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Lithium disilicate Apply 5 percent HF acid for 20 seconds, rinse IPS e.max Press (Ivoclar Vivadent)
and dry; apply silane for 1 minute, air dry
Glass-infiltrated Perform air abrasion with tribochemical Vita In-Ceram Alumina, Vita In-Ceram Spinell
alumina silica coating or aluminum oxide; apply an and Vita In-Ceram Zirconia (Vita Zahnfabrik)
adhesion-promoting agent containing MDP*
and dry
Polycrystalline Aluminum oxide Perform air abrasion with aluminum oxide; Procera Alumina (Nobel Biocare, Zurich)
apply an adhesion-promoting agent
containing MDP and dry
Zirconium oxide Air abrasion with 50-micrometer aluminum Cercon Zirconia (Dentsply), Everest (KaVo,
oxide powder at 7 pounds per square inch; Charlotte, N.C.), Lava Zirconia (3M ESPE,
apply an adhesion-promoting agent St. Paul, Minn.), IPS e.max ZirCAD (Ivoclar
containing MDP and dry Vivadent)
* MDP: 10-methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate.
from cementation via adhesive techniques, to the prepared tooth adhesively so as to in-
because this process creates a dentin hybrid crease the restorations resistance to fracture.9
layer that improves the mechanical retention of Thus, nonadhesive cementation is not indicated
the restoration.4 However, the use of bonding for feldspathic ceramic.10
agents requires additional steps and meticulous The clinician needs to prepare or condition
isolation, which may not be feasible in the clin- predominantly glass feldspathic ceramics before
ical environment. Also, clinicians should ensure performing adhesive cementation. The clinician
that laboratory technicians use precise methods etches the ceramics intaglio surface with a solu-
to achieve proper adaptation, because the use tion of hydrofluoric (HF) acid, in concentrations
of adhesive cements will not compensate for between 5 and 10 percent, for approximately
poor fit. one minute. This step provides an increased
surface area, micromechanical retention and a
CERAMIC TYPES clean surface (as described by Navez and col-
When the clinician is selecting the cementation leagues11) for adhesive cementation (Figure 1).
procedure for all-ceramic restorations, it is The clinician places silane over the etched sur-
important that he or she know the composition face to increase the wettability of the resin
and structure of the ceramic used to fabricate cement and to interact chemically with both the
the restoration. Dental ceramic systems can be resin matrix and the hydroxylated porcelain
classified according to their matrix material, surface.12,13 Both etching and silanation are rec-
filler and dopant. Three main categories of ommended, as some investigators have reported
dental ceramics have been described in the liter- higher veneer failure rates when ceramic is air
ature: predominantly glass, particle-filled glass abraded and silanated but not etched with HF
and polycrystalline (nonglass) ceramics.6,7 acid.14,15 Hydrolyzed and unhydrolyzed silanes
Predominantly glass ceramics. This type are available. Hydrolyzed silanes most com-
of ceramic is derived from feldspar minerals, sil- monly are one-bottle systems with a short shelf
icon and aluminum oxides. It is used as a life; if the bottles contents are used after the
veneering material over metal or ceramic cop- expiration date, it can be detrimental to the
ings and frameworks.7,8 Additionally, it is used bond.16 Unhydrolyzed or inactive silanes are
to fabricate jacket crowns, inlays, onlays and two-bottle systems that the clinician mixes
porcelain veneers. This ceramic is highly before application to ensure a fresh and active
esthetic, biocompatible, and resistant to abra- silane and a longer shelf life than that of
sion and compressive forces. It also is character-
ized by low mechanical strength in comparison ABBREVIATION KEY. HF: Hydrofluoric. MDP: 10-
with other ceramic types and must be cemented methacryloyloxydecyl dihydrogen phosphate.
according to the preparation design. Conven- coating the ceramic with tribochemical silica
tional cementation is carried out with conven- and air abrading the intaglio surface, followed
tional luting agents such as resin-modified glass by the application of 10-methacryloyloxydecyl
ionomer cements, without the need for interme- dihydrogen phosphate (MDP) (a silane and
diate agents. Short, clinically nonretentive phosphate monomer) before using resin cement,
preparations should be cemented adhesively. improves the bond to this type of ceramic.27,28
Another consideration is field control, as it is Polycrystalline ceramics. Polycrystalline
imperative that the clinician achieve effective ceramics are densely sintered aluminum oxide
isolation to keep the field free of saliva and (Procera Alumina, Nobel Biocare, Zurich) or zirco-
other contaminants when using adhesive nium oxide (Cercon Zirconia, Dentsply; Everest,
cements. The adhesive cementation of particle- KaVo Dental, Charlotte, N.C.; Lava Zirconia, 3M
filled glass ceramics is similar to the technique ESPE; Vita In-Ceram YZ, Vita Zahnfabrik; IPS
used for predominantly glass ceramics; however, e.max ZirCAD, Ivoclar Vivadent) materials and
the clinician must modify the process of condi- are characterized by the absence of glass in their
tioning the restorations intaglio surface to composition6,7 (Figure 3). Because their atoms are
achieve optimal adhesion. Manufacturers rec- packed into regular arrays, these materials resist
ommend etching the intaglio surface of leucite- the propagation of cracks.29 These ceramics pos-
reinforced restorations with a solution of 10 per- sess high toughness and strength and can be used
cent HF acid for approximately 60 seconds for copings and frameworks.
before cementation. Lithium disilicate Polycrystalline ceramics most often are
reinforced ceramic should be etched with a solu- cemented conventionally but, in certain circum-
tion of 5 percent HF acid for approximately 20 stances, can benefit from adhesive cementation.
seconds (Figure 2). The clinician then should Investigators have reported the use of air abra-
apply a silane, followed by an adhesive system sion with aluminum oxide or tribochemical silica
and a resin cement, similar to the protocol used application followed by application of an
for predominantly glass ceramics. adhesion-promoting agent to increase the bond
Another type of particle-filled glass is made strength of resin cements.30 Air abrasion increases
of a sintered core of aluminum oxide infiltrated the available surface area for bonding, yet it also
with molten glass. These ceramics have high appears to introduce quasiplasticity, as well as
strength and fracture toughness with minimal microcracks or potential fracture initiation sites.
glass content. Some products in this category Thus, the use of postsintering surface treatments
include In-Ceram Alumina (Vita Zahnfabrik, remains controversial, although low-pressure
Bad Sckingen, Germany), In-Ceram Spinell abrasion has been recommended.31 In vitro
(Vita Zahnfabrik) and In-Ceram Zirconia (Vita studies have shown that treating zirconium oxide
Zahnfabrik). They often are referred to as glass- restorations with a combination of tribochemical
infiltrated aluminum-oxide ceramics. They are silica and MDP or using a primer based on phos-
cemented conventionally rather than adhe- phate and carboxylate functional monomers (such
sively, because etching glass with HF acid does as Z-Prime Plus [Bisco]) or a primer combination
not appear to increase the retention of resin of MDP and a metal primer (such as Alloy Primer
cements.26 Some researchers have reported that [Kuraray]) enhanced the bond of resin-based