Electronics Engineering Department

In Partial Fulfillment

of the Requirements in

ECE13: ECE Elective 2

Motor Drives and Inverters

Custodio, Edgar Rushel

Peradilla, Vico Paulo

Publico, Michelle

Mercado, Chalice

Capuno, Cydney

Aldover, Arvin

April 2017
 Acknowledgement

This project would have not been possible if it were not for the support and
assistance of several persons whose help and effort are greatly acknowledged. This
paper would have not been completed with the help of the following:

To Almighty God. . . Who provided us our strength and knowledge which we

used to complete all requirements needed.
To our family. . . Who provided us our financial needing and for encouraging us
to pursue more for our dreams.
To Capuno and Peradillla Family. . . Who welcomed us with open arms and
shared their home for us to have our workplace.
To our adviser, Mam Kat. . . Who greatly explained all procedures step by step
for us to complete all tasks
To Mam Liza, whos always willing to share her knowledge and skills on
Microprocessor Systems which we have used to make this project possible.
To Angie. . . Who shared information about TIP120 transistor.
And to all the persons we havent mentioned who helped us to completed and
finish this paper, Thank you!

Chalice
Benong
Kobe
Chen
Cyd
ER
Table of Contents

Title Page

Title Page i
Acknowledgement ii
Table of Contents Iii
List of Figures iv
List of Tables iv

I. Project Description
A. Introduction
B. Theory of Operation
C. Design Details
C1. Components Used in the Project
C2. PCB Layout
C3. Schematic Diagram
C4. Program Code
C5. System Operation
II. Project Procedure
III. Testing Results
IV. Breakdown of Tasks
V. Bill of Materials
VI. Appendices
Appendix A
User Manual
Appendix B
Data Sheets
Appendix C
Curriculum Vitae
List of Figures

Figure No. Name Page

1 Constructional feature of DC Motor
2 DC Motor (9V)
3 Arduino Uno
4 Potentiometer (10 kilo ohms)
5 Diode (1N4001)
6 Resistor (100 ohms)
7
Transistor (TIP 120)
8 Battery (9V)
9 12V DC Power Adapter
10 Jumper Wires
11 PCB Layout
12 Egg Mixer Circuit Diagram
13 Researching
14 DC Motor Circuit
15 Discussion and Troubleshooting of the circuit
16 Project Casing

List of Tables

Table No. Name Page

1 Testing the functionality
2 Breakdown of Task
3 Bill of Materials
I. Project Description
A. Introduction

The impact of technology in modern life is immeasurable; obviously, technology is used

in different ways. New phenomena were discovered almost daily. Inventions in the field of
electrical science and its applications were in the air. Often the inventors knew nothing about
each other and developed similar solutions independently. Look around, all mechanical
movement you see is operated by technology. And most of those technologies are made up of
electric motors. Motors take electrical energy use in everyday life.

The foundation of electric motor invention was only laid after battery, magnetic fields
from the electric currents and electromagnet made their way. Throughout the world, there were
many inventors who passionately worked towards developing solutions in the electrical science
field. The first electrical motor is known to have been a simple electrostatic motor fathered
by Andrew Gordon in 1740s. Later in 1820, Andre-Marie Ampere discovered the Amperes force
law the principle that explained mechanical force production by interactions of magnetic field
and electric current. This idea was further shaped into a reality by British chemist and
physic, Michael Faraday. The man has been known for his electromagnetic induction
discoveries and this certainly was one of the major breakthroughs in the field of electrical
science.

Electric machines are in a method of converting energy. At the most basic level, electric
motors exist to convert electrical energy into mechanical energy, this is done by way of two
interacting magnetic fields -- one stationary, and another attached to a part that can move.
Electric motors are broadly classified into two different categories: Direct Current (DC) motor
and Alternating Current (AC) motor. This project focused on DC motor wherein it runs on direct
current power. DC motors are not only the simplest, but also the oldest electric motors. It has
the potential for very high torque capabilities that are easy to miniaturize, and can be throttled
via adjusting their supply voltage, which is generally a function of the physical size of the motor.
Motors can also work with the use of Arduino, which is an open source electronics platform
based on easy-to-use hardware and software.

Electric motors are found in a numerous of applications such as industrial fans, blowers,
pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, computer disk drives, and many
more applications. Because the home kitchen has changed drastically in design and function
over the past 20 years, more and more individuals and families are instituting the use of
industrial or commercial quality electronics and appliances in their kitchen workspace. In the
home environment, one of the most popular kitchen appliances is the mixer. Thats why the
team made a project which is an Egg Mixer. The concept is usually quite simple; a small electric
motor is encased in a house, normally of plastic, that has a handle as well as ports for blades
and paddles. These paddles are removable for easy cleaning. Once switched on, the motor
causes the blades to spin very quickly. Instead of mixing manually, you can use this tool as an
alternative to manual blending with spoon or fork. It automates the repetitive tasks of stirring,
whisking or beating. The mixer is able to work much faster and more efficiently, and at high
speeds can often do things like whip cream into a froth, which takes a lot of effort when done
manually. Whether a hand mixer, or the growing popularity of stand mixers, the products must
possess electronically efficient mixer motors that are powerful, reliable and able to stand up to
hours and hours of use. Since the Arduino provides a standard form factor that breaks out the
functions of the micro-controller into a more accessible package, it was also used in the project.
With the Egg Mixer, operation and speed control of DC motor can be seen. This Egg Mixer is
quite simple. More advanced and modern application of DC motor often has a number of
possible attachments and often come with multi-speed capabilities.

B. Theory of Operation
Since the DC Motor was defined as a device that converts electrical energy to
mechanical energy, it can be further understood through its operating principle. The very
basic construction of a DC motor contains a current carrying armature which is connected to the
supply end through commutator segments and brushes.

Figure 1

Constructional feature of DC Motor

 The armature is placed in between north and south poles of a permanent or an
electromagnet as shown in the diagram above. Its operation was based on a simple
electromagnetism. A current-carrying conductor generates a magnetic field; when this is then
placed in an external magnetic field, it will experience a force proportional to the current in the
conductor, and to the strength of the external magnetic field. Opposite polarities attract which
are the North and South Pole. Same polarities repel. The direction of this force is given
by Fleming's left hand rule and its magnitude is given by:

F = BIL

where B = magnetic flux density, I = current and L = length of the conductor within the magnetic
field. The internal configuration of a DC motor is designed to harness the magnetic interaction
between a current-carrying conductor and an external magnetic field to generate rotational
motion.

Based on the fundamental laws of nature, there will be no energy conversion unless
there is something to oppose the conversion. When the armature of the motor is rotating, the
conductors are also cutting the magnetic flux lines and hence according to the Faraday's law of
electromagnetic induction, an emf induces in the armature conductors. The direction of this
induced emf is such that it opposes the armature current. If the load on a dc motor is suddenly
reduced, the required torque will be small as compared to the current torque. Speed of the
motor will start increasing due to the excess torque. As the back emf increases, the armature
current decreases. Thus, speed of the motor will regulate. On the other hand, if a dc motor is
suddenly loaded, the load will cause the speed to decrease. Due to the decrease in speed, back
emf will also decrease allowing more armature current. Hence, presence of the back emf makes
a dc motor self-regulating. But when the motor is at rest, basically the armature resistance is
very low. Therefore, a large current flows through the armature during starting. This current is
large enough to damage the armature circuit. A large DC motor will pick up speed slowly due to
its large rotor inertia. Hence, building up the back emf slowly causing the level of high starting
current maintained for quite some time. This may cause severe damage. To avoid this, a
suitable DC motor starter must be used.

Based on the operation said above, DC Motor is used in Egg Mixer because it has an
excellent speed and torque control, runs at consistent speed and torque, efficient energy
utilization, less power consumption and less wattage needed for a set amount of work, delivers
more power with lesser energy consumption, able to move stiff dough around without straining
or bogging down, runs smoothly and quieter. A mixer with a DC motor does not strain because
torque is consistent. As a result it performs lesser work and consumes less energy. Therefore, it
does not get as hot as an AC powered unit that has to expend more energy to get the same job

done.

C. Design Details
This part showcases the components used, together with the PCB Layout, Schematic
diagram and the Program Code used throughout the project.

C1. Components
In this section, the components used in the project are shown. Its function and purpose
are also stated.

Figure 2
DC Motor (9V)
A DC motor is an electric motor that runs on direct current power. This is a device that
converts DC electrical energy to a mechanical energy. DC motors have the advantage of: higher
starting torque, quick starting and stopping, reversing, variable speeds with voltage input and
they are easier and cheaper to control than AC. This is the main component of the project.
Figure 3
 Arduino Uno
Arduino is an open-source platform used for building electronics projects. Arduino
consists of both a physical programmable circuit board (often referred to as a microcontroller)
and a piece of software, or IDE (Integrated Development Environment) that runs on your
computer, used to write and upload computer code to the physical board. The Uno is one of the
more popular boards in the Arduino family. Arduino can interact with buttons, LEDs, motors,
speakers, GPS units, cameras etc, It has a PWM pins which is used in the project. It can
accomplish a range of results in DC Motor applications because pulse width modulation can
vary how much time the signal is high in an analog fashion.

Figure 4
Potentiometer (10 kilo ohms)

A potentiometer is a manually adjustable variable resistor with 3 terminals. Two terminals are

connected to both ends of a resistive element, and the third terminal connects to a sliding
contact, called a wiper, moving over the resistive element.
The potentiometer essentially functions as a variable voltage divider. Voltage dividers find wide
application in electric meter circuits, where specific combinations of series resistors are used to
"divide" a voltage into precise proportions as part of a voltage measurement device.

Figure 5
 Diode (1N4001)

1N4001 is a member of 1N400x diodes. Diode is a rectifying device which conducts

only from anode to cathode. Diode behaves open circuited for the current flow from cathode to
anode. 1N4001 is a 1A diode with low forward voltage drop and high surge current capability. It
comprises of diffused PN junction and has low reverse leakage current of 5A. Its DC blocking
voltage is 50V. The most common function of a diode is to allow an electric current to pass in
one direction (called the diode's forward direction), while blocking current in the opposite
direction (the reverse direction). Thus, the diode can be viewed as an electronic version of a
check valve.

Figure 6
 Resistor (100 ohms)

Resistors are electronic components which have a specific, never-changing electrical

resistance. The resistors resistance limits the flow of electrons through a circuit. They
are passive components, meaning they only consume power (and cant generate it). Resistors
are usually added to circuits where they complement active components like op-amps,
microcontrollers, and other integrated circuits. Commonly resistors are used to limit
current, divide voltages, and pull-up I/O lines.

Figure 7

Transistor (TIP 120)

A transistor is a device that regulates current or voltage flow and acts as a switch or
gate for electronic signals. Transistors consist of three layers of a semiconductor material, each
capable of carrying a current. The TIP 120 is a NPN darlington transistor with a current gain of
1000 that is a good choice for interfacing many higher current or higher voltage loads to an
Arduino or other microcontroller. It can be used to control DC motors. The TIP120 acts as a
power broker or gatekeeper between the Arduino realm and the high power realm composed of
the PC fan and its battery pack.
 Figure 8

Battery (9V)

A battery is an electrochemical cell (or enclosed and protected material) that can be
charged electrically to provide a static potential for power or released electrical charge when
needed on the slots.

Figure 9

12V DC Power Adapter

A DC power supply is one that supplies a constant DC voltage to its load. Some DC
power supplies use AC mains electricity as an energy source. Such power supplies will
sometimes employ a transformer to convert the input voltage to a higher or lower AC voltage.

Figure 10
 Jumper Wires
A jump wire (also known as jumper, jumper wire, jumper cable, DuPont wire, or DuPont
cable named for one manufacturer of them) is an electrical wire or group of them in a cable
with a connector or pin at each end (or sometimes without them simply "tinned"), which is
normally used to interconnect the components of a breadboard or other prototype or test circuit,
internally or with other equipment or components, without soldering.

C2.Pcb Layout
Figure 11
PCB Layout
C3. Schematic Diagram
 Figure 12
Egg Mixer Circuit Diagram
C4. Program Code

int potPin = A0;

int motorPin = 9;
int potValue = 0;
int motorValue = 0;
void setup() {
Serial.begin(9600);
}
void loop() {
potValue = analogRead(potPin);
motorValue = map(potValue, 0, 1023, 0, 255);
analogWrite(motorPin, motorValue);
Serial.print("potentiometer = " );
Serial.print(potValue);
Serial.print("\t motor = ");
Serial.println(motorValue);
delay(2000);
}

C5. System Operation

The project is a product of Microprocessor systems, by which an Arduino

Platform is used in order to control the speed of the motor and for this project, the
potentiometer was used to vary the speed of the motor. The potentiometer is connected
to the A0 pin of the board, the reading every time its resistance is being varied is then
converted through analog values ranging from 0-255. These range of values are then
mapped or converted to digital values ranging from 0-1023, this process is what known
as the Analog-to-Digital Conversion (ADC).

These digital values are then transformed into its equivalent voltages; for
example, 0 has a value of 0V and 1023 has a value of 5V. The result of this conversion
is then delivered on the pin 9 of the Arduino where the base of the transistor is mounted.
Knowing the fact that a 12V supply is being delivered to the motor, it will not cause the
 motor to rotate since the transistor is off, likewise, it will only rotate once the base of the
transistor receives a voltage, causing the transistor to turn on.

To summarize, higher resistance readings give a high analog results, and these
results mean high digital values, and it cause to mark to a high voltage values. Finally,
higher voltage values being delivered to the base of the transistor result to higher speed
of the motor.

II. Project Procedure

In this section, the procedure of how the project was done is presented. The
content of this part is also present on the progress report submitted.

Figure 13
Researching
The researchers do a research about what project to be made relating to the application
of DC Motor. Many suggestions have been made but in the end, Egg Mixer is the chosen one.
The problems that can be associated with this have been discussed.
Figure 14
 DC Motor Circuit
The figure shows the circuit of DC Motor. The team run the circuit to be able to observe
its operation.

Figure 15
Discussion and Troubleshooting of the circuit
This figure shows the discussion of the circuit to each researcher.
Figure 16
 Project Casing
The photo above shows the case making of the project.

III. Testing Results

This chapter presents the trials conducted while troubleshooting and testing the project.

Table 1
Testing the functionality

Trial Input Expected Output Actual Output Remarks

Minimal
Motor will vary its Motor varied its
1 variation in Working
speed minimally speed minimally
resistance

Zeroing the Motor will stop from Motor stopped

2 Working
resistance rotation from rotation

Maximum
Motor will vary its Motor varied its
3 variation in Working
speed maximally speed maximally
resistance
IV. Breakdown of Task
This chapter contains the summary of tasks and contribution made by each researcher
in order to accomplish the project.

Table 2

Breakdown of Task

Research /
Programming Canvassing Documentation
Brainstorming

Aldover

Capuno

Custodio

Mercado

Peradilla

Publico
V. Bill of Materials

This chapter presents the financial statement for this project.

Quantity Item Unit Price Amount

1 piece Arduino Uno 448/piece 448

1 piece DC Motor(12V) 150/piece 150

1 piece Potentiometer 17/piece 17

1 piece Diode 3/piece 3

1 piece Resistor 1/piece 1

1 piece Transistor 30/piece 30

1 piece Battery 45/piece 45

1 piece Power Jack 67/piece 67

1 piece 12V-adapter 166/piece 166

2 piece Hinge 2/piece 4

1 sheet Acrylic Sheet 100/sheet 100

5 piece Shoe Glue 10/piece 50

Total 1081
Table 3
Bill of Materials

VI. Appendices
User Manual
Curriculum Vitae kulang pa
Appendix B
Data Sheets
DC motor 6/9V

Item Specification Reference

Rated Voltage 6V DC
No load speed 1200015%rpm
No load current 280mA
Operating voltage 1.5-6.5V DC
Starting Torque 250g.cm(according to ourself developed blade)
Starting current 5A
Insulation Resistance above 10 between the case and the terminal DV
100V
Rotation Direction CW: [+]terminal connected to the positive power supply,
[-]terminal connected to negative power, clockwise
is deemed by the direction of the output shaft
Shaft gap 0.05-0.35mm
Arduino Uno

Technical Specifications

Microcontroller ATmega328
Operating Voltage 5V
Input Voltage (recommended) 7-12V
Input Voltage (limits) 6-20V
Digital I/O Pins 14 (of which 6 provide PWM output)
Analog Input Pins 6
DC Current per I/O Pin 40 mA
DC Current for 3.3V Pin 50 mA
Flash Memory 32 KB of which 0.5 KB used by bootloader
SRAM 2 KB
EEPROM 1 KB
Clock Speed 16 MHz

Potentiomer

SPECIFICATIONS OF SP30S-10K

Track Track
Resistance 10kohm Taper Linear

No. Of Turns Power

1 Rating 1.5W
 SPECIFICATIONS OF SP30S-10K

Potentiometer No. Of
Mounting Servo Gangs 1

Mounting Type SERVO Resista

MOUNT nce
(BALL
BEARING) 10 KOhms

Number Of Product Precision

Turns 1 Potentiometers

Material, Conductive Power,

Element Plastic Rating 1W

Lead Free Lead free /

Status / RoHS RoHS
Status Compliant

1N4001 Diode

Features
Diffused Junction
High Current Capability and Low Forward Voltage Drop
Surge Overload Rating to 30A Peak
Low Reverse Leakage Current
Lead Free Finish, RoHS Compliant (Note 3)
9V Battery

Classification: Alkaline
Chemical System: Zinc-Manganese Dioxide (Zn/MnO2 )
Designation: ANSI-1604A, IEC-6LR61
Nominal Voltage: 9.0 volts
Operating Temp: -18C to 55C (0F to 130F)
Typical Weight: 45.6 grams (1.6 oz.)
Typical Volume: 21.1 cubic centimeters (1.3 cubic inch)
Jacket: Metal Shelf
Life: 5 years at 21C
Terminal: Miniature Snap

12V Power Adapter

TIP 120
Appendix C
Curriculum Vitae
 ARVIN BABAO ALDOVER

arvinaldover@hotmail.co.uk

09390468808

SKILLS

Computer Literacy , Mathematics and Language Proficiency

INSIGHTS

Make your future better than your past

 PERSONAL DETAILS

Date of Birth August 24, 1996

Place of BIrth Balatbat, Lobo Batangas
Civil Status Single
Nationality Filipino
Language Filipino, English
Religion Roman Catholic
Gender Male
Age 20
Mothers Name Nimfa B. Aldover
Fathers Name Pepito U. Aldover

EDUCATION

University of Batangas
Hilltop, Batangas City
TERTIARY Bachelor of Science in
Electronics Engineering

SECONDARY Masaguitsit-Banalo National

High School
Masaguitsit, Lobo, Batangas

ELEMENTARY Lobo Elementary School

Poblacion, Lobo, Batangas

SEMINARS AND TRAININGS

Biometrics FEBRUARY 07, 2017

Mechatronics FEBRUARY 07, 2017
 PERSONAL DETAILS

Date of Birth CHALICE MUYOT

December 02, 1997 MERCADO
Place of BIrth Trapiche 4,Tanauan City, Batangas
Civil Status Single
Nationality Filipino
Language Filipino, English
Religion Roman Catholic
mercadochalice@yahoo.com
Gender Female
Age 19
Mothers Name Lucena M. Mercado
Fathers Name Casiano C. Mercado
09753308189

EDUCATION
SKILLS

Mathematics University of Batangas

Hilltop, Batangas City
TERTIARY Bachelor of Science in
Electronics Engineering
INSIGHTS
SECONDARY Tanauan City National High
Dont be afraid to outgrow your container
School
Trapiche 1, Tanauan City,
Batangas

ELEMENTARY Trapiche Elementary School

Trapiche 3, Tanauan City,
Batangas

SEMINARS AND TRAININGS

Biometrics FEBRUARY 07, 2017

Mechatronics FEBRUARY 07, 2017
 TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE
TITLE PAGE I
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT okay II
LIST OF FIGURES page number na lang III
LIST OF TABLES page number na lang
IV
I. PROJECT DESCRIPTION
A. INTRODUCTION okay 1
B. THEORY OF OPERATION okay 2
C. DESIGN DETAILS 3
C1. COMPONENTS USED IN THE PROJECT okay 4
C2. PCB LAYOUT
5
C3. SCHEMATIC DIAGRAM okay 6
C4. PROGRAM CODE okay
C5. SYSTEM OPERATION okay
II. PROJECT PROCEDURE okay
III. TESTING RESULTS okay
IV. BREAKDOWN OF TASKS okay
V. BILL OF MATERIALS okay
VI. APPENDICES

USER MANUAL
DATA SHEETS okay
CURRICULUM VITAE Covi,Chen,, Cyd resume nyo. Edit nyo yung sinend ni Benz