Lab Report 2

Elizabeth Batianis

CHEM 1251L-046

04/05/2017

Introduction

When equal amounts of acid and base are titrated, a neutralization occurs. In this lab, a

technique called titration will be used to find the molarity/concentration of an acid solution. This

technique is quantitatively based, where the concentration of an analyte (a solution of an

unknown concentration) is discovered by slowly adding a titrant (a solution of known

concentration) from a buret, a long measuring tube that allows the slow release of a liquid into a

container. In part 1 of the lab, the base solution NaOH will have its exact molarity determined,

also known as the process of standardization. A standard will react with a solution to be

standardized in a direct reaction. Titration allows for experimenters to find the equivalence point

(when the number of moles of titrant are equal to the number of moles of the analyte) and the

end point. An end point can be determined by the use of an indicator, in this lab it is

phenolphthalein. When the number of moles of titrant to analyte become unequal and there is

excess base, the indicator changes the color of the solution. The molar ratio of acid to base in this

experiment is either 1:1 or 1:2, which can be understood as stoichiometrically the moles of titrant

to analyte are equal or half the amount. In part 2, acetic acid will be used as it is a monoprotic

acid, meaning one single hydrogen ion will be given in an aqueous solution. In part 3, sulfuric

acid is a diprotic acid, giving away two hydrogen ions is aqueous solution, that will be titrated.
 The purpose of this lab is for students to learn to standardize a base then use that

information to identify the concentration of unknown acids. Students will also learn to properly

titrate a solution, as well as understand how the molarity and volume of one solution is

proportionate to the molarity and volume of another solution in the same balanced chemical

equation.

Procedures

Part 1 included the lab instructors demonstration of the experiment in the first trial. To

perform the second and third trial, a gram of KHP was added to an Erlenmeyer flask and then

dissolved with 70-75 mL of distilled water. Three drops of the indicator, phenolphthalein, were

added to the flask. The base, NaOH, was added to a clamped buret above the flask and the initial

volume was recorded. As the stopcock on the buret was turned to allow the flow of base into the

acid, the flask was swirled to maintain the distribution of liquid. The base was added very slowly

to the acid and when the equivalence point was broken the solution uniformly turned a light

pink color. The final volume was recorded at this point and the same process was repeated for a

third trial. In part 2 of the lab, 2.0 mL of acetic acid were measured and added to a flask, then

diluted with 50 mL of distilled water. Three drops of phenolphthalein were added to the flask, the

intial volume was recorded from the buret, then titration began with the slow addition of base to

the acetic acid. When the solution turned completely pink, the final volume was recorded and the

process was repeated for a second trial. In part 3, 2.0 mL of sulfuric acid were measured out and

added to an Erlenmeyer flask, then diluted with 50 mL of distilled water. The indicator was

added to the flask and then the titration began. As the solution became a solid pink color, the

final volume was recorded from the buret. The lab was completed and all solid waste and liquid
waste was disposed of in the appropriate bin and all glassware was cleaned and returned to its

original area.

Results
Table 1: Standardization of NaOH solution.
This table presents the information collected from part 1 of the experiment, including the

volumes measured from the buret and the mass of KHP used. The calculations in this table are

used to find the molarity and average molarity between 3 trials.

Data Equation-Calculation Trial 1 Trial 2 Trial 3

Mass KHP used (g) 1.00 1.03 1.00
Molar Mass of KHP (g/mol) K 1 x 39.10 g/mol 204.2 204.2 204.2
H 1 x 1.008 g/mol
C 8 x 12.01 g/mol
O 4 x 16.00 g/mol
H 4 x 1.008 g/mol +
= 204.22 -> 204.2 g/mol
Moles of KHP used (moles) Grams x (moles/grams) 0.0048 0.0050 0.00489
1.00g x (1mol.204.2g)
1.03g x (1mol/204.2g) 9 4
Acid:Base molar ratio 1:1 1:1 1:1
Moles of NaOH (moles) 0.0048 0.0050 0.00489

9 4
Initial Volume of NaOH (mL) 4.80 12.80 13.99
Final Volume of NaOH (mL) 29.50 40.01 38.60
Volume of NaOH used (ml) Vf-Vi 24.70 27.21 24.61
29.50mL-4.80mL
40.01mL-12.80mL
38.60mL-13.99mL
Molarity of NaOH (moles/L) Moles/Liters 0.190 0.185 0.199
0.00489mol/0.0247L
0.00504mol/0.027.21L
0.00489mol/0.02461L
Average molarity of NaOH (mol/L) (T2+T3)/2 0.192
(0.185+0.199)/2

Table 2: Measuring Molarity of Acetic Acid Solution Using Standardized NaOH

Unknown Acetic Acid ID #110

This table displays the data collected and calculated for measuring molarity of acetic acid using

the information given from NaOH base and the volume of acid used.

Data Equation-Calculation Trial 1 Trial 2

Molarity of NaOH (moles/L) 0.190 0.190
Initial Volume of NaOH (mL) 11.00 22.55
Final Volume of NaOH (mL) 22.55 33.70
Volume of NaOH used (mL) Vf-Vi 11.55 11.15
22.55mL-11.00mL
33.70mL-22.55mL
Moles of NaOH used (moles) MV=mol 0.00219 0.00212
(0.190M)(0.01155L)
(0.190M)().01115L)
Acid:Base molar ratio 1:1 1:1
Moles of Acetic Acid (moles) Mol NaOH(1mol 0.00219 0.00212
CHCOOH/1mol NaOH)
0.00219 mol NaOH(1mol
CHCOOH/1mol NaOH)
0.00212 mol NaOH(1mol
CHCOOH/1mol NaOH)

Volume of Acetic Acid used (mL) 2.0 2.0

Molarity of Acetic Acid (moles/L) MfVf=MiVi 1.10 1.06
Mf(0.002L)=(0.190M)(0.01155L)
Mf(0.002L)=(0.190M)(0.01115L)
Average Molarity (mol/L) (T1+T2)/2 1.08
(1.10+1.06)/2

Table 3: Measuring Molarity of Sulfuric Acid Solution Using Standardized NaOH

This table identifies the average molarity of sulfuric acid through the titration of base NaOH and

calculating the coordinating moles between acid and base.

 Data Equation-Calculation Trial 1 Trial 2
Molarity of NaOH (moles/L) 0.190 0.190
Initial Volume of NaOH 23.70 32.60

(mL)
Final Volume of NaOH (mL) 32.60 40.95
Volume of NaOH used (mL) Vf-Vi 8.90 8.35
32.6mL-23.7mL
40.95mL-32.6mL
Moles of NaOH (moles) MV=mol 0.00169 0.000665
(0.190M)(0.0089L)
(0.190M)(0.0035L)
Acid:Base molar ratio 1:2 1:2
Moles of Sulfuric Acid Moles HSO(1 mol HSO/2 0.000845 0.000333
mol NaOH)
(moles) 0.00169 mol HSO(1 mol
HSO/2 mol NaOH)
0.000665 mol HSO (1 mol
HSO/2 mol NaOH)
Volume of Sulfuric Acid 2.0 2.0

used (mL)
Molarity of Sulfuric Acid MfVf=1/2MiVi 0.423 0.397
Mf(0.002L)=(0.095M)(0.00890L)
(moles/L) Mf(0.002L)=(0.095M)(0.00835L)
Average Molarity (mol/L) (T1+T2)/2 0.410
(0.423+0.397)/2

Discussion

To understand the standardization of NaOH part of the experiment, Table 1 must first be

assessed for percent error for the molarity of NaOH. To do so, the equation

experimental M theoretical M
error = 100
theoretical M

is used to determine how accurate and precise the data was. Where experimental M is the actual

molarity calculated and theoretical M is the ideal molarity given.

 0.192 M 0.190 M
error = 100=1.05 error
0.190 M

With the data input for table 1, once can see the percent error was very little. This means that our

experiment was accurate because the percentage is less than 5%. The data was also very precise

as seen by the values in Molarity of NaOH; they are very close to one another in less than a

0.015 M range. KHP, or potassium hydrogen phthalate, was the acid used to standardize the

NaOH base. This acid is used because it is solid and easily measurable. In the chemical equation

as seen below, the stoichiometry reveals a 1:1 molar ratio between acid to base.

KHC H O + NaOH KNaC H O + H O

As NaOH is standardized, its exact molarity will be used to determine the concentration of acetic

acid and sulfuric acid in part 2 and part 3 of the lab. A standard is very important because its high

purity and stability in air allows for other measurements to be based from it, and those values be

accurate.

Table 2 represents the calculation of the molarity of acetic acid using standard NaOH

volume and molarity. The concentration can be determined because of the use of the equation

M V =M V

where M is the initial molarity of a solution, V is the initial volume of a solution, M is the

final molarity of a different solution, and V is the final volume of the other solution. This

equation was used in section Molarity of Acetic Acid in Table 2. Using the volume of acetic

acid, volume of NaOH used, and molarity of NaOH, one can solve for the remaining molarity

value.
 The same concept was applied in Table 3, in which the volume of NaOH was measured

and then used to calculated moles and molarity. The difference between the two acids is the acid

molarity between the acid and base in the equation. The first equation below represents the

balanced chemical equation using acetic acid, the second equation shows the equation using

sulfuric acid.

CH COOH + NaOH H O+CH COONa

H SO + 2 NaOH 2 H O+ Na SO

As seen, the molar ratio between acetic acid and base is 1:1, while the molar ratio between

sulfuric acid and base is 1:2. This ratio changes the moles between the acid and base, now the

moles of the acid are half as many as those of the base. The percent error of molarity of acetic

acid was calculated using this equation,

1.08 M 1.0 M
100=8 error .
1.0 M

The accuracy of this experiment can technically be considered inaccurate because the percent

error was more than 5%. Although the percent error was still not terribly off, the data wont be

accurate but it will be precise because the values were very similar and close in value to one

another. The percent error of molarity for sulfuric acid can be found using the equation

0. 410 M 0.50 M
100=18 error .
0.50 M
The technique used was more inaccurate than any of the other parts of this lab, as reflected in the

percent error. The data was not accurate but it was precise, seeing that the values are within .05M

of one another.

These titrations are very similar in that they use the same process to receive comparable

results, a base was dripped into an acid until the solution turned slightly pink. The difference

between the acetic acid titration and sulfuric acid titration was not visible to the naked eye. The

calculated difference told that there were double as many moles of base as there were moles of

acid. The difference between part one of the lab and parts 2 and 3 were that the concentrations

were found using stock acids instead of deriving an acid from a solid, KHP. The indicator plays a

very important role in this lab, it represents the end point for a solution. As previously stated, this

means there is excess base to acid moles. The equivalence point is colorless but can be shown

mathematically when the number of moles of base are equal to moles of acid. The technique used

was very precise, the data for each table was consistent. The technique was both accurate and

inaccurate, as seen in tables 1-3. Table 1 was very accurate, table 2 was slightly inaccurate, and

table 3 was very inaccurate.

Conclusion

This lab successfully teaches how to standardize a base through part 1 of the experiment.

The concentrations of each acid were determined through titration calculations, in that one

recognizes the proportions in molarity and volume between two solutions. These objectives were

achieved through technique and calculation. The greatest potential errors evident are the failure

to clean the buret with solution before use, the failure to remove air bubbles from the buret, the 1

gram of solid KHP could have not completely dissolved or may have been stuck in the flask, and

too much base was added to the acid causing deep pink colorings. In experiment 5, the
concentration of a Cu+ solution was found and then using that information, the amount Cu+ in

an unknown sample was found. This is like the current experiment in that one calculated

molarity is used to determine another molarity. The difference between the two experiments is

that in experiment 5 there is a process of diluting solutions stemming from one original solution

concentration. This experiment uses titration to determine one molarity, then using the same

molarity for each other part of the lab, another concentration is determined. Overall, this lab was

successful in demonstrating how to measure molarity and the reactions that take place between

acids and bases.

Sample Calculations

1. Molar Mass= grams/mol

39.10 g 1.008 g 12.01 g 16.00 g 1.008 g g

(
K 1x
mol ) (
+H 1x
mol
+C 8 x) (
mol ) (
+O 4 x
mol
+H 4 x ) (
mol
=204.22
mol )
2. Volume of Base Used= Vf-Vi 32.6 mL23.7 mL=8.90 mL used
3. Moles of Acid= moles of NaOH:moles of acid base acid ratio=1 : 1

1 mol CH COOH
0.00219 mol NaOH =0.00219 mol CH COOH
1 mol NaOH

4. Moles of NaOH MV =moles

( 0.190 M )( 0.01155 L ) =0.00219 mol

moles 0.00489mol
5. Molarity of NaOH =0.190 M
Liters 0.0247 L

6. Molarity of Acetic Acid M V =M V M ( 0.002 L )= ( 0.190 M ) ( 0.01155 L )

( 0.002 L ) M =0.00219 M =1.09 M

7. Molarity of Sulfuric Acid M V =M V

M ( 0.002 L )= ( 0.095 M ) ( 0.00890 L ) ( 0.002 L ) M =0.000846

M = 0.423M
Trial 1 M +Trial 2 M 1.09 M +1.05 M
8. Average Molarity= =1.07 M
2 2

9. Percent Error= |experimental M theoretical M

theoretical M | 100 |0.4100.5M 0.5
M
M
|

|0.09
0.5 M |
M
|0.18|100=18 error