Documenti di Didattica
Documenti di Professioni
Documenti di Cultura
PE O NCEOF THE
STATI
D P NICHOLSON 'SENIOR GEOTECNNiCA ENGIN
........... 'EEF OVE ARUP AND PARTNERS
Hotel Federal
_.[ q mopofG4
k_/, i"/ ) \ s'l
t )
J 1 s,
metres
Ftii
100-
Mu
90-
80--
70--
FIGURE 3. SECTION A A
-,/Mglm Cu kNlm=
80 120 1.4 1.8 0 20 40
40
Laboratory
Vane
i Design
o': line
zFinal 9.4.84
20 50 100
10
DISTANCE FROM WELL W3 metres
'/ Initial (2.4.84)
KEY 7 Borehole No '
)urse
slab
Internal walls
0.8m
Diaphragm
wall
r
wall was eventually divided into 9 design cases, were increased by 1.2 and 1.6 for the reinforced
concrete design in the temporary and permanent
conditions respectively.
i) Seepage Analysis Ove Arup and Partners' finite Ground settlements were estimated from the BILL
element program SEEP used to calculate the
was predictions of tateral wall movements using the method
steady state piezometric pressures around the toe of the proposed by Milligan (6) with a small modification based
wall. These piezometric pressures were used in the on field observations reported by Tan et al,
(7) for the
calculations for toe embedment depth and deformation neighboudng MOE building shown in Figure 1. Details
analysis. SEEP also predicted flow rates so that the of these movements are given in Figure 9 where D is
pumping requirements inside the station could be the depth at which the maximum lateral wall
assessed. Where the buried channels contained F1 occurs. Additional allowances were also
(s,,rdit was necessary to extend the toe of the wall 2m
the underlying G4 to p'ovide .a hydraulic cut-off and
movements
made for diaphragm wall installation and consolidation
settlement,
limit drawdown outside the station during excavation. For
design purposes the extema -drawdwn was l!m!ted to iv) Bearing Capacity During excavation the diaphragm
101m in the Fluvial Sands. walls provided the vertical support for the roof and
Cncourse Slabs. Excavation within the station led to a
ii) Toe Depth The toe embedment
:edctionlof the overburden pressure and effective
stability was assessed using a factor of safetyf 2 on stress at the toe of the wall and hence a reduction in
20 10 ' 0 ':,l.i 20 10
6.8m
incIin0meter
-20 -10
T3 metres 102.6m
0
Fill
58
57
2 56
152
Roof Concourse Base
I
Excavation
r-11984 1985
[ Concrete
o
O N D j _F M A M J 1J A S O N
o-
104
100-
B5a BSb
E
" 92- TP1
LU 84-
80-
102.6 L40 80
0
0 40x
DEFLECTION
80
(() mm
40 80 120
' 7--I-FI
/' "28.685
The lateral movements recorded by inclinometer I3 for The inclinometer I3 deflections recorded the on
28.7.85 are plotted in Figure 13. Also shown the are
.the roof, concourseand base slab excavation stages.ar '"undrained" surface settlements predicted from I3 using
shown in Figure 12. The predicted wall deflections for
profile at the same stages also the method given in Figure 9. In addition Figure 13
the Case A soil are
shows the settJements recorded for $1, $2 and $18 on
the 28.7.85. It can be seen that these settlement points
shown.
The roof slab excavation to 100m level in this part of predicted
the station was completed by 10.10.84. At this time about have settled about 100mm more than those
from I3. This .additional settlement is due to the
20mm lateral deflection had occurred at the ground
surface, see Figure 12. The roof slab was not cast until consolidation of the Marine Clay resulting from
the end of November and by 22.11.84 creep effects had
drawdown in the Fluvial deposits.
-increased the movement to 60ram, see Figure 12. This The effect of the consolidation settlement can also be
seen from the record of $2 shown on
Figure 11. Rapid
was similar to the predicted
surface deflection. However
below 12m, depth in the F2 and G4, the predicted increases in &ettlement were recorded during the
concourse anI base excavation stages in
February and
deflections were about twice those measured. This may gradual settlement of about
be associated with underestimating the small strain
May 1985. However, a more
.stiffn-(ssof.theqsitu-soil:-h_predicted and measured :10mm/month occurred between these
$18,
excavation
which is
stages.
outside
excavation stages were n This settlement rate is similar to
deflections for the subsequent
Figure 12. The maximum the influence of exctavatien
,movemen,n.'is4herfo
.reasonable agreement, see
predicted deflection was about 100mm compared with considered to reIlect the consolidation of-the Marine
110mm measured. Clay.
DISTANCE FROM WALL metres DEFLECTION
30 20 10 0 100mm
100
200
28.7.85
!
Inclinometer T3 /
profile 287.85 --------
30-
CONCLUSIONS REFERENCES
Pumping tests and piezocone tests provided valuable (1) ANDREWS, D. and MORTON, K., Geotechnical
information on the permeability and hydraulic continuity Studies for Singapore Mass Rapid Transit. Proc. 2nd
of the Fluvial Sand layers. These tests also demonstrated Conf. on Mass Transportation in Asia, Singapore,
that steady state (flownet) drainage conditions would be 1984, pp 272 283.
rapidly established in the underlying Decomposed (2) PITTS, J., A Review of Geology and Engineering
Granite and therefore effective stress soil parameters Geology in Singapore. Quarterly Journal of Eng.
were adpoted in these soils.
Geol., London, 1984, Vol. 17, pp 93 101.
The top down construction technique proved to be (3) BJERRUM, L., Problems of Soil Mechanics and
successful. This used the 2m thick roof slab to support Construction on Soft Clays. Proc. 8th Int. Conf. Soil
the concourse slab and provide the reaction for the Mech. and Found. Eng., Moscow, 1973, Vol 3, pp.
temporary inclined struts which propped the final 109 159"
excavation stage. (4) CP2. Earth Retaining Structures. The Institution of
The Ove Arup and Partners' computer program BILL Structural Engineers, London, 1951.
was used to calculate deflections and bending moments (5) PAPP1N, J.W., SIMPSON, B., FELTON, RJ. and
in the diaphragm walls. The program incorporates the RAISON, C.R., Numerical Analysis of Flexible
effects of wall stiffness, propping system and ground Retaining Walls. Proc. Int. Conf. on Numerical
conditions. Reasonable agreement with the measured Methods in Engineering: Theory and Applications,
deflections was obtained. Edited by Middleton, J. and Pande, G.N., Swansea,
As the excavation progressed the predicted wall 1985, pp. 789 802.
(-' deflections and toe piezometric levels were compared (6) MILLIGAN, G.W.E., Soil Deformations Near Anchored
with the field instrumentation records. This enabled the Sheetpile Walls. Geotechnique, London, 1983, No. 1,
Contractor, Designer and MRTC to monitor the pp. 41 55.
performance of the wall at all stages of the excavation. ('7) TAN, S.B., TAN. S.L. and CHIN Y.K., A Braced
A simple method of predicting ground surface Sheetpile Excavation in Soft Singapore Marine Clay.
settlements associated with wall deflection was adopted. Proc. 11th Int. Conf. on Soil Mech. and Found. Eng.,
This method differs from the approach described by Peck San Francisco, 1985, Vol. 3, pp. 1671 1674.
(9) because the predicted surface settlements are (8) DAVIES, R.V. and HENKEL, D.J., Geotechnical
directly related to the wall deflections rather than the Problems associated with the construction of Chater
excavation depth. It has been used to separate the Station. Conf. on Mass Transportation in Asia, Hong
undrained deformation settlements outside the wall from Kong, 1980.
the consolidation settlements associated with (9) PECK, R.B., Deep Excavations and Tunnelling in Soft
dewatering. Ground. Proc. 7th lnt. Conf. Soil Mech. and Found.
Eng., Mexico City, 1969, State of the art volume, pP.
225 290.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
The Author would like to thank his colleagues in Ove Arup and Partners and Dragages Sembawang Construction
_who jointly developed the designand monitored the excavation performance. The assistance provided by MRTC in
checking the design and construction is also acknowledged.