Private Limited.
2. Venkatramaiah, C. (1996). Textbook of Surveying. Hyderabad, India: Universities
Press (India) Limited.
3. Bhavikatti, S. S. (2008). Surveying and Levelling, Volume 1. New Delhi, India: I.K.
International Publishing House Pvt. Ltd.
4. http://ecoursesonline.iasri.res.in/mod/page/view.php?id=128295
5. http://eagri.tnau.ac.in/eagri50/AENG151/lec06.pdf
6. https://www.slideshare.net/kmasz/topic-2-area-volume
7. https://www.slideshare.net/riezatbepe/area-and-volume-survey-engineering-rz

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