Facultad ide ow2. resent. Do and does, do not and doés not. Personal Prbitouns, Vécb to be in simple present. Adjective. possessives. There be. READING TEXT. ENGINEERING. Engineering is the application of scientific, economic, social, and practical knowledge, in order to design, build, and maintain structures, machines, devices, systems, materials and processes. It uses insights to conceive, model and scale an appropriate solution to a problem or objective, The discipline of engineering is extremely broad, and encompasses a range of more specialized fields of engineering, each with a more specific emphasis.on particular areas of technology and types of application. GRAMMAR ITEMS. 2.1, PERSONAL PRONOUNS. t you [HE SHE WE you [THEY L 2.2. PRESENT SIMPLE. ‘VERB TO WORK. AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE Twork Dol work? do not work ‘You work Do you work? You do not work He works Does he work? He does not work She works Does she work? ‘She does not work It works Does it work ledoes not work We work Do we work? We do not work You work Do you work? You do not work They work Do they work? tt does not work. 2.3. VERB TO BE IN PRESENT. AFFIRMATIVE INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE tam Ami? Tamnot You are ‘Are you? ‘You are not He is ishe? Heis not She is Is she? She is not itis sit? Itis not Weare ‘Are we? Weare not You are ‘Are you? You are not They are ‘Are they? They are not 2.4, ADJECTIVES POSSESSIVES: My YOUR His HER Ts OUR YouR | THEIRS 2.5. THERE BE, PRESENT. THERE IS (SINGULAR) [Hay ‘THERE ARE (PLURAL) [HAYUNIT 2. fl Present simple, The-ING used as nouns, modifiers, alone. 1. READING TEXT NE 1. BUILDING ENGINEERS. Building engineers acquire knowledge in the planning, design, construction, operation, renovation and maintenance of buildings, together with an understanding of impacts on the surrounding environment. Building engineers explore all phases in the life cycle of a building. They identify problems and find appropriate solutions to improve the quality of living within the built environment. 2, GRAMMAR ITEMS, 2.1: ING AS NOUNS: - Mechanical engineering is a huge and diverse field. = Building engineers acquire knowledge in the planning, design, construction, operation, renovation ‘and maintenance of buildings, together with an understanding of impacts on the surrounding environment. - Ifyou like problem solving, Engineering is the solution. ING AS MODIFIER. - Almost af engineering projects are thanks to some sort of financing agenci 9 company. a set af investors, or a government. = Progress in physics frequently comes about when experimentalists make a discovery that existing theories do not explain, - The most familiar examples of condensed phases are solids and liquids, which arise from the bonding and electromagnetic force between atoms. ING ALONE. + Physicists use a scientific method to test the votidity of a physical theory, using @ methodica! approach to compare the implications of the theory in question with the associated conclusions drawn from experiments and observations conducted to test it. - The rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to the resultant force acting on the body and is In the same direction. = One key indicator of such emergence Is when major universities start establishing departments and programs in the new field 23 3, READING TEXT N® 2. Do the homes in your community need a good ventilation or lighting? Can the acoustics In the community centre accommodate a day care and visiting performers? These are areos where a local building engineer contributes to the daily life in your town. And building engineers are involved in: Designing and construction of new buildings such as homes, museums and hospitals Ensuring the health and safety of the built environment. Renovation and retrofiting of old bulidings for today’s needs. Designing the systems that make a buitding’s fiving and working space comfortable are flelds of building engineers. However, mechanical engineering is a huge and diverse field. The different types of engineers in this area have a common interest in heat and motion. They study, for example how to make sure the space shuttie doesn't overheat in orbit, or how to build a better artificial foot for disabled golfers.UNIT 3 Regular and irregular verbs. The past simple tense. 1. READING TEXT. CLASSICAL VERSUS QUANTUM ‘The major division of the mechanics discipline separates classical ‘mechanics from quantum mechanics. Historically, classical mechanics came first, while quantum mechanics is a comparatively recent invention. Classical mechanics originated with Isaac Newton's laws of motion in Principia Mathematica, while quantum mechanics didn't appear until 1900, Both are commonly held to constitute the most certain knowledge that exists about physical nature. Classical mechanics was as a ‘model for other so-called exact sciences. Quantum mechanics is of a wide scope, as it encompasses classical mechanics as a sub-discipline which applies under certain restricted circumstances. According to the correspondence principle, there is no contradiction or conflict between the two subjects, each simply pertains to specific situations. The correspondence principle states that the behavior of systems described by quantum theories reproduces classica physics in the limit of large quantum numbers. 2, REGULAR AND IRREGULAR VERBS. \ REGULAR VERBS form their past simple and past participle adding “ED” to the infinitive, Examples: INFINITIVE, PAST PAST PARTICIPLE work worked Worked study ‘studied studied ‘nit knitted Knitted smoke smoked smoked IRREGULAR VERBS form their past and pp. in an irregular way. Examples: INFINITIVE | PAST. PP. oat cat. Cat do did done ‘make made made 0 ‘went gone show showed shown I} 3. THE PAST SIMPLE TENSE. VERBS TO WORK: TO MAKE. AFFIRMATIVE. INTERROGATIVE NEGATIVE Tworked- Imade Did T work? (make?) Tid not work (make) ‘You worked — you made Did you work? (make) “You did work (make) He worked (made) Did he work (make)? Fre did not work (make) She worked (made) Did she work (make)? She did not work (make) it worked(made) Did it work (make)? it did not work (make) ‘We worked (made) Did we work (make)? ‘We did not work (make) ‘They worked (made) Did they work (make)? They did not work (make)ONE 4. Past of 10 be. There was! were. Past participle as modifier and alone. A noun as modifier. -ING with a preposition (adverb) and with BY and FOR. Continuous tenses. 1. READING TEXT. CALCULUS AND PHYSICS. Physics makes particular use of calculus; all concepts in classical mechanics and electromagnetism are interrelated through calculus. The mass of an object of known density, the moment of inertia of objects, as well as the total energy of an object within a conservative field are calculated by the use of calculus, An example of the use of calculus in mechanics is Newton's second law of motion: historically stated it expressly uses the. term "rate of change" which refers to the derivative saying “The rate of change of momentuim of a body is equal to the resultant force acting on the body and is in the same direction”.. Commonly expressed today as Force = Mass x acceleration, it involves differential calculus because acceleration Slope Mx is the time derivative of velocity or second time derivative of trajectory or spatial position. Starting from knowing how an object is accelerating, we use calculus to derive its path. 2. PAST OF THE VERB TO BE. AFFIRMATIVE _| INTERROGATIVE | NEGATIVE Twas ‘Was 1? Twas not | ‘He was Was he? He was not, | She was Was she? She was not (Ttwas Was it? It was not ‘We were ‘Were we? ‘We were not “You were Were you? You were not They were Were they? ‘They were not 3.PAST PARTICIPLE AS MODIFIER: - A course in calculus is a gateway to other, more advanced courses in devoted mathematics to the study of functions and limits, broadly called mathematical analysis. = Some examples of other well-known calculi are propositional calculus, variational calculus, lambda calculus, pi calculus, and join calculus, - Perhaps civil engineering is the most recognized branch of engineering 4.PAST PARTICIPLE ALONE. - More generally, calculus (plural calculi) refers to any method or system of calculation guided by the symbolic manipulation of expressions, lus (Latin, calculus, a small stone used for counting) is a branch of mathematics focused on limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series, S.NOUNS AS MODIFIERS. = This subject is a major part of modern mathematies education ~The logarithmic spiral of the Nautilus shelt is a classical image used to depict the growth and change related to calculus = _ Chemistry also uses calculus in determining reaction rates and radioactive decay. ING WITH THE PREPOSITION “BY”. - By flnding the derivative of a function at every point in its domain, it is possible to produce a new finetion, called the derivative finction or just the derivative of the original function ~ Calculus is usually developed by working with very small quantities -Infnitesimals get replaced by very small mumbers, and the infinitely small behavior of the fimsction is found by taking the limiting behavior for smaller and smaller numbers.7. ING WITH THE PREPOSITION “FOR”. ~ Calculus is a collection of techniques for manipulating certain limits > From this point of view, calculus is a collection of techniques for working with infinitesimals. Differentiation is a method for computing the rate at which a-dependent output y changes with respect fo the change in the independent input x. jul scientific method employs a priori reasoning as well as a posteriori reasoning and the use oj Bayesian inference for meusuriag the validity of a given theory. 8. ING WITH AN ADVERB OR PREPOSITION. - New ideas in physics offen explain the fundamental mechanisms of other opening new avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy. ~ Classical physics includes the traditional branches and topics that were recognized and well- developed before beginning the 20th century—classical mechantes, acoustics, optics, thermodynamics, and electromagnetism. ~ Genrich Alishuller, after gathering statistics on a large mumber of patents, suggested that compromises are at the heart of "low-level" engineering designs. nees, while 9.CONTINUOUS TENSES: TOBE VERB + INC PRESENT CONTINUOU! AM VERB+ ING Is ARE PAST CONTINUOUS: WAS VERB+ ING WERE > Ax applied physies curriculum usually contains a few classes in an applied discipline, like geology or electrical engineering. It usually differs from engineering in that an applied plysicist ts not designing something in particular, but rather és using physics or conducting physics research with the aim of developing new technologies or solving a problem. ~ These partnerships were helping foster American ingenuity to develop cutting-edge technologies that have less than 5 years to market readiness, and were contributing to the goal to reduce energy consumption by at least 50%. 10. READING TEXT, Start Saving Energy Now — Find Out How Value-Driven Applications: Advanced energy S Zi ciency technologies like lighting, HVAC. —_ CAs windows, appliances, and commercial equipment Practical Standards: Leading-edge appliance and equipment energy standards and improved building energy codes. Real World Solutions: Holistic strategies for new construction and building upgrades that reduce energy bills, enhance comfort and productivity, and provide healthier indoor environments in new or existing homes and commercial buildings.UNETE 5. The imperative Mood. Structure TO* INFINITIVE, IN ORDER TO+ INFINITIVE, FOR...ING. 3. 4. 1, READING TEXT N° 1. For Your Safety To prevent damage to your Nikon product or injury to yourself or to others, read the following safety precautions in their cntirety before using this equipment. Keep these safety Instructions where all those who use the product will read them, The consequences that could result from failure to ‘observe the precautions listed in this section are indicated by ‘the following symbol: WARNINGS + Keep the sun out of the frame. Keep the sun well out of the frame when shooting backlit subjects. Sunlight focused into the camera when the sun is In or close to the frame could cause a fire. Do not took at the sun through the view sun or other strong light source through the viewfinder could cause permanent visual impairment, “Using the viewfinder diopter control. When operating the viewfinder diopter control with your eye to the viewfinder, care should be taken not to put your finger in your eye accidentally. ‘Turn off immediately in the event of malfunction. Should you notice smoke or an unusual smell coming from the equipment or AC adapter ( available separately), unplug the AC adapter and remove the battery Immediately, taking care to avoid burns, Continued operation could result In Injury. Aftar removing the battery, take the equipment to a Nikon authorized service canter for inspection. = Do not disassemble, Touching the product's internal parts could result in injury. In the event of malfunction, the product should be repeired only by 2 qualified technician. Should the product braak open as the rasuit of = fall or other accident, remove t battery and/or AC adapter and then take the product to a Nikon-authorized service center for Inspection. er. Viewing the ‘THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. © Has no person “The affirmative form begins directly with tha verb, except when sentence has NEVER, ALWAYS ‘The negative form begins with DO NOT and ft is followed by main verb ttis translated as an order, not as infinitive in Spanish. Examples; 2, Keep these safety instructions where all those who use the product will reed them. b. Read the following safety precautions in thelr entirety before using this equipment. €. Donot look t the sun through the viewfinder. STRUCTURE TO + INFINITIVE, IN ORDER TO+ INFINITIVE, FORG ....ING. ‘These structures are synonyms. Examples: — to fight | Talbot sensitized | in order to light | It with a silver salt paper for lighting solution READING TEXT N° 2. © Press for displaying the LiveArea™ screen while an application is open.. Press to view the index screen when on the LiveArea™ screen or home screen. ° Check the status of y our PS Vita system by seeing how the PS button lights up or blinks. » Insert or remove the SIM card only when the power is off. Inserting or removing the SIM card while the power is on, including when your system is in standby mode, can cause data corruption or loss.UNIT 6. Future and conditional simple. Comparison of adjectives: positive, comparative and superiative degree for short, log and Irregular adjectives. 1, READING TEXT. Global Grand Challenges Summit Announced “Engineers hold the key to addressing many of the world’s greatest challenges, but we will only solve these if we become more systematic in the way we educate, innovate, and collaborate,” said " Royal Academy of Engineering president Sir John Parker. “This major international event will push for a sea change in the way engineers interact with each other, with other disciplines, with Policymakers and with society at large. It will also highlight the excitement of cutting-edge engineering and showcase the central role engineers will play in delivering a safe, sustainable and prosperous future.” Sessions will focus on issues of sustainability, health, education, technology and growth, enriching life and resilience Participants will discuss ways of developing the collaborations, networks and tools to take on complex global issues 2. FUTURE SIMPLE, wit, BASE FORM (INFINITIVE) - We will only solve these problems if we become more systematic ~ They will not include these systems, 3. CONDITIONAL SIMPLE. woutD BASE FORM (INFINITIVE) ~ Sessions would focus on issues of sustainability, health, education, technology and growth, enriching life and resilience. two-day event would spark discussion and debate, with a goal of identifying opportunities for global cooperation on engineering innovation and education to address common technological goals, 4, COMPARISON OF ADJECTIVES. 4.4,__ KINDS OF ADJECTIVES: ‘SHORT ADJECTIVES LONG ADJECTIVES IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES They have one syllabus They have 2 or more syllabus | irregular for comparisons Examples: long, large, short, intelligent, malleable, | Examples: Good, -bad, much, small, litte, far. 4,2,__ DEGREES OF COMPARISON. POSITIVE DEGREE COMPARATIVEDEGREE | _ SUPERLATIVE DEGREE 3) When adjective is found as | Two different things (persons) are | Mare than 3 things are compared. indictionary compared b) When 2 equal things are compared il 4.3.__ COMPARISONS FOR SHORT ADJECTIVES. POSITIVE DEGREE COMPARATIVE DEGREE | SUPERLATIVE DEGREE 3) Shor, long. Shorter than, smaller than, ‘The shortest, the smallest b) _As short as, as long as Longer than ‘The longest. a ‘Adjectiver ER (than) _ [THE adjectiver EST 4.4. COMPARISONS FOR LONG ADJECTIVES,POSITIVE DEGREE COMPARATIVE DEGREE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE ‘a) Short, long, small b) As intelligent as, as expensive as More expensive than, more intelligent than The most intelligent, the most expensive As adjective as More adjective _than “The most adajective 4,5._ IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. POSITIVE DEGREE COMPARATIVE DEGREE | SUPERLATIVE ‘Good Better |The best Bad Worse The worst Much More The most Little Less The least Far oa Further ‘The furthest 4.6. READING TEXT N2 2. PHYISICS. Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy-Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution in the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right. Physics intersects with terdisciplinary areas of research, such as chemistry, are not rigidly di many biophysics and quantum boundaries of phy and l. Newer ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening newer avenues of research in areas such as mathematics and philosophy, 4.7. READING TEXT N2 3, In mathematics, the limit of a function is a fundamental concept in calculus and analysis concerning the behavior of that function near a particular input. Formal definitions, first devised in the early 19th century, are given below. Informally, a function assigns an output f{x) to every input x. The function has a limit L at an input p if flx) is “close” to L \ Whenever x is “close” to p. in other words, flx) becomes closer and closer to L as x moves closer and closer to p. More specifically, when fis applied to each input sufficiently close to p, the result is. an output value that is arbitrarily close to L. If the inputs "close" to are taken to values that are very different, the limit is said to not exist. The notion of a limit has many applications in modern calculus. In particular, the many definitions of continuity employ the limit: roughly, a function is continuous if all of its limits agree with the values of the function. it also appears in the definition of the derivative: in the calculus of one variable, this'is the limiting value of the slope of secant lines to the graph of a function.Perfect tenses. Modal verbs: can, may, must, to be able to, to have to, should, ought need to. 3. READING TEXT N° 1. ‘THEORY AND EXPERIMENTATION. Theorists seek to develop mathematical models that both agree with existing experiments and successfully predict future results, while experimentalists. can devise and perform experiments to test theoretical predictions and explore new phenomena. Although theory and experiment could be developed separately, they are strongly dependent upon each other. Progress in physics frequently comes ‘about when experimentalists make a discovery that existing theories cannot explain, or when new theories generate experimentally testable predictions, which inspire new experiments. 2. THE PERFECT TENSES. 72.1. PRESENT PERFECT. 2.2. PAST PERFECT. HAVE — | PAST PARTICIPLE Has PAST PARTICIPLE HAVE Current researches have focused on activities in quantum control, cooling and trapping of atoms and ions. Historically, condensed matter physics has grown out of solid-state physios HAD PAST PARTICIPLE ‘These complex phenomena had received growing attention since the 1970s. The research has provided application in many fields, including those in nuclear “medicine ‘and magnetic resonance imaging, ion implantation in materials engineering, and rediocarbon dating in geology and archaeology. 3. THE MODAL {DEFECTIVE VERBS). They need another verb in infinitive (without TO) to complete ideas, and also act as auxiliary verbs in the interrogative and negative forms, They have only some tenses ( generally present and past], borrowing the other tenses to other verbs that are not really modals.vers___| _rmanstarion | __presewr bast rane | Poder de capacidad Could verb CAN + verb | fisieaointelectual | Can verb Wasjwere able to+ | Wiilbe abi to + verb | verb Poder da probabilidad MAY + verb 0 permiso May verb Might+ verb LIWALULLLOLLLLL Deber (obligacién Must+ verb moral) Must + verb Had to-+ verb Wilt have to + ver’ ‘TO BE ABLETO + ‘Sercapaz de ‘Am/is/are able to+ | Was/were able + ‘Will be able to + verb, verb verb vert TOHAVETO+verb | Tener que Has/have to+verb, | Had tto+ verb Wil have to verb SHOULD verb Deberla OUGHT Tor verb 2 sean NEEDTO+verh | Necesitar Newd(s)to+varb | Wesded to+ verb | willnzed tot verb. READING TEXT N° 4, ‘STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING. Structural engineering is a field of engineering dealing with the analysis and design of structures that support or resist loads. Structural engineering is usually considered a specialty within civil engineering, but it can also be studied in its own right. Structural engineers are most commonly involved in the design of buildings and large non-building structures but they can aiso,—be involved «in the design of machinery, medical equipment, vehicles or any tern where structural integrity affects the item's function or safety. Structural engineers must ensure their designs satisfy given design criteria, predicated on safety (¢.9, structures must not collapse without due warming) or serviceability and performance (e.g. building sway must not cause discomfort to the occupants).Active and passive Voice. Passive voice in present, past and future simple, and perfect, with Modals. 1. READING TEXT. MECHANICS, ‘Mechanics Is the branch of science concerned with the behavior of physical bodies when subjected to forces or displacements, and the subsequent effects of the bodies on their environment. The scientific discipline has its origins in Ancient Greece with the writings of Aristotle and Archimedes. During the early modern period, scientists such as Galileo, Kepler, and especially Newton, laid the foundation for what Is now known as classical mechanics. Its a branch of classical physics that deals with the particles that are moving either with less velocity or that are at rest. It can also be defined as @ branch of science which deals with the ‘motion and force of the particular object, PASSIVE VOICE. 2.1, GENERAL FORMULAE, TOBE PAST PARTICIPLE 2.2. WITH DIFFERENT VERB TENSES: aM PRESENT SIMPLE Is PAST PARTICIPLE ARE PAST SIMPLE WAS WERE PAST PARTICIPLE FUTURE SIMPLE WILL BE PAST PARTICIPLE CONDITIONAL SIMPLE WOULD BE PAST PARTICIPLE HAS PRESENT PERFECT HAVE BEEN PAST PARTICIPLE PAST PERFECT HAD BEEN PAST PARTICIPLE CAN MAY MODAL VERBS MusT BE PAST PARTICIPLE SHOULD NEED TO BE 2.3, PARTS OF THE SENTENCE IN PASSIVE VOICE. Those ideas Were developed In 10 century By old researchers ‘SUBJECT VERB ‘COMPLEMENT: AGENT. This is a pattern of a complete sentence. Sometimes some sentednces have no Agent, like this one: The orbit Is described here ‘SUBJECT ‘VERB ‘COMPLEMENT. 2.4. CONVENTION, 2.4.1. When we have Agent, we translate the sentences, principally the VERB IN ENGLISH literally, say, word by word: the verb to be + the past participle (the ~ado, -ido ending in Spanish). Example:1g 1s WE VERDUD INREGULAKES. PASADO was-were became began broke brought built bougtit caught chose came cost dug did drew drank drove ate fell fed felt found flew forgot got gave went grew had heard held hurt kept knew learnt learned left let lost made meant met P put read rode rang ran PLP, been become begun broken brought built bought caught chosen come cost dug done drawn drunk driven eaten fallen fed felt found flown forgotten got given gone grown had heard held burt kept known fearnt learned lett let lost made meant met paid put read ridden rung run Say See sell Send Shine Show sing sit Sleep Speak Spend Stand Steal swim Take Teach Tell Think Throw Understand Wear win Write FASAUU said saw sold sent shone showed sang sat slept spoke spent stood stole swam took taught told thought threw understood wore won wrote PLP. sald. seen sold sent shone shown sung sat slept spoken spent stood stolen swum taken taught told thought thrown understood worn ‘won written,DONE 4. Past of to be, There was/ were. Past participle as modifier and alone. A noxn as modifier. (adverb) and with BY and FOR. Continuous tenses. ING with a preposition 1. READING TEXT. CALCULUS AND PHYSICS. , Physics makes particular use of calculus; all concepts in classical mechanics and electromagnetism are interrelated through calculus. The mass of an object of known density, the moment of inertia of objects, as well as the total energy of an object within a conservative field are calculated by the use of calculus. An example of the use of calculus in mechanics Is Newton's second law of motion: historically stated it expressly Shaye = Mb sen ig uses the term "rate of change" which refers to the derivative —— ‘saying “The rate of change of momentum of a body is equal to ae the resultant force acting on the body and is in the same direction”. Commonly expressed today as Force = Mass x ¥ acceleration, it involves differential calculus because acceleration is the time derivative of velocity or second time derivative of trajectory or spatial position. Starting from knowing how an object is accelerating, we use calculus to derive its path, 2. PAST OF THE VERB TO BE. AFFIRMATIVE __| INTERROGATIVE | NEGATIVE Twas ‘Was? ‘Twas not He was Was he? He was not | She was, Was she’ | She was not ‘Tewas Was it? Hi was not ‘We were ‘Were we? ‘We were not "You were, ‘Were you? [You were not Were they? “They were not 3.PAST PARTICIPLE AS MODIFIER: ~ A course in calculus is a gateway to other, more advanced courses in devoted mathematics to the study of fictions and limits, broadly call ematical analysis, = Some examples of other well-known calculi are propositional calculus, variational calculus, lambda caleulus, pi calculus, and join calculus. - Perhaps civil engineering is the most recognized branch of engineering 4.PAST PARTICIPLE ALONE, = More generally, calculus (plural calculi) refers to any method or system of calculation guided by the symbolic manipulation of expressions. = Calculus (Latin, calculus, a small stone used for limits, functions, derivatives, integrals, and infinite series. ab ng) inch of mathematics focused on 5.NOUNS AS MODIFIERS. = This subject is a major part of modern mathematics education ~The logarithmic spiral of the Nautilus shell is a classical image used to depict the growth and change related to calculus - Chemistry also uses calculus in determining reaction rates and radi 6. ING WITH THE PREPOSITION “BY”. ~ By finding the derivative of a function at every point in its domain, it is possible fo produce a new finetion, cailéd the derivative fimetion or just the derivative of the ortginal fimeston = Calculus is usually developed by working with very small quantities = Infinitesimals get replaced by very small numbers, and the infinitely small behavior of the function is found by taking the limiting behavior for smaller and smaller rumibers. active decayUNEE 5. The imperative Mood. Structure TO+ INFINITIVE, IN ORDER TO+ INFINITIVE, FOR*...ING. 1, READING TEXT N°. For Your Safety ‘To prevent damage to your Nikon product or injury to yourself or to others, read the following safety precautions in their tntirety before using this equipment. Keep these safety Instructions where all those who use the product will read ‘them, The consequences that could result from failure to observe the precautions listed in this section are indicated by the following symbol: WARNINGS + Keep the sun out of the frame. Keep the sun well out of the frame when shooting backlit subjects. Sunlight focused into ‘the camera when the sun is in or close to the:frame could cause a fire ‘Do not look st the sun through the viewfinder, Viewing the ‘sun or other strong light source through the viewfinder could cause permanent visual impairment. «Using the viewfinder diopter control. When operating the viewfinder diopter control with your eye to the viewfinder, care should be taken not to put your finger in your eye accidentally. Tum off immediately in the event of malfunction. Should you notice smoke or an unusual smell coming from the equipment or AC adapter ( avallable separately), unplug the AC adapter and remove the battery immediately, taking care to avold burns. Continued operation could result in injury. After removing the battery, take the equipmant to Nikon authorized service center for inspection. 'bo not disassemble, Touching the product's internal parts could result in injury. In the event of malfunction, the product should be repaired only by 2 qualified techrician. Should the product break open as the result of 2 fall or other vreident, remove t battery and/or AC adapter and then take the product to a Nikon-authorized service center for Inspection. 2, THE IMPERATIVE MOOD. © Hasno person ©The affirmative form begins directly with the verb, except when sentence has NEVER, ALWAYS The negative form begins with DO NOT and {tis followed by main verb itis translated as an order, not as infinitive In Spanish, Examples: a kK fety Instructions use the product will read them. bb, Read the following safety precautions in their entirety before using this equipment. ©. Do not lookat the sun through the viewfinder. 3. STRUCTURE TO + INFINITIVE, IN ORDER TO+ INFINITIVE, FOR+ ....IN' ‘These structures are synonyms. Examples: to Tight Talbot sensitized | in order to light | it with a silver salt per for lighting solution 4, READING TEXT N° 2. * Press for displaying the LiveArea™ screen while an application is open. © Press to view the index screen when on the LiveArea™ screen or home screen. Check the status of y our PS Vita system by seeing how the PS button lights up or blinks. 3 insert or remove the SIM card only when the power is off. Inserting or removing the SIM card while the power is on, including when your system is in standby mode, can cause data corruption or loss.POSITIVE DEGREE [__ COMPARATIVE DEGREE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE a) Short, long, small ‘More expensive than, more “The most intelligent, the most b) Asintelligent as, as intelligent than expensive { expensive as a ‘As adjective as 7 More adjective than ‘The most adajective 4,5.__ IRREGULAR ADJECTIVES. | POSITIVE DEGREE SUPERLATIVE DEGREE Good The best Bad The worst Much The most Little The least Far ‘The furthest 4,6.READING TEXT NP 2. PHYIICS, ee Physics is one of the oldest academic disciplines, perhaps the oldest through its inclusion of astronomy.-Over the last two millennia, physics was a part of natural philosophy along with chemistry, certain branches of mathematics, and biology, but during the Scientific Revolution In the 17th century, the natural sciences emerged as unique research programs in their own right. Physics intersects with many interdisciplinary areas of research, such as biophysics and quantum chemistry, and the boundaries of physics ere not rigidly defined. Newer ideas in physics often explain the fundamental mechanisms of other sciences, while opening newer avenues of research In areas such as mathematics and philosophy. 4,7. READING TEXT N® 3. in mathematics, the limit of a function is a fundamental concept in calculus and analysis concerning the behavior of that function near a particular input. Formal definitions, first devised in the early 19th century, are given below. Informally, a function f assigns an output f(x) to every input x. The function has a limit { at an input p if f(x) is “close” to L whenever x is "close" to p. In other words, f(x) becomes closer and closer to L as x moves closer and closer to p. More specifically, when fis applied to each Input sufficiently close to p, the result is an output value that is arbitrarily close to L. If the inputs "close" to pare taken to values that are very different, the limit is said to nat exist. The notion of a limit has many applications in modern calculus. In \\ particular, the many definitions of continuity employ the limit: \\ roughly, a function Is continuous if all ofits limits agree with the values of the function. It also appears in the definition of the derivative: in the calculus of one variable, this'is the limiting value of the slope of secant lines to the graph of a function1 vere [TRANSLATION _oneseyr __|___pasr __rurure Poder de capacidad Could verb CAN verb fisica o intelectual | Can + verb Was/were able to+ | Willbe able to + verb Poder de probabilidad —_ MaYévers | opermiso Mays-verb Might var’ ALLLLLALOLULEL Deber (oblgacién Muste verb moral) Must + verb Will have to + verbs TO BEABLETO® | Sereapazde fmsfare able to* Wilbe able to + verb verb | nna verb TOHAVETO+ verb | Tenerque Has/have to verb, | Had tto +verb Will have to+ verb | sHOULDS verb _ OUGHT T0+ verb _ yorverd | Necesitar Needs) to verb tor vers | willneed tox verb 4, READING TEXT Ni 4, ‘STRUCTURAL ENGINEERING. Structural engineering is a field of engineering dealing with the analysis and design of structures that support or resist loads. Structural engineering is usually considered @ specialty within civil engineering, but it can also be studied in its own right Structural engineers are most commonly involved in the design of buildings and large nor-building structures but they can’ aiso.,-— be involved = in the design of machinery, medical equipment, vehicles or any item where structural integrity affects the item's function or safety. Structural engineers must ensure their designs satisfy given design criteria, predicated on safety (e.g. structures must not collapse without due warning) or serviceability and performance (e.g. building sway must not cause discomfort fo the occupants).24.2. © Those ideas were developed in early 10" century by old researchers. (E: ideas FUERON DESARROLLADAS en ef siglo X por antiguos investigadores) corresponding When we have no Agent we choose the QUASI-REFLEX VOICE, formed with the Spanish pronoun “"S€" and the verb in active voice in th ig tense, Example: The orbit is described here (La érbita SE DESCRIBE aqui Se describe aqui la drbita) ‘VERB IN ENGLISH WITH AGENT WITH NO AGENT is described Es descripto ‘SE describe [Were changed Will be shipped Fueron cambiados Serdn embarcados ‘SE CAMBIARON, SE EMBARCARAN Have been unders food Han sido comprendid SE HAN COMPRENDIDO Must be studied Debe ser estudiado SE DEBE ESTUDIAR Z.8.EXERCISES. 1 15, . Ip Pel For i tance, the motion of 2 spacecraft, regarding its orbit and attitude (rotation), is described by the relativistic theory of classical mechanics, while the analogous movements of an atomic nucleus are described by quantum mechanics. ‘The systematic mathematics therein did not and could not have been stated earller because calculus had not been developed. Relativistic corrections are also needed for quantum mechanics, although general relativity has not been integrated, This acceleration is the same is discounted Classical mechanics has especially often been viewed as a model for other so-called exact sciences. The first electrical engineer is considered to be William Gilbert, with his 1600 publication of De Magnete, who coined the term “electricity” Engineering, much like other science, is a broad discipline which is often broken down into several sub-disciptines. r heavy objects as for light ones, provided alr friction (air resists nee) More than ever, engineers are now required to have knowledge of relevant sciences for their design projects. . Computers can be used to generate models of fundamental physical processes, which can be solved using numerical methods. ). Almost all engineering projects are beholden to some sort of financing agency: a company, 2 set of investors, or a government. ‘The few types of engineering that are minimally constrained by such and open design engineering. Every product or construction used by modern society will have been influenced by engineering design. Most often, they are limited by insufficient scientific knowledge. ce the te sd for the study of the subjects of Soctal engineering and Political engineering, which deal with forming political and social structures using 185 ere pro bono engineering al sc ing has been bort enginee: engineering methodology coupled with political sclence principles. Financial engineering has similarly borrowed the term 1» 1990, with the rise of computer technology, the first search engine was built by computer engineer Alan Emtage.