PROTOZOA The infectious sporozoites from the salivary glands of an infected

Anopheles - injected during biting into the human blood stream.

Sporozoites enter liver cells develops into schizont (contains
PARASITISM merozoites)
- Parasitism is a relationship between two organisms where one The appearance of clinical manifestations in cases of malaria is 8
is usually harmed and the other gets benefits from the 40 days depending of the species involved. The clinical incubation
relationship for the different species is as follows:

- Parasite host relationship P. falciparum = 8 15 days

P. vivax = 12 20 days
PARASITE P. ovale = 11 16 days
- An organism that sustains itself by living on or within another P. malariae = 18 40 days
organism and obtains nutrients from that host organism

PROTOZOA The drug of choice for the treatment of malaria is Chloroquine.

- single-celled eukaryotic organisms that utilize flagella, cilia or
amoeboid movement for motility
- Heterotrophs use carbohydrates or amino acids as their source
of carbon and energy
Pyrimethamine/sulfadoxine combination or quinine maybe
used in areas where there maybe higher levels of resistance
to chloroquine.
Fluid replacement or blood transfusion if necessary.

(sexual / asexual) reproduction Plasmodium: Pathology

Simple fission
Nuclear division in the cystic state There are three stages of malarial paroxysm:
Cyst form required for survival outside the host
1 cyst = 2 trophozoites (growing, motile, pathogenic form) 1. Cold stage (chill)

Cyst noninfective state; outside the host The cold stage starts with a sudden feeling of cold, mild
Trophozoite infective state; within the host shivering that quickly turns into violent teeth chattering
and shaking of the whole body. The peripheral blood vessels
Hemoflagelates are constricted and these stage usually last for 15 minutes
MALARIA to 1 hour.
four species of Plasmodium:
1. Plasmodium malariae Paroxysm - attack
2. Plasmodium ovale
3. Plasmodium vivax 2. Hot stage (fever)
4. Plasmodium falciparum causes most severe disease
Female Anopheles mosquito The patient becomes hot wherein the body temperature
Night, rural areas increases up to 103F to 106C F (39 to 41C). Other manifestations
fever, (periodic febrile), headache, nausea, abdominal pain include nausea, vomiting, headache, rapid pulse, hot skin, flushed
Cerebral malaria, severe anemia(hemolysis) face and the patient may become confused or delirious.
Caused by rupture of schizonts This phase last for 2 to 6 hours.

3. Wet stage (sweating)

Sporozoites infective stage in humans
Patient perspires
 P. vivax and P. ovale invade only the young or immature
RBC while P. malariae can infect mature or older RBC.
If the malarial infection continues, anemia develops and often
the anemia is of greater degree than can be explained by
direct destruction of red blood cells by the parasites.
Hemoflagelates
TRYPANOSOMATIDS
Trypanosoma
Leishmania
Congenital infection flu-like symptoms, impaired vision,
classic tetrads (retinochoroiditis, hydrocephalus, convulsion,
intracerebral calcification)
Intracerebral calcification - mental retardation, spastic paralysis,
dysarthria (poorly articulated speech), spasticity (stiffness of the
limbs), ocular (eye) problems, and athetosis (involuntary, writhing
movements).
--- abnormal deposit of Ca in the brain
GIARDIA LAMBLIA

Trypanosoma Giardiasis severe diarrheal disease, steatorrhea

Fecal-oral route (contaminated water)
American trypanosomiasis (Chagas disease) Spread thru daycare centers
Caused by Trypanosoma cruzi
Transmitted by triatomine bugs ENTAMOEBA HISTOLYTICA
Tumor (chagoma) on skin
Fever, edema, myocarditis Amoebic dysentery
African trypanosomiasis (sleeping sickness) Fecal-oral route: ingestion of cyst, trophozoite
Caused by Trypanosoma brucei Hepatic & lung infection
Recurrent fever, headache, spenomegaly, somnolence, coma, Jaundice due to blockage of the bile
death Inadequate sanitation

Myocarditis is a disease marked by inflammation and damage of Dysentery is a type of gastroenteritis that results in diarrhea with
the heart muscle. blood.

Leishmania CRYSTOSPORIDIUM PARVUM

Leishmaniasis: Visceral leishmaniasis (kala-azar) Cryptosporidiosis

black fever, and Dumdum fever Profuse watery diarrhea (3rd most common in children),
Transmitted by sand flies stomach cramps, fever
Symptoms fever, weight loss, fatigue, anemia, and substantial Immunocompromised can become chronic (months or years)
swelling of the liver and spleen Infection: ingestion of oocysts;
2nd to malaria Water(vehicle for transmission)

Reservoir host -cattle

Intestinal Parasite
TOXOPLASMA GONDII Free-Living Amoebas
Trichomonas vaginalis
Infects cat
Transmission: congenital, eating raw meat, fecal Sexually transmitted; direct transmission
contamination(oocysts) Common in women
Binary fission
Pear-shaped
 Single nucleus > nucleic acids, PCR
3-5 forward-directed flagella; single posterior flagellum
(undulating membrane) Mass Spectrometry MS
Vaginal discharge, dysuria, reddening of vaginal wall - Identifies life cycle forms
- Uses low-energy electrons for fingerprints of the cell
Naegleria fowleri
Samples for testing:
Contact lens infection (corneal trauma & dirty contact lenses) - Feces
Swimming in infected fresh water - Drinking water
Infects brain thru olfactory tract (encephalitis)
Reproduces in warm water, withstand chlorination Chemotherapy
Antiprotozoal drugs:
Encephalitis inflammation of the brain
Benznidazole interfere in NA systhesis
Metronidazole damage DNA, membrane and CHON
Acantamoeba castellanii
Chloroquinine inhibits enzyme heme polymerase
Opportunist Lung & skin infection Tetracycline targets CHON synthesis
Albendazole antigiargial activity
Ulcerating keratitis (improperly sterilized contact lenses)
Encephalitis, coma, death
Drug resistance extensive chemotherapy
Acanthamoeba keratitis
Control
Painful corneal ulceration Professional spray team not specific
Impaired vision or loss of eye Pesticide residue accumulation food chain
Pesticide resistance
Method of Detection Protozoa Window screen / bed nets
Microscopy gold standard training Removal of breeding sites by drainage
Fluorescent labelled antibody Speed up water flow in canals garbage problem
> fluorescein diacetate (green fluorescence) Vaccination control of vet parasites
> propidium iodide (red fluorescence)
Immunology based method
> agglutination, complement fixation, ELISA-detects antigen
DNA based technologies