Indian Minerals

Yearbook 2011
(Part- II)

50th Edition

GRAPHITE
(ADVANCE RELEASE)

GOVERNMENT OF INDIA
MINISTRY OF MINES
INDIAN BUREAU OF MINES

Indira Bhavan, Civil Lines,

NAGPUR 440 102

PHONE/FAX NO. (0712) 2565471

PBX : (0712) 2562649, 2560544, 2560648
E-MAIL : cme@ibm.gov.in
Website: www.ibm.gov.in

October 2012
 GRAPHITE
44 Graphite
G raphite, also known as plumbago or black
lead, is a variety of naturally occurring
carbon. It crystallises in hexagonal system and
has a lamellar form, a grey- to-black metallic lustre
and greasy feel. Natural graphite is divisible into
two commercial varieties: (i) crystalline (flaky)
graphite and (ii) amorphous graphite. Both flaky
and amorphous varieties of graphite are produced
i n t h e c o u n t r y. T h e q u a l i t y o f g r a p h i t e i s
dependent upon its physical qualities as well as
carbon content. In addition to natural graphite,
synthetic or artificial graphite is manufactured on
a large-scale in electric furnaces, using anthracite
or petroleum coke as raw feed. The latter is known
as Calcined Petroleum Coke (CPC).
RESOURCES
Graphite occurrences are reported from
various states but the deposits of economic
importance are located in Andhra Pradesh,
Jharkhand, Karnataka, Kerala, Odisha, Rajasthan
and Tamil Nadu.
As per the UNFC system, the total resources
of graphite as on 1.4.2010 are placed at about
174.85 million tonnes, comprising 8.03 million
tonnes in the reserves category and 166.82 million
tonnes under remaining resources category.
Resources containing +40% fixed carbon
constitute about 1.11 million tonnes and resources
analysing 10-40% fixed carbon 22.69 million
tonnes. Balance resources of 151.05 million
tonnes fall under 'others', 'unclassified' and 'not-
known' grades. Arunachal Pradesh accounts for
42% of total resources, followed by Jammu &
Kashmir (36%), Jharkhand (7%), Tamil Nadu &
Odisha (5% each). However, in terms of reserves,
Tamil Nadu has leading share of about 45%
followed by Odisha (41%) and Jharkhand (14%)
(Table-1).
44-2
EXPLORATION & DEVELOPMENT
Exploration work has not been reported from
GSI or State Directorates of Geology & Mining
during 2010-11.
PRODUCTION STOCKS &
PRICES
Production of graphite at about 115 thousand
tonnes in 2010-11 decreased by 8% as compared
to the preceding year due to less demand and
temporary closure of mines in Odisha. The output
of graphite is reported in terms of run-of-mine
(r.o.m.) which contains varying carbon content.
In all, there were 20 reporting mines in
2010-11 as against 32 in the previous year. Eight
principal producers accounted for 97% of the total
output during the year. The share of public sector
in the total output was 43% in 2010-11 as
compared to 41% in the previous year.
About 87% of the total production in 2010-11
accrued from five mines, each producing more
t h a n 5 , 0 0 0 t o n n e s a n n u a l l y, w h i l e 1 0 %
was contributed by three mines, each in the
production range of 3,000 to 5,000 tonnes per
annum. The remaining 3% output was reported
by 12 mines, each producing below 2,000 tonnes
annually.
Ta m i l N a d u was the leading state
contributing a major share of about 44% of
the total output during 2010-11 followed by
Jharkhand and Odisha contributing 39% and 17%,
respectively (Tables - 2 to 5).
Mine-head stock at the end of the year 2010-11
was 75 thousand tonnes as against 70 thousand
tonnes at the beginning of the year (Table - 6).
The average daily employment of labour
during 2010-11 was 219 against 454 in the
preceding year. Domestic prices of graphite are
furnished in the General Review on 'Prices'.
 Table 1 : Reserves/Resources of Graphite as on 1.4.2010
(By Grades/States)
(In tonnes)

Reserves Remaining resources

Grade/State Total
Proved Probable Total Feasibility Pre-feasibility Measured Indicated Inferred Reconnaissance Total resources
STD111 (A) STD211 STD331 STD332 STD333 STD334 (B) (A+B)
STD121 STD122 STD221 STD222

All India : Total 3685172 2266174 2080518 8031864 102173 1409511 3078665 224859 6603670 19736371 135662532 166817781 174849645
By Grades
+ 40% F.C. 58050 88770 67950 214770 7811 48157 604891 - 951 237190 - 899000 1113770
10-40% F.C. 3621687 598758 1988468 6208913 86237 477760 2361072 178703 2226024 10512356 636497 16478649 22687562
Others 5435 - 23452 28887 7500 18750 - - 3300501 3297811 - 6624562 6653449
Unclassified - 1549549 648 1550197 - 860223 112702 6320 5882 4467502 62107720 67560349 69110546
Not-known - 29097 - 29097 625 4621 - 39836 1070312 1221512 72918315 75255221 75284318

By States

44-3
Andhra Pradesh - - - - - - 1135 - 124759 301306 - 427200 427200
GRAPHITE

Arunachal Pradesh - - - - - - - - - - 72758257 72758257 72758257

Gujarat - - - - - - - - 2520805 835000 - 3355805 3355805
Jammu & Kashmir - - - - - - - - - 1059520 61681035 62740555 62740555
Jharkhand 382036 72670 645823 1100529 47073 236783 1666551 2750 1855192 6798641 1203350 11810340 12910869
Karnataka 727 20820 1312 22859 7500 18750 - - 18200 - - 44450 67309
Kerala - - - - - 8300 17762 134900 1088550 335818 - 1585330 1585330
Madhya Pradesh - - - - - - - - - 1006660 - 1006660 1006660
Maharashtra - - - - - - - - - 1160000 - 1160000 1160000
Odisha 495296 2172684 622933 3290913 - 1106192 1224811 11179 98665 2923002 19890 5383739 8674652
Rajasthan - - - - 47600 - 165920 - 250000 1450034 - 1913554 1913554
Tamil Nadu 2807113 - 810450 3617563 - 39486 2486 65330 647500 3866390 - 4621192 8238755
Uttarakhand - - - - - - - 10700 - - - 10700 10700
Figures rounded off.
 GRAPHITE

Table 2 : Principal Producers of Graphite Table - 2 :(Concld.)

2010-11
Name & address of Location of mine
Location of mine producer
Name & address of producer State District
State District
Singhania Commercial Co., Jharkhand Palamau
Tamil Nadu Minerals Ltd, Tamil Sivagangai M. S. Singhania,
31, Kamarajar Salai, Nadu Jail Road, Daltonganj,
Chepauk, Chennai-600 005, Palamau,
Tamil Nadu. Jharkhand.
K. K. Poddar, Jharkhand Palamau
Poddar Niket, T.P. Minerals Pvt. Ltd, Odisha Rayagada
Bariaju Road, Ranchi, Hospital Road, Sambalpur,
Jharkhand. Odisha

Orissa Manganese & Minerals Jharkhand Palamau Sunandan Pradhan, Odisha Rayagada
(P) Ltd, Pradhan Industries,
2/1 A, Sarat Bose Road, Telanga Bazar, Cuttack -9,
Kolkata, Odisha.
West Bengal
Suresh Kumar Bajaj, Jharkhand Palamau
Pramod Kumar Agrawal, Odisha Nuapara
Opp. Shivajee maidan,
Shantikunj, Farm Road,
Sambalpur, Daltonganj, Palamau,
Odisha. Jharkhand.
(Contd.)

Table 3 : Production of Graphite, 2009-10 to 2010-11

(By States)
(Qty in tonnes; value in `000)

2008-09 2009-10 2010-11(P)

State
Quantity Value Quantity Value Quantity Value

India 11 7 7 6 7 46618 124625 53830 11 4 8 3 6 47098

Jharkhand 14405 5267 26714 9518 44536 15030
Odisha 42925 21828 46192 18636 20201 8456
Tamil Nadu 60437 19523 51719 25676 50099 23612

Table 4 : Production of Graphite, 2009-10 and 2010-11

(By Sectors/States/Districts)
(Qty in tonnes; value in ` 000)

2009-10 2010-11(P)
State/District
No. of Quantity Value No. of Quantity Value
mines mines

India 32 124625 53830 20 11 4 8 3 6 47098

Public sector 1 50764 25382 1 49299 23178
Private sector 31 73861 28448 19 65537 23920

Jharkhand 9 26714 9518 8 44536 15030

Latehar 1 3550 959 1 1410 381
Palamau 8 23164 8559 7 43126 14649

Odisha 21 46192 18636 10 20201 8456

Bargarh 4 1193 479 1 * *
Bolangir 10 29944 12245 5 275 165
Nuapada 4 10373 3946 1 11524 4321
Rayagada 3 4682 1966 3 8402 3970

Tamil Nadu 2 51719 25676 2 50099 23612

Madurai 1 955 294 1 800 434
Sivagangai 1 50764 25382 1 49299 23178

* Only labour employment reported during the year.

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 GRAPHITE

Table 5 : Production of Graphite, 2009-10 & 2010-11(P)

(By Frequency Groups)
(Qty in tonnes)

No.of Production for Percentage In Cumulative

Production mines the group total production percentage
group
2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11

India 32 20 124625 11 4 8 3 6 100 100

Up to 500 14 9 1097 305 0.88 0.26 0.88 0.26
501-1000 3 2 2502 1490 2.00 1.30 2.88 1.56
1001-2000 4 1 5863 1410 4.70 1.23 7.58 2.79
2001-3000 2 - 4032 - 3.24 - 10.82 2.79
3001-4000 3 2 10192 6872 8.18 5.98 19.00 8.77
4001-5000 2 1 9543 4910 7.66 4.28 26.66 13.05
Above 5001 4 5 91396 99849 73.34 86.95 100 100

Table 6 : Mine-head Stocks of Graphite, 2010-11(P)

(By States)
(In tonnes)

State At the beginning of the year At the end of the year

India 69666 75283

Jharkhand 6161 8260

Odisha 30331 31503

Tamil Nadu 33174 35520

MINING & MARKETING to 20% F.C. Sargipalli underground mine in

Graphite mines are mostly small and opencast
barring a few underground mines. Water seepage
beyond 6 m depth is the main problem faced by
almost all mine owners in Odisha.
Active mining centres of graphite are in
Latehar and Palamau districts in Jharkhand;
Bargarh, Nuapada, Rayagada and Bolangir
districts in Odisha and Madurai and Sivaganga
districts in Tamil Nadu. In Jharkhand, mining
activities are concentrated mostly around Sokara
village in Palamau district. It is a disseminated
deposit of flaky graphite containing 5 to 20% F.C.
In Odisha, areas in and around Bolangir are the
chief mining centres where several graphite
grades are produced. At Bolangir, a few opencast
workings are deeper than 45 m from surface and
the r.o.m. from such mines generally contains 10
44-5
Sambalpur district, operated by M/s T. P. Mineral
Industries (TPMI), produced graphite, analysing
up to 40% F.C. in the past.
Dangachacha mine, also owned by TPMI, is a
promising opencast mine in which the r.o.m.
contains 40% F.C. The ore from the mine is
partially beneficiated in a 3,000-tpy plant. The
remaining output is sold to other beneficiation
plants nearby. Graphite of Bolangir and Sambalpur
districts is utilised mostly by the graphite crucible
industry while graphite worked earlier from
Kalahandi district used to be despatched to
foundry units. The technological changes in
recent years have considerably reduced the use
of graphite as a lubricant. However, recycled
graphite is being used in producing clay-bonded
graphite crucibles.
 GRAPHITE
BENEFICIATION
Graphite occurs generally admixed with the country
rocks and hence, it requires beneficiation for obtaining
desired grade for various end-uses. Processes for
graphite beneficiation depend upon nature and
association of gangue minerals present. The common
processes adopted are washing, sorting, tabling, acid
leaching and froth flotation. Amongst these, froth
flotation process is used widely as it helps in producing
a fairly high-grade graphite concentrate. Sometimes,
beneficiated concentrate is further enriched by chemical
treatment (acid leaching, chlorination, etc.) to obtain a
very high-grade concentrate containing 98 to 99% F.C.
The r.o.m., on an average, containing about 10%
F.C. has to be invariably beneficiated before marketing.
Indigenously fabricated equipment is used generally
to upgrade the r.o.m. to produce marketable grade
graphite which contains normally 70 to 80% F.C. About
92% F.C. product has been obtained by many producers
after repeated cycles of beneficiation. Few plant owners
claimed to have obtained product containing as high as
95% F.C.
Beneficiation plants in Odisha seem to have been
designed for treating +10% F.C. graphite (r.o.m.). In
practice, it is seen that lower grade graphite having
+5% F.C. is blended with higher grades to meet the
requirements of beneficiation plant; i.e., +10% F.C. Thus,
low grade ore analysing +5% F.C. is also used.
Tamil Nadu Minerals Ltd (TAMIN) produced
flaky graphite from a mine in Sivaganga area,
Sivaganga district in Tamil Nadu. The beneficiation
plant located adjacent to the mine site is designed to
produce 9,240 tpy of natural graphite concentrate
containing 96% F.C. with 92% recovery from r.o.m. A
list of important beneficiation plants in the country
is given below:
Beneficiation Plants in India
Andhra Pradesh
Srinivasa Graphite Crucible Industries, P. O.
Amadalavalsa, Srikakulam.
Jharkhand
Chhota Nagpur Graphite Industries, Daltonganj.
Carbon and Graphite Products, Daltonganj.
New Chemicals and Metals Products Private Ltd,
Hazaribag Road, Ranchi.
Contd.
44-6
Parijat Mining Industries (India) Private Ltd, Ranchi.
Carbon and Graphite Industries, Repala, Palamau.
Gujarat
Harikrupa Minerals, Chhota Udepur, Vadodara.
Farmsons Minerals Industries, Devgadhbaria,
Panchmahals.
India Minerals, Kellanpur, District Vadodara.
M. S. Patel, Muthai, Jatpur Road, Vadodara.
Odisha
Agrawal Graphite Industries, Sambalpur.
Gandhamardhan Graphite Udyog, Sambalpur.
G. R. Graphite Industries, Sambalpur.
National Carbon Products, Sambalpur.
Lakshminarayan Makhanlal Company, Sambalpur.
Graphite International, Sambalpur.
Laxminaryan Girdharilal, Sambalpur.
G. P. Minerals Industries, Sargipalli, Sambalpur.
T. P. Minerals Private Limited, Sambalpur.
Indesmin Graphite, Titlagarh.
Pioneer Graphite, Titlagarh.
Trinath Pradhan, Patnagarh, Bolangir.
B. K. Agrawal, Padmapur Diamond Graphite Industries,
Kartabanji.
Raimata Graphite Industries, Patnagarh, Bolangir.
Misrilal Dharamchand Jain, Bolangir.
Pradhan Industries, Rayagada.
Mangalam Graphite Industries, Bhubaneswar.
Tamil Nadu
Tamil Nadu Minerals Ltd (TAMIN), Sivaganga.
USES & SPECIFICATIONS
Traditional uses of graphite are in crucibles,
foundries, pencils, etc. Now more sophisticated
applications of graphite have emerged. Examples of
such uses are in refractories, expanded graphite-based
sealing gaskets, graphitised grease, braid, brushes,
brake lining, etc. Graphite is used in bulk for producing
certain products. It is also used in a minor amounts as
a vital additive for producing other products. Foundry
 GRAPHITE

coatings are used to prevent fusion of liquid metal (Concld.)

with the sand at the mould or core face. They are
applied as coating by spraying or painting in the End product Percentage Quality of the
of graphite graphite
form of suspension or by dusting or rubbing as used used
dry powders. Good quality graphite which is one
Fixed Carbon Size
of the materials for this purpose, does not peel (F. C.) (micron)
off in flakes. On drying, it imparts a smooth
surface to the casting.
Brake-linings 1-15 98% min 75 max
The BIS has prescribed the following Foundry 40-70% 53-75
specifications of graphite for use in various
industries : Batteries
a) Dry cells 88% min 75 max
IS: 1132-1985 (Reaffirmed 2008) - graphite for use b) Alkaline 98% min 5-75
in graphite crucible industry;
Brushes Usually 99% Usually
IS:1305-1984 (Reaffirmed 2012) - graphite for use in less than
foundry coatings; 53

IS: 14852-2000 (Reaffirmed 2010) - flaky graphite Lubricants 98-99% 53-106

for refractory industry;
Sintered products 98-99% 5
IS: 495-1967 (First Revision, Reaffirmed 2007) - (e.g. clog wheels)
graphite flakes for lubricants;
Paint Up to 75 50-55% Amorph-
IS: 62-2006 (First Revision, Reaffirmed 2011) - 75% min ous
graphite for paints; and powder
flake
IS: 2079-1982 (First Revision, Reaffirmed 2010) - Braid used for sealing 40-50 95% min
graphite for pencil slips. (e.g. in ship)

The specifications of graphite adopted by the Graphitised grease +99% 38 max

(used in seamless steel
industry for some uses are as follows : tube manufacturing)

Specifications of Graphite Recarburisation of steel 100 99% Microni-

sed
End product Percentage Quality of the Colloidal graphite 100 99.9% Colloidal
of graphite graphite
used used
Fixed Carbon Size
(F. C.) (micron)
CONSUMPTION
Reliable consumption data on beneficiated
Mag-Carb refractories 12 87-90% 150-710
Alumina-Carb (graphitised) 8-10 85% min 150-500
graphite concentrates are not available. As per
alumina refractories the information received from various graphite
Clay-bonded crucibles 60-65 +80 -20 to +100 consuming units and estimates, the consumption
mesh. of various grades of graphite during 2008-09
Silicon carbide crucibles 35 80-89% +150 to 2010-11 ranged from 14,400 tonnes to
15,000 tonnes. Out of total reported consumption
Expanded (or flexible) 100 90% min 250-1800
graphite foils and products (preferably in 2010-11, the refractory industry accounted for
based thereon (e.g. sealing +99%)
gaskets in refineries, fuel 7,100 tonnes (47%), crucible industry 4,700 tonnes
pumps, automobiles) (31%) and foundry industry 1,000 tonnes
Pencils 50-60 +95- 98% 50 max (7%). Industrywise consumption data are given
in Table - 7.
(Contd.)

44-7
 GRAPHITE

Table - 7 : Reported Consumption of Graphite World production of graphite was 2.1 million
2008-09 to 2010-11 tonnes in 2010. China continued to be
(By Industries) the leading producer, having a share of about
(In tonnes) 86%, followed by India (5%) and Brazil (4%)
Industry 2008-09 2009-10(R) 2010-11(P)
(Table-9).

All Industries 14400 14600 15000

Table 8 : World Reserves of Graphite
(Natural)
Dry cell battery 400(2) 400(3) 400(3) (By Principal Countries)
Electrode 600(5) 600(5) 600(5)
Foundry(e)+ 1000(6) 1000(6) 1000(6) (In '000 tonnes)

Graphite products 4600(3) 4600(3) 4700(3) Country Reserves

(Crucible)(e) ++
World : Total (rounded) 77000
Graphite products 500(1) 500(1) 500(1) Brazil 360
(pencil) China 55000
Refractory 6600(24) 6800(23) 7100(23) India* 11000
Madagascar 940
Others (asbestos 700(20) 700(17) 700(17)
Mexico 3100
products,
Other countries 6400
chemicals, paint,
paper, pesticide, Source: Mineral Commodity Summaries, 2010.
pharmaceuticals, F i g u re s o f C a n a d a , N o r t h K o re a , N o rw a y, R o m a n i a ,
Sri Lanka, Ukraine are included with Other countries.
and rubber)
*India's total resources of graphite as per National
Mineral Inventory as on 1.4.2010 are 175 million tonnes
Figures rounded off. Data collected on non-statutory of which 8 million tonnes are categorised as reserves.
basis.
Figures in parentheses denote the number of units in Table 9 : World Production of Graphite (Natural)
organised sector reporting* consumption. (By Principal Countries)
(*Includes actual reported consumption and/or estimates
made wherever required). (In '000 tonnes)
(e)+ Estimated consumption taken from Market Survey
conducted by IBM. Country 2008 2009 2010

Excludes consumption of graphite for beneficiation World : Total 2400 2200 2100
purposes estimated at 140,000 tonnes
Brazil @ 81 59 84
a p p roximately. (e) (e)
Canada 20 7 20
(e)++Based on the information supplied by The All India (e)
China # 1800 1800 1800
Graphite Crucible Manufacturers Association, (e)
Rajahmundry (Andhra Pradesh) and field survey India * 118 109 99
to Samalkot/Rajahmundry area by Mineral Korea, Dem. 30 30 30
Economics Division, IBM, in March, 2007 and data P. R. of
received through non-statutory returns.
Mexico 7 5 7
Russia 14 14 14
WORLD REVIEW Ukraine
(e)
8 8 8
The world inferred resources of graphite are Zimbabwe 5 2 1
believed to exceed 800 million tonnes of recoverable Other countries 317 166 37
Source: World Mineral Production, 2006-2010
reserves. However, world reserves of graphite have @ Including beneficiated and directly shipped material.
been placed at 77 million tonnes of which China # Including flake graphite.
* Crude. India's production of graphite in 2008-09,
alone holds 55 million tonnes; i.e., over 71%, followed 2009-10 and 2010-11 was 118 thousand tonnes,
by India (14%) and Mexico (4%) (Table-8). 125 thousand tonnes and 115 thousand tonnes,
respectively.

44-8
 GRAPHITE

Table 10 : Exports of Graphite (Natural)

FOREIGN TRADE (By Countries)
Exports
In 2010-11, exports of graphite (natural) were 2009-10 2010-11
1,070 tonnes as compared to 1,048 tonnes in the Country
Qty Value Qty Value
previous year. Graphite (natural) was exported
(t) (` 000) (t) (` 000)
mainly to UK (17%), Germany (16%), Italy (12%)
and UAE (6%). The exports of graphite (artificial) All Countries 1048 81374 1070 69546
increased to 9,507 tonnes in 2010-11 from 7,286
UK 203 22089 178 17280
tonnes in the previous year. Graphite (artificial)
Germany 25 3215 171 11945
was exported mainly to Iran (41%), USA (16%)
and Bhutan (11%). Italy _ _ 126 8025

New Zealand 11 2055 32 6640

The exports of graphite crucibles increased
to 569 tonnes in 2010-11 from 272 tonnes in the Netherlands 47 6714 33 4247
preceding year while those of silicon carbide UAE 118 5746 62 3654
crucibles increased to 8,811 tonnes from 6,903
Paraguay _ _ 49 3254
t o n n e s i n t h e p r e v i o u s y e a r. Tu n i s i a a n d
Malaysia were the main buyers of graphite Australia _ _ 17 2624
crucibles. Silicon carbide crucibles were exported Japan 5 3139 58 2232
m a i n l y t o G e r m a n y, E g y p t , U K , I r a n a n d
Belgium _ _ 36 1894
Indonesia. Exports of graphite bricks and shapes
were at 190 tonnes in 2010-11 compared to 288 Other countries 639 38416 308 7751
tonnes in the preceding year. Graphite bricks and
shapes were mainly exported to Brazil, Denmark,
Iraq, UAE and Argentina (Tables - 10 to 14).
Table 11 : Exports of Graphite (Artificial)
Imports
(By Countries)
Imports of graphite (natural) increased
to 14,348 tonnes in 2010-11 from 12,780 tonnes 2009-10 2010-11
i n t h e p r e c e d i n g y e a r. I m p o r t s o f Country
graphite (artificial) also increased to 15,903 Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (`000) (t) (`000)
tonnes in 2010-11 from 13,422 tonnes in the
previous year. Graphite (natural) was mainly All Countries 7286 373050 9507 542331
from China (86%). Imports of graphite (artificial)
Iran 3461 86402 3896 108436
were mainly from China (47%), Poland (14%) and
Norway (12%). Sweden 58 16710 332 74845

Germany 501 64648 270 73874

Imports of graphite bricks and shapes were
215 tonnes in 2010-11 as against 50 tonnes in the USA 828 69701 1502 70700
p r e v i o u s y e a r. I m p o r t s w e r e m a i n l y f r o m Bhutan 1007 24129 1075 27693
Netherlands and China. Imports of graphite Korea, Rep. of 6 1350 121 25112
crucibles increased to 5,743 tonnes in 2010-11
France 26 6305 147 17392
from 3,267 tonnes in the preceding year. China
was the main supplier with 94% share. Imports of Netherlands 11 3081 174 16452
silicon carbide crucibles were 1,262 tonnes in UK 13 4281 213 15690
2010-11 as compared to 1,150 tonnes in the
Indonesia 1 486 68 14686
previous year. Imports were mainly from UK
Other countries 1374 95957 1709 97451
(23%), Germany (20%) and USA (15%) (Tables -
15 to 19).

44-9
 GRAPHITE

Table 12 : Exports of Graphite Table 14 : Exports of Silicon Carbide

Bricks & Shapes Crucibles
(By Countries) (By Countries)

2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11

Country Country
Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value Qty Value
(t) ( ` 0 0 0 ) (t) (`000) (t) (` 000) (t) (` 000)

All Countries 288 2470 190 4 11 9 All Countries 6903 377106 8811 434517

Brazil 78 1315 Iran 1254 61263 554 44853

Iraq 25 1403 22 1263 Germany 442 37307 3141 40166

UAE _ _ 20 395 Korea, Rep. of 612 38426 308 36422

Egypt 11 384 Egypt 397 28079 755 34617

Bangladesh 40 110 5 247 USA 531 17444 331 31306

Argentina _ _ 20 181 South Africa 403 21367 178 29717

Australia 1 167 UK 811 16491 575 25128

Indonesia _ _ 3 90 Indonesia 233 23966 531 22773

Denmark _ _ 30 76 Turkey 529 23562 259 22756

Other countries 223 957 ++ 1 France 83 13628 402 21202

Other countries 1608 95573 1777 125577

Table 13 : Exports of Graphite Crucibles

(By Countries)
Table 15 : Imports of Graphite (Natural)
2009-10 2010-11 (By Countries)
Country
Qty Value Qty Value 2009-10 2010-11
(t) (` 000) (t) (`000) Country
Qty Value Qty Value
All Countries 272 10831 569 37780 (t) (` 000) (t) (` 000)

Tunisia _ _ 340 27603 All Countries 12780 395701 14348 460015

Malaysia _ _ 116 3986 China 11318 313333 12404 357456

Egypt 29 359 45 1871 Madagascar 484 26092 720 29247

Philippines 58 3539 19 1266 Brazil 202 9955 400 20417

South Africa 7 585 6 752 Germany 89 12926 119 15459

USA 119 9209 121 10545

Sweden _ _ 23 602
Sri Lanka 137 6445 105 8023
Germany 1 151 1 477
UK 116 3102 33 2821
Netherlands _ _ 1 446
Korea, Rep. of _ _ 93 2472
USA _ _ 1 339
Italy 23 2012 18 1515
Kenya 3 48 10 299
Unspecified 8 220 100 2987
Other countries 174 6149 7 139
Other countries 284 12407 235 9073

44-10
 GRAPHITE

Table 16 : Imports of Graphite (Artificial) Table 18 : Imports of Graphite Crucibles

(By Countries) (By Countries)

2009-10 2010-11 2009-10 2010-11

Country
Country Qty Value Qty Value
Qty Value Qty Value (t) (`000) (t) (` 000)
(t) (` 000) (t) (`000)
All Countries 3267 118418 5743 142945
China 3118 113537 5394 138444
All Countries 13422 1324733 15903 1548569 Germany 60 1069 293 2166
France 84 3714 22 1283
China 7839 371595 7526 491808
Austria _ _ 21 838
Poland _ _ 2261 228455 USA 1 31 13 214
Other countries 4 67
USA 1037 366920 746 177767

Germany 386 123634 687 170299

Japan 254 87222 355 90258 Table 19 : Imports of Silicon Carbide Crucibles
(By Countries)
Norway 1762 79674 1871 89105

France 522 82670 989 89025 2009-10 2010-11

Country
UK 267 36994 359 65495 Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (` 000) (t) (` 000)
Netherlands 358 47673 486 55312
All Countries 1150 48859 1262 45109
Unspecified _ _ 255 21973 UK 258 15508 285 12875
Germany 312 12475 250 10346
Other countries 997 128351 368 69072
USA 158 5475 185 5823
Indonesia 3 72 100 4554
Table 17 : Imports of Graphite Bricks & Czech Rep. 60 1765 127 3315
China 261 8736 56 2168
Shapes Singapore _ _ 16 1268
(By Countries) Japan 18 990 63 1234
Italy 54 1815 138 1184
2009-10 2010-11
Poland 4 232 16 819
Country Other countries 22 1791 26 1523
Qty Value Qty Value
(t) (` 000) (t) (` 000)

All Countries 50 1509 215 12535 FUTURE OUTLOOK

The graphite reserves having +40% fixed
Netherlands _ _ 100 4911
c a r b o n a r e r a t h e r l i m i t e d i n t h e c o u n t r y.
Austria 18 3136 Detailed exploration of graphite deposits in
USA _ _ 11 2031
Odisha, Jharkhand, Jammu & Kashmir and Kerala
should be carried out. Cost-effective
China 40 1128 71 1670
b e n e f i c i a t i o n t e c h n o l o g i e s f o r l o w-g r a d e
Germany 5 241 12 538 g r a p h i t e o r e need to b e d e v e l o p e d . Silicon
carbide-graphite crucibles are being diversified
Belgium _ _ 2 218
and manufactured to improve upon the use of
Japan 4 82 1 31 inferior grade material with less quantity and at
Other Countries 1 58 _ _ the same time ensuring longer life of crucible.
Consumption of various grades of graphite in the

44-11
 GRAPHITE
organised sector was in the range of 14,000
tonnes during the last three years. Out of the
total consumption, the refractory (45%) and
crucible industries (30%) accounted for 75% and
foundry industry for 7%. The apperent domestic
demand of graphite run of mine is estimated at
135,000 tonnes by 2011-12 and at 208,000 tonnes
by 2016-17 at 9% growth rate by the Working
Group for the 12th Plan, Planning Commission of
India.
Some important higher applications have
emerged in exfoliated graphite which are for
making sealings, gaskets, braids and brushes.
New products of synthetic graphite are graphite
fibres/ropes and graphite insulation blankets.
44-12
Carbon-composite materials are used in very high
technology areas, such as aerospace and these
advanced materials are produced in Hyderabad in
a pilot plant. On world scenario, a potential large-
volume end-use for natural graphite has emerged
in heat sinks, also called spreader shield, which is
a graphite foil material conducting heat only in
two directions. It has thermal conductivity above
aluminium and almost equal to copper. These are
used for carrying away heat in laptop computers,
flat-panel displays, wireless phones, digital video
cameras, etc. The silicon carbide crucible industry
should be encouraged to increase the exports of
its products for increased margin of profits.