Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
Chapter 5 (Week 7)
Random Sample & CLT, Normal
Approximation & X bar R Charts
Dr. S.Rajalingam
Learning Outcomes
1
6/22/2015
Introduction
Every statistical investigation aim at collecting
information about some the individuals
attributes, ratter then individuals themselves.
Example the population of
(a)product turned out to be defect by a machine.
(b) lives of electrical bulbs manufactured by a
company.
In most situation population considered infinite/
large.
A finite subset of population called sample.
The process of selection of sample is called
sampling. 3
2
6/22/2015
DEFINITION - PARAMETERS
Parameters: a quantity of interest that is a property of
an unknown probability distribution.
The parameters may be the mean or variance of the
probability distribution.
Parameters are unknown but could be estimated.
Example:
Let p be the probability that a machine breakdown is
due to operator misuse.
p depends on the probability distribution that
represents the causes of the machine breakdown.
p is a parameter and unknown but can be estimated
from records of machine breakdown.
5
DEFINITION - STATISTIC
1 n
X f ( X 1 , X n ) Xi
n i 1
n
g X 1 , X n X i
2
i 1
3
6/22/2015
DEFINITIONS
Example:
X ~ N ( X , X2 )
Random
Random sample of
sample of size n
size n
R.V : X
R.V : X X ~ N ( X , X2 )
X ~ N ( X , X2 )
Population
X~ N(, 2)
4
6/22/2015
Symbols
1 n
X Xi
n i 1 E X , V X
2
n
Sample
mean mean of sampling dist Variance of sampling dist
of mean of mean
10
5
6/22/2015
2
EX , VX
1 n
X Xi
n i 1 n
If n is sufficiently large
2 Apply safely
X N ( , ) if n 30
n
X
Z ~ N (0,1),
/ n 11
Example 1
220
M ean variance V ( X ) 0.25
n 80
Hence, X ~ N (20.6, 0.25)
22 20.6
So, P( X 22) P( Z ) P( Z 1.4) 1 P( Z 1.4)
0.25
1 (1.4) 1 0.9192 0.0808 12
6
6/22/2015
100 sample wires are chosen at random from this population. What is the
probability that the mean number of flaws per wire in this sample is less
than 0.5?
Solution: 0 . 66 , 2 0 . 5244 , n 100
Let X1 .. X100 denote the number of flaws in the 100 wires sampled
from the population. 2
X N (0.66,0.005244) X N ( , )
From CLT n
0 .5 0 .66
P ( X 0 .5 ) P ( Z ) 0 .0136
0 .7242 / 100 13
Example 3:
The flexural strength (in MPa) of certain concrete beams is
X ~ N (8, 2.25). Find the probability that the sample mean of
strength of 16 concrete beams will belong to (7.55, 8.75)
Solution:
= 8, 2 = 2.25 n = 16, = 1.5
7.55 8 X 8 8.75 8
P (7.55 X 8.75) P
1.5 / 4 1.5 / 4 1.5 / 4
X 8
P 1.2 2 P ( 1.2 Z 2)
1.5 / 4
( 2) ( 1.2) 0.9772 0.1151 0.8621
14
7
6/22/2015
Exercise:
At a large university, the mean age of the students is 22.3 years, and
the standard deviation is 4 years. A random sample of 64 students is
drawn. What is the probability that the average age of these students
is greater than 23 years?
DYS
15
END
16