ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH

(EN-516)
LEC#1,2,3,4,
Presented by:
Ms NAUSHEEN NAVEED
 Course contents
Communicable Diseases, Water Borne Disease
Control, Excrete Disposal and Disease Control,
Health Hazards Related to Bathing Places and
Plumbing, Vector and Rodent Born Disease Control,
Health Relationship in Lighting, Ventilation and Air
Conditioning, Housing and Institution Hygiene,
Disease Aspects of Occupational Health, Radiation
Uses and Protection.

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 Course Description

Examines health issues, scientific understanding

of causes, and possible future approaches to
control of the major environmental health
problems in industrialized and developing
countries. Topics include how the body reacts to
environmental pollutants; physical, chemical, and
biological agents of environmental
contamination; vectors for dissemination (air,
water, soil); solid and hazardous waste;
susceptible populations; the scientific basis for
policy decisions; and emerging global
environmental health problems.
 Course Objectives

Upon completion of this course, you will be able to:

Define the major sources and types of environmental agents .
Discuss the transport and fate of these agents in the environment.
Identify the carriers or vectors that promote the transfer of these agents
from the environment to the human.
Describe how these agents interact with biological systems, and the
mechanisms by which they exert adverse health effects.
Identify and define the steps in the risk-assessment and risk-management
processes.
Describe the steps in the regulatory process. In terms of risk assessment
and risk management and identify current legislation and regulation
regarding environmental issues.
Identify significant gaps in the current knowledge base concerning the
health effects of environmental agents and identify areas of uncertainty in
the risk-assessment process.
 Course Topics

Human impact on the environment

Environment-human interaction
Environmental impact on humans
Exposure, dose, response
Environmental toxicology
Environmental carcinogenesis
Risk assessment and management
Indoor and outdoor air pollution
Environmental health economics and policy
Occupational health
Food- and water-borne disease
Municipal, industrial, and hazardous waste
Environmental justice and policy
Risk communication
 Textbooks
Environmental Health Science
Recognition, Evaluation and control of Chemical, Physical Health Hazards
Authors: Morton Lippmann, Beverly S. Cohen, Richard B. Schlesinger

Environmental Management in Organizations

The IEMA Handbook
Author: John Brady

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 Textbooks

Environmental Health Science

Authors: Morton Lippmann, Beverly S. Cohen, Richard B.
Schlesinger

Environmental Engineering
Environmental Health and Safety for Municipal Infrastructure,
Landuse and Planning and Industry
Authors: Nelson L. Nemerow, Franklin J. Agardy, Patrick Sullivan
and Joseph A. Salvato

Essential of Environmental Health

Essential Public Health 2nd Edition
Authors: Robert H Friis
7
 Grading system

Sessional marks 40%

Assignment on case study 10%
Project (Report + Presentation) 10%
Test 20%
Final exam 60%

Closed book exam

8
 Reference BOOKS
Blumenthal, D. S., and Ruttenber, A. J. (1995). Introduction to
environmental health. Second Edition. New York: Springer.
Lippmann, M. (Ed.). (1992). Environmental toxicants: Human
exposures and their health effects. New York: Van Nostrand
Reinhold.
Moeller, D. W. (1997). Environmental health (Revised ed.).
Cambridge: Harvard University Press.
Moore, G. S. (1999). Living with the earth: Concepts in
environmental health science. Boca Raton: Lewis Publishers.
Nadakavukaren, A. (2000). Our global environment: A health
perspective (5th ed.) Prospect Heights: Waveland Press, Inc.
Philp, R. B. (1995). Environmental hazards and human health. Boca
Raton: Lewis Publishers.
Yassi, A., Kjellstrom, T., de Kok, T., Guidotti, T. L. (2001). Basic
environmental health. New York: Oxford University Press.
 Environmental health
Environmental health is concerned with how both the natural and built
environment affect human health by looking at the impact of physical,
chemical and biological factors external to humans. Those working in
Environmental health fields are concerned with preventing diseases or
other illnesses by assessing and controlling environmental factors that
pose a threat to human health whether it involves air quality, natural
disasters, radiation, water quality, UV exposure, indoor air pollutants,
climate change, healthy communities and work environments, or the
effects of toxic substances. Environmental health can also refer to
ecosystem status or function. Chemicals, diseases, and invasive species
threaten to alter wildlife and plant populations, which in turn may
impact ecosystem function. Maintaining health, whether ecosystem or
human arguably presents one of the greatest challenges of the day, in
general maintaining optimal ecosystem function is essential for
continued survival of all species including humans.
 Environmental health
This course is designed to provide students with an introduction to and
overview of the key areas of environmental health. Using the perspectives of
the population and community, the course will cover factors associated with
the development of environmental health problems. Students will gain an
understanding of the interaction of individuals and communities with the
environment, the potential impact on health of environmental agents, and
specific applications of concepts of environmental health. The course will
consist of a series of lectures and will cover principles derived from core
environmental health disciplines. The sequence of major topics begins with
background material and tools of the trade (environmental epidemiology,
environmental toxicology, and environmental policy and regulation). The
course then covers specific agents of environmental diseases (e.g., microbial
agents, ionizing and nonionizing radiation). Finally, applications and domains
of environmental health are addressed (e.g., water and air quality, food
safety, waste disposal, and occupational health).
ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH
When we have cut down the last tree, polluted
the last river, and cooked the last fish, then we
will realize that we cant eat money!

Studies show that 88pc of traffic police in

Karachi develop respiratory disease after two
years on the job.
 Learning Objectives
Define fundamental terms
Explain the basic relationship
between the environment and health
Explain impact of environmental
factors on health
Explain role of environmental health
professionals
 Performance Objectives
Understand what is environmental
health
Understand scope of problem
definition
Understand means of addressing
defined problem
Understand the role players involved
in problem solving
 Outline
Definition of Environmental Health
Interdependent Relations
Environmental Effects on Health
Systematic Approach
Interdisciplinary Roles
 Definition: Health
is a state of complete physical, mental
and social well-being and not merely the
absence of disease or infirmity(WHO,
1948)
Health is only possible where resources are
available to meet human needs and where
the living and working environment is
protected from life-threatening and health
threatening pollutants, pathogens and
physical hazards(Who, 1992a)
Definition: Environment
[All] that which is external to
individual human host. [It] can be
divided into physical, biological,
social cultural any or all of which
can influence health status in
populations. (WHO, 1995)
 Definition: Environmental Health
comprises those aspects of human
health, including quality of life, that are
determined by physical, biological, social
and psychosocial factors in the
environment. It also, refers to the theory
and practice of assessing, correcting,
controlling, and preventing those factors
in the environment that can potentially
affect adversely the health of present and
future generations (WHO, 1993a)
 Definition:
Health Effect
is the specific damage to health
that an environmental hazard can
cause an individual person. Often
the same hazard can cause a range
of different effects of different
severity. (Yassi et al., 2001)
 Interdependence
Health depends on resources.
Good health depends on accessibility
to sustainable resources.
Bad health results from inaccessibility
to sustainable resources or exposure
to a hazard.
Sustainable resources and hazards
exist in the environment.
Therefore, quality of health depends
on the environment
Interdependent Environments
A relational definition of environment
is a function of scale, boundaries,
spatial proximity and recipient
populations
When considering a global scale,
focus is on the effect of an
unbounded environment, e.g. air, on
all populations anywhere
 Interdependent Environments
When considering local scale, focus is
on effect of both a bounded and an
unbounded environment, e.g. water
and air, on a subpopulation closest to
the exposure event
The local scale is a subpart of the
global scale
Population Perspective of Relations
All populations
Human population

Community, nation

Family

Individual
 Health and Environment
Perspective of Relations
Environmental health
Public Health
Occupational Health

Family Health

Personal
Health
Problem definition involves many different perspectives. The first
perspective shown here, is to define and approach environmental
health problems by focusing on the indicator of change. Here, either
and individual or a population may show a change in their health. The
change may be positive (beneficial by a gain in health quality, e.g.
increased longevity) or it may be negative (adverse by a loss in health
quality, e.g. decreased functionality). In contrast, another perspective
may focus on the scale of the environment in which the individual or
populations lives. Sudden changes in personal health results more
from incidental exposure. These sudden changes in personal health
are highly dependent on the frame of reference at a time of exposure.
As the population size and scope increases, time becomes less
important but still necessary and location becomes more important in
identifying changes in health.
Environmental Effects on Health

Injury does not prematurely end life,

but can hinder the capacity to
function to the fullest potential
Death does end life and is the most
extreme adverse state of health
This means of classification is simple
and rigorous
Environmental Effects on Health

An individuals response to an
environmental effect is a function of
their physical environment, their
health state, and their culture.
 Systematic Approach
In the absence of a universal
definition of good health, at least a
universal concept of adverse health
effect, e.g. sick, illness, dysfunctional,
not normal or not well, must exist
such that understanding the concept
results in a response
 Systematic Approach
In order to identify and investigate
adverse states of health, a fundamental
systematic approach of health problem
identification and characterization must
exist and be implemented
This approach is summarized as follows:
 Systematic Approach
Determine the source and nature of
hazards
Determine the exposure pathway
Measure the effects
Apply controls however possible
(Moeller, 1992)
 Summary
Environmental health is the broadest
scope of health problem definition
Environmental health studies the impact
of the environment on populations
It is a population based science that can be
scaled to study individual within
populations
Problem definition and potential
resolution is possible through the
implementation of a systematic approach
 Protecting Natural Resources for All

How we use natural resources affects our health and the health of
our communities. Because everyone uses natural resources, we all
have some part to play in protecting, preserving, and sharing these
resources.
Unfortunately, natural resources are not shared equally among
everyone. The poor use the least, and the rich use the most.
Powerful corporations, governments, and militaries often take a
large share of natural resources. Even within a single community,
wealthier people use more natural resources than poor people.
Often the poor are forced to fight among themselves for what is
left. This unfair distribution of resources leads to serious health
problems for the poor.
We can talk about conserving natural resources all day long, but so
long as inequality continues, environmental health will be a right
only for the few who have wealth and power and not the many who
need these resources for daily survival.
 Building community institutions

Fair and equal control of natural resources means that

all people have a voice in decisions about how natural
resources are used and shared. Fair and equal control
can take many forms, but all are based in education
and organization of people to work together for
change.
Environmental health is always a community issue.
People must work together, as a community, to protect
the resources they share in common. To work together
over the long term, people usually form some sort of
community group or institution.
 Building community institutions
When the cholera epidemic began to spread in Ecuador,
Salud para el Pueblo organized public health committees
to raise awareness and get people to act. To better
respond to the cholera epidemic, the public health
committees offered knowledge (how to make rehydration
drink) and services (building new toilets and water
systems). They also helped to restore and strengthen
their communities by maintaining a health clinic, and
providing health education and training at schools, parks,
and in people's homes. And they inspired other people to
form groups and institutions, such as the environmental
health promoters and the recycling program.
 Building community institutions
Salud para el Pueblo also worked with organizations from
outside their communities to provide money, engineering
skills, medicines, and other resources. They made sure
these resources were used and managed by the villagers
themselves. The communities were also involved in the
planning and decision making about expanding the
program. When governments do not provide for the basic
needs of their people, the people must build institutions
for themselves, as Salud para el Pueblo did, to make sure
the future is healthy. Often, when communities organize,
the government then responds by fulfilling its
responsibilities to the people.
Making Our Communities Sustainable

To be sustainable, an institution, natural resource, or

community needs to meet the daily needs of people
now while planning for the needs of future
generations. All around us, and throughout this book,
we can see examples of sustainable and unsustainable
systems, from community institutions such as health
clinics or recycling programs to natural resources such
as forests, fields, and springs.
One of the greatest challenges facing people today is
trying to meet all of our needs without harming the
environment that feeds, houses, and clothes us, that
gives us water, energy, and medicine, and is the very
source of our survival.
 Orangi pilot project
Orangi Pilot Project was initiated by Akhter
Hameed Khan.
Dr. Akhter Hameed khan was the
Founder and first director of OPP.
Orangi Pilot Project (OPP) as an
NGO began work in Orangi town
in 1980.
 Orangi Town
An overview with a population of one million
 Key Aspects
The key aspects of OPP were:
Strengthening Community Initiatives
Building partnerships between people and
government.
Mobilizing local resources
Building on what exists
The component-sharing concept: Clearly states
that where Government partners with the
people, sustainable development can be
managed through local resources.
Problems that mobilized people
Communities organize themselves Peoples efforts
Lane people organize, money construct underground sewer
collection is in progress

construct underground sewer

everywhere
 Important features of OPP

Total No of Houses 104,917

Total No of Lanes 7,256
Lanes provided with Sanitation 6306
Number of houses served 94,746
Number of collector sewers 421
Peoples investment in sanitation 88.26m
Resultantly infant mortality rate has fallen
from 128 to 37 during the period ( 1983-1993)
owing to better sanitation system
 Constraints

Government's inconsistency leading to adhoc

planning.
Peoples lack of access to information.
NGOs incapacity to support people's initiatives
OPP institutions incapacity to respond to large
numbers of requests for support.
Peoples lack of confidence in their initiatives
Professional's arrogance.
 Conclusion

The Orangi Pilot Project experience is

certainly an outstanding example of
community participation which can be
emulated not only in other cities of Pakistan
but in other countries too.
 sustainable development
Politicians and companies often speak of their
commitment to sustainable development.
But in most cases, the word sustainability is
only used to increase their profits or political
power. In the end, they take away our healthy
food, clean air and water, and safe livelihoods,
while giving us more pollution, deforestation,
and illness.
 ENVIRONMENT
Old French word, En=In; Viron = Circle.
The circumstances, objects, or conditions by
which one is surrounded.
Or
The complex of climatic, edaphic (soil-based),
and biotic factors that act upon an organism
or an ecologic community.
 ENVIRONMENT
Environment is the total of the natural
conditions under which animals live, including
climatic, geographic, physiographic and faunal
conditions; all that which is external to the
individual human host.
 PUBLIC HEALTH DEFINITION OF THE
ENVIRONMENT

All that which is external to the individual

host. [It] can be divided into physical,
biological, social, and cultural factors, any or
all of which can influence health status in
populations.
- Last, J. M. (Ed.). (1995). A Dictionary of Epidemiology
(3rd ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
 WHO DEFINITION OF ENVIRONMENTAL
HEALTH
Environmental health comprises those aspects of
human health, including quality of life, that are
determined by physical, biological, social, and
psychosocial factors in the environment. It also
refers to the theory and practice of assessing,
correcting, controlling, and preventing those
factors in the environment that can potentially
affect adversely the health of present and future
generations.
 ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH SCIENCE
NIEHS charter of England: The study of those
factors in the environment that affect human
health.
Factors (pollutants" or toxicants) in air,
water, soil, or food.
Transferred to humans by inhalation,
ingestion, or absorption.
Production of adverse health effects.
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENVIRONMENT

Physical:
Air, water, soil, housing, climate, geography,
heat, light, noise, debris, noise etc.
Air pollutants, toxic wastes, pesticides etc.
Biological:
Virus, bacteria and other microbes, insects,
rodents, animals and plants
Disease producing agents, reservoir of
infection, intermediate host and reservoirs
of infection,
CONTRIBUTORS TO THE ENVIRONMENT

Social/psychosocial/socioeconomic:
Culture, values, customs, habits, morals,
religions, education, lifestyle, community
life, health services, social and political
organizations.
 BASIC REQUIREMENTS FOR A HEALTHY
ENVIRONMENT

Clean air
Safe and sufficient water
Safe and adequate food
Safe and peaceful settlements
Stable global environment
 WATER AND HEALTH
Safe and wholesome water
Free from pathogenic agents
Free from harmful chemical substances
Pleasant to taste, i.e. free from color and ordor,
Useable for domestic propose
Water requirement
For drinking purpose: 2 liter/person/day
Domestic purpose : 150-200 liter /person/day
 WATER AND HEALTH
Uses of water
Domestic uses; Public purpose; Industrial purpose;
Agricultural purpose; Hydropower production.
Source of water
Rainwater, Surface water; Ground water.
Water pollution
Sewage, industrial and trade pollutants, agricultural
pollutants, physical pollutants and radioactive
substances.
 WATER PURIFICATION
1. Purification in small scale
Household level: boiling, chemical
disinfection & filtration.
Disinfection of well
2. Purification in large scale
Slow sand filter
Rapid sand filter
How would you rate these products?
Toxicity Rating

Highly Toxic

Moderately Toxic

Slightly Toxic

Not Toxic
 Toxicity Rating

Highly Toxic

Moderately Toxic

Slightly Toxic

Not Toxic

60
 Introduction to
environmental health and
safety

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 Safety
Safety is an organized
activity to minimize the
Risk.
Safety suggests security,
freedom from danger,
risk of damage or injury.

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 Health
A state of complete
physical, mental and
social well-being (WHO)

Modify the human

environment in such a
way as to prevent or
reduce the transmission
of infectious diseases
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 Why Safety is Important?
Good Safety environment ensures:
Lower costs on medical treatments.
Improve employee relations & trust
with company.
Improve productivity
Improve protection of business
from down time due to injured
workers
Improve customer relations

Safety & Its Importance 64

 Safety Standards
API American Petroleum Institute

NFPA National Fire Protection Association

OSHA Occupational Safety & Health Administration (US)

ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials

ISO International Standards Organization

Safety & Its Importance 65

 Cost of No Safety
Direct Cost
The pain and suffering of the injury or illness;
The loss of property
The loss of income;
The possible loss of a job;
Health-care costs.

Indirect Cost
Replacement of worker
Investigation Cost
Effect on Workers family.

Safety & Its Importance 66

Incidents / Accidents

Safety & Its Importance 67

 What are Incidents / Accidents
Incidents
Any unplanned event resulting in, or having potential for injury, ill health,
damage or other loss.

Accidents
An accident is the final event in an unplanned process that results in injury or
illness to an employee and possibly property damage.

Near Miss
A near miss is an unplanned event that
did not result in injury, illness, or damage -
but had the potential to do so.

Safety & Its Importance 68

 What are Injuries?
An Injury is a personal damage or harm.

Minor Injury
Injury in which a person is able to resume his duty on the
same date.

Major Injury
Injury in which a person is unable to resume his duty on
the same date but rejoins in his next working shift.

Loss Time Injury

A type of injury in which the effected person is unable to resume his next duty.

Fatality
Death Not a part of injury.

Safety & Its Importance 69

Incidents Reported

Safety & Its Importance 70

Incidents Reported (Contd)

Safety & Its Importance 71

 Incidents Reported (Contd)

Worker gets hand caught in machinery at a Tortilla Factory, Mexico

Safety & Its Importance 72

 Incidents Reported (Contd)

Container crush Malaysia 2005

Safety & Its Importance 73

Chernobyl Disaster,
Russia 1986

Safety & Its Importance 74

Bhopal Gas Tragedy,
India, 1984

Safety & Its Importance 75

Piper Alpha Fire Incident
North Sea, 1976
Safety & Its Importance 76
Tasman Spirit Oil Tanker
Karachi, 2003

Safety & Its Importance 77

 Environment

Hydrosphere
Lithosphere
Atmosphere
Biosphere

Water
Food
Air

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 The Impact of humans upon the
environment

History

Natural Need

Acquired Need
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 The impact of the environment upon
humans

Health Concerns

Safety Concerns

Economics

Others
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 Improvement of Environmental
quality

Strategies
& plans

Tactics

Goals

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 Chemical contamination and health
Anthropogenic sources
Occupational Diseases
Nuclear power industry
Industrialization
Mining (lungs, joints, eyes,
tuberculosis, lung cancer)
Refining

Chernobyl reactor failure

(Nuclear, 1986)
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 Context of WHO about health
a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely (simply) the
absence of infirmity (disease)

Liberates health from the traditional medical model of disease, cure and care

But sets health and wellbeing in a social context

Equally significant effect of: gender, age, culture, socio-economic status
(including income), social class, employment, environmental conditions and political
factors

New Approaches to public health

policy makers, educators, practitioners from many disciplines and fields outside
the health sector
pay increasing attention to the ways in which health may be promoted

Conceptual framework that seeks to identify

Risk factor
Determinants of health
Environmental factors associated with disease spread and health problems 83
 Sanitation
Cambridge international dictionary 1995
The systems for taking dirty water and other waste products away
from building in order to protect peoples health

Microsoft Encarta Reference Library 2004

Study of water and swage systems: the study and maintenance of
public health and hygiene, especially the water supply and sewage
systems
Sewage and garbage collection and disposal: conditions or
procedures related to the collection and disposal of sewage and
garbage

84
 Environmental sanitation

WSSCC (Water supply & sanitation collaborative

council)
Interventions to reduce peoples exposure to
disease by providing a clean environment in which
to live with the measures to beak the cycle of
disease. This usually includes disposal of or hygienic
management of human and animal excreta, refuse,
wastewater, the control of disease vectors and the
provision of washing facilities for personal and
domestic hygiene. Environmental sanitation involves
both behaviours and facilities which work together
to form a hygienic environment.
85
 Health
Environmental Health Engineering
concerns, the methods for the improvement of the health of community, especial
focus on domestic water supplies and excreta disposal facilities
other interventions: drainage, housing and irrigation scheme designs
or
Modify the human environment in such a way as to prevent or reduce the
transmission of infectious diseases

Infectious disease
one which can be transmitted from one person to another or sometimes, to or from
an animal. All infectious diseases are caused by living organisms, such as bacteria,
viruses or parasitic worm and a disease is transmitted by passing these organisms
from one persons body to another

86
 Distribution of Earths water

884 million people lack access to safe water supplies;

approximately one in eight people.
3.575 million people die each year from water-related disease.

Only 62% of the worlds population has access to improved

sanitation defined as a sanitation facility that ensures
hygienic separation of human excreta from human contact
87
 Water usage in different sectors
Agricultural usage
Large user of water: 73% of total consumption
Most of the water (50%) is lost through transpiration and
infiltration into aquifers
Industrial usage
Second major water use: 25%
Largest industry water users: power plants, petroleum refineries,
tanneries, pulp and paper, textiles, food processing
Only 2% of water withdrawn is consumed
Domestic and re-creational use
Accounts 6% of total water demand
Area of concern about human health

88
 Summary of requirement for water service level to promote health

Service level Access measure Needs met Level of health

concern
No access (quantity > 1000m or Consumption cannot be Very high
collected below 30 min assured Hygiene not
5L/c/d) collection time possible(unless practiced at
source
Basic access(avg. b/w 100 & Consumption should be High
quantity unlikley to 1000m or 5-20 assured Hygiene hand
exceed 20L/c/d) min collection washing and basic food
time hygiene possible
(laundry/bathing difficult to
assure unless carried at source

89
 Summary of requirement for water service level to promote health

Service level Access measure Needs met Level of health

concern
Intermediate Water delivered Consumption assured Hygiene Low
access(avg. quantity through 1 tap all basic personal and food
about 50L/c/d) on plot or hygiene, laundry & bathing
within 100m or should be also be assured
5 min collection
time
Optimal access(avg. Water delivered Consumption all needs met Very low
quantity 100L/c/d & through Hygiene all needs shodl be
above) 1multiple taps met
continuously

90
91
92
 Water contamination and impurities
Inorganic contaminants
Suspended and dissolved

Suspended solids
Measured by turbidity
Undesirable for aesthetic reasons
Shield microorganisms from disinfectants
Removed by coagulation, sedimentation and filtration

Dissolved materials
Aluminium, Arsenic, Cadmium, Chromium, Fluoride, lead,
Mercury, Nitrate, Selenium, Silver
Pose health effects
93
 What is a S & H Management
94
Program?

The S&H Management Program

is the employers method for
preventing injuries and
illnesses to employees

94
 What Makes Up Such a Program?
95

Identify the hazards

Control or prevent the hazards
Identify potential hazards
Teach employees to do all of the above

95
 Environmental Health
Planet supplies us with: food, water, air, and everything that sustains
our life.
Historically environmental health focused on preventing infectious
diseases spread by water, waste, food, rodents, and insects.
Expansion of the modern day definition.
Encompassing all the interactions of humans with their environment
and the health consequences of these interactions.

96
 Water Pollution

Causes:
Rapid growth of human population
Industrial outputs
Contaminants:
toxic chemicals
human and animal excrements
heavy metals
pesticides
silt
fertilizers

Sources of pollution:
Point sources
Non-point sources

97
 Groundwater

Groundwater resources are valuable:

Purity
Dependability
Costs of Transportation
Treatment costs
Groundwater pollution:
Waste storage, treatment or disposal facilities
Septic systems
Pipes, materials transport and transfer operation

98
 Water Contaminants

1. Biological
Bacteria : Typhoid fever, Cholera, Shigella (dysentery), Salmonella and E. coli
Viruses: Hepatitis A, poliomyelitis and Rotavirus.
Resistant to disinfection by chlorination
Protozoans: Giardia Lambia, Cryptosporidium, amoebic dysentery.
Resistant to disinfection by chlorination

2. Chemical
Industrial solvents, pesticides
Lead
Nitrates

99
 Waste Disposal

Humans generate large amounts of waste.

Sewage
Septic system
Heavy metal like lead, mercury etc
Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs)
Solid waste
Garbage like newspapers, plastic bags etc.
Sanitary landfill

100
 Waste Disposal

What You Can Do to Reduce Garbage

Products with least amount of packaging
Products made of recycled paper or recyclable products
Avoid using foam or paper cups
Store food in glass jars and reusable plastic containers
Recycle newspapers, glass, cans, paper, and any other
recyclables
Do not throw electronic items
Start a compost pile
Stop junk mail

101
 Why does sewage need to
be treated?
To improve the quality of wastewater so it can
be discharged in waterways without seriously
disrupting the aquatic environment or causing
human health problems.

102
 Recreational Waters

In the year 2000, there were 1,266 beach closings, in Southern

California, 92% due to elevated bacteria of undetermined
causes. The remaining 8% was due to rain advisories and known
sewage discharge.

103
104
 Global Air Pollution Issues

Major causes:
Introduction of atmospheric pollutants in unusual
amounts
Changing the concentrations of natural atmospheric
components

Significant impacts:
1. Ozone depletion
2. Global warming

105
 Air Pollution in Los Angeles

We have some of the worst air in the

nation, and the highest number of
emergency visits caused by smog and
air pollution

Air pollution contributes to heart

disease, lung disease, asthma and
lung cancer

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Air Pollutants with Greatest Impact
on Health

Outdoor Indoor
Ozone Smoking
Carbon monoxide
Airborne particles Mold
Nitrogen oxides
Dust mites
Lead
Sulfur oxides Radon gas
Diesel emissions

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What You Can Do To Prevent Air
Pollution

Cut back on driving

Keep your car tuned up
Buy energy-efficient appliances
Replace incandescent bulbs
Homes well insulated
Plant trees and shrubs
Proper disposal of ozone-depleting appliances
Keep house well ventilated
Dont smoke
Clean and inspect chimneys, furnaces and other
appliances

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 Solid Wastes

Classification
Municipal
Hazardous

Disposal methods
Unacceptable
Acceptable
Alternatives
 Population Growth
Worlds population currently estimated at 6.5 billion.
150 people every minute.
Increasing by 76 million per year
To exceed 9.1 billion by 2050
How Many People Can the World Hold?
Food
Available land and water
Energy
Minimum acceptable standard of living

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Thank you!