Channel 1: The existing channels are three (3) adjacent (to each other) circular

concrete culverts located under a roadway of 15 m wide. Diameter = 1.3 m.

The normal water depth during the heaviest monsoon rain is only 1.11 m.
Given
D = 1.3m (for one circular culvert)
r = 0.65m
yo = 1.11m
n = 0.011 (Closed conduits, culvert,straight and free of debris)
RL(1) RL(2)
So = L

23.0 21.2
So = 1500

So = 0.0012

Calculation
= 180 + 2
y r
= 180 + 2 sin-1( r )

1.110.65
-1
= 180 + 2 sin ( 0.65 )

= 270.09 , 4.714 rad

Using manning equation to find flow rate

2

Q=
AR 3
So
n

sin
A= d2

8

270.09
4.714 rad sin
A= 1.32

8

A = 1.206 m2

P=r

P = 0.65 (4.714 rad)

P = 3.064 m

A
R= P

1.206
R = 3.0641

R = 0.394 m

2
(1.206)(0.393) 3
0.0012
Q=
0.011

Q = 2.043 m3/s for one circular culvert

Q = 2.043 m3/s 3
Q = 6.123 m3/s

v
Fr = gD
 9.81 x( 0.938 x 1.3)
Fr = 2.041/1.206

Fr = 0.48 < 1 , therefore flow is subcritical

Channel 2: The existing is short grassed earth rectangular open channel of 1.24
m width and 1.10 m high. The channel is 1.5 km long. This channel cannot
convey water and must be replaced by a properly lined best hydraulic section.
The width of the reserved government land for this channel is 3 m.
Given :
B = 1.24 m
y = 1.10 m
L = 1.5 km (1500m)
n = 0.030
So = 0.0012

For Rectangular Open Channel (Best Hydraulic Section)

A = By P = B + 2y R = A/P
A = 1.24 1.10 P = 1.24 + 2(1.10) 1.364
R= 3.44
A = 1.364 m2 P =3.44 m
R = 0.397 m
 2
3
Q=
(1.364) ( 0.397 ) 0.0012
0.030

Q = 0.8508 m3/s < 6.123 m3/s (channel is not convey )

Manning Equation
2

Q=
AR 3
So
n

Using hydraulic best section formula for Rectangular

B = 2y
A = 2y2
y
R= 2

Q = 6.123 m3/s
2

Q=
AR 3
So
n

Used S0 and n before

y 2
(2 y 2)( ) 3 0.0012
6.123 m3/s = 2
0.030

8
y3
2.651 = 2
3
2

4.208 = y3
y = 1.714 m

B = 2y
B = 2(1.714)
B = 3.428 m
y = 1.714 m + 0.3 m (freeboard high)
y = 2.014 m

v
Fr = gD

6.123/7.213
Fr = 9.81 x 2.104

Fr = 0.187 < 1 , therefore ,flow is subcritical

Channel 3: The existing is short grassed earth trapezoidal open channel with a
bottom width of 0.40 m, 0.66 m high and side slope of 750 on both sides. The
channel is 1.63 km long. The flow rate during the monsoon is 6.66 m3/s. This
channel also cannot convey the flow rate and must be replaced by a properly
lined best hydraulic channel. The width of the reserved government land for
this channel is 3 m.
Given :
B = 0.40 m
y = 0.66 m
L = 1.63 km (1630m)
n = 0.011
37.5 21.2
So = 1630 = 0.010
Q = 6.66 m3/s
1
z = tan 75o

1
z= tan 75 = 0.268

For Trapezoidal Open Channel Formula

A = By + zy2 P = B + 2w A
R= P
w=y 1+ z 2
A = (0.4 0.66 + (0.2679
0.3807
P = 0.40 + 2(0.66) R= = 0.216 m
1.766
2
0.66 ) 1+ 0.26792
A = 0.381 m2 P = 1.767 m

Manning Equation
2
A R 3 So
Q=
n

2
(0.3807) ( 0.2155 ) 3 0.010
Q=
0.011

Q = 1.247 m3/s
The channel cannot covey 6.66 m3/s of existing flow rate

Using hydraulic best section formula for Trapezoidal

 Calculate B using A = By + zy2 y
R= 2
T = 2w
Or
B + 2zy = 2y 1+ z 2

Q = 6.66 m3/s
T = 2w

B + 2zy = 2y 1+ z 2

B + 2(0.268) y = 2y 1+ 0.2682
B = 2.071 y 0.536 y
B = 1.535 y

Manning Equation
2

Q=
AR 3
So
n

So and n is taken from above

y 2
( By+ zy 2 )( )3 0.010
6.66 m3/s = 2
0.011

2 2 y 2
(1.535 y + 0.268 y )( ) 3 0.010
6.66 m3/s = 2
0.011

y 2
0.733 = (1.803 y 2)( ) 3
2
 8
1.1629 = 1.8027 y 3

y = 0.849 m

B = 1.535 (0.849)
B = 1.303 m
y = 0.849 m + 0.3 m (freeboard high)
y = 1.149 m (freeboard high)

v
Fr = gD

6.66/3.986
Fr = 9.81 x 0.849

Fr = 0.578 < 1 , therefore ,flow is subcritical

Channel 4: The existing are two adjacent circular concrete culverts of diameter
0.6 m each under a roadway of 7.6 m wide. These culverts cannot convey water
and must be replaced by several designed circular culverts to cater the
maximum designed flow rate. The available concrete culverts inner diameters
in the local markets are 0.6 m, 0.7 m, 0.8 m, 0.9 m, 1.0 m, 1.2 m and 1.4 m only.
The road thickness above the culverts is 0.5 m. The culverts are 100 mm of
standard thickness.
Given :
Q = 6.66 m3/s (for 3 culverts)
y = 0.938 d
r = 0.5 d
n = 0.017(maximum n for culvert finished)
37.5 21.2
So = 1630 = 0.010

Calculation
0.938 d0.5 d
-1
= sin ( 0.5 d )

= 61.164
= 180 + 2
= 302.327

Radian = 302.327 x /180

= 5.277 rad

sin
A= d2

8

302.327
5.277 radsin
A= d2

8

A = 0.765 d2

P=r

P = 0.5 d (5.277 rad)

P = 2.639 d

A
R = P

0.765 d2
R = 2.639 d

2
6.66 A R 3 So
3 = n

0.765 d 2
2.639 d


0.493 = 2
0.01
3
0.765 d 2

d = 1.05m > 0.6 m

use 3 culverts with 1.2m diameter

v
Fr = gD

2.22 /1.106
Fr = 9.81 x (1.2 x 0.938)

Fr = 0.60 < 1 , therefore ,flow is subcritical

Channel 5: The existing is grassed earth trapezoidal channel with bottom width
of 2.0 m, 0.82 m high and side slope of 1(V):2(H) on both sides. The channel is
3.5 km long. This channel cannot convey the flowing water and must be
reengineered by an earth channel with a maximum permissible velocity of 1.154
m/s and side slope of 1(V):2(H) on both sides. The width of the reserved
government land for this channel is 7 m.
Given :
B = 2.0 m
y = 0.82 m
1(v) = 2(H)
z=2
L = 3.5 km (3500m)
n = 0.025
21.2 18.4
So = 3500 = 0.0008

Q = 6.660 m3/s + 6.123 m3/s

Q = 12.783 m3/s
v = 1.154 m/s

Use Manning Equation

2 Qn
A R3 = So

2 12.782( 0.033)
A R3 = 0.0008
2
A R3 = 14.914
A = By + zy2 P = B + 2w A
R= P
w=y 1+ z 2
A = 2y + 2y2
2 y +2 y 2
P = 2 + 2y 1+ 22 R= 2+2 y 5
P = 2 + 2y 5

2 y+ 2 y 2
2+2 y 5
= 14.914

2
2 y+ 2 y

Trial and error method

y = 2.144m > 0.82m (0.82 cannot convey the flow)
The channel cannot covey 12.789 m3/s of existing flow rate
Used new Mannings , n = 0.025 redesign
2
R 3
So
v= n

2 vn
R3 = So

2 1.154 (0.025)
R3 = 0.0008

R = 1.030m
A = Q/v
A = 12.783/1.154
A = 11.077m2
P = A/R
P = 11.077m2/1.030m
P = 10.754m
Find B and y
By + 2y2 = 11.077m2----1

B + 2y 5 = 10.754m-----2

B = 10.754m - 2y 5

Sub 3 to 1
(10.754m - 2y 5 )y + 2y2 = 11.077m2

y1 = 1.675m y2 = 2.675m(not accepted)

Sub y1 to 3
B = 10.754m 2(1.675) 5
B = 3.263
y = 1.675 + 0.3
y = 1.975

v
Fr = gD
2.783/16.68
Fr = 9.81 x 1.675

Fr = 0.041 < 1 , therefore ,flow is subcritical

Channel 6: The existing is a very wide wetland (government owned
land) covered with grass and small bushes. The bottom slope is
0.0002 and is 1.38 km long. The wetland width is 100 m. It is
recommended to maintain this wetland to sustain ecological system.
It is desired to calculate the water depth in this wetland.
Given :
Q = 12.783 m2/s
So = 0.0002
L = 1.38 km (1380m)
B = 100 m
n = 0.033
v = 1.154m/s
Very wide channel (R=y)
A = By
A = 100y
R=y
Use Manning Equation
2
A R 3 So
Q=
n
 2
(100 y)( y ) 0.0002
3
12.783 =
0.033

y = 0.484 m

Structure A: This is a concrete bridge for Jalan _______ crossing Channel 5.

The bridge has one circular pier of diameter 0.8 m located at the middle of the
channel. Determine whether this bridge pier will cause backwater to the flow in
Channel 5. Calculate the flow depth under the bridge.
Given Trapezoidal channel with :
Q = 12.783 m3/s
B = 3.263 m
z=2
yo = 1.675 m
Bridge circular pier of width 0.8 m located at the middle of the channel

Compare Eo with Emin + h to know whether the pier control the flow or not:

2
Q
E o = yo + 2 g Ao
2

Where Ao = Byo + zyo2

= 3.263(1.675) + 2(1.675)2
= 11.077 m2
 2
12.783
Eo = 1.675 + 2( 9.81)(11.077 )
2

Eo = 1.743 m
Q2
Emin = yc2 + 2 g A c 22

Where Ac2 = Byc2 + zyc22

To determine yc2:
B2 = 3.263 0.8 = 2.463 m

Q2 T c
g Ac23 =1

Ac 23 Q
2

Tc2 = g

(2.463 y c2 +2 y 2c 2)3
2.463+ 2 y c 2 = 16.657

Trial and error, then yc2 = 0.95502

Ac2 = 2.463(0.95502) + 2 (0.95502)2

Ac2 = 4.262 m2
2
12.783
E = 0.95502 + 2
min 2 ( 9.81 ) (4.1783)

Emin = 1.414 m

Therefore Emin +h Eo where h = 0 (no weir)

(1.414) (1.743)
Therefore the bridge pier is not control the flow.
y1 = y3 = y0 = 1.743 m
To determine the water depth under the bridge, at point 2, y2, then:

E2 = E0 h
2
Q
y2 + 2 g Ac 2
2 = 1.743

2.463 y 2+2 y 2
2
19.62( 2)
y2 + 12.783
2 = 1.743

Solve by trial and error with y2 = 1.6515

yc2 y2 y
o

(0.95502) (1.6515) (1.743)

CONSTRUCTION COST
1. Excavation cost = RM 4.50/m3.
2. Lining cost = RM 8.00/m2. This includes the cost to build bracings if any.
3. Fencing = RM 4.90 per meter long (of standard height). Including labour
cost. Fencing is required only for channels with supercritical flows.
4. Culvert price = RM 110 per meter long per meter inner diameter (including
transportation).
5. Cost to replace road surfaces = RM 215/m2.
6. Land reclaiming cost = RM 52/m2.
Channel 2 (Rectangular Channel)
L = 1.5 km (1500m)
y = 1.714 m + 0.3 m =2.014m
B = 3.428 m
T = 3.428 m

A = By
A = (3.428) (1.714)
A = 5.876 m2

v = Q/A
= 6.123/5.876
= 1.044 m/s
Volume = A L
Volume = 5.540 m2 1500 m
Volume = 8310 m3

Excavation Cost
= RM 4.50/m3 8310 m3
= RM 37394.95

P = B + 2y
P = 3.428 + 2(1.714)
P = 6.856 m

Area = P L
Area = 7.456 m 1500 m
Area = 11,184.00 m2

v
Fr = gD
1.044
Fr =
9.81 x (
5.876
3.428
)

Fr = 0.214 < 1 , therefore ,flow is subcritical

Lining Cost
= RM 8.00/m2 11,184.00 m2
= RM 89,472.00

Land reclaiming cost

T = 3.428 3.00
= 0.428 m
= 0.428 x 1500
=642 m2
= RM 52/m2 642 m2
= RM 33,383.00

Total cost
= RM 37394.95 + RM 89,472.00 + RM 33,383.00
= RM 160,249.95

Channel 3 (Trapezoidal Channel)

L = 1.63 km (1630m)
z = 0.268
y = 0.849 m + 0.3 m = 1.149 m
B = 1.303 m

A = By + zy2
A = ((1.303)( 0.849) + (0.268)( 0.849)2 + (0.3)(2.473)) - ((0.4)(0.66) + (0.268)
(0.662 ))
A = 1.661 m2

Volume = A L
Volume = 1.661m2 1630 m
Volume = 3034.726 m3

Excavation Cost
= RM 4.50/m3 2706.747 m3
= RM 12,180.36

P=B+2y 1+ z 2

P = 1.303 + 2(0.849) 1+ 0.2682

P = 3.061 m
Area = P L
Area = 3.061 m 1630 m
Area = 4989.43 m2

Lining Cost
= RM 8.00/m2 4989.43 m2
= RM 39,914.41

Total cost
= RM 12,180.36 + RM 39,914.41= RM 52,094.77

Channel 5 (Trapezoidal Channel)

L = 3.5km (3500m)
Z=2
y = 1.675 m + 0.3 m = 1.975 m
B = 3.263 m

A = By + zy2
A = ((3.263)( 1.675) + (2)( 1.675)2 + (0.3)( 4.163 )) (2)(0.82) + (2)(0.822 )
A = 12.510 m2

Volume = A L
Volume = 12.510 m2 3500 m
Volume = 43,784.21 m3

Excavation Cost
= RM 4.50/m3 43,784.21 m3
= RM 197,029.00

P=B+2y 1+ z 2

P = 3.263 + 2(1.675) 1+ 22
P = 10.754 m

Area = P L
Area = 10.7574 m 3500 m
Area = 37,638.4 m2

Lining Cost
= RM 8.00/m2 37,651.02 m2
= RM 301,107.20
T = B + 2zy
T = 3.263 + 2(2)( 1.975)
T = 11.163 m 7 m = 4.163 m

= 4.163 m 3500 m
= 14,570.5 m2

Land reclaiming cost

= RM 52/m2 14,570.5 m2
= RM 757,666.00
Total cost
= RM 197,029.00 + RM 301,107.2 + RM 757,666.00
= RM 1,255,802.20

Channel 4

Road wide = 7.6 m

Culvert inner diameters = 1.2 m
No. of culvert = 3
Road length above culvert = 4.2 m
Total depth needed to excavate = 1.9 m

Pricing on culvert. (RM 110 per meter long per meter inner diameter (including
transportation).
= RM 110 7.6 m 1.2 m 3
=RM 3009.6

Excavation cost
= RM 4.50/m3 1.9 m 4.2 m 7.6 m
= RM 272.916

Cost replace road surfaces

= RM 215/m2 4.2 m 7.6 m
= RM 6862.8

Total cost
= RM 3009.6+ RM272.916+ RM 6862.8

= RM 10,145.32

Channel 6
Wetland width = 100 m
L = 1.38 km (1380m)
1380-11.163 = 1368.837
Perimeter = 1380 + 1368.837 + 100 + 100
= 2948.837
Fencing
= RM 4.90 2948.837 m
= RM 14,449.301

Summary Bill of Quantity

Item Description Quantity Amount Price

 (Indicate
Currency)

1 Excavation 54,861.60 m3 RM 4.50 /m3 RM 246,877.22

2 Lining cost 53,811.70 m2 RM 8.00 /m2 RM 430,493.61

3 Fencing 2948.78 m RM 4.90 /m RM 14,449.30

4 Culvert 27.36 m RM 110/m RM 3,009.40

5 Replace road surface 31.92 m2 RM 215/m2 RM 6,862.80

6 Land reclaiming 15.21 m2 RM 52/m2 RM 791,049.00

Total RM 1,492,741.33