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dU

$8/$26&,/$d(6(0&,5&8,726(/e75,&26,, = R i2 ,
dt

dU q dq di
= + Li ,
2%-(7,926 dt C dt dt

&RPSUHHQGHURFRPSRUWDPHQWRGDFDUJDHGDFRUUHQWHTXHRVFLODPKDUPRQLFDPHQWH
dU q d 2q dq
HPXPFLUFXLWR5/& = i + L 2 i = R i 
dt C dt dt
(QWHQGHUTXHSDUWHGDHQHUJLDpGLVVLSDGDHPXPFLUFXLWR5/&
'LYLGLQGR HVWD HTXDomR SHOR YDORU GD FRUUHQWH H UHDUUDQMDQGR VHXV WHUPRV
 HQFRQWUDPRV D HTXDomR GR FLUFXLWR TXHSRGH VHU LJXDOPHQWHHQFRQWUDGDSHOR XVR
GDOHLGDVPDOKDV
&,5&8,725/&

 d 2q dq q
L +R + = 0   
 1D DXOD  IL]HPRV D GHVFULomR GR FLUFXLWR /& &RP R LQWXLWR GH ID]HU
dt 2 dt C
SULPHLURDVLWXomRPDLVVLPSOHVH GHPDLVIiFLO FRPSUHHQVmR IL]HPRV DVXSRVLomR
 $HTXDomRpXPSRXFRPDLVFRPSOLFDGDTXHDHTXDomRGHYLGRDR
GHTXHQmRKDYLDTXDOTXHUUHVLVWrQFLDQRFLUFXLWR
WHUPRDGLFLRQDO LJXDO jUHVLVWrQFLDGRUHVLVWRUPXOWLSOLFDGDSHOD GHULYDGDWHPSRUDO
 (PERUD H[LVWDP PDWHULDLV TXH D EDL[DV WHPSHUDWXUDV DSUHVHQWHP GDFDUJDTXHFRPRQRFLUFXLWR/&pDFRUUHQWHQRFLUFXLWR
UHVLVWLYLGDGH QXOD QmR p SRVVtYHO DLQGD FRQVWUXLU FRUULTXHLUDPHQWH FLUFXLWRV

HOpWULFRVWRWDOPHQWHLVHQWRVGHDOJXPDUHVLVWrQFLDHOpWULFD

 9DPRV HQWmR LQWURGX]LU XP UHVLVWRU QR FLUFXLWR /& H WUDQVIRUPiOR HP XP 3(16((5(6321'$

FLUFXLWR 5/& PDLVSUy[LPR GD UHDOLGDGH 1RWH TXH PHVPR TXDQGR QmR XWLOL]DPRV &RPR VHULD SRVVtYHO REWHU D HTXDomR  XVDQGR D /HL GDV 0DOKDV QR FLUFXLWR
XPUHVLVWRUHVSHFtILFRHPXPFLUFXLWRRSUySULRLQGXWRUDSUHVHQWDXPDUHVLVWrQFLD 5/&"
GHWHUPLQDGDTXHSRGHVHUSHTXHQDPDVQmRQXOD


 1RYDPHQWH OLJDPRV R FRQWDWR PyYHO DR WHUPLQDO D H HP GHWHUPLQDGR
PRPHQWRROLJDPRVDRWHUPLQDOEHFRPHoDPRVDFRQWDURWHPSR

 3DUD HQFRQWUDU D VROXomR GD HTXDomR  ID]HPRV D VXSRVLomR GH TXH D
FDUJDVHMDGDGDSRUXPDIXQomRGRWLSR

q = Ae t 

HP TXH GHYHPRV GHWHUPLQDU A  H  YRFr DSUHQGHUi FRPR REWHU DV VROXo}HV GD
)LJXUD  $R FLUFXLWR LGHDOL]DGR GD ILJXUD  IRL DFUHVFHQWDGR XP UHVLVWRU UHVXOWDQGR
HTXDomRHPVHXFXUVRGH&iOFXOR 
HPXPFLUFXLWR5/&PDLVSUy[LPRGRTXHRFRUUHHPXPFLUFXLWRUHDO
 6XEVWLWXLQGRHVWDH[SUHVVmRQDHTXDomRHQFRQWUDPRVXPDHTXDomRGH

VHJXQGRJUDXSDUD 
1DILJXUDWHPRVRQRYRFLUFXLWRFXMDHTXDomRHQFRQWUDUHPRVID]HQGR
D WD[D GH YDULDomR GD HQHUJLD QR FLUFXLWR LJXDO DR QHJDWLYR GD SRWrQFLD GLVVLSDGD 2 + 2 + 02 = 0 
SRUHIHLWR-RXOHQRUHVLVWRU
RQGH

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= R 2L    q = qm e t cos( t + 0 )   

H 0 FRPRIRLGHILQLGRQDHTXDomR i = 0 qm e t sen( t + + 0 )   

1
0 = . RQGH
LC
(i0 + q0 )
 (VWDHTXDomRSDUD WHPSRUVROXomRGXDVUDt]HV tg (0 ) =   
q0

= 2 02    H

1t
HSRUWDQWRDVROXomRILQDOGHYHVHUXPDFRPELQDomROLQHDUGRWLSR A1e + A2 e 2t  i + q0
2

qm = q02 + 0   

 4XDQGRRYDORUGDUHVLVWrQFLDQRFLUFXLWRQmRpPXLWRJUDQGHWHPRVTXH 

pPHQRUTXH 0 GHIRUPDTXHDVUDt]HVWrPXPDSDUWHLPDJLQiULD/HPEUDQGRTXH
 
DVIXQo}HVVHQRHFRVVHQRSRGHPVHUHVFULWDVHPWHUPRVGHIXQo}HVH[SRQHQFLDLV
FRP DUJXPHQWR LPDJLQiULR H VHP IRUQHFHU PDLRUHV GHWDOKHV VREUH RV FiOFXORV &RPR SRGHPRV YHU D FDUJD RVFLOD KDUPRQLFDPHQWH RX VHMD p
HQYROYLGRVHQFRQWUDPRVDFDUJDQRFDSDFLWRUHDFRUUHQWHQRFLUFXLWR GHVFULWD SRU XPD IXQomR FRVVHQR FXMD IDVH FUHVFH OLQHDUPHQWH FRP R
WHPSR (QWUHWDQWR D IXQomR KDUP{QLFD p PXOWLSOLFDGD SRU XPD IXQomR

H[SRQHQFLDO GHFUHVFHQWH FXMR H[SRHQWH GHSHQGH GR YDORU GD UHVLVWrQFLD
t i + q0 t SUHVHQWHQRFLUFXLWR,VWRUHSUHVHQWDRDPRUWHFLPHQWRGDRVFLODomR
q = q0 e cos( t ) + 0 e sen( t ) 

$JUDQGH]D qm QmRpH[DWDPHQWHDDPSOLWXGHLQLFLDOGRPRYLPHQWRTXDQGR
t i + q0 t
i = 0 q0 e sen( t + ) + 0 0 e cos( t + )  HVFROKHPRVRLQVWDQWHW GHIRUPDTXHDFRUUHQWHLQLFLDOQRFLUFXLWRVHMDQXODHD

FDUJDLQLFLDOQRFDSDFLWRUVHMDPi[LPDHLJXDOD qm HQFRQWUDPRVTXH


RQGHWHPRVXPDQRYDIUHTrQFLDDQJXODU PHQRUTXH 0 
i0 = 0 qm = qm cos( ) 

' = 02 2    1HVWHFDVRDFDGDSHUtRGR T = 2 DFRUUHQWHVHUiQXODHDFDUJDVHUi

$OpP GLVWR SDUD VLPSOLILFDU XP SRXFR D H[SUHVVmR SDUD D FRUUHQWH 

LQWURGX]LPRVXPDIDVHDGLFLRQDO GDGDSRU
q (n T ) = e n T qm   


tg ( ) =     

(VWH UHVXOWDGR VXJHUH TXH D FDUJD QR FDSDFLWRU RVFLOD
'HVVDIRUPDHQFRQWUDPRV
KDUPRQLFDPHQWH PDV FRP XPD DPSOLWXGH TXH GHFUHVFH
H[SRQHQFLDOPHQWH

555 556
$ ILJXUD  UHSUHVHQWD XPD RVFLODomR DPRUWHFLGD FRP XP SHUtRGR IUHTrQFLD VHMD SHTXHQR 4XDQGR  WHP XP YDORU GH XP GpFLPR GR YDORU

T = 2T = 5,0 RX ~ 1,26  Ym = 2,8 H 0 = 0 HPXQLGDGHVDUELWUiULDV GH 0 DIUHTrQFLDGDRVFLODomRpUHGX]LGDHPPHLRSRUFHQWRHQTXDQWRD

 DPSOLWXGHpUHGX]LGDHPTXDUHQWDHVHWHSRUFHQWRHDHQHUJLDpUHGX]LGD
HPVHWHQWDHGRLVSRUFHQWRHPFDGDRVFLODomRFRPSOHWD

(;(03/2

(P GHWHUPLQDGR FLUFXLWR 5/& D HQHUJLD p UHGX]LGD j PHWDGH HP GXDV RVFLODo}HV
FRPSOHWDV4XDODUD]mRHQWUHD FRQVWDQWHGH DPRUWHFLPHQWR HDIUHTrQFLD
DQJXODUGHRVFLODomR GRFLUFXLWR"4XDODUD]mRHQWUHDIUHTrQFLDGDRVFLODomR
GRFLUFXLWR5/&HDIUHTrQFLDGRFLUFXLWR/&FRUUHVSRQGHQWH"

62/8d2$IUDomRGDHQHUJLDHOHWURPDJQpWLFDGLVVLSDGDFRPRFDORUQRUHVLVWRUp
GDGDSRU

E E (n T ) E[(n + 2) T ] 1
= = 1 e 4 T = 
E E (n T ) 2

,VRODQGR D IXQomR H[SRQHQFLDO H WRPDQGR R ORJDULWPR GD H[SUHVVmR UHVXOWDQWH H
)LJXUD  2VFLODomR KDUP{QLFD DPRUWHFLGD y = Ym e .t
cos( t + 0 )  FRP ~ 1,26  UHFRUGDQGRTXH T = 2 SRGHPRVHQFRQWUDU
Ym = 2,8 H 0 = 0 HPXQLGDGHVDUELWUiULDV
ln[2]
= = 0,0276 
 8
$HQHUJLDQRVPRPHQWRVHPTXHDFRUUHQWHpQXODHVWiWRWDOPHQWHFRQWLGD
$UD]mRHQWUH HpGDGDSRU
QRFDPSRHOpWULFRGRFDSDFLWRUHpLJXDOD
1
= = = 0,986 
q 2
0 +
2 2
1 + 0,0276
E (n T ) = m
e 2 n T   
2C
2XVHMDDIUHTrQFLDGDRVFLODomRDPRUWHFLGDpPHQRUTXHD GDRVFLODomR

$ HQHUJLD QR FLUFXLWR GLPLQXL FRP R SDVVDU GR WHPSR H p FRQYHQLHQWH QmRDPRUWHFLGD

FDOFXODUDIUDomRGDHQHUJLDSHUGLGDHPFDGDRVFLODomRFRPSOHWD 

 $7,9,'$'(

E E (n T ) E[(n + 1) T ] 4XDO D YDULDomR UHODWLYD QD IUHTXrQFLD GH RVFLODomR GH XP FLUFXLWR 5/& FRP
= = 1 e 2 T   
E E ( n T ) UHODomRjIUHTXrQFLDGHRVFLODomRGRFLUFXLWR/&FRUUHVSRQGHQWHTXDQGRRYDORUGH

pXPFHQWpVLPRGRYDORUGH 0 "4XHIUDomRGDHQHUJLDLQLFLDOpGLVVLSDGDFRPR
&RPR YLPRV D SUHVHQoD GH XPD UHVLVWrQFLD QR FLUFXLWR UHGX] D
FDORUQRUHVLVWRUHPXPDRVFLODomRFRPSOHWD"
IUHTXrQFLD GD RVFLODomR H FDXVD D GLPLQXLomR GD HQHUJLD DUPD]HQDGD QR

FLUFXLWR4XDQGR pSHTXHQR UHVLVWrQFLDSHTXHQD FRPSDUDGRFRP 0 D

UHGXomRGDHQHUJLDSRGHVHUDSUHFLiYHODLQGDTXHRHIHLWRVREUHRYDORUGD

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 4XDQGR VH DXPHQWD R YDORU GD UHVLVWrQFLD D IUHTXrQFLD GLPLQXL H
SRGHFKHJDUDVHUQXODRXVHMDQmRKDYHUiPDLVRVFLODomRQRFLUFXLWR

4XDQGR  p LJXDO D 0  D IUHTXrQFLD GDV RVFLODo}HV VH DQXOD H DV GXDV


UDt]HV FRLQFLGHP VHQGR LJXDLV D  $ VROXomR SDUD D FDUJD QHVWH FDVR p XP

SRXFRPDLVHODERUDGDHpGDGDSRU

 

q = [q0 + (i0 + q0 ) t ] e t    D  E 

)LJXUD(VERoRGRVJUiILFRVGHFDUJDQRFDSDFLWRUHPIXQomRGRWHPSRHPXPFLUFXLWR
HDFRUUHQWHp
5/& D  VXEDPRUWHFLGR TXDQGR R YDORU GD UHVLVWrQFLD R  p JUDQGH H E  VXSHUDPRUWHFLGR
t TXDQGR R pPXLWRJUDQGH
i = [i0 (i0 + q0 ) t ] e   

3(16((5(6321'$
 
4XHFULWpULRVYRFrSRGHXWLOL]DUSDUDGHWHUPLQDUVHRVLVWHPDGHXPFLUFXLWR/5&p
1mR Ki TXDOTXHU RVFLODomR H WDQWR D FDUJD QR FDSDFLWRU TXDQWR D VXSHUDPRUWHFLGRRXVXEDPRUWHFLGR"([SOLTXH
FRUUHQWHQRFLUFXLWRWHQGHPDVHDQXODU


$1$/2*,$&20$626&,/$d(60(&1,&$6
&RPR VH SRGH YHU GDV HTXDo}HV  H  TXDQGR  p PDLRU TXH 0 
 
WHPRVGXDVUDt]HV 1 H 2 UHDLVHQHJDWLYDVHDFDUJDQRFDSDFLWRUp
 $V HTXDo}HV XWLOL]DGDV SDUD GHVFUHYHU DV RVFLODo}HV HOHWURPDJQpWLFDV VmR
 IRUPDOPHQWH LGrQWLFDV jV XWLOL]DGDV SDUD GHVFUHYHU DV RVFLODo}HV PHFkQLFDV SRU

q + i t 1 q0 + i0 H[HPSORGHXPVLVWHPDPDVVDPROD
q= 2 0 0e
t
1
e 2

2 1 2 1  8P FRUSR GH PDVVD m  VXVSHQVR GH XPD PROD GH FRQVWDQWH HOiVWLFD k  H
VXMHLWRDXPDIRUoDGHDWULWRFRPRDUSURSRUFLRQDOjYHORFLGDGHGRFRUSRWHPVHX

PRYLPHQWRGHVFULWRSHODHTXDomR
HQTXDQWRDFRUUHQWHp
d 2x dx
 m +b + kx = 0 
dt 2 dt
1 2 q 0 1 i0 1 t 1 2 q 0 + 2 i0
i= +
t
e e 2
  6HREVHUYDUPRVDHTXDomRYHUHPRVTXHDPEDVWrPDPHVPDIRUPDH
2 1 2 1
TXH Ki XPD DQDORJLD FRPSOHWD HQWUH DPEDV VH IL]HUPRV DV VHJXLQWHV

 FRUUHVSRQGrQFLDV

 $TXLWDPEpPQmRKiTXDOTXHURVFLODomRWDQWRDFDUJDQRFDSDFLWRUTXDQWRD x q 
FRUUHQWHQRFLUFXLWRWHQGHPDVVLQWRWLFDPHQWHD]HUR9HMDDILJXUD
dx dq
v= i= 
dt dt

559 560
m L 1 R2 1 1
0 = 2 = ,
LC 4 L 4 LC
b R
1 15 L
( R=
2 C
1

1 15 (10 10 3 H )
k 
C
R=
2 (0,25 10 6 F )
,
 $ DQDORJLD QmR p DSHQDV IRUPDO 8P LQGXWRU UHDJH VHPSUH
FRQWUDULDPHQWH jV WHQWDWLYDV GH PRGLILFDU D FRUUHQWH TXH R SHUFRUUH R = 245 .
ID]HQGR XP SDSHO GH LQpUFLD GR FLUFXLWR 1R VLVWHPD PHFkQLFR D LQpUFLD p
UHSUHVHQWDGDSHODPDVVDGRFRUSRRVFLODQWH 

$ UHVLVWrQFLD HOpWULFD p R UHVXOWDGR GD LQWHUDomR GRV HOpWURQV FRP D 


UHGH FULVWDOLQD TXH UHWLUD D HQHUJLD JDQKD SRU HVWHV GR FDPSR HOpWULFR

WUDQVIRUPDQGRD HP FDORU 'D PHVPD IRUPD R DWULWR GR FRUSR FRP R DU
UHWLUDHQHUJLDPHFkQLFDGRVLVWHPDHDWUDQVIRUPDHPHQHUJLDWpUPLFD 

$FRQVWDQWHHOiVWLFDGDPRODLQGLFDDGLILFXOGDGHSDUDVHGHIRUPiOD 
SURGX]LQGR FHUWR GHVORFDPHQWR HQTXDQWR D FDSDFLWkQFLD GR FDSDFLWRU p

XPDPHGLGDGDIDFLOLGDGHGHVHFDUUHJiORFRPGHWHUPLQDGDTXDQWLGDGHGH
FDUJD3RULVWRDDQDORJLDHQWUHXPDJUDQGH]DHRLQYHUVRGDRXWUD 

(P VXPD WRGDV DV HTXDo}HV HVFULWDV QHVWD DXOD SRGHP VHU WUDQVIRUPDGDV 
QDVHTXDo}HVFRUUHVSRQGHQWHVDRFDVRGDVRVFLODo}HVPHFkQLFDV

(;(03/2 
&RQVLGHUH XP FLUFXLWR 5/& HP TXH R FDSDFLWRU WHP FDSDFLWkQFLD 0, 250 F  H R

LQGXWRU WHP LQGXWkQFLD 10,0 mH  'HWHUPLQH D UHVLVWrQFLD GR FLUFXLWR VH D

IUHTXrQFLDGHRVFLODomRIRULJXDODGDIUHTXrQFLDGRFLUFXLWRQmRDPRUWHFLGR

62/8d23DUDHQFRQWUDUPRVDUHVLVWrQFLDXVDUHPRVRIDWRGH

`= 1 4 0 

&RPRGDVHTXDo}HVHWHPRV

' =
2
0
2
 

H 

1 
0 = 
LC


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VH D IUHTXrQFLD GH RVFLODomR IRU LJXDO D  GD IUHTXrQFLD GR FLUFXLWR QmR
$7,9,'$'(
DPRUWHFLGR
D $IUHTrQFLDDQJXODUGRFLUFXLWR5/&pGDGDQHVWHFDVRSRU
(  &RPSDUH DV UHVLVWrQFLDV GH GRLV FLUFXLWRV 5/& HP TXH D IUHTXrQFLD GH

=
2
0
2
= 0,0001 = 0,999950 
2
0
2
0
RVFLODomR GR SULPHLUR p LJXDO  GD IUHTXrQFLD GR FLUFXLWR QmR DPRUWHFLGR H GR

VHJXQGRpGDIUHTXrQFLDGRFLUFXLWRQmRDPRUWHFLGR
3RUWDQWRDYDULDomRUHODWLYDQDIUHTrQFLDp

0
= 0,00005 = 0,005% 
0

TXHpPXLWRSHTXHQD

E $IUDomRGDHQHUJLDGLVVLSDGDFRPRFDORUHPXPDRVFLODomRp

E
= 1 e 2 T = 1 e 4 . 0, 01 = 0,12 
E

,VWRpGDHQHUJLDLQLFLDOVHWUDQVIRUPDPHPFDORUHPFDGDRVFLODomRDSHVDU
GDYDULDomRQRSHUtRGRWHUVLGRPtQLPD

(;(5&&,26'(),;$d2

(  8P FLUFXLWR /5& p IRUPDGR SRU XP LQGXWRU GH LQGXWkQFLD L = 3,0 mH  XP
FDSDFLWRUGHFDSDFLWkQFLD C = 4,5 F HXPUHVLVWRUGHUHVLVWkQFLD R 

D 'HWHUPLQHDIUHTXrQFLDDQJXODUTXDQGRDUHVLVWrQFLDIRUGHVSUH]tYHO

E  2EWHQKD R YDORU GD UHVLVWrQFLD SDUD TXH D IUHTXrQFLD DQJXODU VHMD  PHQRU
TXHDIUHTXrQFLDDQJXODUFDOFXODGDQRLWHP D 

( 'HWHUPLQHDUHVLVWrQFLDGHXPFLUFXLWR/5&FRP L = 9,0 mH H C = 20 F 


GH PRGR TXH D IUHTXrQFLD GDV RVFLODo}HV GR FLUFXLWR VHMD LJXDO D XP WHUoR GD
IUrTXHQFLDGRFLUFXLWRQmRDPRUWHFLGR

( 0RVWUHTXHDH[SUHVVmR L
C WHPXQLGDGHVGHUHVLVWrQFLD

(  &DOFXOH D UHVLVWrQFLD GH XP FLUFXLWR 5/& HP TXH L = 9 ,0mH  C = 20 F  H

IUHTXrQFLDDQJXODU ' =1 2 LC 

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