1.

0 INTRODUCTION TO PHOTOGRAPHY

The word photography derived from the Greek words photos ("light") and graphein ("to
draw"). The word was first used by the scientist Sir John F.W. Herschel in 1839. Therefore,
photography is a method of recording images by the action of light, or related radiation, on a
sensitive material. Photography can be considered as both an art and a science. Photography
is a science because there are basic principles of physics that governs successes. Photography
is an art because its beauty is the subjective.

First photograph taken by Joseph Nicphore

Nipce in France in 1826, on a bitumen coated
Aluminium plate

2.0 HISTORY OF PHOTOGRAPHY

The history of photography has roots in remote antiquity with the discovery of the
principle of the camera obscura. The Chinese were the first to write about the basic idea of
the pinhole camera or "camera obscura" (Latin words meaning "dark room") in 470 BC. In
the 1500s many artists including Michelangelo and Leonardo da Vinci, used the "camera
obscura" to help them draw pictures. It is done by where a person or object would be outside
the dark room, their image was reflected on a piece of paper and the artist would trace it. As
far as is known, people knew how to project pictures, they just didn't know how to preserve
and "save" light. until around 1800, when Thomas Wedgwood made the first reliably
documented although unsuccessful attempt.
 Camera Obscura (1500-1800)

The first succeeded photo picture was taken in 1825 by a French

inventor Joseph Nicphore Nipce by putting a plate coated with
bitumen in a camera obscura. It depicts a view from the window at Le
Gras. Due to the technical issues in that era the exposure had to last for
eight hours, appearing to shine on both sides of the building in the
picture due to sun movement. Bitumen hardens with exposure to light so
the unhardened material was then washed away. One of the numerous
problems with this method was that the metal plate that used as media
was heavy, expensive to produce, and took a lot of time to polish after the process.

Later in 1835, two years after Nipce died, Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre found that the
chemical compound silver iodide was much more sensitive to light than bitumen. He put a
copper plate coated with silver iodide in a camera obscura, exposed this plate to light for a short
time, then to fumes of mercury and an image appeared. One
problem remained, the image darkened over time. Two
years later he solved this problem by washing away
remaining silver iodide with a solution of warm water and
table salt. This process of taking pictures are then known as
daguerreotype, announced to the world on January 7, 1839
Daguerreotype camera (1839) and then become France's gift to the world.
The first ever picture to have a human in it was Boulevard du Temple by Louis Daguerre taken
in 1839 using daguerreotype camera.

Picture of Boulevard du
Temple

Finally, after decades of refinements and improvements, the

mass use of cameras began with George Eastman's Kodak's camera. It
went on to the market in 1888 with the slogan "You press the button,
we do the rest". In 1901 the Kodak Brownie was introduced,
becoming the first commercial camera in the market available for
middle class. The camera took black and white shots only, but still
was very popular due to its efficiency and ease of use.

Kodak Brownie (1901)

 Color photography was then being explored throughout the 19th century since 1860. The
scientists in the beginning of the century could not preserve color for long enough. Several
methods of color photography were patented from 1862
onwards by two French inventors: Louis Ducos de Hauron and
Charlec Cros Practical. The first color photo, an image of a
tartan ribbon, was taken in 1861 by the famous Scottish
physicist James Clerk Maxwell.

First colour photo

Finally the first practical color plate reached the market in 1907, invented by Auguste and
Louis Lumiere. They named it Autochrome. The method it used was based on a screen of filters.
The screen let filtered red, green and/or blue light through.

Later in 1948, Edwin Land invented the Polaroid camera which could take a picture and
print it in about one minute.

Polaroid camera (1948)

 The concept of digital camera was then introduced in 1969.
In 1984, the first commercial digital camera was created by Canon, a
Japanese camera company. It was tested at the Los Angeles Olympic
Games in 1984. The pictures were published the next day in a
Japanese newspaper. It worked well so Canon decided to put the
camera on the market.

First picture by digital camera by

Canon in 1984

Digital Camera (1970s)

Digital is now the most prevalent type of camera. According to InfoTrends.com digital
camera sales soared to 53 million units sold in 2004.
3.0 AREA OF PHOTOGRAPHY

Photography involve few major areas namely clinical photography, journalism,

momentos, advertising and fine arts.

Clinical photography, also known as applied photography is a specialized area of

photography that concerns itself with the documentation. The photo taken are used for
comparing purpose. Clinical photography involve in clinical presentation of patients and
identification of an individual. An example of clinical photography is a passport or visa photo.

Journalism or photojournalism is a branch of photography involve the collecting,

editing, and presenting of news material for publication or broadcast purpose. Photo from this
area of photography are used to tell a news story. The images combine with other news elements
to make facts relatable to the viewer or reader on a cultural level. The images is a fair and
accurate representation of the events they depict in both content and tone.
 Momentos, sometimes refer to mementos is images that
serves to remind one of a person or past event. Example of
momentos are photos taken during graduation day or birthday
party. These pictures are remembrance of particular event.
Instagram and Facebook serves as the largest social network to
keep momentos photos.

Another area of photography is advertising. Advertising photography is a visual form of

marketing communication that employs an openly sponsored, non-personal message to promote
or sell a product. The advertising photographer uses a wide variety of photographs sometimes to
sell not only products but lifestyles, concepts and ideas. The products, services, lifestyles and
ideas are presented photographically in order to seduce or attracting public.
 Fine arts was also an area of photography. Fine art photography is photography created
in accordance with the vision of the artist as photographer. It results from the authors deep
sensitivity, a need to express feelings through image, a unique view of the surrounding reality. It
can be spontaneous, but it can also be a conscious and deliberate manifesto. Fine art photography
sometimes stands in contrast to representational photography, such as photojournalism, which
provides a documentary visual account of specific subjects and events, literally re-presenting
objective reality rather than the subjective intent of the photographer; and commercial
photography, the primary focus of which is to advertise products or services.
4.0 TYPES OF CAMERA
Large Format Camera
A large format camera looks like something your great-grandfather may have used. There
are two panels, also known as 'standards', one at the back and the other at the front, connected by
lightproof bellows. The panels are attached to rails. The diagram below shows the different parts
of a large format camera.

Large Format Camera

The front and back panels able to move independently in terms of rise, fall, shift, tilt and
swing. This gives the photographer control over converging verticals, the plane of focus and
depth of field within the image.

Large format cameras use sheet-film that come

supplied in sizes of 5x4 inches or above. Most large
format cameras can only be used mounted on a tripod.

There is no viewfinder for large format camera,

we look at the image on a ground glass screen under a
dark cloth and use a loupe to magnify the image to
check for sharp focus. This made the photography
process slow and tedious. Large format cameras are completely manual. There is no autofocus or
auto exposure.

Medium Format
Medium format includes two distinct types. First is the 120 film has a paper backing and
can take twelve 6cm x 6cm images per roll. Second is the 220 film does not have a paper backing
and can take twenty four 6cm x 6cm images per roll. Not all medium format cameras accept 220
film. Medium format photography are now being widely used in
filming industry. Medium format film is over four times larger than
35mm film. Medium format camera can give up to 50 megapixels.
 DSLR (Digital Single Lens Reflex)
DSLR is a digital camera that uses mirrors to direct light from the lens to the viewfinder.
They have interchangeable lenses which allows you to always have the best lens for different
situation. Picture below shows a DSLR cross section.

1. Lens
2. Reflex mirror
3. Shutter
4. Image sensor
5. Matte focusing screen
6. Condenser lens
7. Pentaprism
8. Eyepiece/Viewfinder

When you look through the viewfinder on the back of the camera, whatever you see is
exactly what you are going to get in the photograph. The scene/object
passes through the lens in a form of light into a reflex mirror that sits
at a 45 degree angle inside the camera. It then forwards the light
vertically to an optical element called a pentaprism. The pentaprism
then converts the vertical light to horizontal by redirecting the light
through two separate mirrors, right into the viewfinder. Pentaprism

When you take a picture, the reflex mirror will swing upwards, blocking the vertical
pathway and letting the light directly through. Then, the shutter opens up and the light reaches
the image sensor. Then, the shutter closes and the reflex mirror return to original state and
continue redirecting the light into the viewfinder.

DSLRs largely replaced film-based SLRs during the 2000s, and despite the rising
popularity of mirrorless system cameras in the early 2010s, DSLRs remained the most common
type of interchangeable lens camera in use as of 2014.
 Gadgets Camera
Gadgets camera, or can be called as compact camera, are very convenient, cheap, small,
light and fool proof. Their main advantages, as said, is their low profile. They are small and
unobtrusive so that you can carry them all the time, and to have them handy when you need
them.

Unfortunately, the downsides are many. In particular, the image sensor will be very
small. This means that low light capabilities are very bad, and images are often unusable from
ISO 400 due to noise. Another consequence is that depth of field is always huge, which is
sometimes a good thing but limits the ability to separate a subject from its background.

Gadgets camera do not use a mirror system like DSLRs but use the LCD screen almost
exclusively for framing, which is a problem in bright light and is also less pleasant than an
optical viewfinder. Besides that, the autofocus of gadgets camera is slow therefore it delay
between pressing the trigger until photo being recorded.

Overall, gadgets camera are suitable for momentos or beginner of photography.

5.0 TECHNICAL ASPECT OF PHOTOGRAPHY
The important technical aspect of photography are ISO, shutter speed and aperture.

ISO
ISO, a.k.a film speed is a measure of the sensitivity of the
film or sensor in a camera towards light. It is measured in values
using an International Standard Organisation (ISO) numbers. ISO
numbers are used in every digital camera included gadgets
camera. ISO numbers come in wide range but standard number are
100, 200, 400, 800, 1600.

ISO 100 Outdoor, under bright sunlight/light

ISO 200 Outdoor, cloudy situation

ISO 400 Indoor with flash

ISO 800 Indoor with normal house lighting

ISO 1600 Low light

The higher the ISO number, the more sensitive the image sensor toward light but more
noise in the image while low ISO number produce pictures with saturated colour and fine details.
 Shutter Speed
Shutter control the duration of light that enter the camera. Shutter able to produce motion
effect on the image. Shutter speed is measured in fraction per second (fps). The common shutter
speed are 1, 1/2, 1/4, 1/8, 1/15, 1/30, 1/60, 1/125, 1/250,
1/500, 1/1000.

A fast shutter speed freeze the action of an image,

whether is the camera shake or the subject that is moving,
allowing us to maintain sharpness. Slow shutter speed
blurred the action of the image in order to show that the
particular object or person is in motion.
 Aperture
 Aperture is the size of the hole in the diaphragm that allows light in to the camera. It
control the amount of light that enter the camera. Aperture value are measure using f-stops,
shown as f/#, where # is a number.

The images at the left shows common f-stops value and

how they appear. Changes of 1 f-stops doubles or halves the
amount of light enter the camera.

Smaller f-number represent wider aperture while larger f-

number represent smaller aperture.

The aperture value also controls the depth of field of an

image. Depth of field is a byproduct of aperture.

The wider the aperture, the more shallow the depth of

field, which can help isolate a subject from background, for
example portrait picture. The smaller the aperture, the greater the
depth of field, allowing more of a scene to be in focus, eg
landscape picture.

Aperture in affecting depth of field

 Exposure

Creating a harmonious exposure using the aperture, shutter speed and ISO is an important
skill in photography. The trick to balancing the Exposure Triangle is to get all three elements
working together so you get the images you want. The choice of aperture, shutter speed and ISO
have a significant impact on the look and feel of your pictures.

Use the exposure triangle to decide how to adjust the exposure. The key is that when you
increase the exposure for one element, you need to reduce it for one or both of the other elements
in order to maintain the same exposure.
6.0 COMPOSITION IN PHOTOGRAPHY

Composition in photography is the pleasing placement or arrangement of visual elements

or ingredients within the picture. Few important composition in photography is symmetry, rule
of third and divine proportion.

Symmetry

A symmetrical image is one that looks the same on one side as it does on the other. It involve
an imaginary line that splits an object in half. Both sides of the object are an exact mirror image
of each other. Symmetry can be found in nature as well as in man-made elements. First, look for
symmetrical patterns that are in unexpected places for example in a mountain range. If you do,
it's worth capturing with your camera. Second, look for symmetrical patterns with strong lines,
curves and patterns. Symmetry is a powerful tool that lets you automatically create harmony and
a sense of aesthetically pleasing balance and proportion in a photograph.
 Center of Interest

The center of interest in a photo is the predominant feature in the image, the feature to which
the viewer is first attracted. For example, if we are photographing a landscape at sunset, the
setting sun would be the center of interest. For pictures of bird or animal, the eye is always the
center of interest. Photographer can choose what the center of interest in the photo will be.

It is possible also to have multiple center of interest in an image. When you have multiple
points of interest, they can act as visual stepping stones to direct the viewers eye where you
want it to go. For exmaple the pictures of birds sitting on pilings or objects like trees or flowers.

When using multiple center of interest, we must be careful not to confuse the viewer. There
should be not more than three center of interest in a photo. The best images are those with one or
three focal points artistically located within the image.
 Rule of Third
The rule of thirds involves mentally dividing a photo into thirds both horizontally and vertically
using 2 horizontal lines and 2 vertical lines. The grid pattern provides guidelines that are useful
for properly composing an image. This grid pattern creates nine sections and four intersecting
points in the photo as shown in image below.

The important elements in the scene is position along those lines or intersections of the grid.
It also encourages the creative use of negative space which is the empty areas around the subject.

Rule of Third grid

The rule of thirds is very versatile and can be used on any subject especially landscape as you
can position the horizon on one of the horizontal lines while vertical subjects such as building or
tree can be placed on the two vertical lines.

Below are some example of it being used effectively in different types of shots:
The main subject has been placed at one of the intersections, and also along one a vertical line.
The twig roughly follows the top horizontal line. The empty space at the bottom left provides
balance and prevents the picture from feeling overcrowded.

The subject, which is the girl is position to one side of the frame. This provides some spaces for
the environment and prevent the photo from looking like a mug shot. The center of interest
which is the eye is place near one of the intersections on the rule of third grid.
When photographing moving subjects, position them as normal but pay attention to the direction
they are moving. We should leave more space in front of them than behind, to show the direction
they moving.

Divine Proportion/The Golden Ratio

While the rule of thirds divides your scene into equal thirds, the golden ratio divides your
scene a little bit differently, which is into sections that are roughly 1:1.618.

Grid applying Golden Ratio

Instead of being evenly spaced as they are in the rule of thirds, golden ratio lines are
concentrated in the center of the frame, with roughly 3/8ths of the frame in the above part, 2/8ths
in the middle and 3/8ths at the bottom. This idea has been around for centuries millennium and
can be found in many of the great classic works of art. Golden triangle and golden spiral are
example of golden ratio.

Golden Triangle

Golden Spiral
7.0 VISUAL EXPLORATION
It is good for a photographer to explore to different places in the world in order to take
more pictures and discover different scene. There are three ways involve in visual exploration.

1. Discover + Capture
2. Discover + Compose + Capture
3. Discover + Compose + Orchestrate + Capture

The first way is suitable for beginner photographer or person which use spare time to take
photo. An example is that tourist take picture of the landmark of a particular country where
they discover and capture. The second and third way are usually perform by professional
photographer.
8.0 IMPACT OF PHOTOGRAPHY
Photography has impacted society by allowing people to see things that they would never
have an opportunity to see. This includes presidents, politicians, celebrities or things from
foreign countries. The advent of photography changed citizen voting behavior. Photography is
also largely responsible for the modern-day concept of celebrity. Before the invention of
photography, it was impossible for one person to have millions of fans and followers worldwide.

Images have the ability to alter peoples perceptions. In 2003, Princeton psychologist
Alexander Todorov tested the ability of photographs to affect voting decisions. Participants were
asked to determine the election outcomes based on photographs alone and the accuracy was up to
73% of the time. Their voting behaviors are largely determined by the attractiveness of
politicians' photographs. Before the advent of photography in the 1830s, many voters based their
decisions on campaign issues that were discussed in newspapers and brochures.

Images also create awareness on other serious matters, such as war and crime. The first
photo series to document war was Mathew Brady's exhibition "The Dead of Antietam." For the
first time in history, citizens were able to view the aftermath of a bloody battle. The exhibition
generated a lot of controversy and discussion.

A busy street in USA

9.0 X FACTOR

ISO

Exposure

Aperture Shutter

X-factor

Composition Impact

Arrangement Perspective of Story Telling

of Content Lens and camera
10.0 POTRAITURE
Portraiture or portrait photography is photography of a person or group of people that
captures the personality of a subject by using effective lighting, backdrops, and poses. A portrait
picture can be artistic or clinical. Portraits can serve many purposes, from usage on a personal
website to display in the lobby of a business or for special occasions, such as weddings or school
events.

Basic Principle

The basic principle are concern principally with the methods of controlling the:

Lighting - Lighting is a very important factor in taking a picture. The amount of light, type
of light use and position of light should be adjust during taking a portrait.

Subject - Subject is the center of interest in a portraiture.

Demand

The highest and the most difficult level of photography demand:

Perfect photographic technique - In order to take a good photo, all the required technique of
photography should be used. For example the application

of rule of third

Definite measure of artistic ability - The ability to perform prescribed lighting measure is

needed in order to take a successful photograph.

Flare for handling human being - A photographer should be able to work with human being.

Requirement

Photographers are required to

1. Understanding light character Understanding 4 characteristics of light which is

quantity, quality, colour temperature and direction.
 2. Interested in people Photographer should be able to deal with peoples as they
frequently deal with clients, graphic designer, advertising
and publication agents.
3. Can put people at ease and remain at ease Portrait photographer need to help people
relax when facing camera.

Methodology
1. Study subject or sitters mental attitude
2. Take a keen and personal interest
3. Allow the subject or sitter to see their own pose and expression during
photography session.
4. Keep up natural conversation
5. Let subject suggest their pose
6. Occasionally word of encouragement and praise
7. Watch out for fluster or disturbances
8. Everything is done to make the subject or sitter comfortable
9. Used technical process to arrive at a live and character likeness of the subject

Element of Portraiture
a) Pose Pose should be easy, natural and sometimes spontaneous

b) Expression Required sensitive observation

c) Feature Photogenic. Subject should look attractive in photographs

d) Background Simple but not distractive. Should have minor contrast with subject

clothing

e) Cloth and make-up Simple, formal and suit the theme

f) Composition - Portrait
 Types of Portrait
a) Tight Only include head and shoulder
b) Executive Also knwn as half-shot. Include head till tummy

c) Three Quarter Head included just below the knee

 d) Full-Head to Toe

Lighting in Portraiture
The ability to understand and fully control the light character is a key to a perfect portrait
photograph. Basically, there are two types of lighting which is hard light and soft light.

Hard Light Comes from direct sunlight and cause shadow. Flash light is an important
 example
Soft Light Light around the subject