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TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I
Page
I INTRODUCTION
......................
. . . . . . ................................................. . .
1.1 Thepurpose. 1.1
1.2 Application of Sedimentation Ponds 1.1
1.3 Scope 1.2
1.4 Design Manual U s e 1.3
I. INTRODUCTION
1.1 The Purpose
The need f o r c o n t r o l of sediment eroded from areas disturbed by coal
mining o p e r a t i o n s has been w e l l documented. Presently, s e v e r a l e r o s i o n and
sedimentation c o n t r o l measures are a v a i l a b l e t o t h e operator. Of t h e s e
v a r i o u s methods, sedimentation ponds have been t h e m o s t widely used and are
required by federal regulations. Sedimentation ponds are t y p i c a l l y t h e last
treatment measure applied before runoff leaves t h e permit area. Therefore, it
is paramount t h a t sedimentation ponds be designed, constructed, and maintained
t o provide sediment removal to meet regulatory e f f l u e n t l i m i t a t i o n s and main-
t a i n t h e hydrologic balance.
Previously, federal and state r e g u l a t i o n s have required design of sedi-
mentation ponds f o r two general criteria: ( 1 ) to provide a s p e c i f i c s t o r a g e
c a p a c i t y based on the amount of disturbed area and ( 2 ) provide a required
s t o r a g e c a p a c i t y t o r e t a i n t h e runoff from a design precipitation event f o r a
s p e c i f i e d period of time. Recent s t u d i e s have shown that t h e sedimentation
ponds designed t o meet the above criteria do not n e c e s s a r i l y meet applicable
effluent limitations. This inconsistency is addressed by t h e r e g u l a t i o n s
', c u r r e n t l y published by t h e Office of Surface Mining (OSM), whereby seaimen-
\
t a t i o n ponds are required to meet e f f l u e n t l i m i t a t i o n s and t h e s e l e c t i o n of
sedimentation pond design criteria such as s t o r a g e volume, pond geometry, and
d e t e n t i o n time is l e f t t o the design engineer. Thus, t h e design of sedimen-
t a t i o n ponds should be based on the pond's a b i l i t y t o achieve specific
effluent limitations.
1.2
1.3 SCOP
The procedures p r e s e n t e d h this manual are based on a comprehensive
literature review and assessment of the best technology c u r r e n t l y available.
S e l e c t i o n c r i t e r i a f o r i n c l u s i o n in t h e design manual for t h e range of design
methodologies a v a i l a b l e included consideration of the p h y s i c a l environment of
surface mine o p e r a t i o n s , c u r r e n t design procedures employed, the problems with
e x i s t i n g sedimentation ponds, and the l e v e l of e f f o r t r e q u i r e d t o provide
compliance with e f f l u e n t l i m i t a t i o n s . Modeling methods f o r design of sedimen-
t a t i o n ponds are considered state-of-the-art procedures. However, based on
the capabilities and p r e s e n t procedures used by most o p e r a t o r s , modeling is
not included i n the manual. I n c o n t r a s t , many of t h e s i m p l i f i e d procedures,
i n c l u d i n g some methods i n comwn use, are presented i n t h i s manual.
1.3
This manual addresses all aspects of the pond that affect the removal of
suspended solids including, but not limited t o 8 type of mining, topography,
location soil types8 pond geometry, inlet and outlet control, and maintanence.
No attempt is made to present information on structural design.
To help meet the needs of designers and operators, contacts were made
with appropriate agencies in states where significant active mining operations
occur. Eurther, contacts were made with operators to develop a background of
their capabilities, problems in sedimentation pond performance, innovative
techniques, and present design procedures. This information provided insight
for development of a useable design manual.
example. Users of the design manual are encouraged to carefully review the
example presented i n Chapter VI to better understand the design methodology.
With a l i t t l e practice, the complete design process w i l l become familiar and
8 traight f orward.
. . . . . _-._.
.... -. ..... .-.... ....
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER I f
Page
.
I1 PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATIONS FOR APPLICATION AND USE OF
SEDIMENTATION PONDS FOR SURFACE MINING
2.2 Watershed C h a r a c t e r i s t i c s
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
and Environmental P r o t e c t i o n Agency
Water Q u a l i t y Standards 2.1
2.2
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
2.4.4 2.12
2.4.5 Physical/Chemical Treatment Ponds 2.12
2.4.6 Dry Basin versusPermanent Pool 2.13
LIST OF FIGURES
C E U P E R I1
Page
..
..
\
11. PRELIMINARY CONSIDERATI013S FOR APPLICATION A?$D USE OF SEDIMENTATION PONDS
FOR SURFACE MINING
2.1 Off ice of Surf ace Mining Regulations and Environmental P r o t e c t i o n Agency
Water Qual i t y Standards
Design criteria f o r s e m n t a t i o n ponds are e s t a b l i s h e d through f e d e r a l
and s t a t e regulations. OSM sedimentation pond design criteria are intended t o
prevent, to t h e e x t e n t possible, a d d i t i o n a l c o n t r i b u t i o n s of suspended solids
t o stream f l o w or runoff outside t h e permit area and t o achieve a p p l i c a b l e
federal and s t a t e w a t e r q u a l i t y standards. These d n h m water q u a l i t y stan-
dards include e f f l u e n t l i m i t a t i o n g u i d e l i n e s f o r c o a l mining p o i n t s o u r c e s
e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e Environmental P r o t e c t i o n Agency (EPA). Therefore, the
requirements of the E P A are d i r e c t l y t i e d t o the performance standards for the
design c r i t e r i a of sedimentation ponds.
OSM c o n s i d e r s sedimentation ponds i n conjunction with a l t e r n a t i v e c o n t r o l
measures as t h e best practical technology (BPT) c u r r e n t l y a v a i l a b l e , as
e s t a b l i s h e d by t h e EPA, for the c o n t r o l of sediment. A sedimentation pond is
', s p e c i f i c a l l y defined by OSM t o include any barrier, -8 or excavated
depression which slows water runoff allowing sediment to settle.
..
5
\
0% sedimentation pond design criteria must enable compliance with the
e f f l u e n t l i m i t a t i o n s , water q u a l i t y standards, and t h e s a f e t y requirements of
state and f e d e r a l governments. The determination of sedimentation pond design
c r i t e r i a is l e f t up to the operators and t h e r e g i s t e r e d p r o f e s s i o n a l e n g i n e e r s
designing the ponds and reviewed by the r e g u l a t o r y a u t h o r i t i e s .
Currently, t h e requirements of the EPA e f f l u e n t U m i t a t i o n s are the
r e s u l t of t h e Federal Water P o l l u t i o n Control A c t Amendments of 1972. I n 8um-
mary, p o i n t source water discharges are required t o meet e f f l u e n t l i m i t a t i o n s
- and best
r e q u i r i n g t h e a p p l i c a t i o n BPT c u r r e n t l y available by' J u l y l, 1977, -.'
2.2.1 Clfmatology
Climatological elements in sedimentation pond design include temperature
and p r e c i p i t a t i o n . I n general, temperature can a f f e c t t h e amount of runoff to
be t r e a t e d as w e l l as how e f f e c t i v e l y it is treated i n a pond. Variation in
ambient temperature changes the v i s c o s i t y of water which changes t h e s e t t l i n g
v e l o c i t y of sediment particles. Consequently, t h e detention t i m e r e q u i r e d t o
s e t t l e o u t a waterborne particle of a given size changes. Ambient temperature
a l s o i n f l u e n c e s t h e magnitude and seasonal d i s t r i b u t i o n of runoff.
..
\ P r e c i p i t a t i o n i n the form of snow causes l i t t l e or no erosion. However, snow
melting i n the Spring on p a r t i a l l y frozen ground is a source f o r higher rates
of runoff and erosion. I f low temperatures exist f o r a s i g n i f i c a n t period of
time, ice formations in sedimentation ponds may be a problem. I f not taken
i n t o c o n s i d e r a t i o n i n pond design, ice formations may cause f a i l u r e of embank-
ments o r damage energy d i s s i p a t o r s such as b a f f l e s or riprap. L o w tem-
peratures f o r a s i g n i f i c a n t period of t i m e may d i s r u p t , damage, or h a l t
chemical treatment processes t h a t may be used as part of water treatment i n
sedimentation ponds.
P r e c i p i t a t i o n is t h e m o s t important element of climate in determining the
rate of erosion. The magnitude of annual p r e c i p i t a t i o n , i n a d d i t i o n t o the
frequency, i n t e n s i t y , duration, and seasonal d i s t r i b u t i o n of p r e c i p i t a t i o n
e v e n t s a f f e c t the magnitude of runoff and erosion. P r e c i p i t a t i o n charac-
teristics a l s o e f f e c t the type of o u t l e t and operation of a sedimentation
pond. For example, gated o u t l e t s a r e normally used t o store a l l of the runoff
from an event. The gates are opened t o discharge the runoff after sediments
have s u f f i c i e n t l y settled t o meet w a t e r q u a l i t y standards. This would be
2.3
-
-
t a n t in e s t i m a t i n g t h e y i e l d and concentration of seUiment i n t h e runoff.
f u r t h e r c o n s i d e r a t i o n of seasonal e r o s i o n p o t e n t i a l refer to %=face
Hydrology and Sedimentology Manual" (OSM, 1982).
2.2.2 Geology
--
2.2.3 Soils
Watershed Soil c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s depend t o a l a r g e e x t e n t on t h e p a r e n t
geologic materials and the predominant weathering processes. These soil
c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of the watershed determine runoff and e r o s i o n from the
watershed. The magnitude of runoff and e r o s i o n is a function of s o i l
i n f i l t r a t i o n , s o i l permeability, moisture content, s t r u c t u r e , texture, and
c o n t e n t of o r g a n i c matter.
The sediment s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n of t h e runoff is the main design c r i t e r i a
i n s i z i n g a sedimentation pond. As the s i z e of particle to be removed becomes
smaller the s i z e of a sediment pond r e q u i r e d becomes l a r g e r . Often t i m e s , the
s i z e of pond is impractical and chemical treatment may be necessary to remove
- . ... ..-..- -. .._-...
- . - ,.._ ,
2.4
2.2.4 Vegetation
Vegetation plays an important r o l e i n t h e water balance and s o i l stabi-
l i t y i n a watershed. Through i n t e r c e p t i o n , t r a n s p i r a t i o n , and evaporative
processes, vegetation can s u b s t a n t i a l l y reduce water y i e l d from a watershed.
Vegetation plays an important part i n p r o t e c t i n g t h e soil from erosion.
Vegetation can reduce t h e amount of erosion through: i n t e r c e p t i o n , reduced
r a i n f a l l i n t e n s i t i e s by providing an energy-absorbing cover, reduced l a n d s l i d e
hazards through binding and lowering soil water content, and reduced overland
and channel erosion by providing added roughness which retards water v e l o c i t y .
Removal of vegetation exposes underlying soils to g r e a t l y increased e r o s i v e
forces. Thus, one of t h e =re c r i t i c a l periods during t h e mining process i s
when reclaimed area s o i l s have not Beveloped s i g n i f i c a n t vegetation.
, \ .
2.2.5 Topography
Topography, including l a n d and channel slopes, aspect, and surface and
. . channel geometry, is an expression of the morphological, geologic8 and other
\
e r o s i v e f o r c e s that have a c t e d on the watershed. t u r n 8 these f a c t o r s are
modified by t h e topography they have created. For example, channel slope
governs water discharge rate and sediment transport rate. Conversely, the
discharge rate and the sediment t r a n s p o r t c a n a l t e r t h e channel form t o pro-
duce a new slope. Channel and s u r f a c e geometry a f f e c t t h e depth and v e l o c i t y
of w a t e r flow, thus a l t e r i n g sediment t r a n s p o r t . Primary topographic con-
s i d e r a t i o n s i n c o n t r o l l i n g erosion are slope and length of slope. An increase
i n s l o p e increases t h e t r a n s p o r t capacity of surface runoff, thus i n c r e a s i n g
erosion. An increase i n l e n g t h of slope allows f o r concentration of s h e e t
2.5
WIND EROSION
RAINDROP EROSION
SHEET EROSION
\ '
. .
5
\
2.6
2.2.6 Hydrology
Runoff that reaches a sedimentation pond is the r e s u l t of complex
i n t e r a c t i o n of a l l t h e p r e v i o u s l y discussed watershed c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s ; clima-
tology, geology, s o i l s , v e g e t a t i o n , and topography i n t e r a c t t o make up the
hydrologic process t h a t i n c l u d e s runoff from a p r e c i p i t a t i o n event. Climate
includes the i n t e n s i t y , frequency, duration, d i s t r i b u t i o n of p r e c i p i t a t i o n
e v e n t s , and how that p r e c i p i t a t i o n uccurs, e i t h e r in the form of snow or r a i n
depending on temperature. Vegetative cover intercepts a f r a c t i o n of this pre-
, c i p i t a t i o n by e v a p o t r a n s p i r a t i o n . The e x i s t e n c e and degree of v e g e t a t i v e
cover i n c r e a s e s w i t h favorable clFmate and s o i l conditions. O f the remaining
f r a c t i o n of p r e c i p i t a t i o n , s o i l conditions determine what f r a c t i o n w i l l
. .
\
i n f i l t r a t e and what f r a c t i o n w i l l become s u r f a c e runoff. The remaining f r a c -
t i o n t h a t becomes surface runoff w i l l concentrate i n a watershed according t o
t h e geologic and topographic f e a t u r e s of the watershed. I n this manner the
i n t e r a c t i o n of watershed c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s governs t h e magnitude and d i a t r i b u -
t i o n of runoff f r o m p r e c i p i t a t i o n and t h e sediment y i e l d . Consequent Y, the
q u a l i t y of runoff f r o m the disturbed area is a f f e c t e d by the dynamic
equilibrium of the watershed.
2.7
generate the greatest sediment y i e l d per u n i t area. For example, a study done
on a monitored watershed I n Appalachia (EPA, 1976) gave t h e following com-
parison f o r rates of erosion:
Yield
Area (tons/square mile)
-~ ~~ ~~
Unmlned watershed 28
S p o i l bank ,
27 000
2.8
top removal. I n general, area mining i s a lesser source of sediment than con-
t o u r mining due to containment of runoff on disturbed areas. Contour mines
have a long, narrow geometry with more spoil and bench area p o t e n t i a l i t y ,
d r a i n i n g o f f t h e disturbed area d i r e c t l y i n t o an o f f - s i t e drainage system. In
a d d i t i o n , t h e receiving waters are generally c l o s e r t o t h e mining operations
for contour mining than f o r area mining.
Boxcut mining is a form of contour mining used i n steeper t e r r a i n t h a t
reduces s p o i l dumped downhill by moving it l a t e r a l l y along t h e boxcut and
p l a c i n g it i n areas where c o a l has been removed. This f a c i l i t a t e s maintaining
t h e o r i g i n a l grade of t h e h i l l . Boxcut mining f a l l s somewhere between area
and contour mining as a source of sediment.
Mountain t o p removal is another form of contour mining used when the eco-
nomics of overburden removal and coal seam thickness f a c i l i t a t e removing t h e
e n t i r e hilltop. Mountain top removal is a l s o considered a lesser source of
sediment than contour mining. This is due to t h e regional n a t u r e o f , and t h e
\ reduction i n , r e l i e f the t o mountain top removal. This g e n e r a l i z a t i o n i s t r u e
only i f the surface drainage is c o n t r o l l e d i n t e r n a l l y .
--__
The mining methods could be ranked from t h e l a r g e s t- _-con@$bufor cf_$edi-
..
\
ment t o t h e least as contour mining, boxcut mining, mountain t o p removal, and
area mining. This i s an wet g e n e r a l i z a t i o n s i n c e t h e sediment y i e l d from a
mined area is s i t e s p e c i f i c and is dependent on the amount of on-site e r o s i o n
c o n t r o l measures t h a t are taken.
2.9
2.10
I
2111
2.12
\
major sediment source locations, t h e type of sedimentation pond and i t s appfl-
c a t i o n c a n be chosen and designed to f a c i l i t a t e meeting r e g u l a t i o n s and s t a n -
dards f o r pond performance.
The criteria for design of sedimentation ponds i s e s t a b l i s h e d f e d e r a l l y
through r e g u l a t i o n s by t h e Office of Surface Mining, Environmental P r o t e c t i o n
Agency, and t h e Mine Safety and Health Administration (MSHA). OSM design cri-
t e r i a a r e intended to prevent, to t h e e x t e n t possible, a d d i t i o n a l contribu-
t i o n s of suspended s o l i d s o u t s i d e of t h e permit area and achieve water q u a l i t y
standards. Sedimentation ponds are a l s o required to meet inspection and l a r g e
dam c r i t e r i a of t h e ?&HA ( 3 0 CFR 77.216) and requirements of s t a t e and l o c a l
agencies with j u r i s d i c t i o n over t h e design, construction, or discharge of
sedimentation ponds.
The climate, geology, soils, vegetation, topography, and r e s u l t a n t hydro-
logy of a watershed a f f e c t t h e magnitude and r a t e of erosion and sediment
t r a n s p o r t t h a t must be treated by a sedimentation pond. Climatological fac-
t o r s include t h e seasonal v a r i a t i o n and range of temperature and t h e magni-
tude, i n t e n s i t y , frequency, duration, and seasonal d i s t r i b u t i o n of
2.15
...
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER 111
Page
.
I11 SEDIMENT REMOVAL THROUGH SEDIMENTATION PONDS
3.1 .....................
S i t e Selection 3.1
Accessibility . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.1.5 Source 3.5
3.1.6
Mining Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.5
3.1.7
Field Investigation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.6
3.1.8 3.6
Sediment Data . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4
3.2.1 HydrOlOgY b 3.8
3.2.2 3.8
I n f l u e n t Sediment Size D i s t r i b u t i o n . .
3.2.2.1
Sediment
3.2.2.3 .............
Yield
3.9
3.12
3.3.1
3.3.2 Settleable Solids Limitation
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Suspended S o l i d s Limitation 3.13
3.13
3.4
3.5
Trapping E f f i c i e n c y. . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
S e t t l e a b l e S o l i d s Concentration
3.16
3.8.1 IdealSettling . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
Nonideal S e t t l i n g . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3.36
3.8.2 3.39
Page
3.8.2.3
3.8-2.4 .........
Scour and Resuspension
. . . .
Short C i r c u i t i n g and Turbulence 3.40
3.40
Short-Circuiting Factor . . . . . . . .
3.8.3.1
3.8.3.2 Length-to-Width . . . . .. ..
Permissible I n l e t Velocity . .
Ratio
3.43
3.43
3.8.3.3
3.8.3.4 Permissible Flow-Through Velocity .. 3.44
3.44
3.9.1.1
3.9.1.2
3.9.1.3
Open Channel Spillways
Drop I n l e t Spillways
Pipe Culvert Spillways
. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
. . . . . . .. .. ..
3.46
3.47
3.47
3.9.1.4 E f f i c i e n c y of P r i n c i p a l Spillways 3.50
3.9.2
3.9.3
Dewatering Devices. . . . . . . .................
P r i n c i p a l Spillway Modifications
3.50
3.54
3.9.3.1 . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Weir Troughs 3.56
3.9.3.2
3.9.3.3 . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
F l o a t i n g Discharge
Filterinp
3.56
3.58
3.9.3.4
3.9.3.5
Gated Spillways
..........
Anti-Vortex Devices
3.58
3.60
3.9.4
3.9.5
. . . . . . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
Emergency Spillways
Erosion Control B e l o w Spillways
3.60
3.65
3.9.5.1
3.9.5.2 . .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. .. ..
General
Riprap
3.65
3.66
Page
- Table 3.1
for Soil Textural Class ... .... ....... ..
Suggested P a r t i c l e S i z e D i s t r i b u t i o n '
3.11
................ ..
Table 3.2 Development of Settleable Solids
S i z e Distribution 3.24
LIST OF FIGURES
CHAPTER I11
Page
Figure 3.1 Imhoff cone test apparatus ............... 3.15
Figure 3.2
various e f f l u e n t limitations .............
R e q u i r e d t r a p p i n g e f f i c i e n c y t o meet
3.18
Figure 3.3 D e f i n i t i o n of t r a p p i n g e f f i c i e n c y f o r
v a r i o u s particle s i z e s ................ 3.19
. .
\
Figure 3.10 P a r t i c l e s i z e versus detention
time f o r v a r i o u s depths ............... 3.38
3.1 S i t e Selection
3.1.1 General Considerations
S e l e c t i n g a sedimentation pon l o c a t i o n requires consideration of s e v e r a l
factors. I n a l l cases, sedimentation ponds must be constructed in l o c a t i o n s
where it w i l l be possible t o direct or d i v e r t a l l surface runoff from
d i s t u r b e d a r e a s i n t o sedimentation ponds throughout t h e l i f e of mining opera-
tions. Other f a c t o r s which are of primary importance and should be considered
3.2
!
mes the m o s t important c o n t r o l l i n g f a c t o r i n the site s e l e t i o n f o r a sedimen-
t a t i o n pond location. The main problem i n finding a s u i t a b l e sedimentation
pond l o c a t i o n is t o determine where an adequate s t o r a g e volume can be
provided.
Where s u r f a c e mining operations are located in t h e upper part of a
watershed, t h e topography is characterized by s t e e p slopes and v-shaped
drainageways. It is usually desirable to locate the sedimentation pond as
close t o the mining operation as possible; t h e r e f a r e , t h e only site that is
o f t e n a v a i l a b l e for a sedimentation pond l o c a t i o n is the v-shaped drainageway
d i r e c t l y downstream of t h e s u r f a c e mine operation. A sedimentation pond which
3.3
*'U
and mild t e q r a i n where t h e topography does not restrict t h e l o c a t i o n t o t h e
-
extent a t do s i n steep sloped t e r r a i n . The types of sedimentation ponds '-7-
3.5
3.1.6 Accessibility
Improper, o r l a c k o f , maintenance f o r sedimentation ponds is one of t h e
major reasons f o r poor sediment removal e f f i c i e n c i e s . Often the l a c k of main-
tenance is due t o i n a c c e s s i b i l i t y t o the l o c a t i o n of the sedimentation pond.
Sedimentation ponds are o f t e n constructed i n l o c a t i o n s t h a t are remote from
t h e s u r f a c e mining operation and t h e r e f o r e , access roads t o t h e sedimentation
3.6
3 2 1 Hydrology
Hydrologic information required t o design a sedimentation pond includes
t h e peak inflow rate and t h e runoff volume f o r t h e design storm event. In
a d d i t i o n , where ponds receive t h e inflow from t h e mining p i t , pumping, or are
l o c a t e d on a perennial stream, t h e inflow rate f o r base flow conditions must
be determined.
For t h e design storm event, an inflow hydrograph must be developed from
which t h e peak inflow r a t e and runoff volume can be determined. There are
s e v e r a l references a v a i l a b l e which describe inflow hydrograph development
(OSM, 1982; Bureau of Reclamation, 1977; B a r f i e l d , 1981; S o i l Conservation
I .
Service, 1975 1.
For sedimentation ponds which receive inflow by pumping, t h e designer
! w i l l have t o determine t h e inflow r a t e f o r base flow conditions. For ponds
\
which a r e located on perennial streams, t h e designer c a n use h i s t o r i c a l data
i f available. However, t h i s type of information may be very limited.
Therefore, t h e inflow rate for base flow conditions or from pumping w i l l
g e n e r a l l y have to be measured a f t e r t h e pond has been constructed.
L l G -Pondition,
-
- onsider d is after the topsoil or "A" horizon has been
The second
butions of sediment runoff from existing analysis can be used. Before a par-
ticle size distribution from a nearby site is used, several considerations and
comparisons must be made so the information does represent the site under
consideration.
3. The type of mining and amount of area disturbed at both sites should
be evaluated.
4. Data from as many samples and sites should be collected and eva-
luated to provide a good estimate.
5. The magnitude of the runoff event during which the sample was
collected should be considered.
When these data do not e x i s t , but nearby sites do exist, sampling and labora-
t o r y a n a l y s i s should be conducted whenever possible.
Another method f o r developing particle s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n information is
based on t h e site s p e c i f i c soil textural class and physical p r o p e r t i e s .
Generally, s o i l p h y s i c a l p r o p e r t i e s occurring a t a s p e c i f i c s i t e can be iden-
t i f i e d using information given in s t a n d a r d Soil Conservation Service (SCS)
s o i l surveys. These i n v e s t i g a t i o n s c o n s i s t of c l a s s i f y i n g physical, chemical,
and b i o l o g i c a l c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s of s o i l s extending t o depths of up t o s i x feet.
The U . S . Department of Agriculture (USDA) publishes r e p o r t s and maps of their
soil surveys, u s u a l l y on a county basis.
A procedure f o r determining particle s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n based on s o i l
textural class is presented f o r use w i t h t h i s manual. A textural class is
simply a name given each s o i l which designates t h e ranges of sand, silt, and
c l a y s i z e s it contains. This class can be obtained from SCS s o i l series
d e s c r i p t i o n s , o t h e r soil survey data i n t h e v i c i n i t y , s o i l data from t h e mine
p l a n , f i e l d estimation by a soil s c i e n t i s t , o r laboratory a n a l y s i s . After
I
s1 0
N
0
*)
m
(Y I I 0
c -
0
I
F A
n
Y)
a
m 0 0 m m m
n w hl N c 5: 0
c
-m 0
N
0
hl
0
c
m m 0
c
0
c
0
c
0 m m 0 0 m 0 0
c c N n W N w (Y
N m m -
0 0
N
m m
N
0
R
m
W
V
Y
n
-a
n
E
0
-a
0
3
L
u
C
a
E
-*a
Ea v) -I 0
I- U
C
a
it
0
6
C
a
%
0
c
.
I
In a v) v)
.. .. . .. .
3.12
6
3.13
!
\ 3.3.1 Suspended Solids L i m i t a t i o n
Solids e f f l u e n t q u a l i t y l i m i t a t i o n d u r i n g base f l o w for a c t i v e s u r f a c e
mining, underground mining, and coal p r e p a r a t i o n areas is 35 mg/l t o t a l
suspended solids (TSS) for the average of d a i l y v a l u e s for 30 c o n s e c u t i v e days
and a maximum of 70 mg/l TSS f o r any one day. Por post-mining c o n a i t i o n s , ' t h e
d i s c h a r g e f r o m underground mine drainage is a l s o subject t o these suspended
solids l i m i t a t i o n s .
3.3.2 S e t t l e a b l e Solids Lfmitation
During any d i s c h a r g e or w e r f l o w r e s u l t i n g from a p r e c i p i t a t i o n e v e n t
less t h a n or equal t o t h e 10-year, 24-hour p r e c i p i t a t i o n event, t h e d i s c h a r g e
i s subject to s o l i d s e f f l u e n t q u a l i t y l i m i t a t i o n s of 0.5 m l / l settleable
solids (SS). During any d i s c h a r g e or werflow r e s u l t i n g from a p r e c i p i t a t i o n
e v e n t greater t h a n t h e 10-year, 24-hour p r e c i p i t a t i o n event the d i s c h a r g e is
I
3.14
3.15
weight of sediment leaving the pond divided by the weight of sediment flowing
i n t o t h e pond and then m u l t i p l i e d by 100 to o b t a i n e f f i c i e n c y In percent.
: Thus, the trapping e f f i c i e n c y i s given by:
\
E =
wI - wo x 100
wI '
E =
cI - co x 100 (3.3)
.. . ... . . .. .. . .
3.17
3.113
100
90
80
n
a?
Y
*
0
w' 70
-
3 :
LL
>LL
w
a
z
a 60
a
0:
t-
50
40
.I I
10 100 lob0
3.20
co = (1 --1E0 0 ) cI (3.4)
c -.__c_
-
e
I
3.21
E
E
Y
w
w
J
.tn
2
I-
a
a
a
6
0
0
6
8
0
0 0 0 0
9
0 0
QD (0 0 cu
tl3NId l N 3 3 U 3 d
3.22
ss = -
C*
W [(l - X0 + c
i=1
di6
(TI Axil
0
(3.5)
k = f r a c t i o n of the p a r t i c l e s in t h e i n f l u e n t s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n which
are s e t t l e a b l e .
Settleable Solids
Influent Size Distribution
Particle Size Distribution column 3 x (100/90)
(mm)
(1)
( 0 finer)
(2)
column 2
(3)
- 10 ( 0 finer)
(4)
0.001 10 0 0.0
0 0042 16 6 6.7
0.01 26 16 17.8
. . 0.04 50 40 44.4
0.10 72 62 68.9
0.20 90 80 88.9
3.26
3.28
(3)
Percent in Size
Range of
(1) (2) Settleable Size
Particle Mean Size Distribution
Size Range
I
0.0046 - 0.0064 .
0 0054 0.04 0 205
c 0.195 1.0
3.29
V
Tb =. (3.7)
1800 Qx
I
Q~ = peak inflow rate ( c f s ) .
3.35
Stage Storage
(feet) (feet31
E2
E3
E4
3.36
3.8.1 Ideal S e t t l i n g
Based upon i d e a l s e t t l i n g conditions, t h e r e is a direct r e l a t i o n s h i p
between t h e d e t e n t i o n s t o r a g e depth of the pond and t h e detention t i m e . This
r e l a t i o n s h i p can be expressed as
= D
3600 TD
I where, Vs = particle s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t y ( f p s ) ,
TD = d e t e n t i o n time (hours).
The particle s e t t l i n g v e l o c i t y is defined by Stoke's L a w and is dependent
upon temperature of the water, particle size, and specific g r a v i t y of t h e par-
ticle. To determine t h e design particle s i z e as presented in Section 3-58 the
temperature of the water was assumed 7 7 0 F, s i n c e this is part of the Imhoff
cone t e s t and sets t h e criteria which must be s a t i s f i e d . I n t h e field, t h e
temperature of the water runoff w i l l be closer t o 500 F. For the same par-
'
t i c l e size, s e t t l i n g w i l l t a k e longer in the water which is 50 F t h a n i n t h e
water which is 77O F. Therefore, design of the sedimentation pond i s based
upon the water being 50. F. A s s d n g a water temperature of SO0 F and the
s p e c i f i c g r a v i t y of t h e particle t o be 2.65, Stoke's L a w may be w r i t t e n as
Vs = 2.254 d2 (3.9)
D
2.254 d2 = (3.10)
3600 TD
u L (3.11)
'I 3600 TD
VH = -QO
(3.12)
wD1 ,
3600 T Q
DlO
L = (3.13)
wDl
and outflow rate have been established. The t o t a l depth is used i n Equation
3.13 s i n c e t h e p a r t i c l e w i l l be required t o s e t t l e this depth j u s t a f t e r t h e
pond c o n s t r u c t i o n is completed. I f t h e required flow length cannot be
achieved, .measures described in Section 4.2 can be taken to i n c r e a s e t h e flow
l e n g t h of the pond.
3.8.2 Nonideal S e t t l i n g
As presented so f a r , t h e design of sedimentation ponds have been based on
ideal s e t t l i n g conditions. However, i n t h e f i e l d it is d i f f i c u l t and o f t e n
Impossible t o provide i d e a l s e t t l i n g conditions. Variations from ideal
s e t t l i n g are caused by s e v e r a l f a c t o r s . These f a c t o r s are not independent
conditions; they are a l l i n t e r r e l a t e d and cause deviations from i d e a l s e t t l i n g
reducing t h e e f f i c i e n c y of the sedimentation pond. The conditions causing
v a r i a t i o n form ideal s e t t l i n g are:
- Flow c u r r e n t s within t h e pond
- Reservoir deposition
- Short c i r c u i t i n g and turbulence
- Scour and resuspension
!
shapes which have s h o r t c i r c u i t i n g . Short c i r c u i t i n g and turbulence are
caused by flow c u r r e n t s (as previously (Uscussed), high i n l e t wlOCitie6, high
o u t l e t flow rates, sedimentation pond geometry, and improper l o c a t i o n of
i n l e t s and outlets. When s h o r t c i r c u i t i n g 0ccum8 the e f f e c t i v e width of t h e
f l o w area through the pond is reduced and t h e l l o w v e l o c i t y through t h e pond
is greater. This e f f e c t reduces the s e t t l i n g c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s and i n c r e a s e s
p o t e n t i a l f o r scour and resuspension of s e t t l e d sediments.
POUD .
NORMAL POOL
. DEAD STORAGE
. .
;
. DEAD STORAG
. . FLOW PATHS
ISER (OUTLET)
DEAD STORAGE
DEAD STORAGE
NORMAL POOL
FLOW PATHS
INFLOW
3.8.3.1 Short-Circuiting F a c t o r
Research by Camp (1946) on various types of s e t t l i n g basins has r e s u l t e d
in the development of a s h o r t - c i r c u i t i n g compensation f a c t o r based on the
shape of the b a s i n geometry. It has been recommended t h a t the s u r f a c e area of
a s e t t l i n g b a s i n be increased t o account for nonideal s e t t l i n g c o n d i t i o n s
according t o
(3.14)
FSC = s h o r t - c i r c u i t i n g f a c t o r ,
Fr = V - (3.15)
4
z
where, Fr = Froude number,
(3.16)
va = -
QO
WD
(3.18)
QO = outflow rate ( c f s ) ,
I f the horizontal velocity through the pond is greater than the scour velocity
f o r the p a r t i c l e that must be settled, the depth can be increased to reduce
the horizontal velocity which will also increase the width and decrease the
outflow rate.
3.46
\
! 3.9.1 P r i n c i p a l Spillways
The p r i n c i p a l spillway i s s i z e d to provide a discharge rate as determined
: through design of t h e sedimentation pond. A c t u a l design should include eval-
\
/
FOQTIN G
AHTI -SEEP 2d
COLLARS RIP RAP
PROTECT8QN
COLLARS
PROTECTION
3.9.1.4 E f f i c i e n c y of P r i n c i p a l Spillways
I n t h i s s e c t i o n the e f f i c i e n c y of p r i n c i p a l spillways 3s q s c u s s e d . l n
general. I n Section 3.9.3 various modifications to p r i n c i p a l spillways and
t h e i r e f f e c t on discharge q u a l i t y are presented. The s i z e of the p r i n c i p a l
spillway is designed t o convey t h e discharge required to achieve removal of
sediment. The design discharge is determined during design of the sediment
pond. Once t h e design discharge is properly determined, the e f f e c t of prin-
c i p a l spillways on discharge q u a l i t y is based on l o c a t i o n , i n r e l a t i o n t o the
geometry of t h e pond, and flow c h a r a c t e r i s t i c s a t the i n l e t end of t h e
Spi 11-y
The primary concerns i n l o c a t i o n of t h e p r i n c i p a l spillway are an e f f e c -
?ive s u r f a c e area and s h o r t c i r c u i t i n g . As discussed in Sections 3.8.2 and
!S. 3, t h e length-to-width r a t i o should be a minimum of 2: I, and a r a t i o of
5 : l i s recommended. As the d i s t a n c e between t h e spillway and t h e pond i n l e t
!
\decreases, t h e e f f e c t i v e s u r f a c e area decreases. As the e f f e c t i v e s u r f a c e
area decreases, the occurrence of short c i r c u i t i n g and turbulence is more
l i k e l y , and the overall e f f i c i e n c y of t h e pond is reduced. The reduction i n
pond e f f i c i e n c y is variable and based on site-specific conditions. Bowever,
a n e s t i m a t e of the reduced e f f i c i e n c y can be based on the reduction i n effec-
t i v e -face area of t h e pond.
The level a t which the inlet of t+e p r i n c i p a l spillway e.xists w i t h i n the
pond a f f e c t s the e f f i c i e n c y of the pond. Because the sediment settles to the
bottom of the pond, it is clear t h a t there w i l l be less sediment a t the sur-
face than near t h e bottom of the pond. Thus discharging from near t h e sur-
face of the pond can improve t h e e f f i c i e n c y . This characteristic has been
shown through use of f l o a t i n g weir devices and is fXschssed f u r t h e r in Section
3.9.3.2.
Due to the t u r b u l e n t nature a t the p r i n c i p a l spillway inlet, scour and
' resuspension of s e t t l e d sediment i s l i k e l y . The amount of scour and resuspen-
s i o n around a spillway is related tn the elevation of the s e t t l e d sediment.
As the l e v e l of settled sediment approaches the e l e v a t i o n of the i n l e t of the
s p i l l w a y , scour and resuspension increase. Scour and resuspension are o f t e n
3.51
PERFORATED PIPE
INTRENCH
EDGE OF POOL
NT
A
L
P L A N
NOTE : S = 15' TO 25' -
*
EMBANKMENT
1
I,
J-
0.5% MINIMUM GRADE
1
PERFORATED PIPE
IN TRENCH
SECTION A-A
RISER
i I
I
,
v
1
I '
I
I
4" MAX. DIA. HOLE
MAXIMUM SEDIMENT
STORAGE 1"'"
.L v L L
SEDIMENT CLEANOUT
LEVEL
(60% OF MAXIMUM SEDIMENT
, STORAGE LEVEL)
.
SINGLE PERFORATION
CROSS SECTION
MAXIMUM SEDIMENT
STORAGE LEVEL
CUT IN HALF
LENGTHWISE
3.55
4" PIPE
RISER
I- SEDIMENT CLEANOUT LEVEL
!/: HOLE .AT SEDIMENT
2" CLEANOUT LEVEL AND
I I" FROM END OF PIPE
II
FLOW
4
. .
A. SHORT SIPHON CROSS SECTION -
u 41' PIPE
FLOW
.+--
3.56
3.9.3.2 F l o a t i n g Discharge
Typical p r i n c i p a l spillways are generally fixed and discharge from the
same p o i n t elevation. As the water surface elevation in the pond rises above
t h e spillway elevation, t h e concentration of sediment increases due t o the
s e t t l i n g of particles from the surface down. om this it is easy t o see t h a t
the ndnFmum concentration within the pond w i l l be near or a t the water surface
elevation. Therefore, the discharge q u a l i t y can be improved by discharging
from t h e surface of the pond. A variable elevation discharge o r i f i c e has been
PLAN
rTROUGH
NORM
EMERGENCY
SPILLWAY
PROTECTION
RAP
3.9.3.3 Filtering
As i n municipal water treatment, f i l t e r i n g of t h e discharge can g r e a t l y
improve t h e q u a l i t y by removing f i n e r sediments t h a t do not s e t t l e o u t in t h e
pond. Riser pipe f i l t e r s have been used t o improve trapping e f f i c i e n c y .
riiser pipe f i l t e r s include c l o t h or f i b e r g l a s s wraps and gravel cones placed
: around t h e f i l t e r s . The f i l t e r wraps have been found to be f a i r l y e f f e c t i v e
i n trapping f i n e particles. lowever, t h e f i l t e r wraps become clogged very
! r a p i d l y (Oscaryan, 1975). This clogging may cause the water l e v e l in t h e pond
\
to rise above the riser crest, thus negating t h e f i l t e r e f f e c t .
Another inexpensive f i l t e r i n g mechanism is t h e use of s t r a w bales around
an o u t l e t . This method is nrost applicable to pipe c u l v e r t s . Straw bales,
l i k e f i l t e r wraps, are e f f e c t i v e in t r a p p i n g f i n e particlest however, they
r e q u i r e frequent maintenance.
,
3.59
OR1F ICE
, .
-\
/-
PIVOTAL ELBOW
w
-
0
>
W
- !
0
X
a w
!
\ -
LL-
W
-
z
a
m . I-
a
t 0
I K
>
I
F:
a z
a
I
U
f,. o
u w 2
-
F I-
0
w
v)
I I
3.62
3.63
Vegetation 0 to 5 5 t o 10 otos 5 t o 10
Bermudagrass a 7 6 5
\ Bahiagrass
Buffalograss
5 Kentucky bluegrass
Smooth bromegrass 7 . 6 5 4
T a l l fescue
Reed Canarygrass
Sod-f orming
grass legume 5 4' 4 3
mixtures
Lespedeza sericea
Weeping lovegrass
Y e l l o w bluestem 3.5 N/A3 2.5 N/A
Native grass mixtures
Annuals
SCS-TP-61
As defined i n TR-52
...
3.64
3.9.5.2 Riprap
Riprap c o n s i s t s of a layer of d i s c r e t e fragments of durable rock
possessing s u f f i c i e n t s i z e t o withstand t h e dynamic, e r o s i v e f o r c e s generated
by t h e flow of water. Riprap should be hard, dense, and durable t o withstand
long exposure t o weathering. I n surface mining operations, r i p r a p is t h e m o s t
common and economical means of preventing erosion of channel bed and banks
upstream and p a r t i c u l a r l y downstream of sedimentation ponds where t h e r e is a
high e r o s i v e p o t e n t i a l due to contraction of flow, flow alignment, changes i n
slope, and e t c . When t h e material is of s u f f i c i e n t s i z e , shape, gradation,
and hardness, r i p r a p is e x c e l l e n t erosion protection.
The important f a c t o r s to be considered i n designing rock r i p r a p protec-
t i o n are: rock d u r a b i l i t y , density, s i z e , weight, shape, and a n g u l a r i t y ;
direction and maganitude of t h e v e l o c i t y of flow near t h e rockt bed or bank
slope; and angle of repose of t h e rock. I n addition, t h e desired l e v e l of
. p r o t e c t i o n may not be provided by the r i p r a p i f design criteria concerning
! rock gradation, placement, r i p r a p thickness, and f i l t e r design are not
\
considered .
There a r e many means and methods by which r i p r a p p r o t e c t i o n c a n be
constructed and placed. Following is a c a t e g o r i z a t i o n of r i p r a p materials and
methods of placement:
- Dumped riprap
- Hand-placed r i p r a p
- Wire-enclosed r i p r a p (gabion)
- Grouted r i p r a p
When a v a i l a b l e i n s u f f i c i e n t s i z e , dumped rock riprap is u s u a l l y t h e most
economical material f o r bank protection. Dumped rock r i p r a p has many advan-
t a g e s over o t h e r types of protection, including i t s f l e x i b i l i t y and t h e ease
of local damage r e p a i r . Construction must be accomplished in a prescribed
manner b u t is not complicated. I f r i p r a p is placed during c o n s t r u c t i o n of t h e
embankment, rocks can be dumped d i r e c t l y from t r u c k s from t h e t o p of t h e
embankment. To prevent segregation of s i z e s , rock should never be placed by
dropping down t h e s l o p e in a chute or pushed downhill with a bulldozer.
3.67
3.10 Summary
Sedimentation pond design is based upon meeting e f f l u e n t l i m i t a t i o n s f o r
t h e design storm runoff event. A particle s i z e t h a t must be removed in the
pond is determined such t h a t e f f l u e n t l i m i t a t i o n s are s a t i s f i e d . The pond
configuration i s then determined t o provide the required s e t t l i n g conditions.
\
.'This requires an i n t e r a t i v e process. Once the pond configuration is estab-
lished, the principal spillway is sized to produce t h e required detention time
! and t h e emergency spillway is then s h e d so t h a t the combination of p r i n c i p a l
\
and emergency spillways are adequate. The f i n a l step in t h e design process is
to check t h e e f f l u e n t f o r base flow conditions a f t e r t h e pond is operational.
The design example i n Chapter VI p r e s e n t s h o w t h e previous s e c t i o n s are
i n t e r r e l a t e d in t h e design process.
4.7
A
A
L -1
s..J
PLAN VIEW
,
SECTiON B-B
.
\
10
TABLE OF CONTENTS
CHAPTER V
Page
5.1.3
Monitoring/Maintaining
5.1.3.1
5.1.3.2
5.1.3.3
. .. ... ... ... ... ... ... ... ...
Vegetation Stabilization
Riprap Stabilization
Rill and Gully Control
5.3
5.4
5.4
type of repair should be noted. These two records w i l l aid the operator in
determining if chronic problem areas exist in the pond design.
After an area has been stabilized and successfully revegetated, sedimen-
tation ponds may be removed. The decision for removal or retention of a
Sedimentation pond is usually addressed in the d n h g and reclamation plan
submittal. The options available to the operator will be discussed later in
this chapter.
Repairs of embankments and emergency spillways are extremely important
for the proper functioning of the sedimentation pond system. In humid
regions, embankments are usually stabilized by mulching and then by
establishing a good vegetation cover. Where conditions do not allow the
establishment of a vegetative cover, riprap or mulching may be used. The use
of either a vegetative cover or riprap is not specifically required by OSM.
However, both of these measures will aid in stabilizing the embankment or
spillway and will usually reduce the required maintenance. The design
- ._. . - . . .
_-. . .. ... ._
5.2
5-1.1 Accessibility
Location of t h e pond i s of prime importance. The pond should be
accessible f o r construction, k n i t o r i n g , and maintenance. A c c e s s i b i l i t y for
maintenance should be considered during t h e planning of t h e pond. The design
engineer should consider t h e type of equipment used f o r construction and main-
tenance and t h e r o o m required f o r this equipment t o function e f f i c i e n t l y . In
a ' w e l l designed pond, the heavier sediment w i l l *posit near the i n l e t of the
-. pond. Therefore, access t o t h e i n l e t end of the pond is e s s e n t i a l . A well
'
i
constructed and r e g u l a r l y maintained road is very h e l p f u l for providing proper
maintenance, including sediment removal, r i p r a p repair, or embankment repair.
:
\
Adequate a c c e s s i b i l i t y is v i t a l if chemical f l o c c u l a t i o n is being used.
.
5.1 3.1 Vegetation S t a b i l i z a t i o n
Maintenance of vegetative measures should occur on a regular basis, con-
s i s t e n t with favorable p l a n t growth, s o i l , and climatic conditions. This
involves regular seasonal work for f e r t i l i z i n g , liming ( i f a p p l i c a b l e ) ,
pruning, f i r e c o n t r o l s , reseeding, and weed and pest control. open channel
spillways are s u b j e c t t o rapid i n f e s t a t i o n of w e e d s and woody p l a n t s . These
, should be eradicated or c u t back since they o f t e n reduce drainageway e f f i -
ciency. Well-maintained vegetation w i l l provide a comfortable margin of ero-
s i o n control .
5.4
5.1.3.2 Riprap S t a b i l i z a t i o n
Large storms may displace the r i p r a p and allow erosion of the underlying
material. Displacement and damage to t h e r i p r a p w i l l u s u a l l y occur where flow
v e l o c i t i e s are highest. Typically, discharge s t r u c t u r e s and spillway areas
experience the m o s t damage. I f displacement of the r i p r a p has occurred, t h e
r i p r a p f i l t e r blanket should be checked f o r damages. Repairs should be made
as soon as p r a c t i c a l . These areas should be checked f o r erosion or s i l t i n g of
t h e channel i n order to assess the impact of the c a r r y i n g c a p a c i t y of t h e
channel.
Riprap is commonly used to c o n t r o l t h e upstream embankment of the dam
from damages due to wave action. I f r i p r a p is damaged, t h e s i z e of the r i p r a p
may have to be increased. The r i p r a p f i l t e r blanket should be checked f o r
damages wherever t h e r i p r a p is displaced.
Page
. .
Vf. DESIGN PROCEDURES AND MAMPLE
6.1
6.2
Design Procedure
DesignBcample . ........................................ 6.1
6.4
......... -
LIST OF TABLES
CHAPTER VI
Page
LIST OF FIGURES
CXAPTER V I
Page
F i g u r e 6.3
...............
Stage-storage area and stage-storage
curves of Pond S i t e N o . 1 6.11
The peak inflow r a t e and runoff volume f o r the design storm event
are determined.
s t o r a g e depth)
(b) Excavate ehe pond side slopes and a develop new stage-
storage curve. R e p e a t Step 8.
Step 2. Hydrology
' S t e p 3. Sediment s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n
6.5
A
%
x
I 0 , L
1
m
N 0
c
. -. -
w m
0
m
0 -
1
m
N
I
?
(Y I
m
0 I
c;-
! 0
c:
N
.
0
c 1
m m
m N
c
c. 2
(Y
cc.
.(Y Q)
*\
I--
*
hl
x
0 c
9
c
.
8
N
8 Ke4
0'
V -.
...... .
6.7
n
E
E
Y
W
-I
52
c
6 J
cd
.06 --
w
K
J
c3
1J3NId lN33C13d
6.8
= 50 t o n s x 2000 lb/ton x l o 6
15,926 mg/l
cI 2
2.31 ac-ft x 43,560 f t /ac x 62.4 Ib/ft
3
S t a r t with d = 0.011 m.
0.0072-0.011 .
0 0089 -
0.03 -
0.16 4.49sx 10-2
ss = l120 mi,d
2265 m /1
[(1.0 - l = O ) + 0.0481 0.10 ml/l < 0.5 m l / l
6.9
= -0.18 = 0.818
0.22
ss = 2768 mg/l
1120 m g / m l
[(loo - 0.818) +(0.818 x 0.048)l
E
% of settleable s i z e d i s t r i b u t i o n smaller than 0 . 0 1 1 nun
0 % of s e t t l e a b l e size d i s t r i b u t i o n s m a l l e r than 0.018 nnu
= -
0.18
0.215
= 0.837
C =
(1.0 - 0.785) x 0.79 x 50 t o n s x 2000 &/ton
2 3
2.31 a c - f t x 43,560 f t /ac x 62.4 l b / f t
P
3 yr x 115 ton/yr x 2000 %/ton p: o.23 ac-ft
vs 3 2
70 l b / f t x 43,560 f t /ac
I
Pram Figure 6.3,
a v a i l a b l e detention s t o r a g e volume
1.71 - 0.23 = 1.48 ac-ft
t
\
Step 8. Required s t o r a g e volume
SURFACE AREA ( F T ~ )
15
10 '
0 1.0 2.0
FIGURE 6.3 -
STAGE SURFACE AREA AND STAGE - STORAGE
CURVES OF POND SITE N 0 . I
6.12
- = 0.05
QO
(From Figure 3.8)
QI
S
-Ic
1 - 4 8 U-ft o.64
V 2.31 ac-ft
-
Qo L: 0.360 (Figure 3-81
QI
L
6.13
DT
2.254 d2 = 3600 TD (Equation 3-10)
e 0.060
Check s u r f a c e area
8..
2.254 x A
/--
2.254 X 3490
I 0.065 ZUU
6.14
Check Scouring
V t i = -*O
= 27*7 ft3/sec * 0.14 f p s (Equation 3.18)
WD 26.8 f t x 7.5 f t
10-year, 24-hour
design event Q (cfs) V (acre-feet)
25=year, 24-hour
design event V (acre-f eet 1
Notes: 1. The design inflow peak flow for second pond should be deter-
mined by reservoir r o u t i n g and added to t h e hydrograph of the
a d d i t i o n a l c o n t r i b u t i n g area. For i l l u s t r a t i o n of eedimen-
t a t i o n pond design, the peak outflow from the f i r s t pond is
added d i r e c t l y t o the peak f l o w of t h e a d d i t i o n a l c o n t r i b u t i n g
area.
.* _. . . . . ..-.
I
G .15
S t o m sediment y i e l d -
Annual sediment y i e l d = 19 t o n s
8.3 t o n s
.A
v8 = (115
I ton/yr x 0.305) + 19 ton/yr] x 3 yr x 2000 lb/ton
70 l b / f t 3 X 43,560 ft2/aC
= 0.11 ac-ft
6.17
10
\
\
II
FIGURE 6.5 -
STAGE SURFACE AREA AND STAGE -STORAGE
CURVES OF S I T E NO. 2
. __-_ .....
6.18
2
2V 2 x 2.70 ac-ft x 43.560 f t /ac
l.31 hours
Tb=-= 3
1' 49.7 f t /sec x 3600 sec/hr
-VS = 0.930. S = 0.930 x 2.70 ac-ft = 2.51 ac-ft < 3.64 ac-ft
- = 0.0708
QO
Qo e 0.070 x 49.7 P 3-48 C f S
QI
Since the required storage volume is less than the available storage
volume, decrease the depth and repeat Step 8 .
Assume ~1 - 8.5 f t
TD = 3.9 hours
-
QO
= 0.09,
Qo
= 0.09 x 49.7 = 4.47 c f s
*I
Check s u r f a c e area
A P 1.2 X
4.47
-2 = 6120 f t 2 > 5300 f t 2
rep 2.254 x (0.018)
Check a v a i l a b l e s t o r a g e volume
Check length-to-width r a t i o
L
.-
W
-
250 = 9.6
26
> 2.0
Check scourinq
vH < s
A summary of t h e &sign i s presented in Table 6.2.
I
6.20
Storm sediment y i e l d , t o n s
4.
(10-year, 24-hour storm) 50 --
Inflow suspended solids
5.
concentration, mg/l 15,926 ---
6. Minimum s i z e of particle s e t t l e d , m 0 065 0.018
7.2
7.3
U.S. -3.1 Conservation Service, 1977, mSediment Pond Design," SMA 2117-POND D.
7.4
Virginia Soil and Water Conservation Commission, 1980, Virginia Erosion and
Sediment Control Handbook,@'Richmond, V i r g i n i a .
Ward, A. D., 1979, "Model Studies Aid Pond Design," Water and Wastes
Engineering (Mayt 36-38).
Ward A. Do, C. T. man and J. S. Tapp, 1979a, "The Deposits Sedimentation Fond
Design Manual," OISTL, I n s t i t u t e f o r Hinlng and Minerals @search, University
of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky.