5/1/2017 TransformerImpedanceOpenElectrical

TransformerImpedance
FromOpenElectrical

Contents
1 PositiveSequenceImpedance
1.1 TwoWindingTransformer
1.1.1 ImpedanceMeasurement
1.1.2 CopperLosses
1.1.3 CalculationofR1 andX1
1.1.4 ApplicationinTransformerModels
1.2 WindingConnections
2 ZeroSequenceImpedance
2.1 TwoWindingTransformer
2.1.1 ImpedanceMeasurement
2.1.2 CalculationofR0 andX0
3 References

PositiveSequenceImpedance
Thetransformerpositivesequenceimpedanceisalsocalledtheshortcircuitimpedance(becauseitismeasured
fromashortcircuittest)ortheimpedancevoltage(becauseavoltageismeasuredfromtheshortcircuittestmore
detailsbelow).

TwoWindingTransformer

ImpedanceMeasurement

Thepositivesequenceimpedanceismeasured
fromastandardshortcircuittest(seefigure
right).Inthistest,onesetofwindingsis
shorted(typicallytheLVwindings)anda
threephasevoltagesourceisappliedtothe
othersetofwindings.Thevoltageissteadily
increaseduntiltheratedphasecurrentis
measured.

Thevoltageatthispointiscalledthe
impedancevoltage.Whentheimpedance Positivesequenceimpedancetestcircuitforthreephase2winding
voltageisexpressedasaperunitvalue(onthe transformer
transformerratedlinetolinevoltage),the
impedancevoltageisequivalenttotheperunit
impedance,i.e.

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Vz In Z1
= = Z1,pu
Vn In Zb

whereVz isthemeasuredimpedancevoltage(V)

Vn istheratedtransformerlinetolinevoltage/basevoltage(V)
In istheratedtransformercurrent(A)
Z1 isthepositivesequenceimpedance( )

Zb isthetransformerbaseimpedance( )
Z1,pu isthepositivesequenceimpedance(pu)

Theimpedancevoltageisalsooftenexpressedasapercentage(Z%).

CopperLosses

Fullloadcopper(oriron)lossesaremeasuredinthesametestastheimpedancevoltagebytakingthepower
2
reading(fromthewattmeterinthetestcircuit).ThecopperlossesrepresenttheI Rlossesfromthefullload
currentinthephasewindings,aswellasstraylossesduetoinducededdycurrentsfromleakagefluxesinthe
windings,coreclamps,tankandothermagneticpathways.

CalculationofR1 andX1

Theresistiveandreactivecomponentsofthepositivesequencetransformerimpedancecanbeestimatedfromthe
twoshortcircuittestmeasurements1)impedancevoltage,and2)fullloadcopperlosses.Theexpressionsbelow
calculatetheresistanceandreactanceinperunitquanitities.

Pc
R 1,pu =
1000Sn

2 2
X1,pu = Z R
1,pu 1,pu

WhereR1,pu isthepositivesequenceresistance(pu)

X1,pu isthepositivesequencereactance(pu)
Z1,pu isthepositivesequenceimpedance(pu)

P c arethefullloadcopperlosses(W)
Sn isthetransformerratedpower(kVA)

ApplicationinTransformerModels

Thepositivesequenceimpedancemeasuredandcalculatedaboveismostoftenappliedinthestandardpositive
sequencetwowindingtransformermodelasrepresentingthetransformerleakageimpedance.Thisrepresentation
assumesthattheparallelmagnetisingandcorelossbranchintheTcircuitisanegligiblepartofthemeasured
positivesequenceimpedance(notethatthemagnetisingreactanceandcorelossesareestimatedseparatelyinno
load(opencircuit)tests).

Youwillnoticethatthestandardpositivesequencetransformermodelhasleakageimpedancesonboththeprimary
andsecondarsidesofthetransformer.Howeverinourmeasurements,weonlycalculateasingleimpedance.Itis
commonpracticetodistributetheimpedanceacrossbothsides(forexample,50%50%ifnootherinformationis
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5/1/2017 TransformerImpedanceOpenElectrical

available).

WindingConnections

Itisworthnotingthatthetransformerimpedancevoltage(expressedinpercentorperunit)isindependentofthe
windingconnection.Thisisbecauseeachwindingistestedseparatelyandnormallyquotedasaperunit(or
percent)impedancevoltagebasedonthetransformer'sratedlinetolinevoltage(seeIEEEStdC57.12.90).Ifthe
windingconnectionsarechanged,thenthelinetolinevoltagewouldalsohavetochange.Butsinceitisaperunit
(orpercent)value,theimpedancevoltagewouldremainthesame.

ZeroSequenceImpedance
TwoWindingTransformer

ImpedanceMeasurement

Inthezerosequencetest,asinglephase
voltagesourceisappliedbetweenthethree
phaseterminals(connectedtogether)andan
externallyavailableneutralterminal(seethe
testcircuitinthefigureright).Likeinthe
positivesequencetest,thevoltageissteadily
increaseduntiltheratedcurrentismeasured.

Vz 1 In Z0 1
= = Z0,pu
Vn 3 In Zb 3 Zerosequenceimpedancetestcircuitforthreephase2winding
transformer(withaccessibleneutral)
whereVz isthemeasuredzerosequence
impedancevoltage(V)

Vn istheratedtransformerlinetolinevoltage/basevoltage(V)
In istheratedtransformercurrent(A)
Z0 isthezerosequenceimpedance( )

Zb isthetransformerbaseimpedance( )
Z0,pu isthezerosequenceimpedance(pu)

NotethatthemeasuredimpedancevoltageisactuallyequivalenttoathirdofZ0 .Thisisbecausethethreephase
windingsareconnectedtogetherandthecurrentflowingthrougheachindividualwindingisathirdofthe
measuredratedcurrent.

Tleis[2]alsosuggeststhatforearthedstarstar(YNyn)transformerswithathreelimbedcoreconstruction,zero
sequencefluxcancirculatearoundapaththroughthecore,tank,insulatingoilandair.Thereforethismagnetic
pathactslikea"virtual"deltawinding,andthezerosequenceimpedancecanbelowerthanthestandardmeasured
value.Tleissuggeststreatingthesetransformerslikethreewindingtransformersandperformingatleastthreetest
measurements.

CalculationofR0 andX0

Occasionallythezerosequencecopperlosses(Pc,0 )arealsomeasuredaspartofthezerosequencetest.Whenthis
isthecase,calculationssimilartothatofthepositivesequenceimpedancecanbeapplied:
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P c,0
R 0,pu =
1000Sn

2 2
X0,pu = Z R
0,pu 0,pu

WhereR0,pu isthezerosequenceresistance(pu)

X0,pu isthezerosequencereactance(pu)
Z0,pu isthezerosequenceimpedance(pu)

P c,0 arethezerosequencecopperlosses(W)

Sn isthetransformerratedpower(kVA)

However,whenthezerosequencecopperlossesarenotknown,itiscommontousethesameX/Rratioasinthe
positivesequence,i.e.

Z0,pu
R 0,pu =

2
X1
1 + ( )
R1

X1
X0,pu = ( ) R 0,pu
R1

X1
Where isthepositivesequenceX/Rratio
R1

References
[1]IEEEStdC57.12.90,"IEEEStandardTestCodeforLiquidImmersedDistribution,Powerand
RegulatingTransformers"(http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/xpl/mostRecentIssue.jsp?punumber=5610576),2010

[2]Tleis,N.,"PowerSystemsModellingandFaultAnalysisTheoryandPractice"(http://www.amazon.co
m/gp/product/0750680741/ref=as_li_ss_tl?ie=UTF8&camp=1789&creative=390957&creativeASIN=07506
80741&linkCode=as2&tag=openelect20),Newnes,2008

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Category: Transformers

Thispagewaslastmodifiedon17February2017,at21:27.

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