The Rise of Dictatorships in Europe

Chapter 21
Section 1
I. Introduction
A. European nations had tough time
recovering from WWI
1. Caused some to turn to dictatorships
B. During 30s, dictators gained power,
countries did not challenge them
C. The result was World War II
II. Depression Hits Europe Hard
A. WWI left European nations with huge
debts
1. Allies - $11 billion
2. Germany owed $33 billion
B. Political dispute worsened economic
crisis
1. Germany missed payment to France
II. Depression Hits Europe Hard
B. Political dispute worsened economic
crisis
1. Germany missed payment to France
2. France takes over Ruhr steel mills
and coal mines
3. Germany told its workers to strike
and that it would pay salaries
4. Germany prints money causing
hyperinflation
Occupation of Rhur
Hyperinflation in Germany
Hyperinflation in Germany
Hyperinflation in Germany
C. Because Germany could not pay its debt
to Allies, Allies could not pay U.S.

D. Coolidge appointed Charles Dawes to

find solution
1. America loans money to Germany that
allows continued payment to allies and
U.S.
E. Great Depression in U.S. spreads to Europe
1. Bankers want loans paid
2. Americans had no money to buy
European goods
3. European banks and businesses fail
4. Europes economic conditions mirrored
the U.S.
F. Some European countries loss confidence
in democracy and establish dictatorships
III. The Rise of European Dictators
A. People more concerned about their
conditions than their form of gov.
B. Countries without a long history of
self government offer opportunity for
dictators
C. Stalin in Russia
1. By 1921 communists in control of
Russia becomes United Soviet
Socialist Republic (USSR)
2. Communists eliminate opposition
3. No private ownership
4. After Lenin dies Stalin takes over
a. Abolished political, religious and
property rights
b. Wanted to spread communism
Stalin
 Ukrainian Starvation
The great hunger
At the height of the Ukrainian famine in 1933, an estimated 25,000 people
died each day
By the end of 1933, almost 25 per cent of the Ukrainian population is thought
to have perished
An estimated 80 per cent of Ukraine's population were small-scale farmers
By mid-1932 almost 75 per cent of farms had been seized by the state to force
Ukrainian peasants into the Soviet system of land management
Grain exports were raised dramatically and agents were sent to villages to
confiscate grain, bread and any other food they could find
The Soviet Union exported 1.7million tonnes of grain to the West during the
famine. Nearly a fifth of a tonne of grain was exported for each person who
died of starvation
Holodomor, the Ukrainian name for the famine, means murder by hunger
Sources: ukrainiangenocide.com ; historyplace.com ; loc.gov
Ukrainian Starvation
Stalins Cult of Personality
 Stalins Cult of Personality
I write books. I am an author. All thanks to thee, O
great educator, Stalin. I love a young woman with a
renewed love and shall perpetuate myself in my
children--all thanks to thee, great educator, Stalin. I
shall be eternally happy and joyous, all thanks to
thee, great educator, Stalin. Everything belongs to
thee, chief of our great country. And when the
woman I love presents me with a child the first word
it shall utter will be : Stalin.
 Stalin Quotes

Ideas are more powerful than guns. We would not let our
Enemies have guns, why should we let them have ideas
Stalin
 Stalin Quotes

Death is the solution to all problems. No man, no problem

Stalin
D. Fascism in Italy
1. Feared communism
2. Italy faced hard economic times
3. Benito Mussolini founded Italian
Fascist Party promising peace and
respect
4. 1922 Reduced power of parliament
and eliminated all opposition
5. Takes control of press and police
6. Italy becomes totalitarian state
Benito Mussolini
Benito Mussolini
E. Nazism in Germany
1. Hitler began rise to power
2. National Socialist Party (Nazi) gained
popularity in 20s
3. Blamed Germanys problems on Jews,
communists and western democracies
a. Believed Germans master race
b. Jews, slavs and blacks sub-human
c. Gained power as economy worsened
4. Hitler appointed chancellor in 1933
Adolf Hitler
Stab-in-the back
Nuremberg Rally
Nuremberg Rally
Nuremberg Rally
E. Nazism in Germany
5. Once in power Hitler eliminated all
political opponents
a. Began rebuilding military

b. Started campaign against Jews

i. Civil rights eliminated
ii. humiliated
iii. Sent to concentration camps
Kristallnacht (night of broken glass)
Kristallnacht (night of broken glass)
IV. German Expansion
A. Hitler wanted to expand Germany
B. Confident world would do nothing
C. First part of expansion was to reunify
German people in other countries
1. Took control of Rhineland in 1936
a. Taken from Germany after WWI
2. Annexed Austria in March 1938
3. Invaded Sudetenland in
Czechoslovakia
Anschluss
3. Invaded Sudetenland in Czechoslovakia
a. Region was home of German speaking
people. Also site of important forts
b. Czechs asked for help but democracies
chose appeasement
i. Munich Conference Sept. 1938
leaders of France and Britain give
Sudetenland to Hitler. Neville
Chamberlain Peace in our time
c. 1939 Hitler takes all of Czechoslovakia
Chamberlin at Munich
The Sudetenland
Invasion of Czechoslovakia
Invasion of Czechoslovakia
V. War Breaks Out
A. Italy Annexed Albania
B. Poland
1. August 1939 Germany and USSR
sign Non-Aggression Pact
i. Will not attack each other
ii. Poland to be divided between
them
B. Poland
2. September 1, 1939 Hitler attacks
Poland
a. Uses new strategy called blitzkrieg
i. Attack swiftly and massively
b. September 3, 1939 - France and
Britain declare war, but do nothing
called phony war
c. Poland surrenders within a month
Invasion of Poland
Invasion of Poland
Invasion of Poland
Invasion of Poland
Invasion of Poland
Invasion of Poland
C. War in France
1. Spring 1940 Germany invades
Belgium, Luxembourg and Netherlands
2. Moved across France to sea
3. Moved north, trapped Allied soldiers at
Dunkirk
a. British Navy, Air Force, and citizens
rescue 338,000 troops using every
ship possible
4. June, 1940 France surrenders
Maginot line
Maginot line
Invasion of France
Dunkirk
Hitler in Paris
F. Battle of Britain
1. Britain only country left to face Axis
2. Fall 1940 Britain constantly bombed
3. Citizens slept in subways and children
sent to country
4. Defiant in face of German attack
5. Churchill gave British hope finest hour
6. Hitler turns attention elsewhere
Battle of Britain
Battle of Britain
Battle of Britain
 Winston Churchill

An appeaser is one who feeds a

crocodile, hoping it will eat him
last.
Winston Churchill
Aggression in East Asia
Chapter 21
Section 7
I. Introduction.
A. The rise of dictators in Europe occurred
the same time that militarism gained a
hold in Japan in the 1930s

1. Militarism is an aggressive policy

put forth by the military or by people
who follow the ideals of the military
2. In the 1920s Japan had a brief period
of democracy followed by the rise of
a military dictatorship in the 1930s
Emperor Hirohito
Emperor Hirohito
Emperor Hirohito
Emperor Hirohito
II. Japan Expands its Empire

A. Japan had emperors for over 2,500 years

1. Military leaders often held power in
the name of the Emperor
2. In the late 1800s Japan became a
constitutional monarchy in which
democratically elected officials
govern in the name of the
monarch
3. In 1925 all males over 25 could vote
III. Japanese Militarism
A. As Japans economy worsened in the
1930s, Japans military leaders
rejected democracy.
1. The military leaders were extreme
nationalists
2. Wanted to expand the Japanese empire
through force
Imperial General Headquarters
III. Japanese Militarism
A. Japan was limited by its geography.
1. An island without much land or
resources
a. Could not feed its growing population
b. Could not support growing industry
1. Shortages of oil, iron rubber,
bauxite and tin
III. Japanese Militarism
B. 1931 - Japan attacks Manchuria
1. Invasion was against the wishes of
the Japanese government
a. The prime minister disagreed
i. Assassinated by military extremists
2. Japanese military takes control of
government in 1932
a. Begin crash program of military
expansion
Manchuria
Manchukuo
Manchukuo
IV. Response to Japan
A. Invasion of Manchuria violated laws of
League of Nations and peace treaties
1. October 1932 League of Nations
orders Japan to withdraw from
Manchuria
a. Japan ignores the League and leaves
the League instead
i. Within months has full control of
Manchuria
IV. Response to Japan
A. United States does little to stop Japans
expansion
1. Secretary of State Henry Stimson
announces that U.S. will not recognize
Japans control of Manchuria.
a. The Stimson Doctrin
i. Hoover and FDR do not feel
U.S. has the military power to
oppose Japan
V. Civil War in China
A. Nationalists vs. Communists
1. Nationalists led by Chiang Kai-Shek
2. Communists led by Mao Zedong
3. Fighting began in 1920s and
continued till 1949 when the
Nationalist fled the mainland
Chaing Kai-Shek
Chaing Kai-Shek
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong
Mao Zedong
V. Civil War in China
B. At the time of the Japanese invasion the
Nationalists had upper hand in civil war
C. The Long March 1934 100,000 men,
women, and children escape through
Nationalist lines
1. When they safely reach the Chinese
interior only 20,000 remained
2. Once safe from Nationalist attacks
they begin to build up strength
3. Beginning of new phase in communist
struggle
VI. China and Japan at War
A. With China divided by war, Japan
announces a new policy
1. The fundamental national policy
to be established by the Empire
is to secure the position of the Empire
on the East Asian national debate
a. Claim for diplomacy and debate
was false
b. Japan increased attacks on China
in July of 1937.
VI. China and Japan at War
A. With China divided by war, Japan
announces a new policy
b. Japan increased attacks on China
in July of 1937.
i. Japanese capture Beijing and
Shanghai
ii. Attacks on China increases
sympathy for China
iii. U.S. did not want to get involved
sold arms to both sides
VII. Provoking the United States
A. After Japanese capture Shanghai
they move up the Yangtse River
1. In December 1937, Japanese planes
observe American gunboat Panay
guarding three oil tankers
2. Panay has two large American flags
to identify it
3. Japanese sink Panay killing 2 sailors
4. Japanese pay $2 million and promise
to protect U.S rights in China
U.S.S. Panay
U.S.S. Panay
VII. Provoking the United States
B. Rape of Nanjing
1. Japanese storm the Nationalist
Chinese capital of Nanjing
a. Japanese murder as many as
200,000 residents
i. Japanese soldiers commit
atrocities
C. 50,000 million Chinese flee to western
part of China and continue fight
D. Japanese economy exhausted
VII. Provoking the United States
D. Japanese economy exhausted

1. Japan begins looking the

resource-rich European colonies of
Southeast Asia
2. Japanese believe Europeans will
not respond because of the war in
Europe
a. Japanese seek to establish an
Empire known as the Greater
East Asia Co-Prosperity Sphere