Appendix A Minitab Computer Usage

Appendix A: Minitab Computer Usage
Ever since the proliferation of both lean and Six Sigma methodologies, the
Minitab software is often used as the primary tool for statistical analysis by
the quality professional. That does not mean that Minitab is the only software
that can do the required analysis. Programs such as SAS, SPSS, Design Ease,
Excel, and many others are just as good; however, some are more difficult to
use than the others.
In this appendix, some of the important aspects that a practitioner using
Minitab should know are discussed. The focus of the discussion is on the
worksheet and the basic statistics screens. The appendix is presented in an
outlined format because of the technical content and the art that is required.
A worksheet has been chosen to elaborate because it is a very powerful
screen and unless one understands its capability, one cannot take advantage
of the software in its entirety. Basic statistics because of the ease and the
convenience it presents. If you understand the flow of these, the rest of the
guiding screens are not difficult.
In addition, we have included a short demonstration of the MSA discus-
sion using ANOVA and the 6 panels.
Introduction to Minitab
What is Minitab?
Minitab is a powerful statistical software package that removes the

difficulties associated with analyzing data and using statistical tools.
This module provides an introduction and overview of its use.
Section 1Introducing the Software

Contents of this section are as follows:
Introduction to the software

Navigating using the Project Manager
Data in Minitab
Data types
Changing data types
181
2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
182 Appendix A: Minitab Computer Usage
Minitab overview
Opening worksheets
Worksheet folder
Worksheet description
Column description
Data structure and manipulation
Downloaded by [Universiti Teknologi Malaysia - Skudai] at 10:51 02 October 2013
Subset/split worksheets
Information folder
Minitab Worksheet
Opening Minitab
Menu bar
Tool bar
The session window
The worksheet/data window
Project manager window (minimised)
By default Minitab opens with the above

Appendix A: Minitab Computer Usage 183
Everything one wants to do in Minitab starts with the worksheet. The

worksheet looks like an Excel spreadsheet, but be aware of that:
You cannot write formulas based on cells
Most operations work on whole columns of data
Any text in a cell will format the column as a Text Column, labeled Cn-T,
which prevents any mathematical analysis in that column

The gray first row is for column names only, not for data
Two columns cannot have the same name in any one worksheet
Minitab Files
There are two basic types of Minitab files
1) Minitab Projects; filename.MPJ

Worksheets Graphs
Session Window Output Session Command History
2) Minitab Worksheets; filename.MTW
Columns Constants
Matrices Column Descriptions
Worksheet Descriptions
Save your work as a Minitab Project File to save all your data, graphs,
and preferences together. VERY IMPORTANT: If you save your work as a
worksheet file, you only save the data.
Minitab Windows
Session window
View statistical output and Project manager
enter session commands
(shortcut keys - ctrl + M) Manage worksheets, output
graphs, and related
documents
Data window (shortcut keys - ctrl + I)
View and edit worksheets
(shortcut keys - ctrl + D)

Navigating with the Project Manager
Toolbar view
Detached by clicking on
and dragging
Folder view
Shows all elements
of a project
Left pane shows
the folders
Right pane shows
the content of the
active folder
MinitabThe Project Manager Toolbar
Open the Session Folder View Statistical Output
Open the Worksheet Folder Accesses all Worksheets
Open the Graphs Folder Access and manage Graphs
Open the Show Info Folder Column Descriptions Constants
Open the History Folder Access Command language
Open the Report Pad Create and store reports
Show the related documents folder links to files

Data Types in Minitab

Minitab (automatically) recognizes
several different types of data:
Minitab operates Numeric
using columns of
Text (T)
data.
Date/Time (D)
The arrow indicates
the direction that the
data is entered in.

Click on the arrow to
change its direction.
The names of the
columns are entered
above the column
(not in row 1)
Entering Data in Minitab

Data can be entered into
Minitab in a variety of
ways:
1) Manually
2) Cutting and pasting

from other applications
like excel
3) Opening a worksheet Because Minitab columns
from another software work top-down, missing
application directly into data is represented by an
Minitab asterisk.
Changing Data Types in Minitab (1)

Sometimes Minitab makes
mistakes in recognising the
type of data in a column.
For example, when you cut

and paste data, just one piece
of text will cause the whole
column to be labelled as
text, as shown.
Unfortunately, deleting the text wont change the
column type back automatically. This needs to be
done manually; see next page.

Changing Data Types in Minitab (2)

Minitab: Data > Change Data Type > Text to Numeric
This function is set to change all the data in column C5 (Days) to Numeric
data, and store it back in C5.
NB: You can delete the text data before using this function, but it is not
necessary.
Importing Data from Excel

It is possible to import Excel worksheets directly into Minitab, but check the
format of the data first. Remember that Minitab only allows one row for the
column headings, and the Excel worksheet needs to reflect this.
File > Open > Minitab Worksheet

Under files of type choose
excel (*.xls), as below.
Find and open the data worksheet:

Car fleet mileage data-july.xls
MinitabOverview
The following example introduces the basic functions of Minitab and
demonstrates the key navigation tools. The example includes three
worksheets:
1. stacked datadata in a stacked format

2. shiftdata unstacked by shift
3. regiondata unstacked by region

Normally, Minitab files are saved as Minitab Projects, which have the file
extension MPJ.
Find and open the data file Unavailability.mpj by double clicking on it from
within Windows Explorer.
MinitabShow Worksheets Folder
Click on the
project manager
toolbar
To make worksheets
active double-click
the folder icon next
to the worksheet
name.
The live worksheet

is shown by a green
folder and asterisks
after its header
Worksheet Descriptions in Minitab

To add or edit an existing worksheet description click anywhere in the rel-
evant worksheet, then select:
Editor > Worksheet > Description
Red triangle:
Indicates that there is a
worksheet description
present.
Hold the cursor over the
triangle to view, or
double click to edit.
Column Descriptions in Minitab

To add or edit an existing column description, click the relevant column,
then select:
Editor > Column > Description
Red triangle:
denotes an
available column
description.
Hover the cursor
over the triangle
to view or double
click to edit.

Data Structure and Manipulation (1). Minitab operates using columns of data.
So, where Jan Feb Mar Apr
Location 1 289 295 300 301
traditionally we Location 2 70 73 75 76
might structure data Location 3 168 174 180 189
like this:
In Minitab, the data

should be structured
in columns like
these:
Data Structure and Manipulation (2)

File > Open Worksheet > OldversusNew.mpj
Open a new worksheet of raw
data
The next step is to include
categories against the data.
1. Sample number
2. Time of sample

The sample number and
the time that the data was
recorded could be added.
Minitabs ability to
create patterned data
could be useful here (see
next page).
Name columns C3 and
C4 as shown...
NB: Note that Minitab
must have unique column
names.

Exercise: Use MINITABs patterned data function as shown to create a set of
sample numbers in Column 3 (C3).
Calc > Make Patterned Data > Simple Set of Numbers
Where do want the
data to be stored?
What number do you

want the column to
start at?
What number do you
want the column to
finish at?


Exercise: Use MINITABs patterned data function as shown to create a set of
sample numbers in Column 4 (C4).
Calc > Make Patterned Data > Simple Set of Date/Time Numbers
Where do want the
data to be stored?
When does the
sequence start?
When does the

sequence finish?
What increment
between values?
Unit of increment?

Your data should now look like this:
Note that the heading of column 4
has a D suffix, because it is a
date/time format.
Before analysing the data, you need to

check all the different types of data
have their own column....
Columns 1 and 2 contain the same

type of data, so would be better
placed in the same column. Minitab
can stack data like this into one
column; ......see next page.

What are we trying to do by stacking the data?
Answer: We would like to have one column containing the measured data
(from C1 and C2).
Data > Stack > Columns
Place all the columns
to be stacked here.
Decide where you

want the data to go.
Name the new

columns
Tick to use original

column names when
stacked


The resulting data set looks
like this:
The stacked data has been
placed in C5, with a subscript
in C6.
A subscript defines a
characteristic of the data - in
this case whether it was from

the old or new process.
Exercise: Cut and paste the
time data manually into C7, as
shown here.
Subset/splitting out data

Subset Worksheet Function: Used to copy specified rows from the active work-
sheet to a new worksheet. You can specify the subset based on row numbers,
brushed points on a graph, or a condition such as unmarried males younger
than 50 years.
Split Worksheet Function: Splits, or unstacks, the active worksheet into two or
more new worksheets based on one or more By variables.
Subset Worksheet and Split Worksheet always copy data to new worksheets.
You can use Copy Columns to replace data in the current worksheet with a
subset.
Subset Worksheet (1)
Using the
file again:
We want to separate out the

data at point 25 where it
changes from central to
western
A key point here is that we
should always retain the
original raw data file intact.
Therefore, we could use the
subset worksheet function.


Data > Subset Worksheet
In name enter central
click specify which rows to
include
Click row numbers and enter
the row numbers in the box.
You can enter either every
number 1 2 3 4 5 etc or
enter the range 1:24
NB: The colon is essential
The result is shown on the next page.

A separate worksheet for the Central data has been created and the original
raw data file for all centers has been retained.
This can now be repeated for Western and Eastern data.

If we click on the
show worksheets icon
project manager shows
the original worksheet
and the newly created
ones for central,
western and eastern.
The green folder shows
which folder is currently
active.

If we want to separate the worksheet by shift, we would then use Split

Worksheet
Split Worksheet (1)

The Split worksheet function will create two or more worksheets from an
original data file
Example: Split stacked data into three separate worksheets, one for each
shift
Data > Split Worksheet
Enter shift under by

variables
Click OK
Split Worksheet (2)

Minitab will then create three new worksheetsone for each Shift
NB. The active worksheet is identified by the 3 asterisks
Split Worksheet (3)

If we click on the
show worksheets icon,
the project manager
shows the original
worksheet and the newly
created ones for shift 1,
shift 2, and shift 3.
The green folder shows
which folder is currently
active.

The Info Folder

Minitab'sproject manager can be used to provide a
summary of the worksheet. Click here for information...
The info window can be useful for identifying missing data, particularly
on large worksheets.
Section 2Analyzing the Data

Contents of this section are as follows:
Minitabs functionsstatistical and graphical

Accessing the Stat guide
Minitab graphsupdating
Displaying basic statistics
Graphical summary
Scatterplot and brushing
Bar chart
Changing colors of bars
Adding reference lines
Time series plot
Histogram
Box plot
Dot plot
Analyzing the Data using Graphs

Graphing (or plotting) is one of the most powerful tools of the Six Sigma
process. Reading graphs will often tell you the story of the process.
The statistics can then be used to provide mathematical confidence in the
conclusions you draw from the graphs.

In the following pages, we look at the following graphs in MINITAB:
Basic statistics Scatterplots

Bar chart Histograms
Time series plots Box plot
Marginal plot Normality testing
Graphing is always the first step of analyzing data.

Minitabs Statistical Functions

Minitab's stat menu
contains all of the
statistical functions
that you will need
within six sigma.
Basic statistics
contains the most
frequently used
commands.
Minitabs Graphical Functions (1)

Minitabs Graph menu contains all of the graphical functions that you
will need within Six Sigma.
For correlations
For plotting distributions
For comparing groups of data
For analysing categories
For studying trends over time
For 3D graphs

Almost all of Minitabs graphs can be accessed through several different
menu locations. For example,
Stat > Basic Stats > Display Descriptive Stats

An individual value plot of

column C1 (old data) can be
created through the graph
options of the display
descriptive statistics function,
as shown on the left.

An Individual Value Plot of column C1 (Old data) can also be created through
the Graph menu, as shown below:
Graph > Individual Value Plot
Exercise: Create Individual Value plots for Old data (C1) using the two
methods shown on the last two slides.

The Individual Value Plots show the same data, but look different because they
were created in different ways in Minitab.

Exercise: Take a closer look at the graphics in the top left-hand corner of the
graph windows youve created. Now go back to the data in the worksheet and
change one of the values in the Old Column. What happens to the graphics?
Accessing the Stat Guide
MINITABs StatGuide helps to interpret the results of the analyses. The
StatGuide contains two windows:
1. The MiniGuide shows a list of topics available.

2. The main StatGuide contains specific interpretations of data.
MINITABs Graphsupdating (1)

Unlike common spreadsheet packages such as Excel, when you create a
graph in MINITAB, and subsequently change the source data, the graph
does not necessarily update itself. Some graphs do not have the capability to
be updated. In this case:
A green cross indicates the graph is up to date
And a white cross indicates the graph is

not up to date, and cannot be updated.
MINITABs Graphsupdating (2)

Some graphs Do have the capability to be
updated. In this case... A green cross on
white indicates the graph is up to date... ...and a yellow circle indicates the graph is
not up to date, but can be updated.
Graphs can be updated by right-clicking the graph and selecting:

Update graph automatically
or Update graph now

MINITABS Basic Statistics (1)

MINITAB has a wide variety of ways of displaying data. The following is a
useful tool.
Stat > Basic Statistics > Descriptive Statistics
Double click on old and

new to place them in the
variables box.
Click statistics
MINITABs Basic Statistics (2)

Minitab gives the option to select a number of different statistics
for example, check trimmed mean
Click OK
Trimmed mean: The top and bottom 5% of data is ignored in
calculating this version of the mean (average).

The output from this function appears in the Session Window.
Trimmed
mean
First and
third quartile
Trimmed meanWhen the trimmed mean is very close to the standard

mean, it shows the absence of significant outliers.

This information can also be shown graphically. Select:

Stat > Basic Statistics > Graphical Summary
Double click on
old and new
Click OK

Scatter Plots (1)

What do we want to know?
How does the output from the Old process compare to the output from the
New process?
Graph > Scatter Plot > Simple
The first step is to select
the type of scatter plot
you require.
In this case, select simple
Click simple
Scatter Plots (2)

Firstly, double left
click on old to
place it in the Y box
Then double left click
on new to place it in
the X box.
Click OK
The scatter plot will graph point 1 of the Old data against point 1 of the New
data, then point 2 of the Old against point 2 of the New and so on.
Scatter Plots (3)
If the two processes are producing the same outputs, we would expect a
scatter plot to show a 45-degree line through the origin. The output should
look like this:

Analysis: The alignment isnt perfect, but it looks like the Old and New
processes produce about the same outputexcept for one small detail: The
scales are not the same!
To see a true representation, the X axis and the Y axis must be scaled the
same.
Scatter Plots (4)

To adjust the scatter

plot with axes of the
same scale, then
follow this process:
Click on Y-axis
Click on editor
Click on edit Y-axis
Click same axis for

Y and X
Click OK
Scatter Plots (5)

MINITAB GraphsBrushing
Some MINITAB graphs can also be interrogated using the Brush function,
found under the menu: Editor > Brush
Scatterplot of process Y vs process X

9
8
7
6
5
Process Y
4
3
2
1
0
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
Process X
The brush function allows you to brush over specific points on a graph,
and a smaller window then appears to give you the row numbers of those
data points.
Note that the Brush function can only be used on graphs that are up to
date.
Bar Charts (1)

What do we want to know? How do we graphically summarize frequency
data where there are several categorical variables? Open the file:
Graph > Bar Chart
Unavailability.MPJ
Under bars represent choose
A function of a variable
Under one Y choose cluster
Click ok

Bar Charts (2)
In the graph variables

box enter
unavailability.
Under categorical
variables enter, call
centre then shift.
Bar Charts (3)

Interpreting the results.
Why does the level of
unavailability over the
three shifts decline in
central and increase in
western?
Why is the level of
unavailability on shift 2
so much higher in
eastern than the other
two regions?
MINITAB can cluster the data by regions within the shifts. In MINITAB
press the shortcut keys CTRL-E to bring back your last dialog box. Now
enter the Categorical variables in the order Shift, then Call Centre.
Bar Charts (4)

Changing colors of the bars: Click any bar on the chart once and MINITAB
will highlight all the bars. Once the bars are highlighted, select:
Editor > Edit bars
In the dialogue box click

groups
Enter shift in categorical

variables
Click ok
Bar Charts (5)

Changing colors of the bars

Changing the colours of the bars...
Chart of mean (unavailability) vs call centre, shift

9 Shift
1
8 2
3
Mean of unavailability 7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Shift 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Call centre Central Eastern Western
Bar ChartsAdding Reference Lines

Management may want to know where each region performed against
targets of 3%, 4%, and 5%. We can add these reference lines to the chart. First,
right click the graph and select:
Add > Reference Lines
Complete the dialogue box

with the 3%, 4% and 5%
targets
(remember to leave a space
between each number)
Click OK
Bar ChartsAdding Reference Lines
Chart of mean (unavailability) vs call centre, shift

9 Shift
1
8 2
Target 3
7
Mean of unavailability
lines
6
5 5
4 4
3 3
2
1
0
Shift 1 2 3 1 2 3 1 2 3
Call centre Central Eastern Western

Time Series Plots

What do we want to know? Because our data are time ordered, we
should see whether there are any patterns over time. Open the file
OldversusNew.mpj
Graph > Time Series Plot > Simple
In series, enter old
and new.
Click multiple
graphs
Check in separate
panels of the same
graph
Check same scales
for graphs
Click OK
Time Series Plots

Time series plot of old, new
The time series plot
4 8 12 16 20
appears to show that
Old New the new process is
12.975
giving slightly higher
12.950 figures (overall) than
the old process.
12.925
This confirms what
12.900
was seen in the scatter
12.875 plot.
12.850 Remember the time
4 8 12 16 20
Index
series plot gives a
sequential view.
We can now superimpose the New process onto the Old process to confirm
this difference between New and Old.
Time Series Plots

To superimpose one Time Series Plot directly on top of the other
Graph > Time Series Plot > Multiple
Double click on old

Double click on new
Click OK

Time Series Plots

This version
Time series plot of old, new
12.975 Variable
shows clearly that
Old
New
not only does the
12.950 new process take
longer than the
Data
12.925 old, but also both

sets of data are
12.900 following virtually

the same pattern
12.875 over the twenty
readings
12.850
2 4 6 8 10 12 14 16 18 20
Index
Histograms (1)
Continuing with graphical analysis: The two processes in the previous
graphs appear to be different, and so it may be worth investigating the
distributions within each process to understand their differences.
Graph > Histogram > Simple
Double click on old to
place it in graph 1
Double click on new
to place it in graph 2
Click multiple graphs
Click OK
Histograms (2)
The Multiple Graphs command enables you to plot two graphs side by side,
using the same scale for comparison.
Click in separate
panels of the same
graph
Tick same Y and same

X
Click OK

Histograms (3)
Histogram of old, new Although the processes

12.86 12.88 12.90 12.92 12.94 12.96 look very similar the new
Old New
7 process seems to be
6 producing slightly higher
5 figures.
Frequency
4
It might be useful to have
2 the new graph sitting

1 above the old graph
0
12.86 12.88 12.90 12.92 12.94 12.96
Right click the graph.

Select edit panels, then arrangement
Choose custom enter 2 in rows and 1 in

columns
Click OK
Histograms (4)
Histogram of old, new

Old
8
6
4
2
Frequency
0
New
8
6
4
2
0
12.86 12.88 12.90 12.92 12.94 12.96
The observation that the new process appears to be producing

slightly higher figure than the old process is now much easier to see.
Histograms (5)
We now get two separate histograms; one for Existing and one for New. To
view them side by side we need to follow the command we used earlier:
Editor > Layout Tool

The histograms can then be arranged as follows:

Histogram of existing Histogram of new
6.0 8
4.5 6
Frequency
Frequency
3.0 4
1.5 2
0.0 0
128.6 128.8 129.0 129.2 129.4 128.8 129.0 129.2 129.4 129.6
Existing New
So, what do these histograms tell us?
The average output for the new process looks slightly higher than
the average for the existing process.
Both distributions appear fairly normalbut only a statistical
Normality test as performed later can confirm this.
Histograms (6)
We can also get MINITAB to fit a distribution line on to the histogram.
Graph > Histogram > With Fit
Histogram of old, new

Normal
12.86 12.88 12.90 12.92 12.94 12.96

Old New Old
Mean 12.90
7 StDev 0.0916
N 20
6 New
Mean 12.92
5 StDev 0.02105
N 20
Frequency
0
12.86 12.88 12.90 12.92 12.94 12.96
Box plot (1)
A box plot is a tool for observing differences in position and/or

spread between data groups.
They are often used before more advanced statistical hypothesis
tests such as t-tests, F-tests, ANOVA, etc.

They are particularly useful during the Analyse phase, to divide

data by rational subgroups. This can help identify potentially criti-
cal Xs and sources of nonnormality.
If data have been well collected then it can be stratified into rational
subgroups, by logical factors such as:
Shift Number
Machine Number
Order Number
Day of the Week
Operator
Box plots (2)

Graph > Box plot > Multiple YsSimple
Double click old and

new to place them in
thre graph variables
box.
In this first example we

are comparing the
output of the two
processes, Old and
New.
Click OK
Box plots (3)

12.975
Data range 12.950 3rd quartile

indicated
12.925
by Median
whiskers 12.900
1st quartile
12.875
12.850
Old New
Structure of a Box Plot:

The vertical lines above and below the box are whiskers and represent
the tails of the distribution. The Box represents the middle 50% of the data,
and the horizontal line in the box is the Median or the midpoint of the data.
Aquartile represents one quarter of the data.

Box plots (4)

Graph > Box plot > One YWith Groups
Place the data to be
plotted under graph
variable.
In this case, we want to

show different box plots
for the different time
periods that data was

gathered, so place time
in categorical variables.
Click OK
Box plots (5)

Editor > Layout Tool
Box plot of old vs time Box plot of new vs time
12.950
12.96
12.925 12.94
12.92
New
Old
12.900
12.90
12.875
12.88
12.850
09:00 am 12:00 pm 03:00 pm 06:00 pm 09:00 pm 09:00 am 12:00 pm 03:00 pm 06:00 pm 09:00 pm
Time Time
From these box plots, immediate points for investigation stand out:
1. Why a wider spread of data on both processes at 9:00 am?

2. Why are the results at 6:00 pm higher in both processes?
Box plots (6)
We can, if we wish, merge both of these charts into one.
Graph > Box plot > Multiple YsWith Groups
Place the data columns
to be plotted under graph
variables
In this case, we want to

show different box plots
for the different times
data was gathered, so
enter time under
categorical variables.
Click OK

Box plots (7)

Box plot of old, new vs time
12.975
12.950
12.925
Data
12.900
12.875
12.850
Time
am
pm
ld 0 pm
09 m
pm
am
pm
pm
pm
pm
p
0
0
0
0
00
0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
:0
6:
09
09
12
03
12
03
06
09
ew
O
Dot plots (1) N
Another useful graphical tool is the dot plot.

Graph > Dot plot > Multiple Ys Simple
Enter the columns to be
graphed in graph
variables.
In this case, enter old and
new.
Then click on OK.
Dot plots (2)

The dot plot is similar to a histogram because it helps to show the distribution
of data groups. In this case, the two dot plots enable the variations in two or
more groups to be examined side by side.
Dot plot of old, new
Old
New
12.86 12.88 12.90 12.92 12.94 12.96
Data

Graph Editing Tools (1)Editing toolbar

Select a graph Put the active Put the active
Delete the
item for editing graph in select graph in
selected item
mode crosshairs
mode
Make the
Access the editing select a graph graph appear
Put the active
dialogue box for item to add larger or
graph in brush
the selected item smaller using
mode
zoom option
Graph Editing Tools (2)Annotation toolbar

Put the active Draw rectangles Draw lines on Draw a polyline
graph in select or squares on a a graph (a series of
mode graph connecting
lines) on a graph
Add text to a Draw ellipses or Add marker Draw a polygon

graph circles on a symbols on a on a graph
graph graph
analyzing the Data using graphsSummary

The scatterplot was used to compare the New and Old processes.
Basic statistics were used to confirm differences in key statistics such as
the mean (average) and standard deviation (variation).
The histogram provided a visual check of the shape of the distribution of
each process (data set).
Times Series Plots were used to check for trends over time.
A box plot was used to compare the new and old processes against each
other, and the results were also stratified into different time sections.
The dot plot was used to confirm information from previous graphs.
Finally, the Normality Test was used to create a probability plot, and to
investigate whether the data sets are Normally distributed.

Variable MSAUsing Minitab

As we already discussed in the previous section, we begin by opening the
worksheet and place the data in the columns as follows.
USL = 1.0 Replicate 1 Replicate 2
LSL = 0.5 (Randomized order)
Replicate 1 Replicate 2
10 process outputs (Randomized order)
3 operators
2 replicates
Have operator 1 measure all

samples once (as shown in the
outlined block)
Then, have operator 2 measure all

samples once
Continue until all operators have
measured samples once (this is
Replicate 1)
Repeat these steps for the required
number of replicates, (parts in
random order)
Enter data into Minitab columns as

shown

Manipulate the Data
Your data in Minitab may initially look

like this. You will need to STACK your
data so that all like data is in one
column only
Use the commands

> Mainp
> Stack
> Stack blocks of columns
(stack all process outputs,
operators, and responses so
that they are in one column only)
Now you are ready to run the

data analysis
Stacked and Ready for Analysis
Note:
c10, c11, c12 are the columns in
which the respective data are
found IN OUR EXAMPLE. You
must have ALL data STACKED in
these columns
Enter titles

Prepare the Analysis
Use the commands

> Stat > quality tools
> gage R&R Study (Crossed)
Each process output
measured by each
operator
OR
> Gage R&R study (Nested)

for destructive tests
where each process output
is measured uniquely by
each operator
(Crossed & Nested: Defined on next page)
Choose Method of Analysis
Enter gage
info and
options
ANOVA method is preferred

Gives more information
Adding Tolerance (Optional)

Upper Specification
Limit (USL)
Minus
Lower Specification
Limit (LSL)
For this example:

USL = 1.0
LSL = 0.5
USL - LSL = 0.50
(Note: Industry standard set at 5.15 standard deviations, if supplier uses 6.0,
comparisons will show larger error than with industry.)

Session Window
Two-Way ANOVA Table with Interaction
Graphs
Source DF SS MS F P Gage name:
Date of study:

Part 9 2. 05871 0. 228745 39. 7178 0. 00000 Gage R&R (ANOVA) for Response Reported by:
Tolerance:
Operator 2 0. 04800 0. 024000 4. 1672 0. 03256 Msc:
Operator * part 18 0. 10367 0. 005759 4. 4588 0. 00016 Components of variation By part
MSA Graphical 6 Panel
200 1.1
% Contribution 1.0
Repeatability 30 0. 03875 0. 001292 % Study var 0.9
% Tolerance 0.8
Total 59 2. 24912 100 0.7
Percent
0.6
Gage R&R % Contribution 0.5
0 0.4
Source VarComp (of VarComp) Part 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
R chart by operator By operator
Total gage R&R 0. 004437 10 . 67 0.15 1 2 3 1.1
UCL = 0.1252 1.0
Repeatability 0. 001292 3 . 10 0.10 0.9
0.8
0.7
Reproducibility 0. 003146 7 . 56 0.05 R = 0.03833 0.6
Sample range
0.5
Operator 0. 000912 2 . 19 0.00 LCL = 0 0.4
Operator 1 2 3
Operator*part 0. 002234 5 . 37 Xbar chart by operator Operator*part interaction
1.1 1.1 Operator
1 2 3
Part-to-part 0. 037164 89 . 33 1.0 1.0 1
0.9 UCL = 0.8796 0.9 2
Total variation 0. 041602 100 . 00 0.8 Mean = 0.8075 0.8 3
0.7 LCL = 0.7354 0.7
0.6
Average
StdDev Study Var %Study Var %Tolerance 0.5 0.6
Sample mean
0.4 0.5
Source (SD) 0.3 0.4
(5 . 15*SD) (%SV) (SV/Toler) Part 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Total gage R&R 0 . 066615 0 . 34306 32 . 66 68 . 61
Repeatability 0 . 035940 0 . 18509 17 . 62 37 . 02
Reproducibility 0 . 056088 0 . 28885 27 . 50 57 . 77 What does all this mean?
Operator 0 . 030200 0 . 15553 14 . 81 31 . 11
Operator*part 0 . 047263 0 . 24340 23 . 17 48 . 68
Part-to-part 0 . 192781 0 . 99282 94 . 52 198 . 56
Total variation 0 . 203965 0 . 05042 100 . 00 210 . 08
Number of distinct categories = 4
215
216
Gage name: EN/FN Gage 18.09 plate

Date of study: 10/24/00
Gage R&R (ANOVA) for data Reported by: Nate McCall
Tolerance:
should be out-of-control; Misc:

operator patterns similar
Xbar chart by operators Operators*parts interaction
Nate Operators
3.25 Jennifer Keith 3.25
Jennifer
3.0SL = 3.182 Keith
Nate
3.15 X = 3.159 3.15
Mini-Tab Graphical Output
3.0SL = 3.135
Average
3. 6.
Sample mean
3.05 3.05
Should be in-control Parts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
R chart by operators Keith is different? By operators
0.08 Jennifer Keith Nate 3.25
0.06 3.0SL = 0.05921
2. 0.04 3.15 5.
0.02 R = 0.02300
Sample range
0.00 3.0SL = 0.00E+00 3.05
Operators Jennifer Keith Nate
Components of variation By parts
100 % Contribution 3.25
% Study var
% Toler
1. 50 4.
Percent
Parts representative ?
of process variation 3.05
0
Gage R&R Repeat Reprod Part-to-Part Parts 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
What do we look for in these charts:
Total Gage R&R < 30% (% Study Variation), and Part-to-Part to be the biggest
contributor (similar as shown).
R-Chart must be In-Control. An Out-of-Control Range Chart indicates Poor
Repeatability. Also want to see five or more levels (look across the
points) of range within the control limits.
Xbar Chart must be 50% Out-Of-Control or more (indicating the

measurement system can tell a good part from a bad part) and
similar patterns between operators.
Want spread of the 10 MSA parts to represent the actual process variation.
Want the Operator Means to be the same (straight red line).
Want lines to be parallel & close to each other. This indicates Good Reproducibility.

218
MSA
Health
Gage name:
side MSA
Date of study:
Reported by: Troubleshoot
Gage R&R (ANOVA) for response side

Tolerance:
Misc:
Components of variation By part
200 1.1
% Contribution 1.0
% Study var 0.9
% Tolerance 0.8
100 0.7
Percent
0.6
0.5
0 0.4
Gage R&R Repeat ReprodPart-to-part Part 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 If only 1 operator,
R chart by operator By operator you wont get
0.15 1 2 3 1.1 these graphs
Graphical Output6 Graphs In All
UCL = 0.1252 1.0

0.10 0.9
0.8
0.7
0.05 R = 0.03833 0.6
Sample range
0.5
0.00 LCL = 0 0.4
Operator 1 2 3
Xbar chart by operator Operator*part interaction
1.1 1.1 Operator
1.0 1 2 3 1
1.0
0.9 UCL = 0.8796 0.9 2
0.8 Mean = 0.8075 0.8 3
0.7 LCL = 0.7354 0.7
0.6
Average
0.5 0.6
Sample mean
0.4 0.5
0.3 0.4
Part 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
If nested study,
you wont get this
graph
Gage name:
Date of study:
Reported by:
Gage R&R (Nested) for response Tolerance:
Misc:
Chart Output
Destructive Test

Components of variation By part (operator)
centages (%).
100 18
% Contribution
% Study var 17
16
Graphical Output Metrics

50 15
Percent
14
0 13
Gage R&R Repeat Reprod Part-to-part Part 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 1 2 3 4 5
operator Billie Nathan Steve
R chart by operator By operator

5 Billie Nathan Steve 18
UCL = 4.290
4 17
3 16
2 15
R = 1.313
Repeatability, Reproducibility and Parts

1 14
Sample range
(want low gage R&R, high part-to-part variation)

0 LCL = 0 13
Operator Billie Nathan Steve
Xbar chart by operator
18 Billie Nathan Steve UCL = 17.62
17
Operator by process output interaction
16
Mean = 15.15 is not applicable
15
14
Sample mean
13 LCL = 12.68
Tall Bar Charts: Distinguishes the components of Variation in per-

12
219
R Chart: Helps identify unusual measurements

Repeatability/Resolution
(no outliers permitted)
Xbar Chart: Shows sampled process output variety
Reproducibility/sensitivity
(want similar patterns for each operator)
These are your leading graphical indicators
Bar Charts for Components

Components of variation
100 % Contribution
% Study var
Percent
50 Needs help
0
Gage R&R Repeat Reprod Part-to-part
Components of variation
100 % Contribution
Much better
% Study var
Percent
50
0
Gage R&R Repeat Reprod Part-to-part
Answers: Where is the variation?
Look at the R Chart first, then Xbar Chart
R chart by operator
Range chart (each
150 1 2 3 point is the range of
UCL = 124.0 repeated
measurements of the
Sample range
100
same part): Exposes
gage repeatability,
50
R = 37.97 resoultion & control
0 LCL = 0
Xbar chart: Test
of sensitivity,
reproducibility & Xbar chart by operator
population variety 1200 1 2 3
1100 Inside control
1000
limits: Blind spot
Sample Mean
900
800 of the gage
UCL = 797.1
1700 Mean = 725.7
600
500 LCL = 654.3
400
300
Want: R chart in control, Xbar: at least 50% outside limits.

More R Chart Indicators

R chart
0.005 1 2 3 Rbar too small?

0.004
Sample range
0.003
0.002
UCL = 0.001416
0.001
R = 4.33E-04 Beware if 25% or more of
0.000
LCL = 0 the ranges are zero.
R chart by operator
0.15 Plateaus
1 2 3
UCL = 0.1252
Sample range
0.10
0.05 How many levels observed?

R = 0.03833
0.00 LCL = 0 < 5 (unacceptable resolution)
Both may indicate poor gage resoultion
ANOVA Tabular Output %

% contribution
% Study
(Industry standard
% tolerance
Number of distinct categories

Appendix A Minitab Computer Usage

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Appendix A Minitab Computer Usage

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Appendix A: Minitab Computer Usage

Minitab is a powerful statistical software package that removes the

Section 1Introducing the Software

Introduction to the software

The session window

The worksheet/data window

Project manager window (minimised)

By default Minitab opens with the above

2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Everything one wants to do in Minitab starts with the worksheet. The

which prevents any mathematical analysis in that column

1) Minitab Projects; filename.MPJ

2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Navigating with the Project Manager

MinitabThe Project Manager Toolbar

Open the Session Folder View Statistical Output

Open the Worksheet Folder Accesses all Worksheets

Open the Graphs Folder Access and manage Graphs

Open the Show Info Folder Column Descriptions Constants

Open the History Folder Access Command language

Open the Report Pad Create and store reports

Show the related documents folder links to files

2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Data Types in Minitab

data is entered in.

Entering Data in Minitab

2) Cutting and pasting

Changing Data Types in Minitab (1)

For example, when you cut

2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Changing Data Types in Minitab (2)

Importing Data from Excel

File > Open > Minitab Worksheet

Find and open the data worksheet:

1. stacked datadata in a stacked format

2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

The live worksheet

Worksheet Descriptions in Minitab

Column Descriptions in Minitab

2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

In Minitab, the data

Data Structure and Manipulation (2)

Data Structure and Manipulation (3)

Data Structure and Manipulation (4)

What number do you

2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Data Structure and Manipulation (5)

When does the

Data Structure and Manipulation (6)

Before analysing the data, you need to

Columns 1 and 2 contain the same

Data Structure and Manipulation (7)

Decide where you

Name the new

Tick to use original

2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Data Structure and Manipulation (8)

this case whether it was from

Subset/splitting out data

Subset Worksheet (1)

We want to separate out the

2012 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

Subset Worksheet (2)