LEVEL 1 6. The passage concentrates on ----.

A) what one should do in a dangerous

When you (I) ---- something that is very hot you
situation
usually drop it immediately. You do not have to
B) the fact that human beings seldom
think about it and decide to drop it. You (II) ----
react instantly when they face danger
drop it. However, you do have to think about
C) two main groups of human action
some actions. For example, you might decide
D) different reactions to hot objects
to walk to school (III) ---- taking the bus. You
E) decision-making
think about it and decide to do it. Actions like
this, that you choose to make, are called
7. According to the passage, by
voluntary actions. But actions that you make
involuntary action is meant an action -
(IV) ---- having to think about them, (V) ----
---.
dropping a hot object, are called involuntary
or reflex actions.
A) which follows a long process of
thinking
1. I
B) that doesnt take place fairly quickly
A) make up
C) which is the result of a choice made
B) pick up
D) in which no thinking at all is involved
C) take up
E) that is immediately followed by a
D) use up
series of other actions
E) keep up
8. According to the passage, if one thinks
2. II
about something and comes to a
A) also
decision about what to do, ----.
B) however
C) thus
A) the action that results is called a
D) as yet
voluntary action
E) just
B) this is what is often called a reflex
action
3. III
C) this means ones reflex actions are
A) despite
strong
B) as well as
D) one is not likely to change ones mind
C) instead of
E) the likelihood is that a wrong action is
D) as of
almost impossible
E) only

4. IV
A) by
B) for
C) in
D) through
E) without

5. V
A) besides
B) as regards
C) while
D) owing to
E) such as

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Life on a submarine may, to many people,
sound fascinating. (I) ----, it is, in fact, horribly
boring. Except for the commanding officers, a
day aboard a submarine consists (II) ----six
hours on duty, six hours off, day after day, for
months. This being the case, every effort is
made to ensure (III) ---- the lives of the men
are as pleasant as possible. The meals are
exceptionally good, and there is a daily film,
shown at a specific time, on television around
the submarine. In return, the crew is always
expected (IV) ---- perfectly all the time. A
mistake is quite unforgivable. In fact, a
favourite saying is Theres room for everything
on a submarine (V) ---- a mistake.
14. We learn from the passage that,
contrary to what a lot of people expect,
----.
A) life on a submarine is extremely
rewarding for the crew
B) submarines have every imaginable
facility for entertaining the crew
C) boredom is a major problem for the
crew of a submarine
D) there is comparatively little work to be
done on a submarine
E) the officers on a submarine share the
same duties as the other members of
the crew

9. I 15. The writer of the passage emphasises

A) For example that, on a submarine, ----.
B) Though
C) However A) there is every opportunity for officers to
D) Despite have a pleasant life
E) Therefore B) every member of the crew helps to
prepare the meals
10. II C) everyone works six hours a day
A) at D) life never gets boring for the crew
B) of E) everything is to be done faultlessly
C) by
D) in 16. It is clear from the passage that it is
E) from almost impossible ----.

11. III A) to make life aboard a submarine fully

A) which fascinating
B) whether B) for officers to establish a friendship
C) who with other members of the crew
D) that C) for everyone to be aware of night and
E) it day
D) for the commanding officers to make a
12. IV mistake
A) performed E) for any member of the crew to be on
B) performing duty more than six hours
C) to be performed
D) having performed
E) to perform

13. V
A) except for
B) as a result of
C) besides
D) in addition to
E) in case of

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New Guinea is home (I) ---- some of the 22. We learn from the passage that New
worlds strangest creatures. (II) ----, there is a Guinea ----.
special species of kangaroo that lives in trees.
There are also lizards that are five metres long, A) has actually fewer bird species than it
and butterflies that are as big as dinner plates. formerly had
New Guinea is an island hardly any larger than B) is in many respects very similar to
the state of Texas, but it has as many bird Texas
species (III) ---- are to be found, for example, in C) owes its characteristic physical
the whole of North America. This is partly due features to glaciers
to the fact that it has largely remained isolated D) is an island with a remarkable range of
from the rest of the world. But it is (IV) ---- due climatic features
to the fact that it has an incredible variety of E) is gradually increasing its contacts with
ecological features, ranging (V) ---- tropical rain North America
forests to glaciers.
23. According to the passage, kangaroos
17. I that live in trees ----.
A) through
B) to A) are very commonly to be seen in rain
C) on forests everywhere
D) in B) are only on the increase in New
E) from Guinea
C) are just one example of the odd
18. II creatures to be found in New Guinea
A) However D) are a threat to the bird population of
B) Thus New Guinea
C) Because E) are considerably smaller than the
D) As well average kangaroo
E) For instance
24. The writer points out that one of the
19. III reasons why there are very many
A) more different kinds of birds in New Guinea
B) most is ----.
C) as
D) such A) that the climatic conditions of the
E) which island are suitable for rain forests
B) the fact that many migrate there for
20. IV the winter from North America
A) already C) that the island is a protected
B) yet environment, and new species are
C) at least constantly being taken there
D) also D) that this island has mostly been cut off
E) too from the rest of the world
E) the fact that there is very little else of
21. V interest regarding wildlife
A) from
B) by
C) at
D) in
E) for

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Einstein developed his famous theory of 30. As we learn from the passage,
relativity shortly after 1900. It was an Einsteins theory of relativity ----.
enormous improvement over Newtons views,
(I) ---- it explained many things that Newton A) was confined to the study of the
could not. It showed the close connection (II) -- structure of the atom
-- space, time and gravity. And it (III) ---- B) gave clarity to various phenomena
surprising predictions. One of them was that that Newton had failed to explain
matter and energy could be changed (IV) ---- C) gave very little importance to the role
each other. The two are simply different forms of gravity in the universe
of (V) ---- thing. This idea enabled man to split D) was developed, in the first place, to
the atom and later to obtain large amounts of open up new sources of energy
nuclear energy. E) was basically unrelated to Newtons
theories
25. I
A) in fact 31. According to the passage, it was at
B) since about the turn of the 20th century that --
C) before --.
D) unless
E) even though A) the splitting of the atom was achieved
B) fresh sources of energy were
26. II discovered
A) for C) the relativity theory was first put
B) to forward by Einstein
C) into D) time and space were finally
D) from recognized as indestructible
E) between E) Newtons theory of gravity was
recognized as correct in all respects
27. III
A) looked over 32. We understand from the passage that
B) broke out one of the benefits of Einsteins
C) played down relativity theory ----.
D) cut out
E) led to A) was to show the potential danger of
the splitting of the atom
28. IV B) has been to make space exploration
A) into possible in our time
B) of C) was that it proved Newtons views
C) for were quite wrong
D) about D) was to explain the separateness of
E) on matter and energy
E) has been the discovery of a new
29. V source of energy
A) such
B) so
C) the same
D) too
E) the

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The Lovell Telescope is the worlds oldest and 38. It is pointed out in the passage that the
most (I) ---- radio telescope. It consists of a Lovell Telescope ----.
giant white dish supported at a great height on
a large and complicated structure of steel. The A) only picks up signals effectively when
telescope can pick up signals in the universe the angle of the dish is in line with
that are 10 billion light years (II) ----. And so it them
is truly extraordinary. The steel structure that B) can pick up signals that are an
carries it, (III) ----, has the usual and very immense distance away
ordinary disadvantage of being liable to rust. C) is no longer the worlds most sensitive
This of course means that it (IV) ---- regularly. radio telescope
Painting this, however, is not an ordinary or a D) does not need to be supported at a
simple task. The men who do the painting (V) - great height in order to function
--- a special training which includes rescue efficiently
work. As they do the painting, the men work E) is old and so less efficient than it used
from ropes as this is the method which has to be
been found to be the safest way of working at
a height. 39. Its clear from the passage that the steel
structure supporting the Lovell
Telescope ----.
33. I
A) sensitive A) should have been given a less
B) absolute complicated design
C) conductive B) turned out to be more expensive than
D) conceptual had been estimated
E) tiny C) has to be replaced completely at
regular intervals
34. II D) presents a serious maintenance
A) outward problem
B) away E) has to be painted at least once a year
C) above
D) out of 40. It is clear from the passage that the
E) onto work of painting the steel structure of
this telescope ----.
35. III
A) besides A) requires special skills and is also
B) however comparatively dangerous
C) as B) is quite straightforward once the
D) therefore method has been learned
E) when C) requires the removal of the dish
D) is relatively easy but extremely boring
36. IV E) can be done by anyone who knows
A) would be painted how to paint
B) is to paint
C) had been painted
D) will paint
E) has to be painted

37. V
A) give
B) should have been given
C) have give
D) are given
E) had been given

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The first question to ask (I) ---- fiction is: Why
bother to read it? With life as short as it is, with
so many pressing demands on our time, with
books of information, instruction and
discussion waiting to be read, why should we
spend (II) ---- time on works of fiction? The
eternal answers (III) ---- this question are two:
enjoyment and understanding. Since the
invention of language, men (IV) ---- pleasure in
following and participating in the imaginary
adventures and imaginary experiences of
imaginary people. Whatever serves to make
life less tedious, to make the hours pass more
quickly and pleasurably, surely needs nothing
else to recommend it. Enjoyment is the first
aim and (V) ---- of reading fiction.
46. One point emphasized in the passage is
that ----.
A) life, since it is short, shouldnt be
wasted in trivial reading
B) informative books, as opposed to
fiction, are what one should read
C) non-fictional books are the only ones
worth reading
D) the reading of fiction provides people
with a great deal of enjoyment
E) through fiction our knowledge of other
people is distorted
47. According to the passage, fiction has,
from very early times, ----.

A) always been regarded as superior to

41. I other kinds of writing
A) within B) usually been limited to the description
B) around of human adventures
C) against C) been regarded as harmful to the
D) about development of man
E) among D) been a reliable source for the
instruction of man
42. II E) had a great appeal for man
A) considerable
B) precious 48. In the passage, books ----.
C) rough
D) former A) that deal with imaginary situations are
E) wasteful considered to be a waste of time
B) that give us information are regarded
43. III as the best kind
A) in C) are divided into two main kinds:
B) under fictional and non-fictional
C) at D) that deal with human experiences are
D) to classed as books of instruction
E) during E) are regarded merely as a means to
make time pass enjoyably
44. IV
A) had taken
B) took
C) take
D) will take
E) have taken

45. V
A) opponent
B) delivery
C) justification
D) authorship
E) creativity

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On the third day of the new year newspapers
began to report that strange things (I) ---- to
happen in the heavens, and everyone grew
excited. A Planetary Collision, one London
paper headed the news, and proclaimed that
probably a strange new planet (II) ---- with
Neptune. The leader writers of various other
newspapers enlarged upon the topic. (III) ----,
in most of the capitals of the world, on January
3rd, there was an expectation, however vague,
of some approaching phenomenon in the sky;
and as the night followed the sunset round the
globe, thousands of people turned their eyes
skyward to see, (IV) ---- what they had
expected, nothing more exciting than the old
familiar stars (V) ---- they had always been.
54. As it is clear from the passage, all that
anyone saw on the night of January 3rd
was ----.
A) the familiar stars shining with
extraordinary brightness
B) the collision of Neptune with a new
planet
C) the usual night sky
D) an unknown planet passing close to
Neptune
E) what they interpreted as the birth of a
new planet
55. We understand from the passage that
there was a great deal of excitement
everywhere ----.

49. I A) because an unknown planet had been

A) were starting detected from various parts of the
B) will have started world
C) have started B) as soon as the new planet
D) would have started approached Neptune
E) are starting C) even before the planetary collision
took place
50. II D) when newspapers announced that a
A) may have collided collision of two planets was to be
B) collides expected
C) had collided E) as many phenomena had been
D) has collided observed in the skies on January 3rd
E) would collide
56. One can conclude from the passage
51. III that the whole affair of planets colliding
A) On grounds ----.
B) However
C) Even so A) aroused little interest among the
D) As a result people in the world
E) For example B) was based on scientific facts and
observations
52. IV C) was all imaginary, and made up by
A) much as the newspapers
B) compared to D) was apparently only of interest to the
C) as to newspapers
D) even E) was the reason why so many people
E) contrary to panicked

53. V
A) yet
B) just as
C) accordingly
D) rather than
E) once

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The invention of the printing press (I) ---- the
Renaissance, together with improved methods
of manufacturing paper, made possible the
rapid spread of knowledge. In 1476, William
Caxton (II) ---- Englands first printing press at
Westminster, a part of London. By 1640, that
press and others (III) ---- more than 26, 000
different works and editions. (IV) ---- the
printing press and the increased availability of
books, literacy increased. It is estimated that
by 1530 (V) ---- half the population of England
was literate.
62. We understand from the passage that
paper production methods ----.
A) had, prior to the introduction of the
printing press, been relatively poor
B) had, for many years, been a serious
concern for Caxton
C) improved rapidly around the year
1640
D) contributed to the reduction in the
printing costs of books
E) in Renaissance England were far
ahead of those in other countries

57. I 63. It is pointed out in the passage that,

A) at during the Renaissance, more and more
B) during people ----.
C) for
D) to A) began to settle in London, particularly
E) of in the neighbourhood of Westminster
B) were setting up printing presses
58. II C) began to collect the early editions of
A) made out the books printed by Caxton
B) took after D) realized the need to improve methods
C) turned down of paper production
D) set up E) began to read and write as more
E) moved on books were printed and easy to obtain

59. III 64. It is clear from the passage that from

A) would print the time of Caxton to the mid-17th
B) will print century ----.
C) have printed
D) are printing A) there was no progress whatsoever in
E) had printed the techniques of printing
B) most books were only popular for a
60. IV few months
A) For C) a remarkable variety of books became
B) Among available in England
C) With D) Englands population nearly doubled
D) Over E) the number of literate people
E) Between remained the same

61. V
A) much
B) more than
C) many
D) rather
E) in excess

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The tension between financial growth and
social instability in 19th-century Victorian
England (I) ---- its literature. Prosperity brought
a great number of new readers, with money to
spend (II) ---- books and periodicals. In this
period, when few people went to the theatre or
concerts, literature functioned (III) ---- a
primary source of entertainment. Writers had
available an audience eager to read and willing
to pay. (IV) ----, writers were respected more
than at any time in English literary history. The
masses knew and loved the works of the most
famous, (V) ---- the wealthy sought their
friendship. Major Victorian writers had the
attention of political and social leaders, and
when they spoke, they were listened to.
70. It is pointed out in the passage that, in
Victorian England, ----.
A) it was the masses, rather than the
wealthy, who were hit hard by the
economic decline
B) theatres were popular places of
entertainment and attracted large
audiences
C) politicians virtually ignored the
opinions expressed by the writers of
the period
D) reading was a popular pastime for
everyone
E) there was a remarkable degree of
social harmony between the classes

71. It is clear from the passage that, in the

65. I Victorian age, leading writers ----.
A) declined
B) torn A) mainly concerned themselves with the
C) enjoyed problems of the masses
D) articulated B) were much respected by politicians
E) influenced and could influence them
C) often made a career for themselves in
66. II politics as they grew older
A) at D) aimed to entertain rather than to
B) of instruct and guide
C) to E) were eager to make theatre-going
D) in more popular
E) on
72. We understand from the passage that
67. III Victorian literature ----.
A) through
B) as A) was affected by the economic and
C) by social issues of the age
D) to B) was primarily written about and for the
E) for wealthy
C) deliberately avoided political and
68. IV social issues
A) In addition D) is not generally regarded as a
B) Afterwards significant part of English literary
C) Thereby history
D) Still E) has never been of much interest to
E) For instance the masses

69. V
A) despite
B) if
C) unless
D) while
E) as well as

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Elephants have to keep in touch (I) ---- large 78. We understand from the passage that,
distances. (II) ---- they are out of hearing range when elephants are a good distance
of one another, in forests or the great plains of apart, they ----.
East Africa, they are often spotted moving in
the same direction. Sometimes they seem to A) become nervous and stamp their feet
stand still in their tracks and move their feet up B) feel very insecure
and down, which leads some scientists to C) can still communicate with each other
believe they have sensitive cells in their feet. D) try many different ways of making
(III) ---- cells would enable them to pick up low contact with each other
frequency vibrations (IV) ---- the ground, waves E) feel exposed to attack
that travel distances of (V) ---- 16 km.
79. As it is clear from the passage, some
73. I scientists are of the opinion that ----.
A) of
B) with A) the sensitive cells in the feet of
C) into elephants serve a wide variety of
D) above functions
E) across B) the power of elephants to
communicate is very weak
74. II C) some elephants have adapted
A) Moreover themselves well to the specific
B) Since environmental conditions of East
C) As though Africa
D) Even when D) it is not natural for elephants to move
E) As in the same direction
E) elephants have cells in their feet that
75. III are sensitive to vibrations
A) Some
B) This 80. According to the passage, one
C) Such scientific assumption about elephants
D) Even is that ----.
E) Rather
A) the forest lands and plains of East
76. IV Africa is their ideal environment
A) over B) they can sense all levels of vibration
B) from equally well
C) for C) the up-and-down movement of their
D) as feet is a means of communication
E) by D) their sense of hearing enables them
to pick up sounds up to 16 km away
77. V E) their whole body is covered with
A) up to extremely sensitive cells
B) so
C) most
D) very
E) more

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Crows are black birds, and they are very ugly. 86. From the passage, we learn ----.
But they are also very clever. Or perhaps, (I) --
-- they have extremely long lives, they have A) all about the life-style of the crow
time in which to collect a great deal of B) why the crow lives longer than most
information. (II) ----, they have developed an other birds
excellent method of getting walnuts (III) ---- C) how the crow manages to eat the soft,
their shells. The first stage was to drop them inside part of the walnut
from a height. If they fell on a soft surface they D) how the crows habits are a threat to
didnt break; if they fell on a hard surface like a the driver
road, they often did. If they didnt, however, E) why birds are often described as
passing cars would crush the walnuts. But one brainless
problem (IV) ----. It is difficult for a crow to eat
crushed walnuts when a lot of cars are 87. According to the passage, crows ----.
passing. In the end, this problem, (V) ----, was
solved. They started to drop the walnuts just A) have developed various ingenious
ahead of the traffic lights. ways to break walnuts
B) are a major threat to safety on roads
C) are mostly killed by passing cars while
81. I they are feeding
A) since D) avoid eating walnuts even though
B) unless they are crushed by cars
C) no matter E) are generally attracted by the traffic
D) once lights because of their colours
E) although
88. The passage suggests that the long
82. II natural life span of the crow ----.
A) Nevertheless
B) By the time A) is the result of its healthy eating habits
C) Otherwise B) is necessary since so many are killed
D) For instance on the roads
E) Seeing as C) is important because it enables them
to collect and test a lot of facts
83. III D) gives them an advantage over other
A) by birds
B) along E) has never been proved
C) of
D) for
E) out of

84. IV
A) fluctuated
B) repeated
C) remained
D) assisted
E) affected

85. V
A) so
B) too
C) neither
D) nor
E) either

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Radical changes in the life of western society 94. According to the passage, the 18th and
th
were (I) ---- by the new technical inventions of 19 centuries in the West ----.
the18th and 19th centuries, which resulted (II) -
--- a gradual but complete reorganisation of the A) encouraged domestic industry to
productive process. This is generally known as develop alongside the reorganisation
the Industrial Revolution. The (III) ---- feature of industry
of this industrial revolution was the increasing B) saw great technical advances which
specialisation of labour and, with it, the led to comprehensive changes in the
removal of more and more industries from the production process
home to the factory. At the same time, a C) experienced a great economic and
growing number of activities such as baking, industrial decline
soap making and dressmaking were (IV) ---- by D) were a time when working conditions
industry. These changes (V) ---- affected the were greatly improved
lives of women. Many of them worked in the E) gave priority to domestic industries
new factories for very low wages and for
excessively long hours; others worked at home 95. It is pointed out in the passage that one
for manufacturers. of the most important changes
introduced by the Industrial Revolution
was ----.
89. I
A) used up A) the reorganisation of working
B) settled down conditions for women
C) sent off B) the improvement of the position of
D) kept off women in society
E) brought about C) the development of such domestic
skills as baking and soap making
90. II D) the gradual rise of specialised labour
A) as E) an unprecedented increase in wages
B) on
C) in 96. The writer makes the point that the
D) at Industrial Revolution ----.
E) for
A) had little effect on traditional
91. III production methods
A) outstanding B) had a totally destructive effect upon
B) appalling the social structure
C) factual C) encouraged domestic activities, in
D) optional particular dressmaking
E) extinct D) led to the building of very many
factories just for women workers
92. IV E) had a great effect on the way of life in
A) depended upon the West
B) carried away
C) played up
D) taken over
E) held out

93. V
A) generously
B) attentively
C) meticulously
D) vainly
E) profoundly

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The fire that (I) ---- London in 1666 is always 102. According to the passage, when
referred to quite simply as The Great Fire. It The Great Fire began, ----.
began in a bakers shop, and seemed at first to
be unimportant. But (II) ---- some time the A) most people were still asleep and
weather had been hot and dry, and the section knew nothing about it
of London in which it began was full of old B) the bakers shop was empty
wooden buildings which were very close C) everyone expected the baker to deal
together. (III) ----, there was a strong wind with it himself
which carried burning pieces of wood (IV) ---- D) people started to panic and run away
the roofs of distant houses, and the fire spread E) people did not realize that it was
rapidly. Fire-fighting techniques were primitive: going to spread as it did
long lines of men passing buckets of water to
each other were useless. When the wind 103. We understand from the passage
stopped and the fire was finally (V) ----, four- that the fire could only be controlled ----
fifths of the city had gone and nearly a quarter .
of a million people had lost their homes.
A) through the united efforts of everyone
in London
97. I B) after the wind had stopped
A) died out C) with the help of large amounts of
B) kept down water
C) passed away D) in areas where the buildings were far
D) dropped out apart
E) swept across E) after they knocked down houses to
stop it spreading
98. II
A) away 104. It is clear from the passage that by
B) off the time the fire had been put out, ----.
C) from
D) for A) there was no water left in the city
E) on B) the people of London were all without
homes
99. III C) most of London had been burnt down
A) Since D) very few people were left in London
B) Moreover E) no wooden buildings were left
C) Due to standing
D) Though
E) However

100. IV
A) with
B) to
C) about
D) through
E) by

101. V
A) gave off
B) pointed out
C) broken through
D) looked down
E) put out

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An entrepreneur is a risk-bearer. The risks 109. V
taken by entrepreneurs (I) ---- uncertainty. A) for
Economic conditions are always changing, and B) from
past experience is not (II) ---- any good guide C) upon
to future prospects. Most production is D) without
undertaken in anticipation of demand. Firms E) towards
will produce those things which they believe
will (III) ---- a profit they do not know that they 110. The main point made in the passage
will do (IV) ----, because the future is unknown. is that the entrepreneur ----.
Entrepreneurs must bear the costs involved
during the time which elapses between the A) can never be sure that any venture
decision to produce and the eventual will succeed until it has actually done
marketing of the commodity. They must pay so
rent for their land, interest on money borrowed, B) makes a loss as often as he makes a
wages to labour and meet the costs of profit
materials. These payments must be made (V) - C) soon becomes a good judge of
--- any certainty that the costs will be covered economic trends and rarely makes
by receipts. If the sales revenue exceeds their mistakes
expenses, the entrepreneurs will make a profit D) is a sound businessman and doesnt
if not, they must bear the loss. take risks
E) is prepared to pay high interest on
105. I money borrowed
A) arise from
B) get on 111. According to the passage, a great
C) turn off many expenses have to be met by the
D) cope with entrepreneur ----.
E) run out
A) and these increase dramatically once
106. II the product is on the market
A) highly B) but he is sure that his profits will
B) urgently exceed his expenses
C) hardly C) but the biggest one is labour costs
D) desperately D) before a product even goes onto the
E) necessarily market
E) and he is very rarely offered a loan
107. III
A) share 112. We understand from the passage
B) gain that the success or failure of a product -
C) yield ---.
D) lose
E) retain A) is always purely a matter of luck
B) is closely related to the quality of the
108. IV materials used
A) even C) can be fairly accurately judged soon
B) so after it goes into production
C) just D) is of little importance to the
D) such experienced entrepreneur
E) like E) becomes apparent only after it has
gone onto the market

14 www.remzihoca.com
The loss of job satisfaction, particularly in the 118. It is pointed out in the passage that,
manufacturing industries, is raising some especially in the manufacturing
serious social problems. (I) ---- solve these industries, ----.
problems, managers in many industrial
countries are seriously considering various A) workers are perfectly satisfied with
projects aimed (II) ---- job enrichment. There assembly line conditions
are attempts (III) ---- the role and B) great efforts are being made to give
responsibilities of the workers. Several workers more job satisfaction
factories have tried to abolish the assembly C) workers are asking for higher wages,
line by reorganizing production so that teams as they are being given more
of workers are responsible for assembling the responsibilities
entire product (or a major component of it). D) the teams cannot organize
Each team is free to decide how the various themselves, so management has to
tasks (IV) ---- and the speed (V) ---- the job is assist them
carried out. Within each team the jobs may be E) the rotation of jobs within the team
rotated so as to increase the element of variety has caused work to slow down
in the work.
119. We understand from the passage
that in several factories the assembly
113. I line is ----.
A) In addition to
B) With a view to A) being replaced by teams of workers
C) Prior to who assemble either the whole or
D) In order to main part of a product
E) Thanks to B) coming back into fashion as workers
find the work easier and less
114. II demanding
A) about C) still being retained since it is the ideal
B) at training ground for new workers
C) in D) still used when procedures are
D) onto particularly complicated
E) by E) felt to produce a higher standard of
product, allowing manufacturers to
115. III make a higher profit
A) having enlarged
B) enlarged 120. It is clear from the passage that,
C) to enlarge under the new teamwork system,
D) to have enlarged workers ----.
E) enlarging
A) have the opportunity of being
116. IV promoted and even becoming
A) will be allocated managers
B) have allocate B) find they can work faster than they
C) had been allocated expected
D) was allocated C) carry more responsibility and are fully
E) allocate involved in the process of decision-
making
117. V D) need a more thorough training period
A) whom E) have more responsibility in theory, but
B) at which not in practice
C) whether
D) when
E) that

15 www.remzihoca.com
Fertility rates in the West (I) ---- for more than a 125. V
century, and so following World War II, A) devious
demographers expected only a modest B) omnipresent
increase. What happened instead was the C) prosperous
baby boom. Since then, scientists have been D) elaborate
arguing about the causes. The best-known E) legitimate
explanation comes from economist Richard A.
Easterlin of the University of Southern 126. It can be inferred from the passage
California. He (II) ---- that the baby boom (III) -- that ----.
-- the unprecedented mix of three
developments: an expansion of the economy, A) population growth in the past enabled
restricted immigration since the mid-1920s, the present economic growth
and a (IV) ---- small group of new job seekers B) scientists have suggested various
because of low fertility in the late1920s and ways to stop the baby boom
1930s. This combination created unusually C) high fertility rates in the West were the
good job prospects for young people after cause of World War II
World War II, and so feeling more (V) ---- than D) it is not always easy to explain
their parents, they married earlier and had population growth as there are
more children. various factors to consider
E) fertility rates tend to increase after
121. I great disasters such as wars
A) had been falling
B) is falling 127. As it is stated in the passage, the
C) will be falling baby boom ----.
D) was falling
E) have been falling A) resulted from a mixture of
developments that happened during
122. II the war
A) argues B) occurred just before World War II
B) boosts broke out
C) arouses C) had a negative effect on the
D) results prosperity of people
E) simulates D) could be explained by the number of
people of marrying age
123. III E) was the result of unusually good job
A) breaks into prospects
B) cuts off
C) tries out 128. The reason why young people
D) looks up married early and had more children is
E) results from that they ----.

124. IV A) felt much better off economically than

A) universally their parents
B) carefully B) learnt many people died
C) oficially unnecessarily in World War II
D) relatively C) saw that there were very few people
E) bitterly looking for jobs
D) thought their children would find well-
paid jobs
E) wanted to contribute to the welfare of
the world by having more children

16 www.remzihoca.com
Essentially, memory is the process of learning 133. V
information, storing it, and then having the A) in
ability to recall it (I) ---- needed (II) ---- to B) for
solve problems, tell stories, or save yourself on C) of
the witness stand. Learning begins with those D) by
power connections in your brain: neurons firing E) into
messages to one another. Your ability to
process information is determined by the 134. According to the passage, memory
junctions (III) ---- those neurons, called is used to ----.
synapses. The ability of brain cells to speak
to one another is strengthened or weakened as A) receive, retain and remember
you use them. Essentially, (IV) ---- you use information
those synapses, the stronger they get and the B) learn how to save yourself on the
more rapidly they increase. Thats why you witness stand
may have strong neural pathways for your C) find out whether problems can be
family history or weak ones for 1980s music solved or not
trivia. That also gives you a little insight (V) ---- D) tell stories in order to make others
how you remember things. If something is laugh
exciting to you, then you learn it faster and E) provide someone with the ability to
train those synapses to make stronger memorize
connections.
135. The term synapses refers to ----.
129. I
A) although A) the process of being able to speak to
B) when one another
C) yet B) the messages sent from one part of
D) as if the body to another
E) after C) the ability of the brain to heal itself
D) processes that take place outside the
130. II brain
A) both E) the connections between message-
B) not only firing neurons
C) such
D) as 136. We can learn from the passage that
E) whether ----.

131. III A) the ability of brain cells to send

A) between messages to one another hardly ever
B) at changes
C) about B) the more you use synapses, the
D) from weaker they become
E) for C) you tend to remember your family
history as equally as things you find
132. IV uninteresting
A) much D) there is a correlation between the
B) more frequency of using junctions and
C) the more recalling information
D) most E) the ability to process information is
E) the most determined by the physical size of the
brain

17 www.remzihoca.com
The global market for coffee has failed, and
needs a complete overhaul (I) ---- farmers can
get more for their beans. The plunging price of
coffee (II) ---- the past decade has certainly
caused regrettable misery for many farmers.
Big coffee companies now stand accused (III) -
--- placing profits before people. If efforts are
made to (IV) ---- the profits, the companies will
almost certainly fight back to keep up their
excessive profits. It is likely that they will win
(V) ---- the trade barriers set by rich countries
means that it is hard for coffee farmers to
change over and grow other crops.
142. According to the passage, one of
the problems faced by coffee farmers is
----.
A) that the consumption of coffee around
the world is declining rapidly
B) the trade barriers filed by wealthy
countries
C) the rising costs of labor and marketing
D) that the supply of coffee on the global
market is in excess of the demand
E) the urgent need to update their
methods of farming

143. As it is pointed out in the passage,

137. I over the past ten years or so, the
A) if condition of coffee farmers ----.
B) in case
C) so that A) has worsened with the falling market
D) when price of coffee
E) but B) has fluctuated greatly as crops have
varied so much
138. II C) has attracted a great deal of public
A) with attention
B) about D) has been sympathetically heeded by
C) by the big coffee companies
D) from E) has forced many of them to find other
E) over ways of making a livelihood

139. III 144. It is clear from the passage that the

A) by big coffee companies ----.
B) upon
C) below A) have mostly agreed to bring down the
D) of retail price of coffee
E) over B) recognize the need for massive
changes in the production and
140. IV marketing of coffee
A) cut down on C) are not likely to yield to demands and
B) draw up pressure to reduce their profits
C) pull out D) cannot afford to pay the coffee
D) go through farmers a higher price for their beans
E) hold on E) are largely responsible for the decline
in coffee sales.
141. V
A) on account of
B) besides
C) until
D) despite
E) because

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Throughout the history of music, composers 150. The main point made in the passage
have always sought to find new and original (I) is that, if there is to be any progress in
---- of expression. Without this urge no music, ----.
progress (II) ----. In our modem age, the desire
to experiment is stronger than it ever was A) a wide variety of taste must be taken
before. This is partly because the instability of into account
world affairs has (III) ---- a feeling of unrest and B) the traditional modes of expression
insecurity, and partly because more people are must be respected
being better educated and concerned with C) efforts must be made to please all
culture. The arts are now, as a result, more sections of society
sophisticated, even more artificial. In the past D) new and innovative ways of
the ideal was the natural and spontaneous expression must be searched for
expression of beauty, but it (IV) ---- is. In order E) a composer must seek the natural
to avoid the obvious and the commonplace, and spontaneous expression of
some composers have, perhaps, moved too beauty
(V) ---- the main stream of music, and this has
sometimes led to eccentricity. But there is a 151. One can conclude from the passage
positive side to all this: there is a healthy lack that modem music ----.
of complacency.
A) has been adversely affected by the
145. I present prevailing intellectual
A) aims atmosphere
B) urgency B) owes much of its appeal to the
C) freedom spontaneity and simplicity of its
D) doubt expression
E) means C) has been less affected by the spread
of education and culture than the
146. II
other arts
A) could have been made
D) has isolated itself from the realities
B) makes
and the developments of our time
C) had made
E) is to a greater extent than ever before
D) have made
both experimental and sophisticated
E) may have made
152. The writer suggests that the desire
147. III
of some composers to avoid the
A) given rise to
traditional forms of music ----.
B) stood by
C) cast aside
A) has resulted in their growing
D) got away
complacency
E) followed up
B) has been the key to their
148. IV unprecedented popularity
A) already C) may have had a harmful effect upon
B) no longer some of their works
C) at any rate D) has been misunderstood by the better
D) for short educated people
E) currently E) has been far more harmful than
beneficial
149. V
A) out of
B) along with
C) to
D) up to
E) far from

19 www.remzihoca.com
The term intelligence is often used by
biologists (I) ---- synonymous with the capacity
to learn. An animal that learns to adapt itself to
a wide range of situations is said to be more
intelligent than one (II) ---- behaviour is largely
governed by instinct. In psychology, on the
other hand, so wide a definition is not
satisfactory. The simpler forms of teaming, at
least, can scarcely be said to manifest
intelligence in any sense remotely consistent
(III) ---- the ordinary meaning of the term. It is
customary, therefore, to (IV) ---- between
learning of a more or less repetitive and
mechanical type and the solving of genuinely
new problems by creative means. It is the latter
(V) ---- the former that we ordinarily ascribe to
intelligence and most psychologists allow their
definition of this term to be guided by popular
usage.
158. This passage emphasizes the fact
that the term Intelligence ----.
A) should not be applied to any animals
as they are motivated by Instincts
B) is used by biologists to describe the
ability of animals to adapt to a given
situation and so team
C) is frequently wrongly used and should
therefore be avoided altogether
D) should be avoided by psychologists
as there is so much disagreement
about its meaning
E) must be applied to all forms of
learning from the simplest to the most
complicated
159. In this passage, a sharp distinction
is drawn between ----.

153. I A) intelligence and the ability to learn as

A) as regards the animal world
B) on B) the term "intelligence" as the ordinary
C) like people use it and as most
D) in psychologists use it
E) of C) the repetitive and the mechanical
types of learning
154. II
D) teaming that Is repetitive and
A) which
mechanical and that which is creative
B) that
and original
C) where
E) the less intelligent animal species and
D) when
the more intelligent ones
E) whose
160. According to the passage, in the
155. III
animal kingdom, the less Intelligent
A) of
animals ----.
B) for
C) by
A) team to adapt to new situations more
D) at
quickly than the more intelligent ones
E) with
B) are stimulated when they face a new
156. IV situation
A) oscillate C) are those whose actions are mainly
B) distinguish controlled by their instincts
C) identify D) are more suited to mechanical type
D) customize teaming than to other types
E) diversify E) have many advantages over the more
intelligent ones
157. V
A) according to
B) in spite of
C) irrespective of
D) on behalf of
E) rather than

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Restorative justice does not ask 'how do we 165. V
punish?', but instead asks 'how do we get A) ruin
people to take responsibility for what they have B) rectify
done?'. Paying a fine, or even going to prison C) rate
are easy options (I) ---- some people. They are D) rush
always that offenders can avoid taking E) riot
responsibility, (II) ---- in this way they never
have to face the human reality of what they 166. In the opinion of the author, prisons
have done. Prisons have been called ----.
universities for criminals'. Young people go in
for unpaid fines, often for victimless crimes, A) teach people to become better
and they (III) ---- with a degree in burglary or citizens
worse. The answer is not to tear down all B) serve no useful purpose whatsoever
prisons. Far from it. There are people who are C) should be remodelled on the lines of
dangerous to society, who the community will universities and polytechnics
want to keep locked up. Prison can also be D) should largely be reserved for violent
part of a sentencing package under restorative people who constitute a threat to
justice. But the (IV) ---- majority of people in society
prison are not violent, and do not need to be E) are essential as more and more
there. What they do need is to be brought face violence occurs in society
to face with the human reality of the harm they
have caused, and they must be given an 167. According to the writer, such a
opportunity to (V) ----. traditional punishment as fining ----.

A) helps to keep the crime-rate down

161. I B) actually helps offenders to avoid
A) in facing the fact that they have hurt
B) above society
C) for C) has been shown to be far more
D) over effective than imprisonment
E) about D) is highly effective if the offenders are
young
162. II E) is regarded as a harder option than
A) because imprisonment
B) after all
C) unless 168. According to the passage,
D) while restorative justice ----.
E) in return
A) regards most criminals as not being
163. III responsible for the crimes they have
A) put back committed
B) write off B) is only concerned with punishment
C) catch on when the criminal has proved violent
D) take part C) concentrates on criminal acts in which
E) come out there is no victim
D) is too idealised and has little chance
164. IV of working successfully
A) overhauling E) is less concerned with punishment
B) substitute than with helping the offender to
C) adjacent become a better citizen
D) vast
E) impoverished

21 www.remzihoca.com
In its full force the Gulf Stream, which begins in 174. This passage mainly deals with ----.
the Gulf of Mexico, carries warm water to a
depth of up to 100 meters (I) ---- rates of up to A) he adverse effects that Gulf Stream
8 kilometres an hour, and (II) ---- right up into has on the wild life in Scandinavia
the Arctic Circle to the north of Scandinavia, B) how the Gulf Stream transforms the
bearing with it a climate that makes life just climate in the Arctic Circle
about tolerable, even in the thick of the winter. C) the question of whether man can
The energy it carries in the form of heat is (III) - benefit from the energy latent in the
--- 100 times the entire use of energy in human Gulf Stream
societies across the world or put another way, D) the reasons why the climate of
more than 27,000 times Britain's electricity Scandinavia differs from that of
generating capacity. (IV) ---- temperature, the Siberia
Gulf Stream heats the surface over a wide E) the course, climatic effects and
area by at least 5C. Were the-Gulf Stream to energy capacity of the Gulf Stream
fail, temperatures over northern Europe (V) ----
by more than 10 centigrade degree during the 175. As we understood from the
winter months. Northern Europe would have a passage, one of the great benefits of
climate comparable to that of Siberia: just how the Gulf Stream is that it ----.
it would support its current population is
difficult to imagine. A) causes an average ten percent rise in
temperature in Northern Europe
169. I
throughout the winter
A) for
B) provides a huge amount of electricity
B) at
for the Northern Europe countries
C) under
C) warms up the whole of Scandinavia
D) of
and Siberia in winter
E) in
D) circles around Britain and then moves
170. II into the northern waters
A) manage E) carries warm waters nearly as far as
B) sink the Arctic Circle
C) provide
D) wave 176. It is clear from the passage that ----.
E) penetrate
A) the energy to be derived from the Gulf
171. III Stream would theoretically barely
A) similar to meet the needs of the whole world
B) more B) the effects of the Gulf Stream are far
C) so much as more noticeable in the Arctic Circle
D) equivalent to than along the shores of Northern
E) a little Europe
C) without the Gulf Stream, it would be
172. IV
almost impossible for Northern
A) Despite
Europe to support its population
B) Since
D) the Gulf Stream brings with it
C) In terms of
disadvantages as well as advantages
D) Such
for the people of Northern Europe
E) In addition to
E) the Gulf Stream is indispensable if the
173. V people of Siberia are to survive
A) would fall
B) had fallen
C) fall
D) will fall
E) fell

22 www.remzihoca.com
Within a short time after the (I) ---- of the 182. We learn from the passage that.
Second World War, Britain was without imports before World War 11, Britain ----.
of many vital pharmaceuticals that had (II) ----
come from Japan, Germany and the Far East. A) rarely traded with Germany or the Far
As a result, the first wartime government set up East
systematic research into the cultivation and B) traded primarily with Germany, Japan
medical use of herbs, By 1940, women's and the Far East
voluntary organisations had been drawn into a C) imported raw materials from Japan,
national campaign to gather wild herbs, up and Germany and the Far East and
down the country, County Herb Committees exported pharmaceuticals to them
were organised (III) ---- the gathering, drying, D) was largely dependent on Germany,
distillation and distribution of the medicinal Japan and the Far East for its
herbs. Lay people were given brief locally- pharmaceuticals
based training in (IV) ---- to recognise herbs, E) thought of exporting dried herbs for
store and dry them. Farmers were given pharmaceutical purposes
subsidies to farm certain naturally hard-to-find
herbs, By 1943, every county had its herb 183. It is vividly described in the passage
committee and during the five years of the how, during World War II, the British
Second World War, over 750 tons of dried government ----.
herbs were gathered and (V) ---- medicines.
A) banned the import of all kinds of
177. I
pharmaceuticals from Germany,
A) outbreak
Japan and the Far East
B) outcome
B) gave priority to the import of
C) effect
medicines
D) vitality
C) encouraged scientific research into
E) improvement
improving the efficiency and variety of
178. II vital pharmaceuticals
A) prevalently D) only gave subsidies to those farmers
B) adjacently who were interested in growing herbs
C) tremendously E) took serious measures to ensure that
D) formerly the country should not be short of
E) highly medicines

179. III 184. It is clear from the passage that, of

A) to oversee the special arrangements made in
B) having overseen Britain during the war, one was ----.
C) to be overseen
D) overseeing A) the reduction of imports from
E) overseen Germany and Japan
B) the Getting up of local and national
180. IV
organisations to produce medicinal
A) what
herbs
B) who
C) the introduction of new agricultural
C) how
policies to increase production in
D) that
every sphere
E) which
D) the launching of a national women's
181. V campaign for the distribution of
A) grown up medicines throughout the country
B) written off E) the training of local people in the
C) looked over production of herb-based medicines
D) cared for
E) turned into

23 www.remzihoca.com
Atmosphere is the gaseous envelope of the 190. According to the passage, the earth
earth, and consists of a mixture of gases and ----.
water vapour. The variability of the latter is
meteorologically (I) ---- great importance. The A) is exposed to the deadly effects of the
ozone layer, which absorbs solar ultra-violet dangerous gases and water vapour
radiation, especially lethal (II) ---- plant life, lies that surround it.
between 12 and 50 kilometres (III) ---- the B) is surrounded by gases in
earth. The lower level of the atmosphere, up to combination with water vapour
a height of about 12 kilometres, is known (IV) - C) has an atmosphere which is
--- the troposphere, and it is in this region that comprised of extremely harmful
nearly all weather phenomena occur. This is gaseous substances
the region of most interest to the forecaster D) has a constant climate in spite of
studying temperature, humidity, wind-speed meteorological variations in the
and the movement (V) ---- air masses. atmospheric gases
E) gives off a constant supply of water
vapour into the atmosphere
185. I
A) of 191. As we learn from the passage, it is
B) to the plants of the earth that ----.
C) at
D) by A) are most obviously affected by the
E) in meteorological changes in the
atmosphere
186. II B) benefit most from the water vapour in
A) about the atmosphere
B) through C) help to reduce the effects of solar
C) to radiation
D) on D) suffer most from the ultra-violet
E) from radiation of the sun
E) contribute to the elimination of toxic
187. III gases in the atmosphere
A) with
B) along 192. We understand from the passage
C) within that the troposphere is of vital
D) inside importance as regards the weather, ----.
E) above
A) even though wind-speeds cannot be
188. IV accurately measured here
A) with B) as it accommodates the ozone layer
B) like C) even though the atmospheric
C) by variability is not predictable
D) as D) since it prevents solar radiation from
E) for reaching the earth
E) because all the meteorological
189. V phenomena take place in this region
A) among
B) of
C) at
D) around
E) beyond

24 www.remzihoca.com
During the Ottoman period, a small but 196. IV
increasing number of European travellers (I) --- A) have been unearthed
- to explore and study the sites of ancient cities B) unearths
in Western Turkey. In this regard, the first C) have unearthed
systematic exploration was made in 1811 by D) unearthed
Captain Beaufort of the British Royal Navy, (II) E) was unearthed
---- mapped the Mediterranean coast of Turkey
and identified some of the ancient sites there. 197. V
This (III) ---- by a number of other A) off
archaeological expeditions, including Charles B) on
Fellowss explorations, from 1838 to 1844, of C) for
the south-western part of the country, called D) by
Lycia in antiquity. But the most exciting find E) to
was Heinrich Schliemanns rediscovery of Troy
in excavations that began in 1870. Since then,
most of the ancient cities of Western Turkey
(IV) ---- and studied, at least (V) ---- some
extent. The more famous of them, such as
Pergamum, Ephesus, Sardis and Aphrodisias,
are now the subjects of large-scale
excavations and restorations that have
recreated a fragmentary image of their former
splendour.

193. I
A) is beginning
B) will begin
C) would have begun
D) have begun
E) began

194. II
A) that
B) in which
C) when
D) who
E) where

195. III
A) was followed
B) had followed
C) was following
D) would be followed
E) followed

25 www.remzihoca.com
198. It is implied in the passage that the
European explorations and studies of
Western Turkeys ancient sites made
prior to the early nineteenth century ----.
A) had not been carried out according to
a plan
B) provided archaeologists with a great
deal of information indispensable for
their excavations
C) mainly focused on the historically
most important ones such as
Pergamum, Ephesus, Sardis and
Aphrodisias
D) were in fact essentially concerned
with the search for the actual site of
Troy
E) had a secret military purpose and,
therefore, lacked any historical
interest
200. It is pointed out in the passage that,
despite extensive excavations and
restorations, ----.
A) an extensive number of the ancient
sites, including Troy, in Western
Turkey, have not yet been unearthed
B) a very large part of Troy still needs to
be further explored and unearthed
C) many of Lycias ancient cities are still
buried under the ground and await
digging out
D) the ancient glory of such popularly
known cities as Pergamum, Ephesus,
Sardis and Aphrodisias has only been
partially revealed
E) the cities such as Pergamum,
Ephesus, Sardis and Aphrodisias are
far from arousing a lasting interest in
the public

199. One understands from the passage

that, although many explorations of
ancient ruins were made in Western
Turkey in the nineteenth century, ----.

A) exploration and excavation there has

not continued into the twentieth and
twenty-first centuries
B) Ephesus and Sardis, especially, have
provided an extensive amount of data
about life and society in antiquity
C) it was Heinrich Schliemanns
excavations of Troy that created the
most interest
D) Lycia, as a region, has always
attracted a great deal of attention from
many travellers and archaeologists
E) only Pergamum and Aphrodisias give
us a full picture of their magnificence
in the past

26 www.remzihoca.com
Florence is a monument to the Renaissance, 204. IV
the artistic and cultural reawakening which (I) - A) without
--- in Europe during the fifteenth century. The B) throughout
buildings, designed by the periods great C) abour
architect Brunelleschi, and the paintings and D) among
sculptures of artists such as Botticelli and E) along
Michelangelo have turned the city (II) ---- one
of the worlds greatest artistic capitals. During
the Renaissance, Florence was (III) ---- the 205. V
cultural and intellectual heart of Europe and A) constrict
enjoyed enormous artistic growth. The legacy B) discover
of the Renaissance draws many visitors to the C) feel
city today, and its numerous museums, D) order
galleries, churches, and monuments are (IV) -- E) reveal
-- the major attractions. Florences best sights
are situated in such a small area that the city
seems to (V) ---- its treasures at every step.

201. I
A) made do
B) went straight
C) took place
D) looked after
E) kept pace

202. II
A) for
B) by
C) as
D) into
E) of

203. III
A) at
B) from
C) about
D) with
E) on

27 www.remzihoca.com
206. It is emphasized in the passage that
Florence today ---- as it houses
wonderful examples of Renaissance art
and architecture.
A) enjoys much popularity throughout the
world and is visited by a great number
of people
B) is so crowded by visitors from many
parts of the world that it can hardly
cope with them
C) is considered to be one of the
economic capitals of Europe
D) attracts primarily those people who
have a very strong intellectual interest
in the works of Botticelli and
Michelangelo
E) is a small city that, for its economic
well-being, depends on an ever-
growing number of visitors
208. The writer states that the artistic
and cultural wealth of Florence ----.
A) was derived only from Brunelleschi,
Botticelli and Michelangelo
B) consists only of museums, galleries
and churches
C) can be experienced today everywhere
in the city
D) has only recently been recognized by
the world
E) was suppressed by the Christian
churches there during the
Renaissance

207. It is pointed out in the passage that,

at the time of the Renaissance,
Florence ----.

A) constantly competed with other Italian

cities to become the artistic capital of
Europe
B) became one of the most important
cities in Europe both intellectually and
culturally
C) enjoyed a period of rapid economic
growth
D) had so many museums and
monuments that it soon became a
major tourist attraction of the period
E) was especially famous for its
magnificent churches and art
galleries, mainly designed by
Brunelleschi and other contemporary
architects

28 www.remzihoca.com
For years, it has been assumed that obesity is 209. I
the result of 'too much food and too little A) As
exercise'. (I) ---- this maxim is largely correct, B) While
the etiology of obesity can be much more C) For instance
complex. There is a well-documented familial D) However
tendency, but (II) ---- this is of environmental or E) Because
genetic origin is unclear. Studies of twins
separated at birth and living apart provide 210. II
strong evidence for a substantial genetic A) when
influence. Children of overweight parents, B) whether
when adopted by , 'lean' families, have a C) which
greater tendency to become obese than do D) whatever
adoptees from non-obese natural parents. E) whom
'Energy efficiency' may (III) ---- obesity; with
reserves of fat deposits readily available to 211. III
metabolize in the obese, a given amount of A) refer to
activity requires a smaller expenditure of B) ascribe to
energy. This theory has been invoked by those C) pertain to
who complain that they 'gain weight whether D) contribute to
they eat or not', and indeed there is evidence E) engage to
of differences in energy efficiency among
individuals. Similarly, obesity has been 212. IV
attributed (IV) ---- abnormally low basal A) for
metabolic rates (BMRs) since obese B) at
individuals do show lower BMRs. However, C) in
this fact is (V) ---- an artefact of BMR D) of
measurement; a larger proportion of the total E) to
fat mass of an obese person is inert, low
metabolizing fat, a fact that makes BMR 213. V
calculations lower. A) due to
B) in addition to
C) at the point of
D) on account
E) inasmuch as

29 www.remzihoca.com
214. The main idea of this passage is ----.
A) to discredit the idea that there is a
greater degree of energy efficiency in
the obese
B) that the environmental and the
genetic causes of obesity are more or
less the same
C) to establish that the factors behind
obesity are highly complex and even
contradictory
D) that obesity is a serious health hazard
and that a great deal more research
into the treatment of it is required
E) to impress on overweight parents the
need to watch their children's diet and
life-style
216. The passage suggests that the
theory that obesity is due to a low BMR
----.
A) has never had any serious recognition
B) needs to be reconsidered as the
manner of calculating this rate in the
obese is inaccurate
C) has been invented by the obese who
claim that the amount they eat makes
no difference to their weight
D) will probably turn out to be the correct
theory
E) has been thoroughly researched in
several cases of twins

215. According to the passage, the

theory that obesity has a strong genetic
basis ----.

A) seems more likely than the one

concerning the BMRs
B) is slowly falling into disfavour and
being replaced by one that puts the
emphasis on energy efficiency
C) has not so far been well researched,
but as it is the most likely theory, it
deserves to be
D) is supported by some studies of twins
that have been brought up separately
E) is soon likely to be fully substantiated

30 www.remzihoca.com
The International Labour Organization (ILO) 217. I
was established in 1919 under the Treaty of A) in case
Versailles, in the belief that universal and B) only if
lasting peace can be established (I) ---- it is C) in order that
based on social justice. In July 1961 it had D) as if
100 countries as members, including all the E) considering
great powers. A unique feature of this
organization is that its meetings are attended 218. II
not only by representatives of governments, A) so
but by representatives of employers and B) as such
working people (II) ----, and these participate in C) yet
the proceedings, by voice and by vote, D) as well
independently of their governments. The E) ahead
principal policy-making body, for instance, is
composed of four delegates from each 219. III
member state, and (III) ---- these, two A) at
represent the government. One represents B) of
employers, and one working people. The C) over
organization has, from the beginning, taken D) about
steps to collect full and up-to-date information E) to
about labour and social conditions throughout
the world and to (IV) ---- the results to member 220. IV
states (V) ---- statistics and reports. A) pass on
B) come across
C) figure out
D) pay off
E) pull through

221. V
A) on behalf of
B) in excess of
C) in the manner of
D) in place of
E) in the form of

31 www.remzihoca.com
222. As we learn from the passage, the
International Labour Organization (ILO)
was founded in 1919under the Treaty of
Versailles, ----.
A) in the hope of persuading people to
vote and act independently of their
governments
B) with a view to establishing good
relations between employers and
governments
C) to fund research into working
conditions throughout the world
D) to collect statistical evidence relating
to different approaches to social
justice
E) as a part of the effort to make a
permanent and all-inclusive peace
224. According to the passage, one of
the functions of the ILO has always
been ----.
A) to educate the work force in the
principles of social justice
B) to make labour more informed about
its international rights
C) to collect and share data concerning
social conditions and labour
worldwide
D) to create similar working conditions
throughout the member countries
E) to encourage the representatives of
the employers and the employees to
stand up against their governments

223. The writer points out that, as an

international organization, the ILO is
extremely unusual ----.

A) as it is allowed to investigate social

conditions worldwide, even among
non-member countries
B) since all member countries must send
at least four delegates to all meetings,
and more if they wish
C) since it has an ever-increasing
membership, especially of the
developing countries
D) because, at the meetings, some
delegates do not represent their
governments but participate and vote
independently
E) as its sources of income are varied
and mostly consist of the contributions
made by industrialized countries

32 www.remzihoca.com
After the Ottoman conquest of Istanbul, both 225. I
Genoa and Venice signed political and A) in return for
commercial agreements with the Ottoman B) at the point of
state. These documents granted Italian C) in need of
merchants certain rights of commerce first in D) in the name of
Istanbul and later in other port cities of the E) in search of
Ottoman Mediterranean world, such as Izmir,
(I) ---- taxes paid on products and raw 226. II
materials traded. Then at the end of the A) from
sixteenth century, similar capitulation treaties B) at
were signed (II) ---- France, England and the C) with
Netherlands. In the seventeenth century, D) about
Istanbul gradually loosened its control (III) ---- E) on
foreign communities living in the major cities of
the Empire. For example, it granted increased 227. III
opportunities to resident minority merchants A) with
(IV) ---- foreign merchants and also to Ottoman B) over
agriculturists to diversify and market their C) for
produce. (V) ----, there appeared a changing D) under
relationship in international trade between the E) by
Ottoman Empire and western Europe.
228. IV
A) despite
B) once
C) because of
D) while
E) as well as

229. V
A) However
B) Similarly
C) Contrarily
D) Consequently
E) Still

33 www.remzihoca.com
230. The passage gives information 232. It can be understood from the
about ----. passage that ----.

A) how the capitulations granted to
European states gave rise to negative
consequences for the Ottoman
Empire
B) why the European states tried hard to
get capitulations from the Ottoman
Empire
C) the historical background of the
Ottoman and European politics
D) the state of agriculture and marketing
in the Ottoman Empire
E) what route in trade and politics was
followed between the Ottoman Empire
and western European states
231. It is understood from the passage
that ----.
A) the Ottoman state was rich enough
but granted capitulations for political
reasons
B) the trade relationship between the
Ottoman Empire and Europe went on
with some changes for several
centuries
C) when the Ottoman state loosened its
control over international trade, more
goods were imported from Europe
D) east European states also signed
treaties with the Ottoman state in later
centuries
E) in the early centuries of the Ottoman
Empire, neither agriculture nor trade
was planned well enough to support
the state financially

A) commercial relations with Europe

dates back as far as the early
centuries of the Ottoman state
B) the Ottoman state was unwilling to get
taxes from European merchants
C) the only harbours of trade with
European merchants were Istanbul
and Izmir
D) minority merchants in the Ottoman
state had always enjoyed the same
privileges as the foreign merchants
E) Ottoman agriculturists had cultivated
and marketed whatever produce they
liked until the seventeenth century

34 www.remzihoca.com
(I) ---- a greater proportion of the food people 233. I
eat were to be locally produced, this would be A) If
of great benefit to the farmer. A mix of local, B) Although
regional, national, and international production C) Because
would still be available; indeed, the goal would D) When
not be to put an end to the international trade E) Rather
in food, but to avoid transporting food
thousands of miles when it could instead be 234. II
produced next door. Such a (II) ---- would help A) damage
revitalise rural economies ruined by the global B) shift
economy. Less money would go into the hands C) decline
of corporate middlemen, and far more would D) growth
remain in the hands of farmers, This would E) species
especially be the case with the direct
235. III
marketing of food via farmers' markets and
A) postulated
farm stands and other forms of community
B) manufactured
supported agriculture. If farmers were not (III) -
C) impelled
--- to specialise their production in a few global
D) dispensed
commodities, the trend (IV) ---- ever larger and
E) appropriated
more highly mechanised farms would slow
down. Moreover, since small farms use a (V) --
236. IV
-- higher amount of human labour than
A) about
mechanised inputs, a return to smaller farms
B) at
would help bring back some of the 700.000
C) over
farm jobs the UK has lost during the last half-
D) towards
century of agricultural progress.
E) above

237. V
A) imperatively
B) completely
C) hastily
D) literally
E) proportionally

35 www.remzihoca.com
238. It is pointed out in the passage that
it would be to the advantage of the
farmer and the rural economy at large if
----.
A) people were to eat locally produced
food more often
B) the sale of farm products were in the
hands of corporate middlemen
C) the advantages of a global economy
were better appreciated
D) the practice of direct marketing of
food at farmers' markets were
forbidden
E) the marketing of all food products
were at a national or international
level
240. The author is opposed to the trend
towards larger and mere highly
mechanised farms ----.
A) as they result in unnecessarily high
food prices
B) since the quality of food they produce
is poor
C) because it has resulted in a great
many farm labourers losing their jobs
D) though he admits the quality of food
they produce is high
E) though this is what the owners of
small farms want

239. According to the author, farms are

growing larger and more highly
mechanised ----.

A) as this is the only sure way to make

money out of farming
B) as this is what the rural community
wants
C) since no one is willing to work on the
land
D) because imported foodstuffs are so
much cheaper
E) because farmers feel obliged to
concentrate on a very few products
for global markets

36 www.remzihoca.com
 LEVEL 2 1. I

A) in
Lower birth-rates and longer lives lead to
B) about
population aging, which matters (I) ---- many
C) of
reasons, but first and foremost (II) ---- the costs
D) for
of retirement. These costs are borne principally
E) on
by the government and funded through taxes
on the working-age population. The old-age-
2. II
dependency ratio that is, the population aged
65 and over divided by the population aged 15
A) despite
to64 is a key indicator of population aging.
B) because of
Other things being equal, the tax rate for
C) afterwards
pensions will be (III) ---- to this ratio. In the
D) without
developed world, this ratio rose from .12 in
E) in addition
1950 to .21 today, and is estimated to increase
to .44 in 2050. If, in the developed countries,
3. III
the elderly in 2050 (IV) ---- the level of benefits
given to the current elderly, then the level of
A) vulnerable
payroll taxes needed to fund government
B) allocation
pensions will more than double by 2050. Due
C) payment
to higher fertility and immigration, the US
D) embezzlement
population is projected to remain younger than
E) proportional
those of other OECD countries, and the
pension problem will be less severe. Health
4. IV
costs, (V) ----, pose an even more difficult
problem due to the socialized health-care
A) are to receive
system for the elderly in the US. As the
B) will receive
population ages and spending per elderly
C) were receiving
person rises, government spending on
D) had received
healthcare will likely soar.
E) will have received

5. V

A) for example
B) moreover
C) therefore
D) however
E) thus

37 www.remzihoca.com
6. It is explicitly stated in the passage that
by the year 2050, developed countries
will have to increase wage taxes at least
twice as much ----.
A) even though they estimate a
proportional increase of .44 in 2050
B) because natural resource constraints,
particularly of land, are at the heart of
the problem
C) now that the old-age-dependency ratio
has become an important indicator of
aging
D) provided population growth and growth
of per capita are positively correlated
E) if they want to maintain the present
level of benefits given to the elderly
7. It is obvious from the passage that
population aging is of great importance,
mainly due to ----.
A) pensions and health care
B) higher fertility and immigration
C) higher birth-rates and infant mortality
D) falling figures in the working-age
population
E) economic indicators of the country
38
8. It is stated in the passage that the US
population will relatively remain
younger than those of other OECD
countries ----.
A) as population aging is not such a
serious projected problem in the US
B) because there are not as many elderly
people in the US as in other OECD
countries
C) unless the government increases the
level of payroll taxes needed to fund
pensions
D) since it has higher birth-rates and gets
immigrants
E) if the government takes the necessary
measures to keep the current level of
elderly people
9. According to the passage, the US
health-care costs ----.
A) have more than doubled over the past
decades and pose a serious problem
B) are compelling the government to
delay the current age of retirement and
to reduce the size of benefits
C) will probably go up because of
population aging and more spending
on the elderly
D) will still remain stagnant due to the tax
rates for the working-age population
E) could eventually lead to longer working
hours and less fulfilling wage increases
www.remzihoca.com
Farmers in many countries (I) ---- antibiotics in 13. IV
two key ways: at full strength to treat animals
(II) ---- are sick and in low doses to fatten A) enough
meat-producing livestock or to prevent B) even
veterinary illnesses. Although even the proper C) like
use of antibiotics can (III) ---- lead to the D) few
spread of drug resistant bacteria, the habit of E) so
using a low dose is a formula for disaster: the
treatment provides just (IV) ---- antibiotic to kill 14. V
some (V) ---- not all bacteria. The germs that
A) but
survive are typically those that happen to bear
B) if
genetic mutations for resisting the antibiotic.
C) ever
They then reproduce and exchange genes (VI)
D) unless
---- other microbial resisters. (VII) ---- bacteria
E) because
are found literally everywhere, resistant strains
produced in animals eventually find their way
15. VI
(VIII) ---- people as well. You could not design
a better system for guaranteeing the spread of A) to
antibiotic resistance. To cease the spread, B) with
Denmark (IX) ---- tighter rules on the use of C) on
antibiotics in the raising of poultry and other D) by
farm animals. The lesson is that improving E) about
animal husbandry making sure that pens,
stalls and cages are (X) ---- cleaned and giving 16. VII
animals more room or time to mature offsets
the initial negative impact of limiting antibiotic A) Whenever
use. B) After
C) As
10. I D) Whether
E) Although
A) diagnose
B) clear 17. VIII
C) utilize
A) for
D) treat
B) at
E) foster
C) with
D) into
11. II
E) about
A) whom
18. IX
B) that
C) whose A) elevated
D) when B) irritated
E) where C) abolished
D) related
12. III E) enforced

A) relatively 19. X
B) persuasively
C) frankly A) awkwardly
D) evolutionarily B) properly
E) inadvertently C) morally
D) cheerfully
E) slyly

39 www.remzihoca.com
20. It is understood from the passage that -
---.
A) farmers mainly prefer using antibiotics
as a preventive measure for diseases
B) antibiotics are merely useful in treating
the contagious diseases of farm
animals
C) continuous and heavy doses of
antibiotics are crucial for poultry
D) antibiotics are so far the only effective
method to fatten up meat-producing
animals
E) poultry prices are affected by the
spread of contagious diseases
21. It is implied in the passage that ----.
A) widespread use of antibiotics is
intended to eliminate the chances of a
possible pandemic
B) using a low dose antibiotic compared
to a heavy dose is highly
recommended for farmers
C) human beings should test the efficacy
of using antibiotics on other animals
before using them on poultry
D) increased antibiotic resistance in
human beings is due to the
consumption of animal products with
antibiotic content
E) antibiotic resistance in poultry animals
has led scientists to find alternative
solutions to fight off these bacteria
40
22. According to the passage, ----.
A) the spread of bacterial infections in
poultry may not be avoided by
improving physical conditions
B) the weight of the poultry mainly
depends upon the environment they
are brought up in
C) strict regulations in Denmark are
employed to minimize the effects of
antibiotic use on both poultry and
people
D) the maturation period of poultry in
Denmark is determined by the size of
the animal
E) the productivity of poultry can best be
analyzed through the amount of the
antibiotic used on the animal
23. It is stated in the passage that
antibiotics ----.
A) are crucial as they change the genetic
mutations of poultry
B) form the basis for microbial resistance
of genes in animals
C) are effective in restricting resistant
strains of bacteria in poultry
D) are employed to prevent a possible
disease spread from farm animals to
human beings
E) may produce drug resistant bacteria,
irrespective of how carefully they are
used
www.remzihoca.com
While playing computer games is sometimes 27. IV
seen as a solitary pursuit, a study at Brigham
Young University shows that it actually (I) ---- A) that
social connections. Studying the effect of B) whether
multiplayer online games on marriages, C) whom
researchers found that in the 76% of the cases D) which
where the couple played together, games E) in which
actually aided the relationship. (II) ----, couples
that gamed together stayed together. Games 28. V
may have other effects on us too. The famous
psychologist, Philip Zimbardo, recently (III) ---- A) of
on the subject. In his 1971 Stanford Prison B) for
Experiment, (IV) ---- volunteers were randomly C) to
assigned the roles of prisoner or guard, he D) by
showed that human behaviour is heavily E) at
influenced by environmental and social
pressures. More recently, Zimbardo even 29. VI
suggested that exposing children (V) ----
morally ambiguous situations in games could A) that
be useful in helping them develop their own B) whichever
moral compass. One possibility is to explore C) what
virtual worlds through computer games that D) how
could enable people to experience and E) whose
understand concepts that they would otherwise
find difficult to imagine. Games about society, 30. VII
populated by real people and open to all, could
help test (VI) ---- different cultural backgrounds A) for
could be brought together (VII) ---- peace. B) about
C) with
24. I D) in
E) on
A) enhances
B) donates
C) fills
D) corrupts
E) deteriorates

25. II

A) As though
B) Thereby
C) Lest
D) In other words
E) On the other hand

26. III

A) carried out
B) coped with
C) gave out
D) spoke out
E) looked down

41 www.remzihoca.com
31. The authors attitude towards computer 33. According to the passage, Zimbardo
games is ----. believes that ----.

A) satirizing A) computer games may actually help

B) disrespectful young people make more conscious
C) favouring decisions on moral issues
D) pessimistic B) his experiment refutes the findings of
E) tolerant the study conducted at Brigham Young
University
32. It is stated in the passage that C) having children face ambiguous
computer games ----. situations in computer games can
cause psychological problems
A) enhance the feeling of loneliness if D) computer games populated by real
they involve more than one player all people may not present the actual
the time state of a society
B) provide opportunities for people to E) environmental pressures are greater
meet unaccustomed ideas and worlds on those who play computer games
C) lead to role conflicts among those who
come from different cultural 34. One can infer from the passage that ----.
backgrounds
D) contributes little to strengthening the A) computer games are destructive to the
relationships of married couples relationships of younger people
E) may include harmful features that B) the risks associated with playing
trigger aggressive behaviour among computer games outweigh the benefits
children C) we have reached the limits of what can
be achieved with computer games
D) computer games are capable of
bringing in several unexpected benefits
E) social pressures force people to avoid
playing computer games

42 www.remzihoca.com
Since 1993, China (I) ---- in more than fifty oil 35. I
and gas projects in some thirty nations. (II) ----,
China has focused on acquisitions and A) had invested
partnership sin Sudan and Iran. In Sudan B) has invested
alone, China has reportedly spent $15 billion C) invests
developing oil fields. In the meantime, China D) invested
has also begun to use its military to protect its E) was investing
oil investments abroad. Reportedly, troops
disguised (III) ---- oil workers patrol Chinese oil 36. II
infrastructure in Sudan. Moreover, in recent
years, China has strengthened its military (IV) - A) Unfortunately
--- in the oil-and gas-rich parts of the South B) In desperation
China Sea, over which sovereignty is still C) Most likely
disputed. Perhaps most significant in the short D) To the contrary
term is Chinas relationship with Iran. With E) In particular
Saudi Arabia and Iraq clearly within the
American sphere of influence, China has been 37. III
steadily courting Tehran and aims to become
the biggest buyer of Iranian oil. (V) ---- oil, A) for
China has supplied Iran not only with B) as
conventional weapons but also with technology C) at
and materials that can be used for the D) of
manufacturing of nuclear weapons. E) in

38. IV

A) revolution
B) necessity
C) presence
D) emergency
E) setback

39. V

A) In excess of
B) According to
C) As a means of
D) In return for
E) On behalf of

43 www.remzihoca.com
40. It is claimed in the passage that the
Chinese oil workers in Sudan ----.
A) have increased steadily because
China has acquired many oil and gas
fields in this country
B) are, in fact, military personnel in
disguise, employed to protect the
Chinese oil investments in this country
C) have been employed in over fifty oil
and gas projects, for which China has
already spent billions of dollars
D) have been extremely efficient and built
the extensive oil infrastructure that this
country has
E) mostly prefer to work for the
companies that China has set up in
this country for partnership in oil and
gas projects
41. One learns from the passage that there
are ----.
A) many Chinese workers already
employed in nearly thirty nations
B) several Chinese companies involved in
oil projects in the South China Sea
C) a number of economic issues that
China faces in the South China Sea
D) many oil fields in Iran that have been
developed by China
E) areas in the South China Sea which
are rich in oil and gas
44
42. One understands from the passage
that, just as the United States maintains
its dominant position in Saudi Arabia
and Iraq, so China ----.
A) has made efforts to develop its
partnership with Iranian oil companies
B) is resolved to increase its military
presence in some thirty countries
C) has sought to establish closer
economic relations with Iran
D) has decided to invest heavily in Irans
various oil and gas projects
E) tries hard to persuade Iran to become
an ally in the region
43. It is clear from the passage that Irans
nuclear technology ----.
A) has been aided by China through its
logistical support
B) is not so advanced and efficient as that
of China
C) has been strongly criticized by the
United States
D) has been financed through its oil
exports to a number of countries
E) can develop fully even though China is
not willing to cooperate
www.remzihoca.com
Charlie Chaplin, who was born in Britain but 44. I
spent most of his life in the United States, is
one of the (I) ---- figures in film history. He is A) embarrassing
especially remembered (II) ---- his work in the B) pivotal
silent movies. Chaplin knew that a successful C) exhaustive
scene was not simply about the starring actor, D) countless
(III) ---- about everything else. The only way to E) notorious
achieve that unity was to get personally
involved in every stage of the film; from 45. II
starring in his films to producing, directing,
editing them, and even (IV) ---- composing the A) at
music for them. It was not uncommon for him B) by
to decide half-way through a film that an actor C) for
wasnt suitable for a certain role, and (V) ---- D) of
with someone new. This constant attention to E) as
detail ran many features overtime and over-
budget, but the public reaction assured him 46. III
and the studios that what he was doing
worked. Chaplin typically improvised his story A) as
in front of the camera with only a basic B) so
framework of a script. But on consideration, his C) nor
art (VI) ---- to be firmly rooted, and could be D) if
seen, for example, to draw much of its strength E) but
from his successful fusion of English and
American cultures and traditions. 47. IV

A) to
B) by
C) from
D) through
E) of

48. V

A) move off
B) start over
C) pass away
D) step down
E) send for

49. VI

A) cut out
B) took place
C) stood for
D) backed up
E) turned out

45 www.remzihoca.com
50. As is pointed out in the passage the
success of Chaplins films was largely
due to ----.
A) his own remarkable acting abilities
B) the control he exercised on every
aspect of a film
C) the detailed scripts prepared for each
film
D) the professional skills of the studios
that made them
E) the fact that Chaplin liked to improvise
new scenes in front of the cameras
51. The passage makes it quite clear that
Charlie Chaplin ----.
A) began his career as an actor but soon
turned to directing films instead
B) much preferred America and American
culture to Britain and British culture
C) is a major figure in the history of film-
making
D) was eager to please those he worked
with
E) appealed more to American audiences
than to British ones
46
52. It is clear from the passage that the film
studios ----.
A) were taken in by Chaplins charm and
let him have his own way all the time
B) played a leading role in the making of
Chaplins films
C) liked to work with Chaplin because he
never interfered with what they were
doing
D) had to work on a very tight budget
E) were content to work with Chaplin as
they felt success was guaranteed
53. The passage as a whole explains ----.
A) why Charlie Chaplin was so successful
in the film industry
B) the background factors contributing to
Charlie Chaplins success
C) how Charlie Chaplin contributed to the
development of the film industry
D) the differences between the film
industry then and now
E) what goes into the making of a star
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Several EU member states (I) ---- long- 54. I
standing political and economic links with Latin
America. In fact, it was in the 1960s and 1970s A) extinguish
(II) ---- the EU first began expanding its ties to B) draw
the region (III) ---- a series of diplomatic C) enjoy
initiatives and agreements aimed at promoting D) drive
democracy, addressing development issues, E) assert
and boosting trade and investment. Moreover,
the EU actively (IV) ---- peace in the troubled 55. II
Central American region in the 1980s. In the
meantime, the (V) ---- in 1986 of Spain and A) that
Portugal to the EU further strengthened region- B) whether
to region ties. EU engagement in Latin C) what
America increased during the 1990s as a D) if
formal political dialogue was put in place to E) wherever
advance issues of common interest, including
how the EU and Latin America together can 56. III
act in concert (VI) ---- other nations and
international organizations to address global A) about
issues and challenges. B) of
C) to
D) from
E) through

57. IV

A) hanged around
B) made off
C) worked for
D) wore out
E) settle into

58. V

A) admiration
B) thrust
C) occupation
D) migration
E) accession

59. VI

A) to
B) at
C) for
D) by
E) with

47 www.remzihoca.com
60. According to the passage, the EUs
relations with Latin America ----.
A) have developed so fast that a number
of issues concerning the two regions
can now be much easily resolved
B) reached their most productive and
mutually satisfactory stage before
Spain and Portugal became EU
members
C) have followed a pattern of increasing
cooperation between the two regions
since the 1960s and 1970s
D) could develop fruitfully only after Spain
and Portugal joined the EU and began
to establish links with various Latin
American countries
E) have caused much concern to other
nations and international organizations
which had already established
profitable trade links with Latin
America
61. It is clearly emphasized in the passage
that one of the EUs primary aims in
establishing ties with Latin America
was to ----.
A) encourage Latin American investors to
play a major role in the European
economy
B) promote peace and security
throughout the region
C) have the support of the Latin American
countries in dealing with other nations
D) contribute to the development of
democracy in the region
E) expand its diplomatic activities in each
country of the region
48
62. In the passage, attention is drawn to the
fact that ----.
A) the EU plays a constructive part in the
development of trade between Latin
America and other countries in the
world
B) the Latin American countries would
face serious difficulties in their
relations with other nations if they did
not cooperate with the EU
C) a formal political dialogue between the
EU and Latin America would in fact
have been developed well before the
EU membership of Spain and Portugal
D) the growth of trade between the EU
states and the Latin American
countries reached a record level in the
1980s
E) the political and economic ties
between Latin America and a number
of EU member states have a long
historical past
63. In the passage, the author describes ----
.
A) how the relations between the EU and
Latin America have developed over
several decades
B) why the Latin American countries
needed the support of the EU in order
to solve their regional problems
C) to what extent the Latin American
economy was improved through EU
investments
D) in what ways the EU member states
benefited from their political and
economic links with Latin America
E) the global issues and challenges that
immediately concerned the EU states
and the Latin American countries
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Satellite images of the upper Amazon Basin in 64. I
Brazil taken since 1999 (I) ---- hundreds of
circles, squares, and other geometric shapes A) will reveal
once hidden by the Amazon rain forests. They B) have revealed
hint at a previously unknown ancient society C) had revealed
that flourished in the Amazon. Now D) would have revealed
researchers estimate that nearly ten times as E) were revealing
many such structures, of unknown purpose, (II)
---- undetected under the Amazon forest cover. 65. II
The discovery adds to evidence that the
hinterlands of the Amazon once teemed with A) may exist
complex societies, which were largely (III) ---- B) would exist
by diseases brought to South America by C) existed
European colonists in the 15th and16th D) will exist
centuries. Since these vanished societies had E) might have existed
gone unrecorded, earlier research had
suggested that soils in the upper Amazon were 66. III
(IV) ---- poor to support the extensive
agriculture needed for (V) ---- large, permanent A) built up
settlements. The researchers say 'We found B) cared for
that this view is wrong, and there is (VI) ---- C) opened up
more to discover in these places'. D) broken into
E) wiped out

67. IV

A) enough
B) even
C) too
D) much
E) very

68. V

A) so
B) how
C) only
D) such
E) that

69. VI

A) less
B) a lot
C) so
D) whether
E) than

49 www.remzihoca.com
70. According to the passage, the new
discovery ----.
A) has strengthened the already known
facts about the upper Amazon Basin
B) is too poor to become an evidence for
the ancient Amazon society
C) has proved that the satellite pictures
were misleading
D) has falsified the previous assumptions
about the land
E) indicates the fact that the upper
Amazon Basin was made of geometric
shapes
73. As can be understood from the
71. From the passage, we can infer that ----.
A) pictures taken by satellites can provide
scientists with valuable new data
B) there is no longer any reason to further
investigate the upper Amazon Basin
C) the ancient Amazon people lived in
extreme isolation from the outer world
D) researchers can learn a lot from the
written historical data relating to the
region
E) the geometric shapes should not be
taken too seriously
50
72. It is clearly understood from the
passage that the ancient Amazon
people ----.
A) killed large numbers of would-be
colonists
B) had no resistance to new diseases
C) hid themselves in the Amazon rain
forest
D) led a very simple life and lived as
separate tribes
E) are the ancestors of the present-day
inhabitants of the region
passage, the researchers now tend to
think that ----.
A) they have revealed almost everything
about the region
B) the natives had no idea about
agriculture
C) the colonists helped the natives
become civilized
D) the geometric shapes reveal
something about the new industrial
areas
E) the land might have once been
inhabited densely
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The Agta Negritos of the Philippines, a 78. V
present-day tribal people, are an example of a
culture (I) ---- women and men share all A) down
subsistence activities. Most interestingly, the B) out
Agta Negritos women hunt large game with C) off
bows, arrows, and hunting dogs. The women D) for
are prevented (II) ---- hunting only during late E) among
pregnancy and the first few months after giving
birth. Teenagers and women (III) ---- older 79. VI
children are the most frequent hunters. The
women space their children to (IV) ---- A) would have been made
maximum mobility. They keep their birth rate B) were making
(V) ---- through the use of herbal C) made
contraceptives. By studying these D) make
ethnographic examples and by questioning the E) have been made
assumptions that (VI) ---- about female and
male roles in prehistory, anthropologists have 80. VII
concluded that Western societys traditionally
low view of womens status is (VII) ---- A) above all
universal. B) by no means
C) by far
74. I D) at least
E) on the whole
A) whose
B) what
C) when
D) whether
E) since

75. II

A) by
B) at
C) from
D) about
E) without

76. III

A) for
B) on
C) through
D) with
E) between

77. IV

A) count upon
B) allow for
C) keep away
D) end up
E) find out

51 www.remzihoca.com
81. We can infer from the passage that
among the Agta people, ----.
A) gender roles are unlike those in the
West
B) women cannot compete in hunting with
men
C) womens status is superior to mens
D) women do not hunt after giving birth
E) male and female roles are completely
separated
82. The passage indicates that ----.
A) in the Agta tribes there is nothing more
important than having children
B) the Agta teenagers are brought up with
Western values
C) the Agta tribes keep to the prehistoric
male and female roles
D) the Agta people are aware of birth
control
E) the Agta women have learned how to
use modern hunting tools
52
83. It is understood from the passage that -
---.
A) when a woman has advanced
pregnancy, she has to give up her
hunting activities
B) the mothers are in control of the
activities of their children
C) women who give birth are expected to
devote themselves to their children
D) children can go hunting with their
mothers even when they are babies
E) anthropologists are very concerned
about the Agta mens treatment of their
women
84. According to the passage, ----.
A) there is a great similarity between the
Western and Agta perceptions of
womens social status
B) the hunting skill is the basic criterion
that distinguishes men from women
C) hunting tools can be interpreted as
symbols of male power
D) ethnographers assumptions on
prehistoric gender roles are correct
E) the Western gender concept conflicts
with the Agta peoples view about male
and female roles
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When prehistoric man returned home from a 85. I
hunt, he was almost certainly asked the
question we would like to ask today: 'What A) yielded
happened?' Quite possibly, he (I) ---- in a B) replied
factual manner, providing a short report of the C) reflected
land covered, the number of animals spotted, D) gathered
and the results. His face-to-face E) smuggled
communication was limited only to those (II) ---
- the sight and sound of the speaker. Either 86. II
because of this or because he thought his
communication (III) ---- in more permanent A) out of
form, the caveman eventually began to draw B) to
his message, the report of his latest C) away
adventurous hunt, (IV) ---- the wall of the cave. D) on
This (V) ---- a whole range of possibilities: The E) within
wall was there twenty-four hours a day, seven
days a week. The caveman could go about his 87. III
other business, whatever that may have been,
and still know that his message was being A) recorded
communicated, (VI) ---- the audience was B) would have been recorded
communicating not with the caveman himself, C) had been recorded
but with the wall. This was the beginning of D) would record
mass communication impersonal E) should be recorded
communication with a diverse audience that
has a limited opportunity to respond and 88. IV
much was gained from it.
A) above
B) towards
C) on
D) of
E) under

89. V

A) caught on
B) carried out
C) sent off
D) opened up
E) came up

90. VI

A) when
B) after
C) though
D) once
E) for

53 www.remzihoca.com
91. According to the passage, the simplest
form of mass communication is ----.
A) the spoken messages given by the
speaker
B) a visual sign taking place on a
permanent surface
C) the reports of a hunter who came back
from the hunt
D) the face-to-face interaction of a
caveman with his close friends
E) the prompt responses of the audience
to the drawings on the wall
92. It is indicated in the passage that as a
result of the cavemans drawings on the
walls ----.
A) personal relations with other people
could be stronger
B) the cavemen could forget all about his
other business
C) others could get his messages even
when he was not there
D) the idea of competition came into
being
E) spoken interaction gradually lost its
importance
54
93. We understand from the passage that
mass communication during prehistoric
times ----.
A) required the presence of at least two
people sharing the same space and
time
B) did not necessarily require a personal
relationship between the speaker and
his audience
C) meant short reports of ones daily life
experiences
D) provided vast opportunities to other
people to write back about their
opinions
E) caused people to be more inquisitive
than before
94. According to the passage, the caveman
drew his messages on the cave walls,
because ----.
A) he wanted his messages to stay there
for a long time
B) he was tired of telling his hunting
stories to everyone
C) an impersonal form of communication
did not suit his needs
D) giving messages through drawing was
easier than speaking
E) it was an enjoyable way of passing the
time
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For the present, NASA appears to be (I) ---- to 95. I
maintaining its human spaceflight program, (II)
---- the cost. However, in the next decade, it A) committed
may discover that it does not need human B) enthusiastic
characters to tell compelling stories. (III) ---- C) eager
gazing at posters of astronauts, children are D) referred
now playing with toy models of Mars rovers. E) devious
The next generation of space adventurers is
(IV) ---- with the knowledge that one can visit 96. II
another planet (V) ---- boarding a spacecraft.
Decades from now, when those children are A) whats more
grown-ups, some of them will lead the next B) whatever
great explorations of the solar system. Sitting C) what if
in quiet control rooms, they will send D) whatsoever
instructions to far-away probes already E) what
launched and make the final adjustment that
points us towards the stars. 97. III

A) Rather
B) As well
C) Instead of
D) In addition
E) More

98. IV

A) making do
B) relying on
C) putting up
D) holding on
E) growing up

99. V

A) with
B) to
C) about
D) without
E) for

55 www.remzihoca.com
100. One can understand from the
passage that ----.
A) the future will witness radical advances
in the techniques of space exploration
B) NASAs expensive investments in
human spaceflight programs will pay
back in the future
C) children of the next generation will
enjoy a variety of developed space
games
D) NASA has finally succeeded in making
man a redundant component of
spaceflight programs
E) todays children are getting less
interested in space programs
101. The writer of the passage predicts
that for the next generation ----.
A) there will be great obstacles to space
exploration
B) space exploration will be just part of
popular fiction
C) exploring other planets will no longer
be a maintained practice
D) what seems to be part of fiction today
will become part of reality
E) telling stories about space travel will be
even more compelling
56
102. From the passage, one can expect
that the future technology of space
exploration will ----.
A) have no need for earth-control centers
B) bring an end to NASAs mission
C) eliminate the risks put on the lives of
astronauts
D) add exciting details to the toy models
children play with
E) save human beings from extinction
103. In general, the passage implies that
----.
A) human intelligence will make many of
the technological dreams come true
B) physical presence of man in spacecraft
will be indispensable
C) unmanned spacecraft can be
comparatively more cost-effective
D) a human operator on earth can
mislead unmanned spacecrafts
E) astronauts are no longer celebrated by
todays children
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The Stone Age is, in fact, (I) ---- various 104. I
stages. Dominating the period is the
Palaeolithic Age, which most anthropologists A) separated from
would extend (II) ---- roughly 11, 000 B.C. B) dwelt on
Within the Stone Age in general, however, C) dedicated to
scholars also speak of an Upper Palaeolithic D) divided into
Era, beginning around 40, 000 B.C. They draw E) contributed to
attention to some significant changes in human
behaviour around this date, including the 105. II
appearance of sophisticated cave paintings,
and evidence of religious ideas. Humans also A) about
began producing the most effective, finely B) up to
crafted tools such as fishhooks, arrowheads, C) approximately
and sewing needles made from organic D) some
materials, such as wood or animal bone. (III) -- E) down to
--, despite these important developments, the
basic (IV) ---- of human life changed little 106. III
during this era. Virtually all human societies
before 11, 000 B.C. consisted of small bands A) Yet
of hunter-gatherers that moved incessantly (V) B) Because
---- food. Because they could not stay in any C) For
one location for long, these groups left no D) Therefore
continuous archaeological record (VI) ---- we E) Moreover
might trace the development of their culture.
Our knowledge of them is, therefore, very 107. IV
limited.
A) jeopardy
B) intelligence
C) patterns
D) support
E) value

108. V

A) irrespective of
B) ahead of
C) in search of
D) in exchange for
E) in favour of

109. VI

A) where
B) in which
C) wherein
D) whereby
E) which

57 www.remzihoca.com
110. It is stressed in the passage that,
during the Upper Palaeolithic Era, ----.
A) there were no settled human
communities but groups of wandering
hunter-gatherers
B) humans practised different forms of art
but preferred to specialize in cave
painting
C) hunter-gatherers had plenty of food
whereby they were able to feed
themselves easily
D) bands of hunter-gatherers produced
different kinds of tools whereby the
development of culture can be traced
E) there appeared new and most
developed cultures, which have been
brought to light through archaeological
excavations
113.
111. According to the passage, the Stone
Age ----.
A) was, according to archaeologists, the
most sophisticated and developed
period of early human history
B) and the cultures of the period have
been fully revealed by archaeologists
C) is generally known as the Upper
Palaeolithic Era, during which man
learned how to produce food
D) is not one continuous period but
consists of different eras
E) is generally dated to 11,000 B.C. and
has always been a serious academic
concern among anthropologists
58
112. It is suggested in the passage that
humans ----.
A) in the Stone Age were very skilled and
far advanced in making tools for their
farming needs
B) seem to have first developed their
religious ideas during the Upper
Palaeolithic Era
C) in the Upper Palaeolithic Era knew
how to defend themselves when they
were attacked by hunter-gatherers
D) in the Palaeolithic Age were skilled not
only in hunting but also in different
kinds of cloth-making
E) in the Stone Age had no notion of
religion and, therefore, did not know
how to worship
It is pointed out in the passage that,
with the Upper Palaeolithic Era
beginning around 40, 000 B.C., ----.
A) most human societies worshipped
various gods
B) cave painting became very popular
among hunter-gatherers
C) fully organized human societies began
to appear
D) human beings ceased to be hunter-
gatherers
E) man entered a new period of important
developments
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From birth to age 10, our developmental focus 114. I
is on learning (I) ---- to be human beings -
learning to move, to communicate, to master A) what
basic skills. These often require the mastery of B) which
learned social and cultural conventions, C) how
traditions, and rituals, (II) ---- movements D) that
associated with various games, differences in E) just
spoken or written languages, and our culture's
definition of good manners. The (III) ---- 115. II
development is slow and awkward, but children
generally function at a rapid automatic level by A) in case of
age 10. Adults usually allow young children to B) for sure
make mistakes. We smile indulgently and offer C) such as
support (IV) ---- criticism as toddlers trip and as D) then
2-year-olds make language errors. We are E) so that
there principally to protect their safety and to
applaud their successes (V) ---- we realize that 116. III
toddling leads to walking and running, and
babbling leads to speaking, reading and A) gradual
writing. B) initial
C) significant
D) abnormal
E) latest

117. IV

A) rather than
B) as
C) just as
D) only
E) nor

118. V

A) not only
B) at least
C) besides
D) even though
E) because

59 www.remzihoca.com
119. We understand from the passage
that the early stages of any kind of
learning for children ----.
A) should centre around games and play
B) are identical in every culture
C) should not be allowed to develop
naturally
D) tend to be uncoordinated and require a
lot of time
E) need no adult supervision
120. It is clear from the passage that the
mistakes of little children ----.
122.
A) deserve to be criticized
B) need to be corrected right away by
adults
C) are regarded tolerantly by grownups
D) can be disregarded by grown-ups until
the age of 10
E) usually relate in some way to their
social and cultural environment
60
121. We understand from the passage
that our early childhood, up to age 10,
is ----.
A) a period of unnecessary adult
interference
B) a process of acquiring the basic skills
of being a human being
C) a period of physical activity, not mental
D) not affected by the social codes of
behavior
E) the dullest and most unproductive
period of our lives
One point made in the passage is
that adults ----.
A) are always over-protective of a child's
safety
B) do not need to encourage children to
master traditions and rituals
C) rarely take the trouble to teach their
children good manners
D) should devote more time to helping
their children read and write
E) usually overlook children's errors and
concentrate on giving the
encouragement
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Leonardo's importance as a painter may be 123. I
summarized by saying that he was the first
master of the high Renaissance style, and of A) framed
all his scientific researches that which he most B) abstract
fully (I) ---- to this end was his study of light C) notable
and shade. Many changes came about in D) contemporary
Italian painting around the turn of the 15th-16th E) devoted
century, (II) ---- he more than anyone else was
responsible. As regards subject matter and 124. II
composition, painting became less realistic and
more classical but as regards treatment it A) which
became more naturalistic and closer to life, B) for which
which was partly the result of increased C) where
knowledge of anatomy and an interest in light D) that
and shade. In his rare excursions into classical E) whose
subjects, such as the 'Leda', Leonardo's
approach is intensely personal. Indeed, 125. III
drawings by Leonardo which seem to derive
(III) ---- antique art are (IV) ---- rare and there is A) at
no evidence of his interest in the celebrated B) for
collections of Lorenzo the Magnificent or Pope C) by
Leo X, (V) ---- he was living in close contact D) to
with both of these. This trend is not belied by E) from
the 'Last Supper' even though it epitomizes the
spirit of classical art. 126. IV

A) solely
B) directly
C) ultimately
D) excessively
E) partly

127. V

A) only if
B) since
C) even though
D) when
E) unless

61 www.remzihoca.com
128. It is clear from the passage that,
though Leonardo sometimes chose
subjects from classical sources, ----.
A) This is because he wanted to conform
to current interests
B) he gave them his own special
individual touch
C) they were mostly confined to his
drawings
D) these are not among his best paintings
E) this was usually because of his
patrons' archaeological interests
129. According to the passage, a major
contribution Leonardo made to the art
of painting in the Renaissance was ----.
A) his concern with the interaction of light
and shade
B) the archaeological setting of the
backgrounds of his paintings
C) the blend of Christian and pagan
motifs and themes
D) the inclusion of more realistic
accessory detail in the composition
E) the introduction of a more intellectual
and historical approach
62
130. The passage makes the point that,
though there was a tendency among
Renaissance painters to favour
classical subjects, ----.
A) their drawings show that they had a
sound knowledge of anatomy
B) Leonardo himself was never
concerned with them
C) patrons of the arts, like Lorenzo the
Magnificent, were opposed to this
trend
D) the depictions of scenes from daily life
were far more popular
E) their treatment of these classical
subjects became far more natural and
true to life
131. As we understand from the
passage, even though Leonardo was a
major representative of Renaissance
art, ----.
A) in his own day he received little
recognition except from Lorenzo the
Magnificent and Pope Leo X
B) it is for his
C) he was nevertheless different from his
contemporaries in a variety of ways
D) his main interest was actually in the
study of anatomy
E) he contributed very little to the
changes that were taking place in his
time
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We have all heard people from other countries 132. I
described (I) ---- very general terms. For
instance, it has been said that Germans work A) with
hard and Americans are friendly. Such B) in
generalizations or (II) ---- are very crude, and C) of
common sense tells us that not all Germans D) on
work hard and not all Americans are friendly. E) by
At the same time, there appears to be some
truth in these generalizations since people 133. II
from different countries (III) ---- different
characteristics. What these crude statements A) extremities
acknowledge, however, is that people from B) states
different countries have (IV) ---- cultures and C) errors
social customs. A societys culture includes its D) stereotypes
customs, values, beliefs, ideas and the E) commands
artefacts it produces. Attitudes (V) ---- such
things as work, leisure, wealth, the role of 134. III
women, and the value of education in one
societys culture might be significantly different A) disrupt
from the attitudes and values found in another B) handle
societys culture. This is also the case C) summon
regarding attitudes found in different countries D) share
towards politics and the political system. E) distinguish

135. IV

A) distinctive
B) tentative
C) literate
D) satisfactory
E) ancient

136. V

A) by
B) towards
C) over
D) at
E) in

63 www.remzihoca.com
137. It is stressed in the passage that
each country ----.
A) attaches much importance to its own
social customs and educational system
B) has developed a political system which
may differ from its social and cultural
values
C) can be identified through its peoples
attitudes towards other countries and
peoples
D) has its own special characteristics and,
hence, is culturally and politically
unlike the others
E) shares with other countries a wide
variety of values and attitudes
138. In the passage, the writer points out
that while on the one hand, describing
other countries or peoples in general
terms may be misleading, on the other,
----.
A) generalizations of this kind may be true
to some extent
B) one must make an effort to appreciate
and understand their culture
C) it is important for us to have a friendly
attitude towards them
D) we must do our best to ignore the
differences among them
E) such generalizations are useful
especially in understanding the value
of education
64
139. The writer suggests that political
attitudes ----.
A) in a country are fundamentally
influenced by education
B) vary greatly from country to country
C) in a society have nothing to do with its
cultural values
D) towards women in society must be
constructive
E) in a country cannot be differentiated
from the attitudes towards work and
leisure
140. The writer states that the customs,
values, and beliefs of a society ----.
A) may have some impact on its
educational system
B) are a poor guide to the nature of that
society
C) should be excluded from its political
system
D) must always uphold the role of women
in that society
E) are among the elements that make up
its culture
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Mount Vesuvius in southern Italy is actually a 141. I
volcano inside the exploded skeleton of an
older volcano. Looked (I) ---- from above, the A) to
remaining ridge of a much larger volcano can B) for
be seen on the north side. This older volcano C) at
had probably erupted violently long before D) out
human settlement. Southern Italy is unstable E) up
ground. The African continental plate, (II) ----
most of the Mediterranean Sea rests, is 142. II
actually diving beneath the European plate.
That kind of underground collision produces A) under which
molten rock, or magma, rich in volatile gases B) which
such as sulphur dioxide. Under pressure C) whichever
underground, these gases stay dissolved. But D) on which
when the magma rises to the surface, the E) that
gases are released. Accordingly, when
volcanoes like Vesuvius erupt, they tend to 143. III
erupt explosively. To this day, in fact, Vesuvius
remains one of the worlds most dangerous A) some
volcanoes; (III) ---- 3.5 million Italians live in its B) rather
shadow. Although monitoring devices are in C) half
place to warn of the volcanos activity, if there D) even
were a major eruption with little (IV) ----, there E) such
could be a (V) ---- loss of life.
144. IV

A) warning
B) rise
C) evacuation
D) instability
E) dormancy

145. V

A) complete
B) tremendous
C) temporary
D) flat
E) slight

65 www.remzihoca.com
146. We see from the passage that
although Mount Vesuvius is a very
dangerous volcano ----.
A) it is safe to live nearby because of the
monitoring devices that warn of the
volcanos activity
B) many people still live nearby
C) it is more dangerous than the older
volcano that used to be in its place
D) it does not result from an underground
collision of continental plates
E) its eruption would never result in
peoples deaths
147. We can understand from the
passage that the pushing of the African
continental plate beneath the European
continental plate ----.
A) does not create magma containing
sulphur dioxide and other unstable
gases
B) is the result of volcanic activity such as
we see in Southern Italy
C) makes Southern Italy a region prone to
volcanic eruptions
D) has made Northern Africa a hot spot
for volcanic activity
E) means that the Mediterranean Sea is
slowly widening
66
148. We understand from the passage
that Mount Vesuviuss eruptions are
usually very explosive because of ----.
A) the exploded skeleton of an older
volcano within which it is located
B) the strong skeletal structure of the
volcano
C) its proximity to a large body of water
D) the unstable gases released when the
volcanos magma reaches the surface
of the Earth
E) the monitoring devices placed near the
volcano
149. It is clear from the passage that ----.
A) Mount Vesuvius is a dying volcano
which will someday cease to erupt
B) the Mediterranean Sea is part of the
European continental plate
C) the European continental plate will one
day completely cover the African one
D) 3.5 million Italians lost their lives in
Vesuviuss last eruption
E) there was once a much larger volcano
where Mount Vesuvius is today
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Several years ago, biochemists studying 150. I
marine ecosystems noticed something
unusual: a sponge (I) ---- in the middle of a A) absorbing
coral reef that was dying from bacterial B) soaking
infection. The researchers identified a C) squeezing
substance made by the sponge in order to D) taming
defend itself from harmful microbes. They E) thriving
realized that it was a natural antibacterial
molecule called 'ageliferin'. This molecule can 151. II
(II) ---- the formation of a protective biofilm
coating that bacteria use to (III) ---- themselves A) contain in
from threats, including antibiotic drugs. Now B) break down
the same researchers are using this natural C) take up
compound to create innovative ways to fight D) attach to
drug resistant bacteria. They have recently (IV) E) cut out for
---- the structure of ageliferin to make it more
potent and formulated to help conventional 152. III
medications combat otherwise drug-resistant
bacteria, such as staph and cholera. The A) renew
newly-developed chemical does not stop B) shield
bacteria (V) ---- proliferating, but it allows the C) issue
antibiotic to work again. The researchers hope D) construct
eventually to incorporate the altered ageliferin E) lift
as a helper drug within commercial antibiotic
products, allowing them to (VI) ---- formerly 153. IV
drug-resistant strains of diseases.
A) modified
B) lacked
C) administer
D) internalize
E) created

154. V

A) to
B) on
C) from
D) by
E) as

155. VI

A) send for
B) suffer from
C) bring about
D) break out
E) fight off

67 www.remzihoca.com
156. It can be understood from the
passage that bacteria that cause
infections ----.
A) protect themselves from threats using
a biofilm coating
B) preserve their biofilm coating with the
help of ageliferin
C) break down the formation of protective
biofilms of other bacteria
D) defend certain sponge types against
harmful microbes
E) have a naturally occurring molecule
called ageliferin
159.
157. It is clear from the passage that
ageliferin is a substance ----.
A) easily broken down by harmful bacteria
B) produced by a sponge found in coral
reefs
C) used in order to study bacterial
infection
D) helping bacteria to form a protective
shield around them
E) usually abundant in dying coral reefs
68
158. According to the passage,
scientists are using ageliferin ----.
A) although they wanted to discard
conventional medications
B) so that the natural compound can be
used to save dying sponge species
C) in case they altered the structure of the
compound
D) to develop new methods to fight drug-
resistant bacteria
E) as if it were more potent in combating
otherwise drug-resistant bacteria
One can understand from the
passage that the newly-developed
compound ----.
A) helps ageliferin to proliferate in sponge
colonies in coral reefs
B) can easily be used to alter biofilms like
ageliferin
C) is currently used in most commercial
antibiotic products
D) is ruled out to be an effective way of
fighting drug-resistant strains of
diseases
E) does not help to stop bacteria from
increasing in number
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The US Supreme Court is not a radical 160. I
institution, (I) ---- is it likely to become one as a
result of any particular presidential election. A) nor
The risks for the judiciary in presidential B) so
elections are a lot lower than many people C) as
imagine. This is not because there are no D) but
significant ideological or methodological E) for
differences among judges. Differences do
exist, and they display party affiliation to some 161. II
extent. And they matter; not just on public
issues such as abortion rights and racial A) so as
discrimination (II) ---- in those procedures that B) both
actually guide the way lower courts (III) ---- a C) such
large variety of legal cases. That said, the D) but also
courts have pretty strong institutional defences E) as to
(IV) ---- radicalism of any kind. For one thing,
the judiciarys power is spread among more 162. III
than 800 federal judges, no one of (V) ----
views matter all that much in the broad scheme A) compel
of things. Even on the Supreme Court the B) remain
idiosyncrasies or ideological extremism of any C) collapse
one judge can have only a limited effect. (VI) -- D) handle
-- four likeminded judges, his or her views are E) adjourn
just noise.
163. IV

A) under
B) against
C) over
D) from
E) away

164. V

A) whose
B) whom
C) that
D) where
E) which

165. VI

A) Through
B) About
C) Towards
D) Without
E) Throughout

69 www.remzihoca.com
166. It is pointed out in the passage that
though there are differences of opinion
within the judiciary, ----.
A) they play only a very small role in their
deliberations
B) they are far fewer than they used to be
C) these in no way concern party politics
D) it is almost impossible to avoid
radicalism
E) this only becomes apparent at election
times
167. According to the passage, the
Supreme Court of the US ----.
A) is feared by the lower courts
B) is a breeding ground for radicalism
C) is cut off from the lower courts of
justice
D) avoids, as far as possible, public
issues like abortion
E) can only be slightly affected by a
presidential election
70
168. According to the passage, all
rulings of the Supreme Court ----.
A) are reconsidered after an election
B) can be influenced by the federal
judges
C) must have had the support of at least
five judges
D) aim at preventing ideological
extremism
E) are, to a very large extent, influenced
by party affiliation
169. It is clear from the passage that the
US judiciary system ----.
A) reflects the opinions of the president
B) is well-protected against any kind of
extremism
C) consists of the Supreme Court and the
various lower courts and all act
independently of each other
D) takes its character, not from the
Supreme Court, but from the federal
courts
E) faces pressure from many quarters
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(I) ---- a drug to work, it has to get to the place 170. I
in the body where the problem lies, and (II) ----
the science of pharmacokinetics is important. A) For
Enough of the drug has to stay at the site of B) At
action (III) ---- the drug does its job, but not so C) In
much that it produces severe side effects or D) To
toxic reactions. Every doctor knows that E) By
selecting the right dose is a tricky balancing
act. Many drugs get to their site of action (IV) -- 171. II
-- the bloodstream. How much time these
drugs need to work and how long their effects A) such
last, often (V) ---- how fast they get into the B) thats why
bloodstream, how much of them gets into the C) though
bloodstream, how fast they leave the D) yet
bloodstream, how efficiently they're broken E) as
down by the liver, and how quickly they're
eliminated by the kidneys and intestines. 172. III

A) whenever
B) until
C) since
D) although
E)

173. IV

A) without
B) on
C) under
D) through
E) to

174. V

A) come across
B) turn into
C) sort out
D) call off
E) depend on

71 www.remzihoca.com
175. One important point made about
drugs in the passage is that ----.
A) the dosage to be recommended must
be considered carefully
B) the bloodstream plays a minimal role in
their action
C) the kidneys are of vital importance for
their effectiveness
D) the dosage a doctor recommends is
always the standard one
E) their toxic side effects can easily be
controlled
176. It is clear from the passage that the
effectiveness of some drugs ----.
A) seems to be related to the sex of the
patient
B) is not related to their passage through
the bloodstream
C) depends upon their metabolization
D) is outside the range of
pharmacokinetics
E) can be increased by varying the
dosage
72
177. According to the passage, a drug ---
-.
A) should rarely be taken for longer than
a week
B) may undermine the efficiency of the
bloodstream
C) frequently produces the desired effect
only after a long period of time
D) can sometimes result in unwanted and
harmful effects
E) often has the opposite effect on a
patient to the one expected
178. We learn from the passage that
when a drug is taken, ----.
A) its passage through the bloodstream is
likely to be long and slow
B) it immediately passes into the
bloodstream
C) toxic reaction can immediately be
observed
D) it passes immediately to the infected
site in the body
E) its metabolization takes place in the
liver
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There have been stories in the press about 179. I
mobile phones sparking explosions at petrol
stations. But (I) ---- the GSM Association, a A) contrary to
worldwide body for mobile phone makers, B) according to
none of these reports has ever been traced C) inasmuch as
back to a real event. But there is a real safety D) apart from
(II) ----, and it's not about radio emissions (III) - E) on the eve of
--- mobiles as you might have thought. (IV) ----,
the GSM Association says there is a 180. II
theoretical risk that if a hand-held phone is
dropped and the battery separates from the A) record
phone, it (V) ---- a spark across the contacts. B) management
This is equally true of other battery-powered C) campaign
devices such as torches, Walkmans and CD D) concern
players. But it's far more likely that mobile E) reply
phones cause a hazard at petrol stations (VI) --
-- distracting their users while they're operating 181. III
a petrol pump.
A) from
B) on
C) with
D) out
E) off

182. IV

A) Hence
B) In the mean time
C) Although
D) On the whole
E) Instead

183. V

A) is caused
B) might be caused
C) could cause
D) were causing
E) would cause

184. VI

A) for
B) by
C) as
D) to
E) in

73 www.remzihoca.com
185. We understand from the passage
that explosions at petrol stations ----.
A) are extremely rare since so many
precautions are taken to prevent them
B) have always been accurately reported
by the press
C) have never been precisely traced to
mobile phones
D) are so rare that no further precautions
are considered necessary
E) are theoretically unlikely, due to the
introduction of serious safety
measures
186. According to the passage, a mobile
phone ----.
A) could be the cause of an explosion at a
petrol station, but not on account of its
radio emissions
B) has to bear the stamp of the GSM
Association before it goes into use
C) occasionally emits sparks that are
normally harmless, but not on all
occasions
D) is less likely to cause an explosion
than a CD player or a torch is
E) should be switched off on arrival at a
petrol station
74
187. It is pointed out in the passage that
any battery powered device ----.
A) is sure to emit sparks if dropped
B) is potentially dangerous at a petrol
station
C) that is dropped will be permanently
damaged
D) has to be approved by the GSM
Association
E) can distract a person's attention and
cause accidents
188. It is clear from the passage that
much adverse publicity ----.
A) in the press concerning mobile phone
users has had far-reaching effects
B) has undermined the authority of the
GSM Association
C) has reduced the popularity of all
battery powered devices
D) has been aimed at mobile phones for
causing explosions at petrol stations
E) of petrol stations, on account of their
lack of safety precautions, has
appeared in the press
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(I) ----, potatoes were grown on unirrigated 189. I
land, which often meant they were small and
probably misshapen. Now, (II) ----, farmers A) Instantly
routinely irrigate their lands to produce B) Luckily
products acceptable to the fast-food industry C) Eagerly
for its French fries. But in Minnesota the D) Formerly
groundwater that farmers pump for potatoes E) Explicitly
has (III) ---- to be the same water that helps to
sustain the Straight River, a major trout fishery. 190. II
Even modest pumping for potatoes, a federal
study eventually concluded, had the potential A) even though
to reduce the river's flow (IV) ---- one third B) therefore
during the irrigation season, with adverse C) as
impact on the brown trout. For now, the trout D) however
are not in danger, but that could change (V) ---- E) thus
Minnesota were to approve applications from
farmers still eager to see potato planting and 191. III
irrigation widen.
A) called off
B) took up
C) blocked up
D) turned out
E) based upon

192. IV

A) for
B) at
C) of
D) to
E) by

193. V

A) when
B) because
C) if
D) so
E) even though

75 www.remzihoca.com
194. According to the passage, small,
badly-shaped potatoes ----.
A) bring in very little money
B) make excellent French fries
C) are often the result of inadequate
irrigation
D) are a poor strain of potato that is being
replaced by better strains
E) have led to a drop in the sale of French
fries
195. It is clear from the passage that the
fast-food industry ----.
A) is keen to help solve environmental
problems
B) has made large, well-shaped potatoes
the ideal
C) is not in the least interested in the size
of the potatoes it buys
D) plays a major role in the development
of irrigation systems
E) agreed to buy smaller potatoes when it
became clear that irrigation systems
were a threat to the brown trout
76
196. We understand from the passage
that the groundwater Minnesota
farmers use for irrigation purposes ----.
A) could significantly reduce the level of
the Straight River during the irrigation
season
B) has reduced the numbers of fish in the
Straight River by one third
C) is quickly replaced once the rainy
season commences
D) has had no obvious effect on the
environment
E) is no longer available for irrigation
purposes
197. It is implied in the passage that
Minnesota farmers ----.
A) have agreed to stop irrigating their
fields
B) might resist efforts to cut down on
irrigation
C) will change to crops that require less
water than potatoes
D) have done their best to save the trout
fishery of the Straight River
E) have failed to give the fast-food
companies the type of potato they
want
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If engineers waited for the development of 198. I
scientific knowledge to use and organize into
technological achievements, ours (I) ---- a very A) is
different world from what we know. In B) has been
engineering, it is not so much science as it is C) would be
ingenuity that is applied to solve problems and D) was
(II) ---- needs and wants. If this were not so, E) will be
the steam engine would never have been
invented in the absence of thermodynamics. 199. II
The Wright Brothers would not have flown
since they had no aerodynamics textbooks. A) raise
The astronauts would never have landed on B) satisfy
the Moon nor the rovers on Mars (III) ---- firm C) invent
geological knowledge of their surfaces. (IV) ---- D) develop
following scientific theories and discoveries, E) evaluate
engineering leads them. Operating steam
engines prompted the development of 200. III
thermodynamics, actual powered flight drove
aerodynamics, and Moon and Mars missions A) without
brought back samples and sent back data that B) in
led to increased scientific knowledge (V) ---- C) by
those extra-terrestrial bodies. D) through
E) over

201. IV

A) In fact
B) Rather than
C) In order to
D) Once
E) Irrespective of

202. V

A) for
B) to
C) as
D) in
E) about

77 www.remzihoca.com
203. The main point made in this
passage is that ----.
A) engineers rely on theoretical science
for the solution of technical problems
B) theoretical science and technological
achievement have always gone hand-
in-hand
C) engineering is very often a step ahead
of the pure sciences
D) all scientists show equal ingenuity
E) the steam engine was the greatest
invention of all time
204. As it is pointed out in the passage,
it was only after the steam engine had
come into being that ----.
A) anyone could envisage traveling into
space
B) people understood what engineering
could achieve
C) people began to value scientific theory
D) aerodynamics attracted any serious
attention
E) the science of thermodynamics really
began to develop
78
205. We understand from the passage
that the technological achievements of
engineers are ---.
A) frequently the result of inventiveness
and creativity
B) based on a profound knowledge of
several scientific fields
C) best exemplified in the missions to
Mars
D) often disappointing as they aim to
achieve too much
E) no longer as impressive as formerly
206. One point made in the passage is
that inventions ----.
A) relate more to physics than to
chemistry
B) are made in response to the
recognition of a need
C) are almost always based on some
degree of scientific knowledge
D) are valued more than new scientific
theories
E) do not usually relate to our ordinary
everyday life
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Narrowly defined, fitness (I) ---- the 207. I
characteristics that enable the body to perform
physical activity. These characteristics include A) follows up
flexibility of the joints, strength and endurance B) puts off
of the muscles, including the heart muscle, and C) refers to
a healthy body composition. A broader D) ends up
definition of fitness is the ability to meet routine E) sets out
physical demands with enough energy reserve
to rise to a sudden (II) ----. This definition 208. II
shows how fitness relates to everyday life. (III)
---- tasks such as carrying heavy suitcases, A) challenge
opening a stuck window, or climbing four flights B) compatibility
of stairs, which might (IV) ---- an unfit person, C) regulation
are easy for a fit person. Still another definition D) adaptation
is the bodys ability to withstand stress, E) withdrawal
meaning both physical and psychological
stress. These definitions do not (V) ---- each 209. III
other; all three describe the same wonderful
condition of the body. A) Relative
B) Preliminary
C) Ordinary
D) Scarce
E) Outstanding

210. IV

A) fight
B) refresh
C) strain
D) account
E) replenish

211. V

A) throw
B) combat
C) tackle
D) justify
E) contradict

79 www.remzihoca.com
212. According to the passage, fitness,
among other things, enables ----.
A) an unfit person to perform various
tasks in everyday life
B) the heart to perform its task regularly
C) people to understand their body
composition fully
D) the body to overcome psychological
stress
E) a person to conserve his or her energy
efficiently
213. Each definition of fitness given in
the passage ----.
215.
A) is not complete and has already
aroused much controversy among
specialists
B) refers to various things and is therefore
widely different from the others
C) is perfectly compatible with the others
and draws attention to the same thing
D) offers guidelines about the
development of a healthy body
composition
E) underlines the ways whereby the
muscles can best be made stronger
80
214. It is implied in the passage that, if
one is not fit, one ----.
A) can still find it easy to climb the stairs
or open a stuck window
B) should still try to do all kinds of tasks
that cause physical and psychological
stress
C) must do his or her best to increase the
energy reserve of the body
D) should only carry out ordinary tasks in
everyday life
E) may find it hard to do the routine tasks
of everyday life
According to the passage, a strong
heart muscle ----.
A) is indispensable to get rid of physical
stress
B) can only be developed through hard
physical activities
C) is one of the indications of being fit
D) need not be related to physical fitness
E) is the only indication of a healthy body
composition
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From the mid-fifteenth century (I) ----, most of 216. I
Europe had enjoyed steady economic growth,
and the discovery of the New World seemed A) on
the basis of greater prosperity to come. (II) ---- B) to
the middle of the sixteenth century, however, C) in
the situation changed. Nothing like the upward D) of
price trend that affected Western Europe in the E) at
second half of the sixteenth century had ever
happened (III) ----. Since Europes population 217. II
began to grow vastly and the food supply
remained (IV) ----, food prices were driven A) On
sharply higher by the increased demand. At B) Since
the same time, wages (V) ---- or even declined. C) Over
On the other hand, the enormous influx of D) For
silver from Spanish America into Europe, E) By
where much of it was minted into coins,
caused a dramatic increase in the volume of 218. III
money in circulation. This, of course, fuelled
the spiral of rising prices. A) just
B) as such
C) after
D) before
E) while

219. IV

A) boastful
B) constant
C) non-existent
D) descriptive
E) abundant

220. V

A) ascended
B) enhanced
C) allocated
D) stagnated
E) reduced

81 www.remzihoca.com
221. The main aim of the passage is to
present ----.
A) the excitement that was caused by the
arrival of large amounts of silver from
Spanish America
B) a picture of the steady economic
growth of Europe over the centuries
C) how an increase in the food supply in
Europe was achieved
D) the reasons for the rapid growth in the
population of Europe
E) the basic reasons for the economic
turbulence Europe had to face in the
sixteenth century
222. It is understood from the passage
that ----.
A) the political instability that Europe
suffered from in the mid-sixteenth
century was largely caused by the food
shortage
B) the discovery of the New World
brought great welfare to Europe in the
mid-sixteenth century
C) Europeans were better off in the
second half of the fifteenth century
D) people benefited greatly from the influx
of silver into Europe
E) very little is known about the history of
Europe in the fifteenth and sixteenth
centuries
82
223. Upon reading the passage, one can
say that ----.
A) the discovery of the New World was
generally greeted with dismay
B) an increase in the volume of money in
circulation causes a rise in prices
C) the worst problem a country ever has
to face is a serious food shortage
D) the discovery of the New World
brought more problems to Europe than
benefits
E) after the sixteenth century Europe was
never again faced with such a spiral of
rising prices
224. One can infer from the passage that,
in the second half of the sixteenth
century, the people of Europe realized
that ----.
A) their dreams of prosperity had no basis
B) they could look forward to a more
prosperous future
C) the New World could offer them a
better life
D) they would have to fight for higher
wages
E) the lives of ordinary people varied very
little from one century to the next
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Engineering is (I) ---- writing or painting (II) ---- 225. I
it is a creative endeavour that begins in the
minds eye and proceeds into new frontiers of A) akin to
thought and action, where it does not so much B) such
find as make new things. (III) ---- the poet C) as
starts with a blank sheet of paper and the artist D) whether
with a blank canvas, so the engineer today E) the same
begins with a blank computer screen. Until the
outlines of a design are set down, however 226. II
tentatively, there can be no appeal to science
or to critical analysis to judge or test the A) though
design. Scientific, rhetorical or aesthetic B) while
principles may be called on to inspire, refine C) in that
and finish a design, but creative things do not D) due to
come of applying the principles alone. Without E) whereas
the sketch of a thing or a diagram of a process,
scientific facts and laws are (IV) ---- little use to 227. III
engineers. Science may be the theatre, but
engineering is the action (V) ---- the stage. A) For example
B) Just as
C) As regards
D) When compared to
E) Whereas

228. IV

A) in
B) by
C) to
D) of
E) from

229. V

A) below
B) in
C) for
D) between
E) on

83 www.remzihoca.com
230. The writers main aim in this
passage is to ----.
A) show how many different types of
creativity there are
B) stress the creative and constructive
aspects of an engineers work
C) compare and contrast the way poets
and painters work
D) show that literary creativity is superior
to the painters creativity
E) establish the fact that it is the
engineers scientific knowledge that
makes him creative
231. We understand from the passage
that, for the engineer, scientific laws ----
. A) necessitates the crossing of frontiers
A) only have a role to play after a design
has taken some sort of form
B) are only relevant in details concerning
safety
C) are a constant factor all through the
creative process of design
D) play an important role only when it
comes to finalizing certain details
E) are rarely applicable at any stage in his
projects
84
232. It can be inferred from the passage
that, once a poet has achieved the
basic core of his poem, ----.
A) the creative process is complete
B) he tends to lose interest in it
C) he should wait a while before
transcribing it onto a blank sheet of
paper
D) aesthetic principles may help him to
intensify and complete it
E) he must start to examine it for flaws
and then remove them
233. According to the writer of the
passage, each act of creativity ----.
and entry into unknown regions
B) is dependent upon a storehouse of
closely related knowledge
C) arises almost equally out of thought
and inspiration and knowledge
D) has some bearing on other acts of
creativity
E) in one sphere of endeavour has its
counterpart in another
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(I) ---- the older forms of occultism, such as 234. I
magic and astrology, organized occultism is a
modern phenomenon. Few of the various A) Unlike
organized occult movements (III) ---- for more B) Still
than 150 years; some were formed as a C) In spite of
belated counter movement to the D) As though
Enlightenment, when people began to follow E) Whereas
rational schools of thought. Todays occult
views are based on the idea that there are 235. II
events within nature, (III) ---- within ones
spiritual life, which seem mysterious and A) were to exist
cannot be explained by science. Examples B) have existed
include extrasensory perceptions such as C) would have existed
telepathy and telekinesis, and haunted places D) will exist
or people. Believers maintain (IV) ---- these E) having existing
phenomena (V) ---- unknown powers that can
often be accessed only by some people (VI) --- 236. III
- special abilities.
A) instead
B) as well as
C) while
D) lest
E) yet

237. IV

A) which
B) what
C) when
D) who
E) that

238. V

A) hand over
B) stem from
C) keep on
D) care for
E) go through

239. VI

A) on
B) with
C) by
D) at
E) of

85 www.remzihoca.com
240. We understand from the passage
that adherents of occultism claim that
certain people ----.
A) have extraordinary talents that allow
them to have contact with the unknown
B) practise magic and explain events by
means of astrological signs
C) were the pioneers of the anti-
Enlightenment movements in the
eighteenth and nineteenth centuries
D) can tell us what places are haunted
and why
E) can teach others what extrasensory
perceptions are
241. According to the passage, some of
the organized occult movements in the
past came into being ----.
A) as a result of various magical and
astrological practices
B) since people in the past were seriously
concerned about their extrasensory
perceptions
C) because the public was not satisfied
with scientific explanations of events in
nature
D) due to the assumption that many
phenomena in nature were related to
mans spiritual life
E) in reaction to the rational thinking style
that characterized the Enlightenment
86
242. As we learn from the passage,
occult practices in our time ----.
A) are particularly widespread among
people who follow rational schools of
thought
B) have mostly focused on the mysteries
of telepathy and telekinesis
C) essentially stem from the occult
movements of the past
D) are concerned with phenomena which
are thought to be scientifically
inexplicable
E) seem to benefit from science in
explaining natural phenomena
243. It is implied in the passage that
magic and astrology ----.
A) have failed as occult practices in
explaining extrasensory perceptions
B) are forms of occultism which can be
traced back into the past
C) lost their significance with the rise of
rationalism during the Enlightenment
D) did not exist as occult practices prior to
the Enlightenment
E) have always been used in order to
communicate with unknown powers
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(I) ---- every teenager thinks he is brighter than 244. I
his parents, every decade considers itself
superior (II) ---- the one that came before. Over A) Contrary to
the past few months, we of the 2000 decade B) Just as
have made it quite clear that we are morally C) Since
heads (III) ---- those who lived in the 1990s. D) While
Weve done it first by establishing a reigning E) Similarly
clich for that period. Just as the 1960s are
known for student unrest, the 1980s for 245. II
Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies, the 1990s
will henceforth be known as the second Gilded A) in
Age. They will be known as the age (IV) ---- the B) to
real problems in the world were ignored (V) ---- C) as
the illusions of the dotcom types were D) for
celebrated. It was the age of effortless E) at
abundance, cell phones on every ear, stock
markets that only went up and Mercedes sport 246. III
utility vehicles. Never before had business
leaders enjoyed so much prestige, and never A) upon
before had capitalism had fewer mortal B) under
enemies. Bill Gates couldnt be on enough C) along
business-magazine covers; tycoons like him D) above
felt free to assume the role of global sages, E) among
writing books with (VI) ---- weighty titles as The
Road Ahead. 247. IV

A) which
B) what
C) when
D) whether
E) of which

248. V

A) what if
B) unless
C) besides
D) because
E) while

249. VI

A) such
B) nor
C) so
D) even
E) as

87 www.remzihoca.com
250. According to the passage, the
decade of the 1990s was characterized
by ----.
A) capitalism, blindness and possessions
B) hard-work, greed and the need to
communicate
C) indifference, immorality and
selfishness
D) generosity, spontaneity and
individuality
E) disagreements, competition and
prejudice
251. In the opinion of the author of the
passage, the 2000 decade ----.
A) differs very little from the decade of
Reagan, Thatcher and the Yuppies
B) inherited a failing global economy from
the previous decade
C) is far more moral than the preceding
one
D) still admires the values of the business
leaders of the 1990s and the books
they wrote
E) is fast losing its idealism and growing
more and more like previous decades
88
252. We understand from the passage
that, during the 1990s, ----.
A) there was a great deal of student
unrest
B) capitalism again fell into disrepute
C) technological advance took the form of
useful gadgets
D) teenagers grew very critical of their
parents
E) business tycoons received undue
respect and were indeed almost
idolized
253. One point made in the passage is
that ----.
A) with each passing decade life gets
easier and more comfortable
B) any hopes of the 2000 decade are not
likely to survive the decade
C) the business magazines of this decade
differ very little from those of earlier
decades
D) each new decade regards itself as
superior to the previous one
E) the real problems of each decade are
essentially the same
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The late Chinese Prime Minister, Chou-En Lai, 254. I
(I) ---- being asked whether the French
Revolution had been a good thing in world A) upon
history, was reported (II) ----: It is still too early B) across
to tell. Watching the Western media analyse C) beyond
the recent emergence of China as a major D) via
investor in Africa and likely to become a new E) for
factor to rival the historical Euro-American
ascendancy in African politics, one is even 255. II
more justified in saying that it is too soon to tell
(III) ---- the outcome of the Chinese love affair A) having said
in Africa will be. (IV) ---- China, India is also B) to have said
increasingly mentioned as a new source of C) said
large-scale investments in Africa. For the D) to be said
moment, the emergence of the Asian E) saying
superpowers, themselves once in the sphere
of British imperialism, as investors and trading 256. III
partners in Africa, seems to offer an
opportunity of shaking the marginalisation into A) whether
which most African countries have fallen (V) --- B) that
- the collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989. C) those
D) whom
E) what

257. IV

A) As well
B) Rather than
C) Also
D) Both
E) Besides

258. V

A) until
B) after
C) since
D) when
E) before

89 www.remzihoca.com
259. It is clear from the passage that,
with the growing economic involvement
of China and India in Africa, ----.
A) the British economic and political
interests in the region can only be
maintained through more investments
by Britain
B) the Western superpowers have
apparently lost their political influence
in the region
C) this continent has clearly been gaining
in importance
D) the Euro-American collaboration in the
region will inevitably come to an end
E) regional governments have begun to
introduce radical measures for the
improvement of the economy
262.
260. According to the passage, it is
China, more than India, that ----.
A) has historically resisted British
imperialism in order to safeguard its
own interests in Africa
B) is in the fore front in Africa as a leading
investor and trading partner
C) was extremely pleased with the
collapse of the Soviet bloc in 1989
D) has attached much importance to the
views of the Western media
E) has been most influenced in its
ideology by the French Revolution
90
261. The author points out that,
historically, Africa ----.
A) has always been on good terms with
China, especially since the time of
Chou-En Lai
B) has always played a central role in
world politics and economic rivalry
C) was completely colonized by Britain
but, later, came under the Soviet
political influence
D) has always been subject to the
European and American political
hegemony
E) has suffered a great deal from British
economic exploitation and political
hegemony
One understands from the passage
that the author ----.
A) is not yet sure of the possible
consequences of Chinas economic
and political ascendancy in Africa
B) is much impressed by the widespread
political improvement in Africa that has
been ushered in by China
C) displays a hostile attitude towards the
Euro-American ascendancy in Africa
today
D) is particularly interested in Chou-En
Lais ideas and policies with regard to
Africa
E) is very biased in his assessment of the
Chinese and Indian policies
concerning the future of Africa
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A couple of months ago, NASA asked the 263. I
scientific community what kinds of research it
should conduct when it returns humans (I) ---- A) for
the moon. In doing so, NASA wanted B) to
prioritized research objectives (II) ---- the C) with
robotic orbiters and landers that will be used D) at
primarily for reconnaissance purposes prior to E) from
later explorations (III) ---- astronauts of the
lunar surface. Recommendations made by 264. II
scientists varied greatly, but they can be
summarized. The top priority that scientists A) for
have recommended is the development (IV) --- B) by
- programmes for lunar data analysis. Next is C) with
the exploration of the moons south pole, which D) to
is called the Aitken basin, an impact scar E) into
mostly (V) ---- the moons back side. Then
comes an instrument network for probing the 265. III
interior of the moon, and this is followed by
rock sample returns, scientifically selected A) behind
landing sites, and analysis of any icy polar B) for
deposits. C) against
D) by
E) at

266. IV

A) on
B) over
C) of
D) as
E) from

267. V

A) about
B) during
C) onto
D) within
E) on

91 www.remzihoca.com
268. From the research
recommendations summarized in the
passage, it becomes clear that ----.
A) there is still a lot that has to be learned
about the moon
B) scientists are extensively familiar with
the structure of the moon
C) the exploration of the lunar surface is
not so urgent as understanding the
inner structure of the moon
D) the scientific community does not
regard NASAs objectives about the
moon as feasible
E) NASA is determined to make the moon
a new base for space exploration
269. One understands from the passage
that NASA ----.
A) and scientists have conflicting
research objectives about the moon
B) has already developed a multi-purpose
research programme for the moon
C) always consults the scientific
community, but seldom takes its
advice into consideration
D) is planning to send robots to the moon
before it sends astronauts
E) has been indifferent to various
recommendations made by scientists
92
270. As is clear from the passage,
NASAs purpose in consulting
scientists is to ----.
A) make sure that its programmes for
lunar data analysis are supported by
them
B) learn whether the moon has water
deposited as ice under its poles
C) find out about the kind of research
which is primarily important for lunar
exploration
D) encourage them to focus their attention
on a full study of the Aitken basin
E) give them the opportunity to discuss
their research results about the moon
271. According to the passage, one of
the recommendations made by the
scientific community concerns ----.
A) the scientific specification of the
locations where robots or astronauts
can land
B) the problems related to the working of
the robots orbiting the moon or landing
on the surface
C) the analysis of the rock samples that
will be taken from the Aitken basin
D) the tasks that will be performed by the
astronauts when they explore the
moons south pole
E) the question of how NASA can benefit
from the results obtained from lunar
explorations
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In many primitive communities there is a taboo 272. I
on mentioning a mans name (I) ---- in certain
special circumstances, (II) ---- his name is A) at all
believed to contain within it something of B) as well
himself, which would be lost and wasted (III) --- C) either
- his name were uttered without first taking D) except
special precautions. This belief about words is E) pertaining
widespread. Among the more primitive and the
uneducated, it is universal. A remarkably 273. II
matter of act practical application of it occurs
even in the present day in the Tibetan prayer- A) because
wheel. If, thinks the Tibetan peasant, a prayer B) but
uttered (IV) ---- does some good, then the C) whereas
same prayer uttered many times will do more D) as if
good. (V) ----, since he assumes that the E) ever since
efficacy lies in the prayer as an entity in itself,
he writes it round the rim of a wheel, and then 274. III
frugally employs the water of a mountain
stream to turn it all day long, (VI) ---- wastefully A) lest
employing his own lungs and lips to say it B) unless
again and again. C) if
D) however
E) so that

275. IV

A) once
B) seeing
C) even
D) like
E) while

276. V

A) Nevertheless
B) For instance
C) Ultimately
D) Afterwards
E) Therefore

277. VI

A) nor
B) despite
C) any longer
D) instead of
E) no matter

93 www.remzihoca.com
278. In this passage, the author points
out that ----.
A) most societies in the world today are
still very primitive
B) in primitive societies, words are often
felt to embody the idea they Express
C) the unsophisticated are no less
intelligent than the sophisticated
D) Tibetan peasants should not be
regarded as primitive
E) the Tibetan peasant does not really
believe that the prayer-wheel can do
any good
281.
279. As we understand from the
passage, an underlying belief behind
the Tibetan prayer-wheel is that ----.
A) for a prayer to be answered, it must be
repeated many times
B) man can achieve nothing without the
help of stronger powers
C) man is powerless against the forces of
evil
D) human effort can achieve almost
anything
E) the forces of nature must never be
opposed
94
280. The author uses the example of the
Tibetan prayer-wheel to ----.
A) show that all religions are
fundamentally alike
B) demonstrate how unrealistic primitive
peoples are
C) illustrate just how powerful words are
felt to be in primitive societies
D) show how inventive primitive peoples
are
E) show how unique the natives of Tibet
are
It is clear from the passage that,
among primitive societies, it is
generally believed that a mans name ---
-.
A) should be constantly repeated
B) has a wholesome effect upon his life
C) will bring calamity to those who use it
D) should only be spoken under
appropriate circumstances
E) is of little importance as it is so rarely
used
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Thomas Edison began conducting experiments 282. I
during his childhood. To start with, there were
hundreds of unsuccessful experiments but A) entirely
Edison (I) ---- invented and patented 2, 500 B) slightly
items, including the electric lamp and C) unfortunately
phonograph. He was (II) ---- to give laughter D) furiously
and light to people, but, until he actually E) eventually
managed to do so, most people ridiculed him.
Without losing hope, Edison (III) ---- over 1, 283. II
000 unsuccessful experiments in his efforts to
make an electric lamp. When people told him A) eminent
he was wasting his time, energy, and money B) determined
for nothing, Edison exclaimed, For nothing! C) creative
Every time I make an experiment, I get new D) constant
results. Failures are stepping stones to E) jealous
success. Determined to give people electric
lamps, Edison said hed meet his goal by early 284. III
1880. In October, 1879, he created his first
electric lamp, and in so doing, received much A) conferred
(IV) ----. People realized that Edisons B) relieved
invention was not affected by rain or wind, C) attempted
remaining constant through bad weather. Just D) carried
as he had hoped, Edison (V) ---- people with E) corrupted
light and laughter.
285. IV

A) embarrassment
B) prospect
C) resentment
D) breakthrough
E) praise

286. V

A) estimate
B) provided
C) prevail
D) gained
E) ushered

95 www.remzihoca.com
287. As we understand from the
passage, Edison conducted many
unsuccessful experimental trials, ----.
A) most of which were very expensive
and got him into financial difficulties
B) but the list of his patental inventions is
a long one
C) most of which were related to the
phonograph
D) but the people who knew him
encouraged him to keep on trying
E) and on many occasions he felt his
experiments were pointless
288. It is clear from the passage that,
once Edison had invented the electric
lamp, ----.
A) he lost interest in carrying out
experiments
B) he admitted that at one point he had
very nearly given up the Project
C) he wasnt at all interested in what
people felt about it
D) people were particularly impressed by
the fact that wind and rain had no
damaging effect on it
E) he felt discouraged because he had
failed to meet the goal he had set
himself for the completion of his
invention
96
289. As we understand from the
passage, with the phrase, Failures are
stepping stones to success, Edison
meant that ----.
A) one should forget ones failures as
soon as possible
B) one cannot be successful every time
C) success and failure are both a matter
of chance
D) there are two kinds of failure: those
that lead to success and those that
dont
E) the knowledge and experience that
one gains from failure contributes to
success
290. According to the passage, when
Edison was working on an invention, he
----.
A) was keen to pass on to others the
knowledge he was accumulating
B) was very secretive about what he was
doing
C) was not discouraged by the possibility
of failure
D) avoided friends and detractors alike
E) felt embarrassed by periods of no
progress
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The 16th century in England is generally 294. IV
known as the Tudor period, which historically
(I) ---- from 1485 to 1603. Among the famous A) made out
Tudor sovereigns were Henry VII, Henry VIII, B) pulled through
and Elizabeth I. In fact, the early years of the C) held up
Tudor period were marked by significant D) driven off
changes in trade and in the arts of war. Henry E) broken out
VII made commercial treaties (II) ---- European
countries. Economically, England, which had 295. V
always been a sheep-raising country, was by
now manufacturing and exporting significant A) fought off
amounts of cloth. (III) ---- lands were enclosed B) watched out
to permit grazing on a larger scale, people C) played down
were (IV) ---- the land to the cities, and London D) moved off
(V) ---- a metropolitan market with E) grew into
sophisticated commercial institutions. These
changes had an impact on the traditional 296. VI
feudal social order, which also began to
decline; also, due to the introduction of A) sarcastic
cannons and firearms, the feudal system of B) obsolete
warfare became (VI) ----. Yet, it would be a C) obstinate
mistake to imagine these changes as sudden D) dominant
and dramatic. (VII) ----, it was a slow and long E) glorious
process whereby England was transformed
into a modern state. 297. VII

A) Meanwhile
291. I B) Otherwise
C) Still
A) stated D) Now that
B) realized E) In fact
C) conquered
D) lasted
E) revolutionized

292. II

A) with
B) to
C) of
D) at
E) on

293. III

A) Similarly
B) As
C) Unless
D) Only when
E) Following

97 www.remzihoca.com
298. According to the passage, it was
during the Tudor period that ----.
A) Englands overseas trade was
adversely affected by ongoing wars in
Europe
B) feudalism in England was further
strengthened
C) Englands exports to European
countries were significantly in decline
D) sheep-raising was introduced into
England, which had large areas of
grazing
E) London was transformed into a major
trade centre
299. It is pointed out in the passage that
the changes that took place in Tudor
England ----.
A) were fundamentally inspired by the
social and economic developments
already being witnessed in Europe
B) had far-reaching effects on social and
economic life
C) were mainly confined to social life and
improved the efficiency of the feudal
social order
D) initially resulted from a revision of the
traditional arts of war that had
depended on the use of cannons and
firearms
E) greatly reduced all the political and
legal powers that English sovereigns
had traditionally enjoyed and used
98
300. One understands from the passage
that the Tudor dynasty in England ----.
A) was best represented by Henry VIII,
who followed a policy of friendship with
other countries
B) introduced a number of military
reforms in order to build the strongest
army in Europe
C) focused its main attention on the
improvement of agriculture in the
country
D) was represented by powerful
sovereigns, who played a leading role
in European politics
E) came to power in the late fifteenth
century and ruled the country over a
century
301. It is clear from the passage that, due
to developments in cloth-making in
Tudor England, ----.
A) most farming lands were turned into
grazing fields for the sheep
B) English merchants began to look for
new markets in order to export more
goods
C) rural people gave up farming and
migrated to London in search of
employment
D) the economic prosperity of the people
increased enormously
E) many cities, including London,
competed with each other for
economic prosperity
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The Copernican revolution began over 500 302. I
years ago with the realization (I) ---- the Earth
was not the centre of the universe, but we still A) what
await its grand finale: the anticipated discovery B) which
of life elsewhere. Where else might we find C) in which
life? The vast scale of the universe makes it D) that
virtually certain that there are other Earth-like E) how
(II) ----. In our own solar system, Marss
distance (III) ---- the Sun makes it sufficiently 303. II
Earth-like; so, especially with increasing
evidence for occasional liquid water, many are A) discoveries
looking there (IV) ---- the first sign of B) clusters
extraterrestrial life. Recently, however, a new C) settings
contender has emerged, and surprisingly it is D) restrictions
from the cold outer solar system: it is Jupiters E) nominations
moon Europa. As one of the four satellites of
Jupiter, discovered by Galileo in 1610, Europa 304. III
is now believed to have water in a liquid state,
(V) ---- it is so far from the Sun. Thus, the A) from
possibility of liquid water on Europa has B) to
opened the door to speculation about life on C) at
this satellite of Jupiter. D) of
E) by

305. IV

A) at
B) for
C) on
D) with
E) out

306. V

A) as far as
B) since
C) furthermore
D) in case
E) even though

99 www.remzihoca.com
307. One clearly understands from the
passage that, until Copernicus in the
sixteenth century, ----.
A) Mars had generally been regarded as
the planet with life on it
B) the search for life elsewhere in the
solar system had been futile
C) it had been commonly believed that
the centre of the universe was the
Earth
D) there had been many attempts to
understand the outer solar system
E) the planets in the solar system had all
been discovered and studied
308. According to the passage, the
discovery of Earth-like settings in other
parts of the universe ----.
A) is definitely out of question, since the
universe is extremely vast
B) would no longer make the Earth seem
like the only planet with life on it
C) seems possible, but it would be very
costly and dangerous to attempt it
D) has been an obsession for scientists
ever since the time of Copernicus
E) was what Galileo was primarily
interested in in the early seventeenth
century
100
309. It is pointed out in the passage that,
in recent years, ----.
A) some scientists have come to regard
Copernicuss contribution to astronomy
as negligible
B) scientists have come to understand the
reasons for Galileos discovery of
Europa
C) astronomers have focused on an in-
depth study of the outer solar system
D) there has been much controversy
about the geological features of Mars
E) it has been suggested that Jupiters
moon Europa may have liquid water on
it
310. It is stated in the passage that
currently Mars ----.
A) has been established as the only
planet with a vast amount of water
under its surface
B) is being fully explored because, as a
planet, it is so close to the Earth
C) has been partially studied, and so it
still maintains its mystery as a planet
D) has been the main focus of the
scientific search for extra-terrestrial life
E) and Europa provide a great deal of
evidence for a better understanding of
the solar system
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During the latter part of 1980, Iraq invaded Iran 311. I
and hoped to (I) ---- its southern oil fields. Iran
counterattacked. The result was a murderous A) drag
eight year conflict marked by the use of B) respect
chemical weapons and human waves of young C) overtake
Iranian radicals fighting the Soviet-armed D) seize
Iraqis. The war ended with Irans defeat, but E) fight
not the collapse of its theocratic regime. In the
short term, their long defence of Iranian 312. II
nationalism left the mullahs more entrenched
at home, (II) ---- abroad they used their oil A) so
revenues to back grass-roots radicalism in B) other than
Lebanon and militants elsewhere who engaged C) until
(III) ---- anti-Western terrorism. Over the years, D) indeed
the strongest threats to the Iranian regime E) while
ultimately (IV) ---- from within, from a new
generation of young students and workers who 313. III
have discovered that their prospects for
prosperity and democratic rights have not A) in
changed (V) ---- since the days of the shah. B) as
C) by
D) to
E) on

314. IV

A) is coming
B) was coming
C) have come
D) will come
E) had come

315. V

A) even
B) neither
C) much
D) so
E) very

101 www.remzihoca.com
316. According to the passage, the
Iranian regime ----.
A) has always been aware of the need to
grant to the people their democratic
rights
B) was adversely affected by the war with
Iraq and lost much of its power
C) has introduced radical economic
policies to increase its oil revenues
D) has failed to gain the unanimous
support of the people in the country
E) wholly relies on young radicals in the
country, who are inspired by
nationalism
319.
317. It is clear from the passage that
Iraqs invasion of Iran ----.
A) led to a war, which, in the end, settled
the issue of the southern oil fields
B) was sheer aggression, motivated by an
economic purpose
C) significantly weakened the authority of
the Iranian mullahs
D) was strongly opposed by the Soviet
government of the time
E) provoked Iranian students and workers
into anti-regime demonstrations
102
318. As can be seen from the passage,
the war between Iran and Iraq ----.
A) lasted under a decade and caused a
great deal of bloodshed
B) was actually a war of attrition, with no
victory for either side
C) greatly undermined the prosperity of
the Iranian people
D) made it necessary for the Iranian
regime to use all its oil revenues for
weapons
E) was fought on both sides with
weapons provided by the Soviets
It is stressed in the passage that,
with the money earned from oil exports,
Iran ----.
A) financed a series of projects to
strengthen nationalism among young
radicals
B) made huge investments to upgrade the
capacity of its southern oil fields
C) re-armed its army and, thus, was able
to resist the Iraqi invasion
D) carried out economic reforms to
improve the living standards of its
people
E) sponsored radical political movements
in other countries
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The loss of global biodiversity is occurring at 320. I
an (I) ---- rate. Since the 1970s, the area of
tropical forests destroyed worldwide (II) ---- the A) elegant
land mass of the European Union. Animal and B) utter
plant species are disappearing. Over fishing C) indispensable
has depleted stocks around the world. Poor D) outrageous
farming practices have depleted soils while E) alarming
allowing the invasion of harmful species.
Destruction of wetlands has left low-lying areas 321. II
extremely (III) ---- to storms and natural
disasters. Especially in Europe, ecosystems A) exceeds
have suffered more human-induced damage B) diversify
than those on any other continent. Only about C) lies
3 per cent of Europes forests can be classified D) covers
as undisturbed by humans, and the continent E) manufactures
has lost more than half of its wetlands. The
spread of urbanization and the excessive (IV) - 322. III
--- of resources is having an (V) ---- impact on
biodiversity. A) eliminative
B) vulnerable
C) mild
D) comparative
E) severe

323. IV

A) exploitation
B) deprivation
C) apprehension
D) detention
E) value

324. V

A) generous
B) formal
C) sustainable
D) enormous
E) spectacular

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325. In the passage, attention is drawn to
the fact that a very small percentage of
the forests in Europe ----.
A) seem to have been over-exploited and,
therefore, ecologically damaged
B) have been reserved for animal and
plant species
C) have been used for urbanization and
exploited
D) can be considered to be ecologically
suitable for biodiversity
E) have remained untouched by human
exploitation
326. According to the passage,
compared with other continents,
Europe ----.
A) is far more advanced in the
improvement of its farming practices
B) owns a far greater area of wetlands
and forests with a wide range of animal
species
C) is the only continent to have had its
ecosystems most extensively
damaged
D) has suffered so much loss in its
biodiversity that its variety of plant
species has declined a great deal
E) has been able to sustain the diversity
of its animal species despite the
spread of urbanization
104
327. As clearly stressed in the passage,
the biodiversity in the world ----.
A) has been completely immune from any
kind of human-induced damage
B) can only be sustained through the
preservation of forests as well as
wetlands
C) can be preserved intact only if poor
farming practices can be prevented
globally
D) is declining so fast that its effects can
be observed in various ways
E) can best be observed in tropical
forests, which also contain large areas
of wetlands
328. It is claimed in the passage that the
depletion of global fish stocks ----.
A) has mainly resulted from the loss of
wetlands on all the continents
B) has an adverse impact on the worlds
biodiversity
C) has caused much damage to Europes
ecosystems in particular
D) is far more alarming in the tropical
regions than in any other part of the
world
E) cannot be prevented unless
overfishing is forbidden worldwide
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For thousands of years the wild orangutan 333. V
lived in rich tropical forests. The species has
no natural enemy, but in the last three decades A) per
it has been driven (I) ---- extinction. The main B) of
causes (II) ---- this are miners, peasants and C) in
illegal loggers who have destroyed the D) along
orangutans habitat (III) ---- the Indonesian E) around
islands of Sumatra and Borneo. More than half
of these lowland forests were cut (IV) ---- 334. VI
during President Suhartos autocratic reign, but
the change to democracy in Indonesia in the A) of
late 1990s did nothing to stop the forest B) with
clearing. In addition, illegal hunters have killed C) by
more than 1, 000 orangutan mothers (V) ---- D) on
year, stealing their babies to sell (VI) ---- the E) for
black market. Because orangutans breed
slowly, they could not reproduce quickly 335. VII
enough to counter these threats (VII) ---- their
existence and so they died out. A) over
B) at
329. I C) under
D) on
A) to E) to
B) on
C) of
D) at
E) with

330. II

A) by
B) from
C) for
D) at
E) on

331. III

A) at
B) on
C) about
D) off
E) along

332. IV

A) out
B) of
C) up
D) under
E) down

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336. It is clear from the passage that
despite the shift to a democratic
government in Indonesia, ----.
A) the practice of selling baby orangutans
on the black market increased
B) the orangutans there began to have a
better life
C) the illegal hunting practices of the
loggers were stopped
D) the orangutans were moved to safety
E) the forests there continued to be cut
down
337. It is pointed out in the passage that
the orangutans werent able to replace
those that had died or been stolen
because ----.
A) the government gave its support to the
destruction of the forests
B) they could only reproduce very slowly
C) the black market price for young
orangutans was rising rapidly
D) no one, anywhere, showed any
interest in the fate of the orangutans
E) illegal hunters had carried out their
plan to kill all the orangutan females
106
338. This passage is mainly concerned
with ----.
A) how the wild orangutan has become
extinct
B) the difficult life of the miners and
loggers on Sumatra and Borneo
C) how the lowland forests of Sumatra
and Borneo are disappearing
D) former Indonesian president Suhartos
autocratic reign
E) the change to democracy in Indonesia
in the late 1990s
339. We can understand from the
passage that the primary reason for the
disappearance of the orangutans is ----.
A) illegal hunting by miners
B) the dictatorship of former President
Suharto
C) the destruction of their forest habitat
D) the start of democracy in Indonesia
E) the fact that they have no natural
enemy
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 LEVEL 3 1. I

A) is having
We can only guess when Shakespeare wrote
B) may have had
his plays. He (I) ---- his own writing season
C) will have
perhaps in the quieter winter months, but he
D) might have
never stopped acting, probably taking two or
E) would have had
three minor parts (II) ---- a major one. He
seems (III) ---- for himself the more static and
2. II
undemanding roles in his plays, such as old
Adam in As You Like It and the Ghost in
A) as soon as
Hamlet. His audiences included many habitual
B) just as
playgoers and many must have known
C) in the event of
Shakespeare and he must have known them.
D) instead of
We can imagine, (IV) ---- a recent biographer
E) but for
has said, that there might have been a
complex, subtle communicative exchange
3. III
when he appeared in one of his own plays. In
spring 1613, he purchased his first property in
A) to be choosing
London. He was renting it out by 1616, but
B) choosing
may (V) ---- have entertained other intentions
C) to have chosen
for the property. It would certainly have been a
D) choose
handy place to stay, being near the Globe,
E) chosen
which was his theatre. Perhaps the destruction
of the Globe in 1613, which probably prompted
4. IV
him to sell his share in the theatre company,
altered his plans for it. He may not have given
A) hence
up acting, but his writing career was (VI) ---- by
B) like
the end of that year. In 1614, he returned to his
C) unlike
hometown, Stratford-upon-Avon, and died
D) but
there in 1616.
E) as

5. V

A) reasonably
B) given
C) originally
D) just
E) approximately

6. VI

A) of
B) under
C) out of
D) in
E) over

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7. It is suggested in the passage that,
when Shakespeare acted, ----.
A) he was always assigned the most
crucial parts
B) the audiences were thrilled by his
acting
C) the Globe Theatre was always
crowded
D) he could spare very little time for his
writing
E) the parts he played were mostly easy,
unimportant ones
8. It is pointed out in the passage that,
although Shakespeare had stopped
writing plays by the end of 1813, ----.
A) it seems likely that he continued to act
a little longer
B) he sometimes revised some of his
earlier plays
C) he wanted to keep his company intact
D) his company put pressure on him to
continue writing
E) he started again on his return to
Stratford-upon-Avon
9. We understand from the passage that
we have no evidence ----.
A) as to what sort of parts Shakespeare
played
B) to suggest that Shakespeare was
popular in his day
C) as to whether or not Shakespeare
actually did rent out his property
D) about when Shakespeare was writing
his plays
E) that the destruction of the Globe had
any serious impact on Shakespeare's
life
108
10. It is suggested in the passage that
Shakespeare, ----.
A) as a playwright, preferred tragedies to
comedies
B) as a property owner, got a good
income from his rents
C) as an actor, was often in close contact
with his audiences
D) returned to Stratford-upon-Avon almost
as soon as the Globe was destroyed
E) though he returned to Stratford, very
soon regretted leaving London
11. It is clear from the passage that the
Globe Theatre ----.
A) was partly owned by Shakespeare
himself
B) was built on land that Shakespeare
had bought
C) was particularly spacious so as to
accommodate large audiences
D) was the most popular of the London
theatres in Shakespeare's time
E) was designed and built especially for
the staging of Shakespeare's plays
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We should care about dying languages (I) ---- 12. I
the same reason that we care when a species
of animal or plant dies. It (II) ---- the diversity of A) to
our planet. In the case of language, we are B) in
talking about intellectual and cultural diversity, C) for
not biological diversity, but the issues are the D) about
same. As a result of decades of environmental E) with
publicity and activism, most people have come
(III) ---- that biodiversity is a good thing. But 13. II
linguistic diversity has not enjoyed the same
publicity. Diversity (IV) ---- a central place in A) acquires
evolutionary theory because it (V) ---- a B) reduces
species to survive in different environments. C) replaces
Increasing uniformity holds dangers for the D) issues
long-term survival of a species. The strongest E) enhances
ecosystems are those (VI) ---- are most
diverse. It has often been said that our success 14. III
in colonizing the planet can be accounted for
by our ability to develop diverse cultures which A) to accept
suit different environments. B) having accepted
C) accepting
D) to have accepted
E) accepted

15. IV

A) elaborates
B) conquers
C) remedies
D) occupies
E) maintains

16. V

A) enables
B) adopt
C) floats
D) fails
E) destroys

17. VI

A) whom
B) which
C) what
D) who
E) whose

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18. It is stressed in the passage that
biological diversity ----.
A) is not in any way related to eco-
systems
B) has received far more attention than
linguistic diversity
C) is fast being reduced
D) contributes very little to the survival of
plant and animal species
E) is richer in northern regions than in
southern ones
19. The point is made in the passage that
the survival of species in different
environments ----.
A) is of no real importance except to
biologists
B) has been made possible by the
continuous efforts of man
C) has aroused very little interest in the
general public
D) has been made possible by diversity
E) bears no relation to the survival of
languages and cultures
110
20. The author draws a strong parallel
between ----.
A) cultural and linguistic diversity
B) plant and animal species
C) linguistic and biological diversity
D) environmental and cultural publicity
E) the uniformity of ecosystems and that
of cultures
21. It is pointed out in the passage that
man ----.
A) has developed diverse cultures which
are appropriate for the environment he
lives in
B) has always been very much aware of
the benefits of biodiversity
C) has always valued cultural diversity
well above biodiversity
D) has always found it very hard to adapt
himself to any new environment
E) has always felt that cultural uniformity
is desirable
22. According to the writer, diversity on
earth ----.
A) is rapidly becoming reduced owing to a
lack of public interest in it
B) consists not only of the diversity of
species and plants but also of
languages and cultures
C) has only recently become a research
concern among environmentalists
D) has encouraged man to exploit his
environment
E) can best be maintained through the
preservation of different languages
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One of the greatest natural catastrophes the 23. I
world will (I) ---- see could be little more than a
decade away. The film Super volcano traces A) ever
the evolution of an enormous volcanic eruption B) enough
- one that not only (II) ---- several states of C) then
America but that threatens the entire planet. D) only
But is such an eruption really possible? Well, E) less
super volcanoes certainly aren't fiction. They're
a normal part of the way the Earth works and 24. II
occur perhaps every 50, 000 years. Every
statistic associated with a super-eruption is A) backs up
always wildly over-exaggerated. Molten B) throws up
magma is blasted out (III) ---- a rate 140 times C) builds in
greater than the flow of water over the Victoria- D) drops out
Falls. Ash and gas are thrown more than 50km E) wipes out
(IV) ---- to the edge of space before falling over
one percent of the Earth's surface. Enough ash 25. III
would (V) ---- on the ground to bury Britain
under a blanket 4m thick. Further, devastating A) in
winds carrying burning gas and red hot ash B) at
would scour the land surface over an area of C) within
10, 000 square kilometres. Worst of all, a D) of
super-eruption is followed by a dramatic fall in E) over
global temperatures, leading to years and
years of bitter cold known as a volcanic winter. 26. IV

A) among
B) under
C) around
D) upwards
E) back

27. V

A) lay out
B) pay off
C) pile up
D) go off
E) fall short

111 www.remzihoca.com
28. We understand from the passage that
the film Super volcano ----.
A) gives a convincing and credible
account of an imminent super-eruption
B) has attracted a great deal of attention
in the scientific world
C) has aroused little interest among the
general public
D) focuses on the horrors of a volcanic
winter
E) presents a futuristic account of the
effects of a volcanic super-eruption
29. In this dramatic account of the film
Super volcano, the writer ----.
A) urges the general public to go and see
the film
B) is primarily concerned with the
measures needed to contain a super-
eruption
C) essentially deals with the causes of a
super-eruption
D) also includes certain specific details
E) is obsessed with the idea that the end
of the world is very near
30. According to the passage, one of the
devastating consequences following a
super-eruption would be ----.
A) the complete destruction of America
and Britain
B) a very long period of excessive cold on
earth
C) that deep layers of volcanic ash would
cover the whole surface of the planet
D) the drying-up of all water sources on
earth
E) a dramatic increase of heat on earth,
the result of burning gas
112
31. The writer seems convinced that ----.
A) super-eruptions really do occur at long
but fairly regular intervals
B) no part of the US could possibly
survive a super-eruption
C) Britain would be the first region of the
planet to be buried under the ashes of
a super-eruption
D) A volcanic winter, following a super-
eruption, would wipe out life on earth
E) there is no likelihood of a super-
eruption happening in the near future
32. According to the passage, the
destruction caused by a volcanic super-
eruption ----.
A) could lead to the break-up of the entire
planet
B) could be contained, if not prevented
C) would be on an unimaginably huge
scale
D) would result largely from the flow of
molten magma
E) can only be guessed at as one has
never occurred
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The discovery (I) ---- an ancient tomb in 33. I
modern China is so commonplace that it often
annoys as much as excites, because it can A) at
delay construction for months or even years. B) of
So when archaeologists were called in fast C) between
May to check structures discovered during the D) over
expansion of a bone meal factory in a southern E) away
suburb of Beijing, they weren't expecting to
find anything (II) ---- great interest. (III) ---- the 34. II
archaeologists surprise, the structures were
the remains of two traditional domed tombs, A) of
each over a thousand years old. One was B) for
flooded and badly damaged, but the other C) from
contained beautifully-preserved wall frescoes D) at
from the 10th century. It's only recently that the E) by
Chinese have been publishing artefacts (IV) ---
- ancient tombs, and it's unusual to see them 35. III
(V) ---- the Western press, says Dr Jessica
Rawson, Professor of Oriental Art and A) To
Archaeology at Oxford University. B) By
C) At
D) For
E) From

36. IV

A) at
B) through
C) from
D) into
E) for

37. V

A) among
B) off
C) against
D) by
E) in

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38. We learn from the passage that the
Chinese ----.
A) show archaeologists a great deal of
respect
B) are very proud of their ancient
archaeological heritage
C) are very skilled in the art of frescoes
D) often have mixed feelings when an
ancient tomb is discovered
E) used to prefer tombs without domes to
those with domes
39. It is clear from the passage that in
China today the progress of a
construction work ----.
A) is very often hindered by the
unexpected discovery of ancient tombs
B) is frequently supervised by
archaeologists
C) is liable to be delayed for a variety of
reasons
D) depends, to a certain extent, on
weather conditions
E) often runs parallel with archaeological
excavations
114
40. According to Professor Rawson in the
passage, China ----.
A) has only recently emerged as an area
of interest for archaeologists
B) has only just started to publish art
objects for the West
C) is noted for its ancient domed tombs
with frescoes
D) continues to be very secretive about its
archaeological finds
E) has the finest frescoes anywhere in the
world
41. We understand from the passage that
only one of the tombs unearthed during
extension work at a factory in Beijing ---
-.
A) attracted the attention of Dr Rawson
B) had a domed roof which was
undamaged
C) could be dated back to the 10th
century
D) revealed frescoes in excellent
condition
E) caused a delay in the project
42. The passage points out that the
archaeologists who were called in ----.
A) were not impressed by the frescoes on
the walls of one of the tombs
B) weren't expecting to discover tombs of
such great value in a suburb of Beijing
C) made ancient tombs their specialty
D) had published extensively in the
western press
E) were annoyed by the discovery of two
ancient tombs in Beijing
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By the early 19th century the eminent French 43. I
zoologist Georges Cuvier believed he (I) ----
rock-solid evidence for the biblical great flood. A) was found
While studying the geological strata around B) has found
Paris, Cuvier found that fossils of sea C) had found
creatures in one ancient layer of chalk were D) finds
overlaid by (II) ---- of land creatures. Then, just E) will find
as abruptly, the layer above contained sea
creatures again, with the top layer showing 44. II
evidence of a vast and rapid inundation around
present-day Paris. Cuvier (III) ---- these A) what
sudden changes in the fossil record as B) that
evidence for sudden catastrophes which C) little
devastated life on Earth, of which the great D) those
flood was just the most recent example. E) much
Cuvier's discoveries, published in 1812, won
support from a large number of (IV) ---- 45. III
scientists such as the geologist Sir James Hall.
However, there were a few who were deeply A) regarded
sceptical, pointing out that the evidence of a B) ordered
global flood was far from (V) ----. Most C) caused
sceptical of all were the followers of the D) followed
Scottish geologist James Hutton. In 1795, he E) ceased
had published a two-volume text based on the
view that the slow, steady processes that 46. IV
shape our planet today, such as erosion, were
also crucially important in the distant past. A) eminent
B) vast
C) abrupt
D) agreeable
E) extinct

47. V

A) conflicting
B) exceptional
C) deniable
D) conclusive
E) excessive

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48. We learn from the passage that many
scientists ----.
A) gave full support to Cuvier's view that
the great flood had actually taken
place
B) were not at all impressed by Cuvier's
discoveries in the Paris area
C) followed up Cuvier's excavations of
marine fossils
D) were, like Cuvier, engaged in a search
for evidence of the great flood
E) ceased to be sceptical of the great
flood once Sir James Hall had given
his support to Cuvier
49. It is pointed out in the passage that in
the course of excavations near Paris
Cuvier ----.
A) slowly came to recognize the
geological significance of the biblical
great flood
B) was particularly surprised that there
were chalk formations in the area
C) was slow to recognize the geological
importance of marine fossils
D) grew interested in the fossils of sea
creatures only after he came across a
second layer
E) discovered alternating layers of fossils
relating to sea and land creatures
50. It is clear from the passage that Cuvier -
---.
A) adopted an indifferent attitude towards
the attacks of his critics
B) was greatly influenced by Hutton's
theory concerning the Earth's
formation
C) was particularly interested in marine
fossils and concentrated on them for
research purposes
D) interpreted his fossil discoveries as
indications of major catastrophes
similar to the great flood
E) had devoted years of research to
establishing that the biblical great flood
had actually occurred
116
51. According to the passage, Cuvier's
critics ----.
A) were extremely jealous of his
discoveries near Paris
B) felt that there was insufficient
geological evidence to confirm that the
biblical great flood ever had occurred
C) regarded erosion as only a minor
geological process
D) were also equally opposed to the
views expressed by Hutton
E) certainly believed there had been a
global flood but did not regard his
discoveries as scientifically important
52. As we learn from the passage, Hutton's
theory was that ----.
A) long-term geological change, such as
erosion, had been of paramount
importance in the Earth's history
B) erosion was the single most important
cause of geological change on Earth
C) some geological processes, such as
erosion, were relatively recent in the
history of the Earth
D) our planet had been subjected to
countless catastrophes in the distant
past
E) the formation of our planet was the
outcome of different processes in
different places
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Why are people prejudiced? Not surprisingly, 53. I
theories of prejudice have tended to focus on
the more extreme forms of prejudice, (I) ---- A) no sooner
when there is aggression and violence. At the B) that is
turn of the last century, it was popular to C) also
consider prejudice to be an innate and D) in particular
instinctive reaction to certain categories of E) to the contrary
person (e.g certain races) much as animals
would react in instinctive ways to one another. 54. II
This sport of approach is no longer popular, as
it doesn't stand up well to scientific scrutiny. A) consequence
However there may be an innate (II) ---- to B) detection
prejudice. There is some evidence that higher C) component
animals, including humans, have an inherent D) glory
fear of the unfamiliar and unusual, which might E) temper
set the mould for negative attitudes towards
groups that are considered different in (III) ---- 55. III
ways. There is also evidence for a mere
exposure effect, in which, people's attitudes A) certain
towards various stimuli (e.g. other people) B) alternative
improve as a direct function of repeated. C) final
Exposure or familiarity (IV) ---- the stimulus, D) wrong
provided that initial reactions to the stimuli are E) similar
not negative. Another perspective rests on the
belief that prejudices are learned. Indeed, it 56. IV
has been argued that hatred and suspicion of
certain groups are learned early in life, (V) ---- A) on
the child even knows anything about the target B) with
group and that this provides an emotional (VI) - C) about
--- that colours all subsequent information D) to
about, and experience with, the group. E) in

57. V

A) when
B) if
C) because
D) whereas
E) before

58. VI

A) framework
B) attachment
C) warmth
D) need
E) appeal

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59. According to the passage, at the
beginning of the 20th century, Prejudice
was generally regarded----.
A) in very much the same way as it is now
B) as a natural and intuitive response
C) as something that had to be corrected
D) as inevitable and therefore acceptable
E) as an outcome of parental conditioning
60. It is clear from the passage that studies
on prejudice ----.
A) often spring from animal behaviour
B) suggest that most children adopt the
prejudices of their parents
C) have finally established that it is innate
D) aim to discover how they can be
overcome
E) have usually concentrated on the more
destructive expressions of it
61. One theory referred to in the passage
suggests that man's innate fear of what
is rarely encountered or little known ----.
A) may play a role in creating prejudices
B) prevents him from developing his
social possibilities
C) is an aspect of his character that
relates him very closely to the rest of
the animal world
D) is far less strong now than formerly
E) has helped to make society more
uniform
118
62. We learn from the passage that the
'mere exposure effect' occurs when ----.
A) opposing groups agree to meet each
other halfway
B) individuals start to copy the behaviour
patterns of the people they are with
C) people learn to face the fact that their
prejudices are without foundation
D) repeated contact with a particular
group leads to a better understanding
of that group
E) people can admit that their first
reactions were too extreme
63. According to the passage, certain
studies suggest that prejudice against
various groups of society ----.
A) is on the increase simply because it is
receiving too much attention
B) develops early in life, even before any
real contact has been made with them
C) could best be overcome by keeping
children unaware of it
D) is largely racial in character
E) has only resulted in violence on very
rare occasions
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For two decades after World War II, mass 64. I
production reigned supreme. Mass-production
techniques pushed companies (I) ---- A) over
standardized products, long product life cycles, B) with
and rigid manufacturing, emphasizing C) about
efficiency and low cost (II) ---- flexibility. D) into
Special orders cost more. But todays E) for
consumers are very choosy. They want quality,
value and products specially tailored (III) ---- 65. II
their needs, but always (IV) ---- the lowest
possible price. For now mass customization A) at
has come to the fore. Mass customization uses B) over
information technology to produce and deliver C) to
products and services designed to fit the D) in
specifications of individual customers. E) of
Companies can customize products in
quantities as small as one with the same 66. III
speed and low cost as mass-production
methods. Mass-customization systems use A) by
information taken (V) ---- the customer to B) from
control the flow of goods. C) to
D) above
E) as

67. IV

A) at
B) by
C) from
D) of
E) like

68. V

A) from
B) around
C) to
D) at
E) of

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69. We learn from the passage that mass
production ----.
A) has now regained its previous
popularity
B) was the leading method of production
in the twenty years or so that followed
World War II
C) can easily be adapted to meet the
needs of individual customers
D) can be very profitable because of the
wide appeal of its goods
E) gives priority to quality and longevity in
the goods produced but ignores
aesthetic qualities
73. The point is made in the passage that
70. We learn from the passage that one of
the characteristics of mass production
is ----.
A) the need to please every customer
B) a disregard for flexibility
C) a disregard for cost-effectiveness
D) to take into consideration the
specifications given by individual
customers
E) the rescheduling of production as the
need arises
71. By the phrase 'mass customization', as
it is used in the passage, is meant the
production of goods ----.
A) in very large quantities and for general
use
B) to meet standardized specifications
which will please everyone
C) at high speed regardless of cost
D) designed to have a long life
E) designed to meet the specific needs of
individual customers
120
72. According to the passage, present-day
customers ----.
A) are encouraged to buy ready-made
goods available in the shops
B) are pleased far more easily than
customers were in the past
C) do not attach much importance to
production methods
D) specify what they want and insist on
getting it
E) rarely distinguish between
standardized and non-standardized
goods
mass customization ----.
A) is no more costly and no more time-
consuming than mass production
B) is a system that dates back to the end
of World War 11
C) has actually never been as popular as
mass production
D) is primarily concerned with efficiency
but overlooks quality
E) does not attach much importance to
flexibility
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No child is too young to play and therefore to 74. I
engage in engineering, even though it is of a (I)
---- kind. We all did so (II) ---- children A) primitive
ourselves when we devised our own toys and B) sophisticated
games and sometimes even imaginary friends C) capable
to enjoy them with us. The idea of playfulness D) brilliant
is embedded in engineering (III) ---- the E) professional
concepts of invention and design. Not that
engineering is trivial; rather, the heart of the 75. II
activity is to give imagination its freedom to
dream and turn those dreams into reality. A) even
Children do experience the essence of B) as
engineering in their earliest activities, (IV) ---- C) only
there is seldom any recognition that this is the D) that
case. They may hear the word 'engineer' only E) such
in connection with railroad locomotives and
have no idea that their playful activity could 76. III
become a lifelong profession. Engineers
themselves are understandably reluctant to A) about
equate their professional activity (V) ---- mere B) through
child's play. (VI) ---- , they studied long and C) at
hard to master complicated knowledge of D) of
atoms and molecules, stresses and strains, E) between
heat and power, current and voltages, bits and
bytes. They manipulate equations, not blocks. 77. IV
They use computers for serious modelling and
calculation, not for fun and games. They A) contrary
design and build real towers and bridges that B) yet
test the limits of reliability and safety, not toy C) furthermore
ones that totter and fall down with little D) unless
consequence. E) as

78. V

A) with
B) in
C) over
D) towards
E) along

79. VI

A) Since
B) Irrespective
C) No matter
D) After all
E) For example

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80. The main point the writer is making in 82. As we can see from the passage, the
this passage is that ----. writer is careful ----.

A) man has practised engineering ever A) not to exaggerate the importance of

since primitive times
B) some children are born to be
engineers
C) children and engineers both have the
capacity to imagine and create
D) reliability and safety are minor details
for the professional engineer
E) any engineering fault in design or
calculation does have serious
consequences
83. It is suggested in the passage that
81. One point stressed in the passage is
that professional engineering ----.
A) is very different from all other scientific
activities
B) requires more imagination than
technical knowledge and calculation
C) makes little use of theoretical
knowledge
D) gives priority to design rather than to
invention
E) covers a vast field of involved or
intricate subjects of wide scope
84. According to the passage, what
creative play to a child
B) to list all areas that are of concern to
an engineer
C) to show how slowly a child's mental
capacity develops
D) not to offend engineers by his
comparison
E) to avoid using technical terminology in
the passage
children ----.
A) are not aware of the fact that in their
games they are involved in some kind
of engineering activity
B) should be constantly encouraged to
play games that involve engineering
techniques
C) love to imitate the activities that go on
around them
D) are incapable of imaginative thinking
E) have a primitive perception of life
children and engineers have in
common are ----.

A) reliability and safety

B) experience and knowledge
C) invention and design
D) modelling and calculation
E) recognition and reality

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Europe and Japan do not use fuel economy 85. I
standards to any significant degree, (I) ----
instead rely principally on high taxes to reduce A) but
gas consumption. Their average tax is more B) after
than $2 per gallon, (II) ---- in the US federal C) when
gas taxes are only 18 Euro per gallon and D) if
average state taxes 22 Euro per gallon. Higher E) thus
prices at the pump resulting from higher taxes
increase consumer demand (III) ---- cars (IV) -- 86. II
-- better fuel economy. They also encourage
consumers to reduce their driving. Research A) whether
shows that federal taxes on gasoline would B) so that
have to increase by a bit less than 50 euro per C) while
gallon to cut gasoline consumption in the US. D) just as
(V) ---- a 50 Euro increase is a lot compared E) in case
with the present average total tax of 40 Euro, it
would raise retail gas prices to only a little 87. III
more than $2 per gallon, tax included. This is
far below prices in Europe and Japan. (VI) ---- A) to
federal taxes on gas were doubled, US retail B) on
gas prices would still be much below those in C) with
other developed nations. D) from
E) for

88. IV

A) on
B) with
C) in
D) about
E) by

89. V

A) Lest
B) Although
C) Only If
D) Because
E) Unless

90. VI

A) Whenever
B) So
C) Without
D) Even if
E) Whereas

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91. According to the passage, efforts have
been made ----.
A) to compare the levels of fuel
consumption as well as fuel prices in
Europe
B) to assess what price increases would
lead to a significant reduction in fuel
consumption in the US
C) to give more appeal to public transport
D) to establish what vehicle types
consume less fuel
E) to develop fuel-efficient vehicles for
sale in the US
92. It is clear from the passage that Japan's
strategy to keep fuel consumption
down ----.
A) Depends largely on the high taxation of
fuel
B) has been greatly criticized by the
public
C) has not been as effective as was
originally envisaged
D) has set an example that Europe is now
adopting
E) has had no effect upon the country's
car production technologies
93. According to the passage, the
combined federal and state taxes on
gas in the US ----.
A) have exceeded those currently in use
in Europe
B) are so high that they have forced
Japanese car manufacturers to change
their production strategies
C) have become a major public concern
D) have suddenly caused fuel prices to
rise sharply
E) amount to much less than the tax paid
in Japan
124
94. We learn from the passage that one
effect of higher taxes on fuel ----.
A) has been a great deal of uneasiness
and even anger among consumers
B) has been a noticeable drop in car
sales everywhere
C) has been to draw attention to a much
wider range of energy sources
D) is an increased demand for vehicles
which consume less fuel
E) is that Europe's production of fuel-
economy vehicles has increased
remarkably
95. One point stressed in the passage is
that fuel prices in the US, ----.
A) which include both federal and state
taxes, are expected to rise
considerably
B) which have been increasing steadily
for quite some time now, have almost
equalled those in Japan and even
Europe
C) even if the taxes were to be increased
considerably, would still be much lower
than in other industrialized countries
D) which have not risen for a long time,
seem likely to remain stable
E) where consumers go for cars with
better fuel economy, have caused no
change in driving habits
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Throughout his working life, Shakespeare 96. I
worked as an actor in the midst of a troupe.
We know little about his first years in London, A) likely
For a few years between 1585 and 1592 his B) complicated
name disappears altogether from the public C) selfish
records, and the most (I) ---- reason for this is D) compulsive
that, for at least some of this time, he was E) various
working for one of the city's acting companies;
(II) ---- a junior member he would not be listed 97. II
among the troupe's principal players. In the
late 1580s theatrical activity in London was A) as
largely concentrated in Shoreditch and B) between
Southwark, districts of London. Shakespeare C) of
could have lived anywhere, but Shoreditch, D) throughout
which would have been cheap and convenient, E) in
is a likely (III) ---- for a young actor. In his early
career Shakespeare may have moved from 98. III
troupe to troupe (IV) ---- survive. Whatever the
case, working conditions must have been A) outcome
similar. Sundays, religious holidays and B) possibility
disasters aside, a company would perform a C) candidate
different play each afternoon of the week, D) duration
though some plays would be repeated in the E) demand
weeks ahead. An actor usually had to keep at
least 30 parts in his memory and a leading 99. IV
player such as Alleyn or Burbage must have
(V) ---- nearly 5, 000 lines a week. A) in order to
B) in addition to
C) instead of
D) as a result of
E) with a view to

100. V

A) take over from

B) make sure of
C) look down on
D) keep in mind
E) get away with

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101. According to the passage, in
Shakespeare's time, ----.
A) it was not unusual for actors to appear
in a great many roles each week
B) there was no theatrical activity
anywhere in England except for
London
C) leading actors would only agree to
appear in certain roles
D) an acting company usually staged a
new play each week
E) acting was regarded as an immoral
occupation
105.
102. We learn from the passage that, in
Shakespeare's London, theatres ----.
A) competed with each other to get Alleyn
or Burbage in their troupe
B) were normally open to the public six
afternoons a week
C) provided actors with a comfortable and
profitable way of life
D) were rather like drama schools and
they trained actors
E) all had their own leading players
103. It is clear from the passage that
Shakespeare, during his early years in
London, ----.
A) gained experience as an actor by
appearing in a huge variety of parts
B) was encouraged to write plays by
Alleyn and Burbage
C) devoted himself primarily to the writing
of plays
D) preferred living in Southwark to
Shoreditch
E) was little known as an actor though he
was probably acting
126
104. We understand from the passage
that in the late 16th century ----.
A) it was illegal to hold theatrical
performances on religious days
B) Shoreditch and Southwark were
heavily populated commercial districts
C) there was apparently a great deal of
public interest in the theatres
D) the popularity of Alleyn and Burbage
was already on the decline
E) working conditions in the theatres
varied enormously
It was clear from the passage that,
for Shakespeare, they years in London
up to 1592 ---.
A) were times of hardship and uncertainty
B) were a period of widespread public
recognition
C) marked a turning point in his life
D) brought many great changes and
opportunities
E) were the period during which he
established a lifelong friendship with
Alleyn and Burbage
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Behavioural biologist Jane Atkinson and her 106. I
colleagues have been studying the subtleties
of how crows steal food from one another. A) then
Atkinson had been watching the birds at the B) during
beach (I) ---- they (II) ---- fish, clams and other C) so far
small animals in the intertidal zone. She D) even if
noticed that if a crow had found a particularly E) as
large meal that couldn't be eaten in a single
gulp, another crow would often come by and 107. II
try to steal the food away. Food theft is fairly
common in the bird world, (III) ---- the crows' A) serve up
thievery wasn't unexpected. What really B) pass out
intrigued Atkinson was (IV) ---- the birds C) join in
employed two different tactics to take the food. D) feed on
In some instances, the thieving bird would take E) send for
an aggressive approach - typically involving
some chasing or physical contact, such as 108. III
pecking in other exchanges, however, the thief
would use a more passive method: merely A) if
approaching the other bird (V) ---- and stealing B) so
the food without any commotion at all. What C) but
the team wanted to know was: how did these D) because
tactics fit into the group foraging practices of E) such as
the crows?
109. IV

A) that
B) which
C) those
D) where
E) it

110. V

A) secretively
B) candidly
C) remotely
D) clearly
E) noisily

127 www.remzihoca.com
111. According to the passage, the
question that interested the research
team was ----.
A) whether the crows' stealing practices
were instinctive or acquired
B) wry the crows chose to steal
C) related to the crows' foraging practices
D) whether the nature of the food affected
the degree of attempted theft
E) whether the stealing practices of crows
differed from those of other birds
112. It is clear from the passage that the
research team was not surprised that
the crows were trying to steal from
each other common ----.
A) because this is a practice among birds
B) since there was a scarcity of food at
the time
C) though crows don't steal food as often
as other birds do
D) but it was surprised at their rate of
success
E) but the bitterness of the fight came as
a surprise
113. According to the passage, when
one crow plans to steal food from
another one, ----
A) this is really a means of establishing its
superiority
B) it will invariably try to do so in the first
place without being seen
C) there will inevitably be a fight between
the two
D) this is a sure sign that both crows are
really hungry
E) it will sometimes approach quite
openly and boldly
128
114. We understand from the passage
that so long as a crow ----.
A) can swallow its food at one gulp, it will
encounter no challenge
B) can find food easily, it will not steal
from another crow
C) can get food by stealing, it won't look
elsewhere for it
D) has eaten well, it is unlikely to try to
steal food
E) is able to steal food without fighting,
this is the method it will favour
115. It is clear from the passage that
Jane Atkinson and her colleagues ----.
A) knew much more about crows than
about any other type of bird.
B) are specialist in bird behaviour
C) are only interested in the eating habits
of birds
D) are particularly interested in the
different types of food that crows like to
eat
E) are impressed by the similarity
between stealing practices of ail bird
species
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In many ways, Hollywood seems to exemplify 116. I
the most joyless (I) ---- of capitalism. The
'industry', as it insists upon calling itself, A) commerce
packages artistic ideas and images as B) insignificance
commodities and then values those C) ignorance
commodities according to how they 'penetrate' D) aspects
markets. The system's worrying inefficiency, of E) examination
course, is that studios never know what the
public (II) ---- will want to buy. So films are 117. II
tested in front of preview audiences, revised
according to the audience's suggestions, A) at large
tested again, and then marketed with a vigour B) the same
directly proportionate (III) ---- the test scores. C) for fear
There are two problems (IV) ---- this approach. D) in excess
The first is that the test-sample size is minimal E) to the contrary
but can determine a film's fate. The second is
that by the time the test audience sees a film 118. III
it's too late to change it very much anyway,
particularly (V) ---- twenty, fifty or a hundred A) to
million dollars has already been spent. B) among
C) as
D) by
E) without

119. IV

A) from
B) out
C) along
D) with
E) at

120. V

A) before
B) unless
C) but
D) even if
E) when

129 www.remzihoca.com
121. One point made in the passage
about test audiences is that they ----.
A) seldom have any real understanding of
artistic values
B) add to the expenses of film-making
C) rarely have any constructive criticism
to make
D) are ignorant of the Hollywood
techniques of filmmaking
E) are too small to be truly representative
of the general public
122. According to the passage, film-
makers find it difficult to ----.
124.
A) carry out any market research to find
out about the wishes of film-goers
B) find volunteers for their preview
audiences
C) raise the money needed for film-
making
D) guess what sort of films will be popular
and so profitable
E) revise scripts to meet the expectations
of their audiences
125.
130
123. As we understand from the
passage, the writer ----.
A) is a great admirer of Hollywood's film-
making
B) seems reluctant to call film-making an
industry
C) is sympathetic towards the film-
industry and wants it to be more
successful
D) attaches great importance to the
suggestions of preview audiences
E) thinks that the amount spent on a film
is usually in proportion to its success
It is clear from the passage that
Hollywood regards its films as ----.
A) commodities to be selectively
marketed to suitable audiences
B) artistic creations designed for
sophisticated audiences
C) goods to be dynamically marketed
D) the most creative products of
capitalism
E) financial investments which are sure to
make a profit
We understand from the passage
that the making of a film ----.
A) is far more important than the
marketing of it
B) usually involves a very large financial
investment
C) is a strictly secret process until it finally
goes on show
D) usually follows the norms established
by Hollywood
E) is guided by a whole series of
representative preview audiences
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Reading (I) ---- a real paradox to 126. I
neurobiologists. It was only invented a few
thousand years ago, so there really has not A) explores
been enough time for our brain (II) ---- B) presents
specialized ways to do it. How do brain circuits C) explains
produced by millions of years of evolution in a D) appears
world without written words adapt to the E) interests
specific challenges of reading? We know we
have to learn the skill but how does our brain 127. II
learn to read? In the social sciences, the
majority of researchers do not see a problem. A) to evolve
There is a widespread view that the brain is a B) to have been evolved
completely adaptable organ, (III) ---- of C) evolving
absorbing any form of culture. Yet recent D) evolves
findings from brain imaging studies and E) evolved
neurophysiology throw new light (IV) ---- the
organization of the reading circuits in the brain. 128. III
The findings contradict this simplistic model of
a brain that merely absorbs everything from its A) capable
cultural environment. And they suggest that the B) accusative
architecture of our brain is limited by strong C) obvious
genetic constraints (V) ---- it seems that it has D) aware
still some degree of flexibility. E) competitive

129. IV

A) by
B) of
C) about
D) under
E) on

130. V

A) now that
B) though
C) besides
D) since
E) because

131 www.remzihoca.com
131. The passage makes the point that,
until recently, ----.
A) it was only the abnormal brain that
attracted any attention
B) researchers in social sciences ignored
the views of neurophysiologists
concerning the brain
C) the brain was generally thought to
adapt itself easily to new cultural
environments
D) the structure of the brain did not attract
much attention except from
neurobiologists
E) neurophysiologists were not aware of
the structural complexity of the brain
132. The writer is intrigued by the fact
that the brain, which evolved long
before the written word came into use, -
---.
A) had already had the genetic capacity
to form words
B) had been able to communicate through
images
C) had already developed certain reading
circuits
D) managed to adapt itself to the very
distinct skill of reading
E) had already achieved full flexibility to
adapt itself to new forms of culture
133. A recent view neurophysiologists,
the brain, is that ----.
A) it is extremely flexible as it is not
affected by genetic heritage
B) its structure is largely shaped by
genetic traits
C) it has developed various specialized
skills over the last thousand years or
so
D) its circuits have remained constant for
millions of years
E) its creative powers are more apparent
in some fields of learning
132
134. According to the passage, although
people have had the skill of reading for
several thousand years, ----.
A) the actual process of learning how to
read has only just been discovered by
neurophysiologists
B) there has been no improvement in the
speed at when people can read
C) the brain remains inflexible and cannot
cope with different cultures
D) from the angle of evolution, this has
been insufficient for the brain to
develop particularized reading skills
E) it is only in the social sciences that this
skill has been seriously studied
135. The purpose of the passage is to ----
.
A) explain how the brain has evolved
towards creativity over thousands of
years
B) raise questions about, rather than
explain, the reading abilities of the
brain
C) highlight recent developments and
controversies in the field of
neurophysiology
D) emphasize the adverse effects of
different cultural environments on the
human brain way from
E) draw attention to the neurobiology
differs neurophysiology
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Throughout history, eyewitnesses (I) ---- 136. I
orange glows, fireballs or flashes in the days
before and during an earthquake. It was in A) had been reported
1968, however, that the first photographs of B) are reporting
'earthquake lights' were taken during a series C) will have reported
of earthquakes in Japan. Some showed red D) have reported
streaks (II) ---- the sky. Others looked like a E) were reported
low blue dawn from a distance. In 1999,
floating bails of light in the sky were broadcast 137. II
on Turkish television, (III) ---- filmed the night
before the devastating earthquake of 7.4 on A) at
the Richter scale that killed many thousand B) beneath
people in the Marmara region of Turkey. C) through
Mysterious or not, repeated sightings of D) across
earthquake lights (IV) ---- their existence. It has E) over
to be said that earthquake lights are a fairly
well-known phenomenon, but we don't know 138. III
what they mean, or what causes them.
Seismologists have (V) ---- for years to find a A) reportedly
reliable earthquake predictor. Could the lights B) fairly
hold the key? C) enjoyably
D) generously
E) awfully

139. IV

A) continue
B) force
C) eliminate
D) fade
E) confirm

140. V

A) suffered
B) experienced
C) unearthed
D) struggled
E) afflicted

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141. In the passage, the writer wonders 144. The writer of the passage seems to
whether ----. be confident that ----.

A) earthquakes lights might help in the A) seismology is advancing rapidly

prediction of earthquakes
B) the orange glows supposedly sighted
before an earthquake were actually
seen
C) the photographs taken of earthquake
lights in Japan are of any scientific use
D) earthquakes cause the lights, or
whether the lights cause the
earthquakes
E) the devastation caused by the
Marmara earthquake could have been
prevented
145.
142. We understand from the passage
that the sighting of earthquake lights ---
-.
A) has led to a great deal of confused and
contradictory reporting among
seismologists
B) first occurred in Japan
C) is a fairly recent phenomenon in Japan
D) has attracted virtually no scientific
attention from seismologists
E) goes back a very long way in time
through the study of earthquakes lights
B) future earthquakes will be reliably
predicted by means of earthquake
lights
C) earthquake lights have frequently been
observed and even filmed
D) the mystery of earthquake lights can
never be resolved
E) the appearance of fireballs and flashes
in the sky are a sure sign of an
approaching earthquake
The passage emphasizes the fact
that the Marmara earthquake ----.
A) was televised as it was happening
B) was followed by strange lights in the
sky
C) was indeed a catastrophic one
D) greatly puzzled seismologists
E) took everyone, seismologists included,
by surprise

143. It is pointed out in the passage that

the photographic recording of
earthquake lights ----.

A) was made for the first time less than

half a century ago
B) was only done with great success
during the Marmara earthquake
C) is what finally convinced people of their
existence
D) is widely regarded as a visual
deception
E) has always been a major concern for
seismologists

134 www.remzihoca.com
(I) ---- the past few decades four East Asian 146. I
economies - South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore
and Hong Kong - (II) ---- the fastest rates of A) By
economic growth the world has ever seen. In B) During
1962 Taiwan stood between Zaire and the C) Of
Congo on the global ranking of income per D) With
head: by 1986 its neighbours were Greece and E) Since
Malta. In 1962 South Korea was poorer than
Sudan: by 1986 it was richer than Argentina. 147. II
Today the four 'dragons' (III) ---- 10 per cent of
manufactured exports worldwide, not far short A) have achieved
of America's 12 per cent. Understanding this B) to achieve
miracle is the most urgent task in development C) had achieved
economics. But most economists are content D) achieving
to cite the dragons (IV) ---- proof of their E) will achieve
favourite theories - whatever those theories
may be. Free marketers point to the dragons' 148. III
(V) ---- on private enterprise, markets and
relatively undistorted trade regimes. A) cast aside
Interventionists point with equal assurance to B) account for
clever bureaucracies, non-market allocation of C) take off
resources and highly distorted trade regimes. D) die out
E) divide into

149. IV

A) with
B) to
C) of
D) as
E) by

150. V

A) attempt
B) reliance
C) nutrition
D) trial
E) fury

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151. According to the passage, the so-
called four 'dragons' of East Asia ----.
A) are hoping shortly to outpace Greece
and Malta in economic growth
B) have definitely benefited greatly from a
free trade policy
C) are presently developing their own free
market strategies
D) have experienced a staggering and
unprecedented economic growth rate
over recent decades
E) have finally managed to throw off
bureaucratic obstacles and disprove
the theories of many economists
152. It is pointed out in the passage that
South Korea, Taiwan, Singapore and
Hong Kong ----.
A) export more to the US than to any
other country in the world
B) have been in fierce competition with
each other in the export of
manufactured goods
C) have developed their economies in
accordance with the theory of
development economics
D) admit openly that they have made use
of various distorted trade regimes
E) export almost as many manufactured
goods between them, as does the US
153. We learn from the passage that, in
just over two decades, Taiwan ----.
A) became the economic model for the
other' dragons' on account of its
economic success
B) achieved the fastest rate of economic
growth among the four East Asian
'dragons'
C) rose from a low-level per capita
income similar to that of Zaire, to a
relatively high one
D) attached far more importance to
private enterprise than any other Asian
country
E) was the only one among the 'dragons'
to exploit its resources to the full
136
154. According to the passage, there is
no unanimous agreement among
economists as to ----.
A) how far distorted trade regimes
contributed to the economic success of
the four 'dragons'
B) why Taiwan and Hong Kong got ahead
of Singapore and South Korea in
economic efficiency
C) whether the growth rate of the four
'dragons' will continue steadily
D) when the four East Asian 'dragons' will
catch up with the US regarding
manufactured exports
E) how the four East Asian 'dragons'
achieved their miraculous growth rate
155. It is clear from the passage that the
factors leading to the amazing
economic growth of the East Asian
'dragons' ----.
A) have not yet been determined by
economists
B) are closely related to distorted trade
regimes
C) are in line with the theories of
development economics
D) should have contributed to the rise of
Sudan
E) have confirmed the importance of
political stability
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Although women have made huge strides in (I) 159. IV
---- men in the workplace, a gender gap still (II)
---- both in wages and levels of advancement. A) from
Commonly cited explanations for this gap B) with
range from charges of sex discrimination (III) -- C) on
-- claims that women are more sensitive than D) for
men to work versus family conflicts and thus E) of
less inclined to make sacrifices (IV) ---- their
careers. Now, however, two new studies 160. V
suggest that another factor may be at work: a
deeply ingrained difference in the way men A) from
and women react to competition that manifests B) over
itself even at an early age. Apparently, females C) along
tend to be far less responsive (V) ---- D) under
competition than males - a tendency (VI) ---- E) to
important implications for women and
business. It may hurt women in highly 161. VI
competitive labor markets, for example, and
hamper efficient job placement - especially for A) to
positions (VII) ---- competitiveness is not a B) as
useful trait. C) about
D) by
156. I E) with

A) looking after 162. VII

B) putting on
C) catching up with A) in which
D) showing off B) that
E) dropping out C) which
D) whom
157. II E) whether

A) persists
B) bridges
C) leaves
D) opens
E) fills

158. III

A) by
B) in
C) of
D) to
E) at

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163. On the whole, according to the
passage, women in the workplace ----.
A) are content to let the men compete
among themselves
B) inspire a competitive spirit in men
C) receive the treatment they naturally
deserve
D) have rapidly attained a position
approaching that of men
E) keep themselves up-to-date with
developments in the labor market
164. As we learn from the passage, it
seems likely that women ----.
167.
A) are about to rally against the gender
gap in the workplace
B) become seriously concerned, at a very
early age, about their future careers
C) will fight determinedly for their rights in
the workplace
D) will, due to their passive nature, find it
hard to get the promotion they deserve
E) have less of the competitive spirit than
men do
165. We understand from the passage
that, when a choice has to be made
between work and family, ----.
A) men are less likely, than women to risk
their careers
B) most career women naturally give
precedence to work
C) women expect men to give the priority
to the family
D) it is the women, rather than the men,
who find making that choice hard
E) neither the men nor the women can
readily makeup their minds
138
166. According to the passage, in
working life today, ----.
A) women are preferred for certain jobs
that require sensitivity
B) there still exists considerable
discrimination against women
C) men feel they have a right to higher
wages and quicker advancement
D) family concerns are what drive men to
work harder and earn more
E) fair competition is to be encouraged
while sex discrimination is to be
banned
It is clearly pointed out in the
passage that the reluctance of women
to be competitive ----.
A) is regarded by men as a desirable trait
B) is the major factor contributing to the
persistence of sex discrimination in the
workplace
C) is clearly seen in the way they care for
their families
D) only becomes apparent when they
reach maturity
E) may prevent them from being
appointed to the positions they
deserve
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The Sahara desert (I) ---- most of Egypt's land, 168. I
so overcrowding is a huge problem. Sixty-two
million people live squeezed together into the A) looks up
six million fertile acres (II) ---- the Nile delta B) takes up
and narrow river valley - just five per cent of C) keeps up
the total area of Egypt. Between 12 and 15 D) uses up
million people live in Cairo alone. Until E) sets up
recently, it (III) ---- impractical and dangerous
to even consider moving into the southern 169. II
desert, (IV) ---- temperatures regularly rise
above 50 C and water is scarce and can only A) among
be reached using carefully placed irrigation B) towards
wells. But in the last 20 years a 'New Valley' C) to
has slowly been taking shape. Towns with D) form
industrial centres, tourist areas and spacious E) along
apartment blocks are being constructed,
factories are (V) ----. The main development 170. III
making this possible is the construction of the
vast Sheikh Zayed canal, also known as the A) will be
Toshka canal. Named for Sheikh Zayed al B) was
Nahya, president of the United Arab Emirates, C) may be
which is financially backing the project, the D) has been
canal is part of the irrigation scheme dreamed E) would be
up by the Egyptian government to make it
possible for people to move away from the 171. IV
traffic, pollution and bustle of Cairo. If a
'second Nile' cuts through the desert and water A) which
is distributed to surrounding land, people and B) whether
crops can (VI) ---- there as they do around the C) where
existing Nile. The area is becoming known as D) what
the New Valley. E) that

172. V

A) closing down
B) cutting off
C) watching out
D) springing up
E) settling down

173. VI

A) thrive
B) complain
C) adopt
D) step
E) change

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174. We understand from the passage
that the canal under construction ----.
A) is designed to meet the water needs of
Cairo and other cities
B) constitutes just a portion of a massive
irrigation project
C) will bring fertility to the whole of the
Sahara
D) will irrigate only 5% of the total area of
Egypt
E) passes through an overcrowded part of
the country
178.
175. As it is pointed out in the passage,
one of the benefits of the New Valley
will be that ----.
A) Egypt will change from an agricultural
country into a fully industrial one
B) Egypt can at last start a tourist industry
C) the overcrowding in Cairo and the Nile
delta area will be reduced
D) the hot, dry desert climate of Egypt will
be rapidly modified
E) it will set an example for the developed
world to invest in desert projects
177. It is clearly stated in the passage
that almost the whole of Egypt's
population ----.
A) lives along the Nile Valley and its delta
B) wants to move into the New Valley
C) is engaged in agricultural activities
rather than in industrial ones
D) holds Sheikh Zayed al Nahya in great
esteem
E) is dubious about the outcome of the
New Valley project
It is pointed out in the passage that
the irrigation project for the New Valley
----.
A) has received a mixed reaction from the
general public
B) is going to cost the Egyptian
government vast sums of money
C) has primarily been designed to case
the overcrowding in Cairo
D) will enable Egypt to recover from its
chronic economic recession
E) will make the inhospitable desert far
more easily accessible

176. We can conclude from the passage

that the New Valley project, which has
been underway for roughly two
decades, ----.

A) was originally proposed by Sheikh

Zayed al Nahya of the United Arab
Emirates
B) has already started to transform the
economic potential of Egypt
C) is primarily an agricultural one, and
industrial activity is not provided for
D) is very near to completion and large
numbers of people have already
moved in
E) is proving far more problematic than
was originally foreseen

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When Lyndon Johnson assumed the 179. I
presidency, after the assassination of John F.
Kennedy, in November of 1963, he knew that A) is pursuing
in order to accrue political capital he would B) would have pursued
initially need to champion goals and policies C) was pursued
that Kennedy (I) ---- . Not long before his death D) had been pursuing
Kennedy had scrawled the word 'poverty' on a E) will be pursing
piece of paper and circled it multiple times; this
note fell into the hands of his brother Robert 180. II
and became a symbolic justification (II) ----
Johnson's declaration of the War on Poverty, A) at
early in 1964. Similarly, many of the things that B) for
Johnson pushed through Congress in his first C) on
two years as President, can readily be seen as D) by
(III) ---- of the avowed policies of the Kennedy E) in
Administration. The details might have been
different, but historians generally agree that if 181. III
Kennedy had lived out his first term and won a
second, America (IV) ---- something similar to A) extensions
the early years of Johnson's Great Society. On B) determination
foreign policy, too, Johnson at first strove C) consciousness
consciously to follow his predecessor. And D) currents
some historians have argued that in this realm E) coherence
as well, Johnson indeed pursued a course that
Kennedy had already introduced. If Kennedy 182. IV
had lived, according to this line of thinking, he
would have continued a policy of antagonism A) was witnessing
towards Cuba and steady (V) ---- of US B) witnessed
involvement in Vietnam. Johnson certainly C) may witness
believed that this was (VI) ---- Kennedy D) would have witnessed
intended to do. E) witnesses

183. V

A) suspect
B) wage
C) invasion
D) escalation
E) admiration

184. VI

A) which
B) whom
C) that
D) what
E) it

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185. It's clear from the passage that, on
assuming the presidency, Johnson ----.
A) maintained amiable relations with the
Kennedys
B) was determined to put his own policies
into effect, and leave his own mark
C) took great care not to antagonize
Congress
D) was careful not to deviate from
Kennedy's policies in international
relations
E) chose to concentrate on foreign policy
and ignore domestic issues
189.
186. As we understand from the
passage, one of the issues Kennedy
was planning to tackle ----.
A) concerned the improvement of
relations between his administration
and Congress
B) concerned bringing to an end the
antagonism towards Cuba
C) related to the ending of the war in
Vietnam
D) was the redefinition of the aims of US
foreign policy
E) was the elimination of poverty in the
US
188. According to the passage,
Johnson's pursuit of the Kennedy goals
and policies ----.
A) has been condemned by several
recent historians
B) largely occurred during the first two
years of his presidency
C) actually undermined his image as
president
D) brought him into conflict with Congress
E) hindered his own desire to wage a War
on Poverty
The passage makes the point that
Johnson became the president of the
US ----.
A) because Kennedy was assassinated
B) since his policy as regards the War on
Poverty was extremely popular
C) because he supported the war in
Vietnam
D) even though he disagreed with
Kennedy on many national and
international issues
E) as he had the support of the Kennedy
brothers

187. It is clear from the passage that

initially Johnson intended to continue
the Kennedy policies ----.

A) as far as they were in keeping with the

national ideal of a 'Great Society'
B) although in essence they clashed with
his own
C) since he hadn't formulated any of his
own
D) because he sensed this would make
him politically popular
E) but he soon found that they were
inapplicable

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The space shuttle and its rockets are huge - 190. I
some 4.5 million pounds at lift-off. About 85 per
cent of that weight is fuel. (I) ---- it is designed A) Although
to work in a vacuum, the shuttle (II) ---- not B) As though
only fuel but the oxygen to burn it. Because C) Since
this is an inefficient way to go, NASA D) By the time
engineers have recently tested an engine that E) Even if
gets some of its oxygen on the run. This
should reduce take-off weights (III) ---- half. A 191. II
spacecraft equipped with this engine would
take off like a rocket. But within minutes, A) carried
incoming air would begin to supplement liquid B) would carry
oxygen. (IV) ---- the spacecraft reaches a C) must carry
speed of 1, 500 miles per hour - twice the D) was carrying
speed of sound - the liquid oxygen would shut E) will have carried
off completely and the engine would burn fuel
mixed with air. Consequently the craft would 192. III
accelerate to about ten times the speed of
sound. When the air got too thin for the engine A) under
to breathe, the ship would (V) ---- to rocket B) during
mode to punch its way into space. C) beyond
D) by
E) as

193. IV

A) Unless
B) In addition
C) Despite
D) Once
E) As a result

194. V

A) get along
B) force out
C) make do
D) set aside
E) shift back

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195. According to the passage, a new
rocket engine is presently being
developed to ----.
A) reach previously unimagined speeds
B) make space travel more comfortable
and feasible
C) halve the weight of a space shuttle at
lift-off
D) enable NASA to remain in the forefront
of space exploration
E) reduce the physical effects of the
atmosphere on the shuttle
196. We learn from the passage that in
the usual space shuttle, the weight ----.
A) makes high speeds impossible
B) consists very largely of fuel
C) does not pose any serious problem
D) of the liquid oxygen is enormous
E) of the rockets is insignificant
197. As the passage points out, a space
shuttle requires oxygen ----.
A) only when it is travelling within the
atmosphere
B) if it is to attain very high speeds
C) but only in its liquid form
D) in order to burn the fuel
E) in quite small quantities except at lift-
off
144
198. The point is made in the passage
that the reason for developing the new
engine is to ----.
A) reduce the time it takes the shuttle to
exceed the speed of sound
B) double the speed at which the shuttle
travels
C) economize on the use of liquid oxygen
D) eliminate the need for liquid oxygen
and thus cut down on the shuttle's
weight
E) allow the shuttle to function in a
vacuum
199. It is clear from the passage that, -
once there is not sufficient air to burn
the fuel, then ----.
A) the speed of the shuttle increases to
over ten times the speed of sound
B) the engine reverts back to using the
liquid oxygen aboard the shuttle
C) the engine starts to increase the speed
of the shuttle
D) it is impossible for the shuttle to
accelerate any further
E) the rocket can no longer function
efficiently
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The chief triumph of this book is its depiction of 200. I
Wellington. He is not simply the famous British
general (I) ---- defeated Napoleon at Waterloo. A) who
He remains a great general but he is also B) whomsoever
shown to have had feet of clay inside his C) whoever
splendid boots. For example, the writer (II) ---- D) whomever
Wellington's vanity and his unattractive lack of E) whom
generosity in sharing the credit (III) ---- his
victories. This is a splendid book. Never less 201. II
than interesting, but always trenchant. It
redefines Wellington without (IV) ---- his A) breaks away
achievements and ends by reminding us (V) --- B) wipes out
- it was Napoleon who so forcefully articulated C) writes off
a wish that there should be 'a European code D) dwells on
of laws, a European judiciary ... one people in E) blows up
Europe'. The ogre's dream is coming true.
202. III

A) for
B) by
C) into
D) around
E) at

203. IV

A) posing
B) convening
C) clearing
D) diminishing
E) summarizing

204. V

A) which
B) who
C) that
D) its
E) what

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205. From this passage, we get the 208. We understand from the passage
impression that the book being that in the book under review, Napoleon
reviewed ----. ----.

A) makes fun of both Napoleon and
Wellington
B) overlooks the fact that Wellington was
a great general
C) pays more attention to Napoleon than
to Wellington
D) is unnecessarily critical of Wellington
E) is well-written and gives a balanced
picture of Wellington
A) is simply presented as the big enemy
B) receives acclaim for envisaging a
united Europe
C) is shown to have had greater military
skills than Wellington
D) and Wellington each admired the
military skills of the other
E) knew from the beginning that he would
never conquer Britain

206. In the book under review, 209. In line 5, 'feet of clay' stands for ----.
Wellington is criticized for ----.
A) disgraceful impulses
A) not recognizing the role played by B) unmilitary feelings
others in his victories C) desires that have to be suppressed
B) his plan of campaign at Waterloo D) basic human weakness or faults
C) trying to buy people's affection and E) an overwhelming desire to deceive
support
D) underestimating Napoleon's strength
E) failing to consult his subordinates

207. It is clear from the passage that the

book under review differs from
traditional biographies of Wellington ----
.

A) as his great enemy Napoleon receives

more than his share of praise
B) as it questions his skills as a leader
C) because it shows up his human
weaknesses
D) in attitude, but not in content
E) by putting the emphasis on his vices,
not on his virtues

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Some people believe that meat consumption 210. I
contributes to famine and (I) ---- the Earth's
natural resources. Indeed, it is often argued A) identifies
that cows and sheep require pasturage that B) depletes
could be better used to grow grain for starving C) renews
millions in poor countries. Additionally, claims D) excels
are made that raising livestock requires more E) locates
water than raising plant foods. But both these
arguments are illogical. (II) ---- the pasturage 211. II
argument, this ignores (III) ---- a large portion
of the Earth's dry land is unsuited to cultivation. A) In spite of
For instance, desert and mountainous areas B) No matter
are not suitable for cultivation, but are suitable C) As for
for animal grazing. However, modern D) Even
commercial farming methods prefer to raise E) Only
animals in an enclosed space feeding them on
grains and soybeans. (IV) ---- the bulk of 212. III
commercial livestock is not range-fed but stall-
fed. Stall-fed animals do not ingest grasses A) how
and shrubs (like they should), but are fed an B) those
unnatural array of grains and soybeans - which C) which
could be eaten by humans. The argument D) the fact that
here, then, is not that eating meat depletes the E) what
Earth's resources, but that commercial farming
methods do. Such methods subject livestock to 213. IV
deplorable living conditions where infections,
antibiotics, and synthetic hormones are A) Unfortunately
common. These all (V) ---- to an unhealthy B) Certainly
animal and, by extension, to an unhealthy food C) Responsively
product. D) Particularly
E) Accordingly

214. V

A) attempt
B) expect
C) stabilize
D) lead
E) suppose

147 www.remzihoca.com
215. One important point made in this
passage is that ----.
A) desert and mountainous regions
should be developed as arable land for
cultivation
B) the way livestock is raised on modern
farms involves various health hazards
C) more encouragement should be given
to the application of modern farming
technologies
D) meat production in the developed
world needs to be increased to combat
famine
E) every measure must be taken to
conserve the Earth's natural resources
216. One argument that is clearly
opposed in the passage ----.
A) concerns the value of antibiotics in the
raising of healthy livestock
B) concerns the introduction of soybeans
as the basic feed for livestock
C) is related to the inadequate methods
employed in the prevention of famine
D) is that livestock need water as much
as plants do
E) is that land used for pasturage should
be utilized for the cultivation of crops
217. Contrary to what is often argued,
the passage points out that ----.
A) synthetic hormones can be used to
improve the quality of meat
B) underdeveloped countries need to
adopt modern farming methods in
order to overcome famine
C) grazing for sheep and cows needs to
be upgraded so as to increase meat
production
D) the famine in the world is not directly
related to the consumption of meat
E) a very extensive part of the earth's
surface is ideally suitable for the
cultivation of crops
148
218. The writer attacks present day
commercial farming methods ----.
A) but admits that there is a higher
production rate than there was with
earlier methods
B) though the end product is extremely
healthy
C) and claims that they are responsible
for depleting the natural resources of
the world
D) though it ensures that there is
sufficient food for everyone
E) because, among other things, it makes
no effort to cultivate dry, mountainous
regions
219. By the 'pasturage argument' (line 9)
is meant the argument that ----.
A) the land used for animal grazing ought
to be cultivated and used to grow grain
B) livestock should be stall-fed on grains
and not allowed to graze freely
C) cultivated land ought to be turned into
pasturage
D) only cattle that are allowed to graze
freely produce good meat
E) dry mountainous areas could be
watered and turned into good
pasturage
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In modern times, it was perhaps the 220. I
'gentleman scientists' of the nineteenth century
who came closest to a genuinely objective A) obliged
form of scientific research. These privileged B) enjoyed
amateurs (I) ---- a financial independence C) worried
which most scientists today cannot have, and D) compensated
which enabled them to satisfy their scientific E) assisted
curiosity without the need to please patrons.
(II) ---- the growth of scientific research after 221. II
World War II, science has become an
expensive occupation. Many scientists today A) For
(III) ---- the 1960s as a golden age of modern- B) Off
day science, (IV) ---- research was mainly C) Beyond
funded by the taxpayer, and scientific enquiry D) With
was seen by governments to be part of the E) Away
public good, and worth paying for. Today, the
situation is very different. 'Academic freedom' 222. III
is now often little more than an illusion for most
scientists working at universities or in publicly- A) looked back on
funded research institutes. (V) ----, science is B) brought into
now largely dominated by the interests of the C) ended up
industrial world, and hence, hardly deserves D) run down
the name 'science'. E) took on

223. IV

A) that
B) when
C) whether
D) which
E) who

224. V

A) However
B) Moreover
C) Then
D) As
E) Yet

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225. According to the passage, the major
difference between the 'gentleman
scientists' and present-day ones ----.
A) has frequently been ignored by
governments and universities
B) is that the former were free to research
as they chose, while the latter are not
C) has become a highly controversial
issue in university circles
D) is not nearly so obvious as some
people believe it to be
E) the former were less objective in their
research methods than the latter are
226. The writer points out that in the
1960s ----.
229.
A) research activities were largely carried
out under the sponsorship of industry
B) scientists believed that they were
entering upon a golden age
C) academic freedom was already a thing
of the past
D) scientists carried out their research
activities at the public expense
E) scientific research largely concentrated
on meeting the needs of war
228. The writer of the passage regards
the 'gentleman scientists' of the
nineteenth century as privileged
because ----.
A) the choice of field was rapidly
expanding
B) there were plenty of patrons willing to
finance them
C) they were unrestricted by financial
pressures
D) scientific research was still in its early
stages and it was easy to discover
something new
E) they were always well-rewarded for
their efforts
The phrase 'part of the public good'
(lines 13-14) in effect means ----.
A) deserving of a good public
B) setting good standards for society
C) ensuring a better future for society
D) beneficial to society
E) recognized by the general public as
being good

227. The writer of the passage argues

that contemporary scientific research --
--.

A) is, to a large extent, controlled by the

interests of industry
B) finds its best milieu within the
universities
C) is advancing at an incredibly fast rate
D) offers one of the most exciting and
stimulating of careers
E) is far more concerned with theory than
with any practical application

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Why does sea water taste salty? It is a 230. I
question that has been asked by countless
people (I) ---- the ages. And the answer seems A) out
straightforward: rain constantly erodes the B) among
surface of the Earth, washing a mix of natural C) down
chemicals (II) ---- rivers and thence into the D) away
sea. The most water-soluble and abundant of E) off
these just happen to taste salty. All very
simple. Or is it? After all, erosion has been 231. II
taking place for millions of years, dumping ever
more of these salty compounds into the sea, A) at
yet the concentration is still far (III) ---- the B) for
saturation level. So the real mystery is not why C) from
the sea tastes salty, but why it isnt utterly D) by
packed (IV) ---- salt, and as lifeless as the E) into
Dead Sea. Here is another curious thing about
our planet. Its atmosphere has existed for 232. III
billions of years, and yet it still contains a mix
of highly reactive gases like oxygen and A) at
methane. Why havent they (V) ---- into a B) below
boring unreactive atmosphere like that of Mars C) from
or Venus? D) with
E) above

233. IV

A) as
B) between
C) along
D) with
E) throughout

234. V

A) did away
B) depended on
C) tried on
D) settled down
E) turned out

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235. According to the passage, the most
important and fascinating question
about salt and the sea is ----?
A) why do certain natural elements taste
salty
B) how much salt is there in the sea
C) how does the salt get to the sea
D) when will the salt in the sea reach
saturation level
E) why isnt the sea more salty
236. One point made in the passage is 239.
that unanswered questions about the
world and the universe ----.
A) will, at some point in the future, be
answered in a satisfactory manner
B) are now very few in number
C) are unimportant and can be ignored
D) help to highlight the mysteries of the
world
E) are only of interest to scientists
237. One aim of the writer in this
passage is to make people realize that -
---.
A) it is dangerous to interfere with the
balance of nature
B) everything in the universe has an
explanation
C) many of the facts about various
planets are exceedingly boring
D) all the seas in the world will eventually
be like the Dead Sea
E) what may seem simple and
straightforward may actually not be so
152
238. It is clear from the passage that
writer often wonders about why ----.
A) certain gases are not highly reactive
B) there is no end to the chemicals that
are carried into the sea
C) the world is as it is
D) people are not attracted to the Dead
Sea
E) the atmosphere of Mars is similar to
that of Venus
The phrase just happen to
supports the writers view of the world
as a place ----.
A) where many phenomena remain
inexplicable
B) where everything goes according to a
master plan
C) where most occurrences have a logical
explanation
D) of continuous and relentless change
E) of little interest to anyone who is
interested in science
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Family-owned companies are bad for 240. I
business, a new study argues - (I) ---- when
they dominate a large portion of a country's A) by far
economy. Outside the United States and B) ever
Britain most major corporations are in the C) as such
hands of a few wealthy families, (II) ---- , as in D) upon
the US and Britain, being owned by a wide E) at least
network of shareholders. The power of these
small families often (III) ---- far beyond the 241. II
companies they own directly, (IV) ---- a system
of "control pyramids" in which they exercise A) because
indirect control over a large number of smaller B) rather than
companies. This concentration of corporate C) furthermore
power doesn't merely leave a high percentage D) so
of wealth in the hands of billionaires -it also (V) E) besides
---- growth, diminishes efficiency, and limits
economic freedom. Moreover, "a tiny elite that 242. III
cannot be sacked," as the study puts it, is likely
to pursue "economic entrenchment", in which A) confers
property rights and financial openness are B) assumes
restricted to protect a few families' economic C) shares
and political prerogatives or rights. D) extends
E) demonstrates

243. IV

A) thanks to
B) with respect to
C) in addition to
D) in spite of
E) at the same time

244. V

A) encourages
B) accelerates
C) spurs
D) generates
E) retards

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245. The aim of the passage is to ----.
A) highlight the different ways in which
business is carried on in the US and in
Britain
B) compare small family businesses and
large corporations
C) present the findings of a research
project into the nature of large, family-
owned corporations
D) discredit the practices of big business,
especially when shareholders are
involved
E) contradict the conclusions of a study
into the practices of large, family-
owned corporations
246. We understand from the passage
that in Britain and the US, the larger
companies ----.
A) are constantly merging to create even
larger companies
B) frequently extend their control over
smaller corporations
C) are characterized by much financial
openness
D) are usually owned by shareholders
who may be many in number
E) are highly competitive and growing fast
247. We learn from the passage that the
"control pyramids" ----.
A) offer smaller companies a much-
needed guidance
B) are in general very beneficial
C) depict the system of management
within a large corporation
D) characterize all family businesses
whether large or small
E) tend to restrict growth and lower
efficiency
154
248. By the "tiny elite that cannot be
sacked" of the passage is meant ----.
A) families running small businesses at
the base of the "control pyramids"
B) the non-family share-holders
C) the high-ranking employees of the big
corporations
D) the few billionaire families who own
and rule the major corporations
E) families without economic and political
prerogatives
249. It is clear from the passage that a
major aim of the big family companies
is to ----.
A) preserve the status quo that is, their
own wealth and power
B) increase their political power and play
a role in policy making
C) make the business world more
competitive
D) reduce the powers of their
shareholders
E) encourage the growth of economic
freedom throughout the world
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Recent activity in several US church 253. IV
communities has seemed almost unbelievable:
churchgoers have gathered around huge fires A) to
and cheered (I) ---- they cast Harry Potter B) for
books into the flames. They fear that the C) with
incredibly popular series about a school for D) from
young wizards is spurring children and E) at
adolescents (II) ---- a life of witchcraft and onto
the dangerous path toward Satanism. For 254. V
these congregations, J.K. Rowling's books are
none other than the work of the devil herself. A) get off
To most people, however, the Harry Potter B) set out
books and films are merely compelling C) take part in
adventure stories, not a threat (III) ---- D) care for
children's psyches. But what has been E) come along
forgotten in the excitement of 'Pottermania' is
that boys and girls have been fascinated by 255. VI
magic and sorcery (IV) ---- generations.
Surveys about magical practices among A) make over
adolescents vary widely, but some indicate that B) end up
as many as 44 per cent have shown some C) keep on
slight, passing interest in it. Although D) rely on
satanically motivated violence occasionally E) look into
makes headlines, research shows that less
than 5 percent of young people (V) ---- more 256. VII
extensive witchcraft, and very few (VI) ---- in
the kind of organized devil worship that can A) at
lead to such acts (VII) ---- ritual murder. B) as
C) to
250. I D) by
E) like
A) but
B) as well
C) as if
D) so as
E) as

251. II

A) among
B) toward
C) under
D) between
E) over

252. III

A) as
B) of
C) on
D) to
E) about

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257. The attitude of the writer of the
passage towards the burning of the
Harry Potter books by various church
communities is ----.
A) an understanding one, as many young
people have been led astray by these
books
B) one of deep anger
C) sympathetic as basically he believes
they are right about the ill-effects of the
Harry Potter books
D) one of amazement at their response
E) one of repulsion at their hysteria and
fanaticism
258. One point emphasized in the
passage is that the interest of young
people in magic ----.
A) is no more dangerous than their love of
adventure
B) needs to be recognized by society and
firm action taken
C) really is largely due to the Harry Potter
stories
D) is by no means a new development
E) should be encouraged as it is perfectly
harmless
259. According to the passage, though a
fair number of young people have felt a
vague, temporary interest in magic, ----.
A) it has always been easy to convince
them of its dangers
B) few have become seriously involved
C) they have never, in any way, been
harmed by it
D) most do not even know the meaning of
Satanism
E) this never continues into adolescence
156
260. In the passage, though the writer
does not want to make a big issue of
the matter of witchcraft, he ----.
A) would like more surveys and studies to
be carried out on it
B) feels it should receive more public
attention
C) admits that it can, on occasion, lead to
terrible events
D) hopes that 'Pottermania' will soon die
out of its own accord
E) believes that all cases of satanically
motivated violence should make the
headlines and so serve as warnings
.
261. According to the passage, those
who burn the Harry Potter books ----.
A) have previously burned other popular
books
B) are actually indulging in a form of
witchcraft themselves
C) mostly do so without having first read
the books
D) are being accused, quite unfairly, of
displaying extremist attitudes
E) do so because they believe these
books encourage young people to turn
to witchcraft
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Therapists have to be very careful before they 262. I
make a diagnosis of delusional disorder. A
great many complaints are founded (I) ---- fact. A) at
It is possible that a patient is really being B) by
harassed at work, that her husband is C) with
deceiving her, or that her business partner is D) on
cheating her. Indeed, therapists must be E) of
careful not to (II) ---- facts as delusions, a trap
known as 'the Martha Mitchell effect'. Martha 263. II
Mitchell was the wife of former US attorney
general John Mitchell. In October 1972, he was A) mislabel
accused (III) ---- having ordered the break-in at B) realize
the Democratic campaign headquarters in the C) prefer
Watergate Hotel in Washington, D.C. Mrs D) check
Mitchell repeatedly told the press that her E) convince
husband was being made a scapegoat to
protect the real culprit President Richard M. 264. III
Nixon. The White House spread disinformation
about Mrs Mitchell, saying she had a drinking A) of
problem and implying (IV) ---- her statements B) as
were delusional. When the scandal was C) over
ultimately (V) ----, Mrs Mitchell's statements D) by
were proved true and she was shown to be E) from
utterly sane and (VI) ---- no drinking problem.
265. IV

A) what
B) whether
C) which
D) who
E) that

266. V

A) interpreted
B) unravelled
C) gathered
D) caused
E) failed

267. VI

A) at
B) from
C) on
D) above
E) with

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268. The passage draws attention to the
fact that ----.
A) John Mitchell had indeed violated the
law on several occasions
B) it can sometimes be difficult for
therapists to distinguish between fact
and delusion
C) President Nixon had never trusted his
attorney general
D) Mrs Mitchell had always been subject
to delusions
E) complaints always have a foundation
in fact
269. We understand from the passage
that Mrs Mitchell ----.
A) was often treated by therapists on
account of her delusions
B) did indeed have a drinking problem
C) was indifferent to the disinformation
spread by the White House
D) was unjustly portrayed as suffering
from delusions
E) displayed little interest in the
Watergate affair
271. According to the passage, Mrs
Mitchell's statements about her
husband ----.
A) were disregarded by the press
B) were imaginary rather than factual
C) were, in fact, true but deliberately
denied
D) convinced President Nixon that his
attorney general was innocent
E) were examined by therapists on a
regular basis
272. It is clear from the passage that, by
'the Martha Mitchell effect' is meant ----.
A) the labelling of facts as delusions
B) Mrs Mitchell's loyal support of her
husband
C) the use of a wife's evidence against
her husband
D) the unravelling of the Watergate
scandal
E) the giving of false testimony at a trial

270. We learn from the passage that, in

the Watergate affair, US attorney
general John Mitchell ----.

A) was criminally involved in the break-in

at the Democratic campaign
headquarters
B) was made to appear as the leading
wrongdoer
C) asked the press to interview his wife
D) advised President Nixon on the legal
procedure
E) was anxious that his wife should not
get involved with the press

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Before the Polish-born French-American 273. I
mathematician Benoit Mandelbrot made his
mark on the world, scientists liked to forget (I) - A) for
--- the imperfections and irregularities of B) by
nature. The study of perfect squares, triangles C) about
and planes (II) ---- their field for over 2, 000 D) from
years, since the Greek geometer Euclid (III) ---- E) of
maths' oldest treatise 'Elements' and provided
us with the tools to measure these flawlessly 274. II
smooth shapes. Any question about how to
measure the real shape of a tree, a coastline A) had dominated
or anything with a rough edge could not be (IV) B) dominate
---- by Euclidean geometry and had therefore C) will dominate
been ignored. But Mandelbrot changed all this D) would dominate
when he (V) ---- fractal geometry, which E) was dominating
enables us to measure roughness. 'My whole
career has been one long, ardent pursuit of the 275. III
concept of roughness', he says. 'The
roughness of clusters in the physics of A) will write
disorder, of turbulent flows, of exotic noises, of B) writes
chaotic dynamical systems, of the distribution C) had been written
of galaxies, of coastlines, of stock-price charts D) wrote
and of mathematical constructions. E) was writing

276. IV

A) underestimated
B) tackled
C) extinguished
D) perplexed
E) added

277. V

A) was inventing
B) invents
C) might invent
D) used to invent
E) invented

159 www.remzihoca.com
278. It is clear from the passage that,
before Mandelbrot's concepts attracted
the attention of the scientific world, ----.
A) mathematics followed the lead of
Euclid and concentrated on regular
shapes
B) everyone felt that Euclidean geometry
was inadequate
C) scientists relied on Euclidean geometry
to measure trees and exotic noises
D) Mandelbrot almost lost confidence in
the concept of roughness
E) Mandelbrot was careful to limit the
scope of his studies into roughness
279. According to the passage,
Euclidean geometry can, in a way, be
regarded as having had a negative
effect upon the development of
mathematics because it ----.
A) can be neither substantiated nor
disproved
B) is too involved with measurement
C) makes the investigation of roughness
impossible
D) is far too comprehensive
E) put forward the concept of roughness
281. One point made in the passage is
that Euclidean geometry ----.
A) has led to a better appreciation of the
irregularities in nature
B) has had to be modified in the light of
new discoveries
C) has been shown to be invalid
D) is not universally applicable
E) doesn't deserve the respect it has
enjoyed for 2,000 years
282. According to the passage, fractal
geometry ----.
A) makes possible the measurement of
anything with a rough edge
B) is actually, as regards method, very
similar to Euclidean geometry
C) is merely an extension of Euclidean
geometry
D) is well on the way to replacing
Euclidean geometry entirely
E) is just one of several remarkable
innovations propounded by Mandelbrot

280. It is clear from the passage that

Mandelbrot ----.

A) only began to work on the concept of

roughness at a later stage in his career
B) finds the concept of roughness
immensely exciting, and apparent in
widely different areas
C) worked on the concept of roughness
because he wanted to prove that
Euclid's theories were contradictory
D) didnt discover fractal geometry but
worked to extend its uses
E) has still to convince the scientific world
of the value of fractal geometry

160 www.remzihoca.com
Much has been said and written about the 286. IV
declining numbers of and (I) ---- lack of
diversity among American college students A) about
majoring in engineering. Among the factors (II) B) of
---- to explain this phenomenon are the lack of C) in
exposure (III) ---- high school students (IV) ---- D) on
the very idea of engineering and the fact that E) to
many have insufficient mathematics and
science background to gain entrance to 287. V
engineering school, (V) ---- they do identify the
profession as a possible career. This is A) even if
unfortunate, for the ideas of engineering B) because
should be integrated into the curricula not only C) when
of high schools but also of middle and primary D) after
schools. Our children are being done a E) unless
disservice by not being exposed properly (VI) -
--- their education to engineering activities 288. VI
identified as such. After all, even pre-school
children have the prerequisites in their play for A) between
appreciating exactly what engineering is: B) among
design. Indeed, design is everywhere around C) throughout
them throughout their school day, even in their D) at
before-school and after-school activities. It E) to
need only be pointed out to them (VII) ---- they
are designing something, and (VIII) ---- being 289. VII
engineers of sorts, in virtually everything that
they do. A) that
B) as
283. I C) whether
D) what
A) impressive E) which
B) available
C) affluent 290. VIII
D) disappointing
E) sincere A) but
B) as
284. II C) therefore
D) when
A) cited E) because
B) cite
C) to cite
D) to have been cited
E) citing

285. III

A) of
B) at
C) to
D) with
E) for

161 www.remzihoca.com
291. The writer of the passage feels 294. The writer points out that children
strongly that ----. can, at a very early age, ----.

A) children should be involved in A) be encouraged to take part in after-

engineering activities at an early age
B) many children are being unfairly
directed into a career in engineering
C) the mathematics and science courses
in schools need to be modernized
D) university engineering courses ought
to be upgraded
E) the education of pre-school children is
being given too much importance
295.
292. Among the reasons given in the
passage for the decline in the numbers
of engineering students is that ----.
A) the American schools still follow out-
dated curricula
B) university entrance requirements are
far too demanding
C) it is generally recognized as one of the
most difficult of all the courses
D) engineering in the US is not
considered to be a competitive field of
study
E) many of them fail to acquire an
adequate knowledge of mathematics
and science at high schools
school activities
B) develop an interest in scientific matters
C) make up their minds to study
engineering at university
D) learn something about the basis of
engineering, which is design
E) be influenced by their school
environment
According to the passage, all
school programmes ----.
A) should be designed to make students
aware of the engineering practices and
principles
B) ought to give priority to the sciences
C) must encourage children to make
creative designs
D) seem to put the emphasis on the need
to diversify learning
E) overlook the fact that all children are
different

293. The writer recognizes the fact that

engineering ----.

A) is becoming less and less popular as a

field of study among university
students
B) is only suitable for highly intelligent
students
C) is a complicated subject only suitable
for really mature students
D) has become one of the most popular
fields of study at American universities
E) requires many years of training prior to
qualification

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(I) ---- there have been truly significant 296. I
advances in modern medicine, health
problems still (II) ---- and cause untold misery. A) Even so
Although heart disease and cancer were rare B) Before
at the beginning of the 20th century, today C) Even though
these two diseases (III) ---- with increasing D) Since
frequency, in spite of billions of dollars in E) Because
research to combat them, and in spite of
tremendous advances in diagnostic and 297. II
surgical techniques. In America, one person in
three suffers from allergies, one in ten has A) overcome
ulcers and one in five is mentally ill. Every B) set
year, a quarter of a million infants are born with C) solve
a birth defect and (IV) ---- expensive surgery, D) accomplish
or are hidden away in institutions. Other E) abound
degenerative diseases such as arthritis,
multiple sclerosis, diabetes, and chronic 298. III
fatigue (V) ---- a significant majority of
Americans. Further learning disabilities make A) treat
life miserable for seven million young people B) strike
and their parents. These diseases were C) heat
extremely rare only a generation or two ago. D) prevent
Today, chronic illness afflicts nearly half of all E) insist
Americans and causes three out of four deaths
in the United States. 299. IV

A) undergo
B) enjoy
C) suffer
D) boast
E) heal

300. V

A) astound
B) afflict
C) impress
D) form
E) nourish

163 www.remzihoca.com
301. One point that is stressed in the
passage about the American people is
that ----.
A) they are less liable to degenerative
diseases than most other peoples
B) the rate of infant mortality among them
is rising rapidly
C) there is an alarming lack of
communication between parents and
their children
D) the incidence of cancer among them is
slowly being reduced due to medical
advances
E) in one way or another, a very large
proportion of them have health
problems
302. According to the passage, cancer
and heart diseases are on the increase -
---.
304. The passage stresses that ill-health
gives rise to a great deal of misery ----.
A) which is not confined to the patient
alone
B) which is largely associated with pain
C) especially in the case of chronic illness
D) even before an accurate diagnosis has
been made
E) especially when the symptoms are
severe
305. In line 15 of the passage the term
'significant majority' refers to ----.
A) an articulate majority
B) a statistically small majority
C) a large and important majority
D) a rapidly increasing majority
E) an unexpected but continuing majority

A) and most of the cures have serious

side effects
B) due to problems of diagnosis which for
the present seem insurmountable
C) since research so far carried out in
these fields has been quite inadequate
D) even though a great deal of money is
being spent on research into them
E) but very little is being done by the
authorities to combat them

303. The writer of this passage draws

our attention to ----.

A) the fact that it is young people who are

the most affected by degenerative
diseases
B) the paradox that medicine today has
improved remarkably, but more and
more people are suffering from various
diseases
C) the commonly-held view that cancer
will, in a few decades, be completely
eradicated
D) the argument that good health
depends upon a healthy diet and early
diagnosis
E) the possibility that it is mental rather
than physical health that is going to be
the major problem of the future in the
US

164 www.remzihoca.com
Fast-food is such a (I) ---- part of American life 306. I
that it has become synonymous with American
culture. Fast food was born in America and it A) envious
has now swollen into a $106-billion industry. B) dull
America exports fast-food worldwide and its C) latter
attendant corporate culture, has probably been D) omnipresent
more influential and done more to destroy local E) pervasive
food economies and cultural diversity (II) ----
any government propaganda programme could 307. II
hope to accomplish. No corner of the earth is
safe from its (III) ---- and no aspect of life is A) forth
unaffected. Fast-food is now found in shopping B) only
malls, airports, hospitals, gas stations, C) even
stadiums, on trains, and increasingly, in D) than
schools. There are 23, 000 restaurants in one E) just
chain alone, and another 2, 000 are being
opened every year. Its effect has been the 308. III
same on the millions of people it feeds daily
and on the people it employs. Fast-food culture A) presence
has changed (IV) ---- we work, from its B) malnutrition
assembly line kitchens filled with robotic frying C) benefit
machines to the trite phrases spoken to D) diagnosis
customers by its poorly paid part time E) incidence
workforce. In the United States, more than 57
per cent of the population eat meals (V) ---- 309. IV
home on any given day and they spend more
money on fast-food than they do on higher A) what
education, personal computers, or (VI) ---- on B) whom
new cars. C) how
D) in which
E) that

310. V

A) about
B) out
C) of
D) away from
E) around

311. VI

A) else
B) but
C) only
D) by far
E) even

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312. The word 'swollen' in line 3 ----.
A) emphasizes the speed at which the
industry has grown
B) suggests that the growth is excessive
and unhealthy
C) has very positive connotations
D) draws attention to the inevitability of
the growth of the industry
E) implies that the industry will continue to
grow on steadily
313. This passage on American's fast-
food industry ----.
A) shows convincingly that it is falling into
disfavour
B) is clearly written by someone who
loves good food
C) concentrates on negative aspects
D) gives a rational account of why it grew
so fast
E) reveals the support it received from
government propaganda
314. One point that receives a lot of
attention in the passage is ----.
A) the fact that fast-food is now more
popular outside the US than it is inside
B) the fact that fast-food meets our
dietary needs
C) the consideration the fast-food
companies show to their employees
D) the far-reaching effects of the fast-food
industry
E) the idea that in such places as gas
stations and trains fast-food is actually
the only practical kind of food
166
315. The writer of the passage clearly
regrets the fact that ----.
A) the fast-food companies cannot afford
to pay even their part-time workers
adequate salaries
B) the growth of the fast-food industry has
now come to a halt
C) there are still more traditional
restaurants than fast-food ones
D) the fast-food industry cannot retain the
high standards with which it started
E) local and traditional styles of food are
being pushed off the market
316. The assertion at the end of the
passage that Americans spend more
money on fast-food than they do on
higher education ----.
A) is a criticism of the amount of money
spent on fast-food by Americans
B) suggests that Americans are greedy
for good food
C) means that 57 percent of the American
population has very little money
leftover when it has paid for its food
D) is an indication that higher education in
the US is not expensive
E) is, in the light of the rest of the
passage, a gross exaggeration
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It may be that golf originated in Holland but 317. I
certainly Scotland fostered the game and is
famous for it. In fact, in 1457 the Scottish A) was lured
Parliament disturbed because football and golf B) had lured
(I) ---- young Scots from the more soldierly C) will lure
exercise of archery, passed an ordinance that D) would be lured
banned football and golf. James I and Charles E) is luring
I of the royal line of Stuarts were golf
enthusiasts, (II) ---- the game came to be 318. II
known as 'the royal' and ancient game of golf.
The golf balls used in the early games were A) that
leather-covered and stuffed with feathers. B) who
Clubs of all kinds were fashioned by hand to C) whereby
suit individual players. The great step in D) whether
spreading the game came with the change E) of whom
from the feather ball to the present-day ball
introduced in about 1850. In I860, formal 319. III
competitions began with the establishment of
an annual tournament for the British Open A) Thats why
championship. There are records of 'golf clubs' B) However
in the United States as far back as colonial C) Likewise
days. (III) ---- , it remained a rather sedate and D) Otherwise
almost aristocratic pastime (IV) ---- a 20-year- E) For example
old Francis Ouimet of Boston defeated two
great British professionals, Harry Vardon and 320. IV
Ted Ray, in the United States Open
championship at Brookline, Mass., in 1913. A) until
This feat put the game and Francis Ouimet (V) B) after
---- the front pages of the newspapers and C) since
stirred a wave of enthusiasm for the sport. D) whereas
E) following

321. V

A) at
B) to
C) with
D) of
E) on

167 www.remzihoca.com
322. As we understand from the
passage, golf only became a popular
game ----.
A) after an unknown American beat two
famous British golf players in a US
tournament
B) following the annual tournament
organized in 1860
C) in the time of James I
D) after the introduction of annual formal
competitions in both England and
America
E) after golf clubs were set up in colonial
America
323. According to the passage, it was at
one time believed in Scotland that ----.
A) football was a better game than golf for
young people
B) annual tournaments made the game
too competitive
C) golf was having an adverse effect on
young people's military skills
D) young people should be encouraged to
take up either golf or archery
E) the origins of archery were in some
way associated with Holland
324. It is pointed out in the passage that
golf ----.
A) was to some extent practised in
colonial America
B) has been overshadowed by football in
recent times
C) requires a great deal of expensive
equipment
D) receives less newspaper coverage
than football
E) didn't arouse as much enthusiasm as
archery did in medieval Scotland
168
325. The point is made in the passage
that golf has been described as a 'royal'
game ----.
A) though for the last two centuries no
kings have participated in the game
B) since the professionals of the game
are treated with so much respect
C) as golf clubs are particular about who
they accept as members
D) because two British kings were
passionately fond of it
E) which Americans find very annoying
326. As we learn from the passage, it
was around the mid-19th century that ---
-.
A) the old golf ordinance of the Scottish
Parliament was repealed
B) the first formal golf competitions
between America and Britain were
held
C) the newspapers began to cover major
golf championships
D) Scotland became the world's leading
country in golf
E) important changes were introduced
into golf
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The economic news from Europe was 327. I
particularly disappointing in the second half of
2002. Moreover, recent surveys from the A) structure
region imply little (I) ---- of improvement in the B) prospect
near future. Perhaps the most worrying aspect C) vitality
has been the sharp decline in conditions in D) notice
Germany - the area's (II) ---- and most E) remark
important economy. Domestic demand in
Germany is very weak and, with the global 328. II
economy also struggling, Germany's
manufacturers have not been able to export A) larger
their way (III) ---- trouble as they have done in B) the larger
the past. (IV) ---- the economy in such a weak C) the largest
state, it is no surprise then that European stock D) largest
markets (V) ---- the US stock markets' E) large
downturn over the past 6 months. (VI) ----
individual share prices may be lower and 329. III
market valuations look attractive, the economy
does not. Recovery seems some way off and A) away
strong equity performance from Europe's B) in
markets seems unlikely in 2003. C) of
D) for
E) out of

330. IV

A) Of
B) In
C) As
D) By
E) With

331. V

A) will follow
B) had followed
C) was following
D) is following
E) have followed

332. VI

A) Just as
B) Since
C) Because
D) After
E) While

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333. We understand from the passage 336. According to the passage, the trend
that the economic prospects in the in European stock markets ----.
current year for the European stock
markets ----. A) does not reflect the economic situation
in Germany
A) are not foreseeable B) has been roughly the same as that in
B) are certainly promising the US stock markets
C) are constantly under discussion C) improved greatly during the last six
D) seem most encouraging months of2002
E) don't look hopeful D) is related to the level of domestic
demand in Germany
334. It is pointed out in the passage that E) seems to change every six months
the present economic recession in
Germany ----. 337. The phrase 'to export their way out
of trouble' means ----.
A) is actually not as serious as is being
experienced in several other European A) to expand their market capacity
countries through more exports
B) is being overcome by means of B) to find trouble-free markets for exports
increased exports C) to work extremely hard to increase
C) is more persistent than previous ones their exports
have been D) to put an end to the slump
D) should have been foreseen much E) to get out of the recession through
earlier increased exports
E) has been exaggerated in several
surveys recently

335. The passage points out that

Germany's current economic problems
----.

A) have left the stock markets of Europe

unaffected
B) have led to a worrying decline in the
world economy
C) are far less serious than those of any
other country in Europe
D) stem in part from a drop in domestic
sales
E) are in fact not as alarming as they
were once thought to be

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Scientists who study Earth's moon have two 338. I
big regrets about the six Apollo missions that
landed a dozen astronauts (I) ---- the lunar A) of
surface between 1969 and 1972. The biggest B) on
regret, of course, is that the missions ended so C) towards
(II) ----, with so much of the moon still D) by
unexplored. But researchers also lament that E) at
the great triumph of Apollo led to a popular (III)
----: because astronauts have visited the moon, 339. II
there is no compelling reason to go back. In
the 1990s, however, two probes that orbited A) foolishly
the moon raised new questions about Earth's B) expectedly
airless satellite. One stunning discovery was C) victoriously
strong evidence of water ice in the perpetually D) abruptly
shadowed areas near the moon's poles. (IV) --- E) suitably
- scientists believe that comets deposited
water and organic compounds on both Earth 340. III
and its moon, well-preserved ice at the lunar
poles could (VI) ---- clues to the origins of life. A) sympathy
B) destination
C) sovereignty
D) unrest
E) misconception

341. IV

A) Though
B) Unless
C) Consequently
D) So that
E) Because

342. V

A) follow
B) search
C) miss
D) threaten
E) yield

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343. The point made in the passage is 346. As we understand from the
that it may be possible to ----. passage, a great many people ----.

A) come to a better understanding of A) believe lunar missions should continue

comets through the study of the moon
B) learn more about the beginnings of life
from the ice at the moon's poles
C) resume Apollo missions as there is
evidence of water on the moon
D) identify the origin of the organic
compounds found on the moon
E) have a full knowledge of the moon
without sending any more astronauts
there
344. As is pointed out in the passage,
one significant outcome of the lunar
probes in the 1990s was ----.
A) the staggering finding of evidence of
water on the moon
B) the focussing of scientific attention on
the comets
C) the resumption of lunar missions
D) the realization that life is possible on
the moon
E) the realization that there were great
similarities between earth and moon
indefinitely
B) regard the Apollo missions as a
scientific breakthrough
C) are sure the moon cannot support life
D) feel that the very fact that man has
landed on the moon is enough
E) regard scientific investigations of the
moon as unfeasible
347. A major point made in the passage
is that ----.
A) comets hold the secrets of the origins
of life in the universe
B) the six Apollo missions to the moon
were a great scientific success
C) the chances of finding water on the
moon are very slim
D) the probes of the 1990s demonstrated
that the lunar landings should has
continued
E) scientists are agreed that there is
nothing further to learn about the moon

345. According to the passage, even

though there were six Apollo missions
to the moon roughly thirty years ago, ---
-.

A) none of them could claim to be

successful
B) man's knowledge of the moon has not
increased at all
C) a very large proportion of the lunar
surface remains to date unexamined
D) it was only the lunar poles that were
explored fully
E) the idea of sending astronauts back to
the moon seems even more farfetched
than formerly

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The US National Institute of Standards and 348. I
Technology (NIST) will soon be testing a
controversial theory about the collapse of the A) As a result
World Trade Center towers. (I) ---- an analysis B) In spite of
(II) ---- a leading fire safety expert, had the fire- C) Similarly
proofing insulation on the towers' steel D) According to
structures been thicker, the towers (III) ---- E) However
longer and might even have remained standing
after they were hit by the hijacked planes. The 349. II
work is being seized on by lawyers
representing victims' families and insurance A) at
companies. If confirmed, it could also lead to B) under
changes in building codes. NIST is responsible C) by
for (IV) ---- the final report on the towers' D) off
collapses and recommending if any changes E) in
are needed. It is widely accepted that the
collapses were caused by the failure of the 350. III
buildings' steel structure as it (V) ---- by the
heat of the fires. A) would have survived
B) will survive
C) may survive
D) survive
E) survived

351. IV

A) looking down
B) turning into
C) stepping down
D) drawing up
E) trying out

352. V

A) would be weakened
B) was weakened
C) will be weakened
D) had weakened
E) weakened

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353. As it is pointed out in the passage,
it is commonly recognized that the main
cause for the collapse of the twin
towers ----.
A) will only be understood after the
release of a detailed report by NIST
B) can never be established beyond
doubt
C) was the weakening of the steel
structure due to the heat of the fire
D) was not f-o much due to the heat of the
fires as to the force of the impact of the
hijacked planes
E) is of special interest to insurance
companies
354. It is clear from the passage that ----.
A) the strength or the steel structure of
the towers had been questioned when
the designs were drawn up
B) NIST has already made a thorough
study of the collapse of the towers
C) the reason for the sudden collapse of
the two towers is still under debate
D) the structure of the twin towers was in
many respects well below standard
E) the hijacked planes hit the weakest
parts of the twin towers
355. As we learn from the passage, a
specialist in fire safety ----.
A) puts the blame for the collapse of the
towers on the thin fire-proofing
insulation
B) is to blame for negligence as regards
the burning of the twin towers
C) has been cooperating with the victims'
lawyers to start legal procedures
D) has been commissioned to prepare a
report on the collapse of the towers
E) should have been aware of the
structural weakness of the towers and
given due warning
174
356. As is pointed out in the passage,
the inadequacy of the fire-proofing
insulation of the towers ----.
A) has been accepted by NIST as the
main cause of the collapse
B) has aroused a great deal of legal
attention
C) is less important than the weakness of
the steel structure as the cause of the
collapse
D) had long been recognized by fire-
safety experts as the weakest point in
their construction
E) has never been considered by any
serious body
357. According to the passage, if the
tower collapse theory concerning the
fire-proofing insulation proves to be
true, ----.
A) this will have, even so, no direct
bearing on the fight against terrorism
B) the victims' families will get no
compensation
C) this will free NIST from all blame
D) then lawyers will have no grounds for
objections
E) then NIST will probably introduce new
building regulations
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The long-expected decline in the dollar is now 358. I
well under way. For years economists have
predicted that America's huge current-account A) had been
deficit would eventually cause its currency to B) will be
plunge. So far the dollar's slide (I) ---- fairly C) may be
gradual: it is down by 13% in trade-weighted D) was
terms over the past year, though it has E) has been
dropped by almost twice as much against the
euro since its 2001 peak. As the decline 359. II
seemed to (II) ---- speed this week, John
Snow, George Bush's Treasury Secretary, A) pick up
declared that he favours a 'strong dollar policy'. B) keep down
That was surely the wrong answer even C) pull through
leaving aside the debatable issue of (III) ---- D) make up
cabinet secretaries can influence the level of E) put out
exchange rates. A weaker, not a stronger
dollar, is what the world needs now - so long 360. III
as policymakers elsewhere respond (IV) ----.
America promoted a strong dollar throughout A) whether
the 1990s, (V) ---- inflation was still thought to B) which
be the main enemy. Today it makes less C) what
sense. Even after its recent slide, the dollar D) whom
seems overvalued. Moreover, with ample E) that
space capacity in America, deflation looks a
bigger risk than inflation. 361. IV

A) appropriately
B) brutally
C) gradually
D) relatively
E) selfishly

362. V

A) which
B) those
C) although
D) when
E) even

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363. It is pointed out in the passage that 366. As we understand from the
the American policy, in the 1990s, for a passage, the decline in the value of the
strong dollar ----. American dollar has ----.

A) seems less rational now than it did
then
B) has proved successful in boosting the
economy
C) has been reversed by the Treasury
Secretary, John Snow
D) has frequently been disregarded by
American economists
E) has been a major reason for the
decline of the euro
364. It is stressed in the passage that for
the American economy, ----.
A) John Snow's policies promise a great
deal of hope
B) it is not inflation but deflation that in
fact may pose the more serious
problem
C) the global level of exchange rates
constitutes a major threat
D) and for the world economy, a strong
dollar is of vital importance
E) policy makers agree that deflation has
been responsible for many of the
problems
A) had an adverse effect upon the value
of the euro
B) bolstered American trade
C) been foreseen by economists over a
long period of time
D) been a major headache for policy
makers
E) followed an unpredictable pattern
367. In the passage, with the phrase 'the
wrong answer' is meant ----.
A) the American government's
indifference to the decline of the dollar
B) the policy of keeping the dollar in line
with the euro
C) keeping the dollar strong through trade
D) permitting the current-account deficit to
continue
E) the Treasury Secretary's preference
for a strong dollar policy

365. According to the passage, what has

brought about the fall of the American
dollar ----.

A) is the erratic global fluctuations in

exchange rates
B) is the enormous deficit experienced by
the American economy
C) has been a persistent recession in the
global economy
D) is the wrong economic policies
introduced by John Snow, Treasury
Secretary
E) is the unexpected rise in the value of
the euro

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